Uv 3 - Merged

UVC LIGHT-SMART SANITISOR FOR
BACTERIA AND VIRUS KILLING

A Dissertation Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement
for the award of degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
Electronics and Communication Engineering
By
D. ROHINI (ROLL NO:18D41A0455)
CH. RAKESH (ROLL NO:18D41A0453)
CH. SAICHAND (ROLL NO:18D41A0454)
A. KARTHIK (ROLL NO:18D41A0402)
Under the esteemed guidance of

MS.B.NEERJA
Asst. Prof
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
SRI INDU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

(An Autonomous Institution under UGC, New Delhi)
Recognized under 2(f) and 12(B) of UGC Act. 1956
Sheriguda village, Ibrahimpatnam, RR District – 501 510, T.S,INDIA
2021 - 2022
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled “UVC LIGHT-SMART SANITISOR
FOR BACTERIA AND VIRUS KILLING” submitted by
Ms . D.ROHINI (18D41A0455)
Mr . CH.RAKESH (18D41A0453)
Mr . CH. SAICHAND (18D41A0454)
Mr . A. KARTHIK (18D41A0402)
In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering to the Jawaharlal Nehru
Technological University, Hyderabad is a record of bonafide work carried out by them under our
guidance and supervision
The results presented in this thesis have been verified and are found to be satisfactory. The
results embodied in this thesis have not been submitted to any other University for the award of
any other degree or diploma.
MS.B.NEERJA
Internal Guide
Prof. K. ASHOK BABU

Head of the Department External Examiner
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of any task would be
incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible and whose
encouragement and guidance has been a source of inspiration throughout the course of the
project.
It is my privilege and pleasure to express my profound sense of gratitude and

indebtedness to my Project Guide MS.B.NEERJA, Asst. Prof. of Electronics and
Communication Engineering Department, Sri Indu College of Engineering & Technology, for
his guidance, cogent discussion, constructive criticisms and encouragement throughout this
dissertation work.
I take the opportunity to offer my humble thanks to Prof. K. ASHOK BABU, Prof.
& Head of the Department, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Sri Indu College of
Engineering & Technology, for his encouragement and constant help.
I also thank Dr. G.SURESH, Principal, SRI INDU COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, for his support in this Endeavour.
In addition I would like to thank all the Faculty members of Department of

Electronics & Communication, & Management, who provided us with good lab facilities
and helped us in carrying out the project successfully.
I finally thank my family members and friends for giving moral strength and support
to complete this dissertation.
Ms. D. ROHINI (18D41A0455)

Mr. CH.RAKESH (18D41A0453)
Mr. CH.SAICHAND (18D41A0454)
Mr. A. KARTHIK (18D41A0402)
ABSTRACT
This project describes the evolving role of robotics in healthcare and allied areas with special
concerns relating to the management and control of the spread of the novel coronavirus
disease 2019 (COVID-19). The prime utilization of such robots is to minimize person-to-
person contact and to ensure cleaning, sterilization and support in hospitals and similar
facilities such as quarantine. This will result in minimizing the life threat to medical staffs
and doctors taking an active role in the management of theCOVID-19 pandemic. The
intention of the present research is to highlight the importance of medical robotics in general
and then to connect its utilization with the perspective of COVID-19 management so that the
hospital management can direct themselves to maximize the use of UV light sanitization for
various medical procedures. This is despite the popularity of telemedicine, which is also
effective in similar situations. In essence, the recent achievement of the Korean and Chinese
health sectors in obtaining active control of the COVID-19 pandemic was not possible
without the use of state of the art medical technology
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CONTENTS
Chapter Title Page No
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 01
1.1 Definition of Concept 01
1.2 Discussion on the use of UVC for bacteria 02
1.3 UV radiation 02
1.4 HOW DO UV SANITIZERS WORK ? 04
1.5 Applications 04
1.5.1 Uv sterilizer artificial intelligence 04
1.5.2 Uv sterilizer box 05
1.5.3 Uv sterilizer wand 05
1.5.4 Uv in an hvac system 06
1.5.5 UV light sanitation for disinfecting pool water 06
1.6 Existing System 07
1.7 Proposed System 07
1.8 Problem Statement 08
1.9 Solution 08
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY 13
2.1 Statistics on the usage of UVC 14

2.2 Study Protocol 15
CHAPTER 3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 16
3.1 Methodology 16
3.1.1 Aurdino uno 16
3.1.2 Relay module 17
3.1.3 LCD 17
3.1.4 UV lamp 18
3.1.5 GSM module 18
3.1.6 Motion sensor 19
3.1.7 Crystal Oscillator 19
3.1.8 Connecting wires 20
3.2 workflow diagram 21
3.3 Working of the system 21
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3.4 Motion sensor Testing 22
CHAPTER 4 DESIGN 23
4.1 Operation 23
4.2 Implementation 24
4.2.1 H-Bridge 24
4.2.2 Ledges 25
4.2.3 Proximity Sensors 25
4.2.4 Ultrasonic Sensor 26
4.2.5 PWM Implementation 27
4.2.6 Micro controller 27
4.2.7 UV Wand 27
4.2.8 3D Printer 29
4.3 AURDINO 30
4.3.1 Description 30
4.3.2 Features 30
4.4 BOARD 31
4.4.1 Application Examples 31
4.4.2 Related Products 31
4.5 Ratings 32
4.5.1 Power Consumption 32
4.6 Function Overview 32
4.6.1 Board Topology 32
4.6.2 Processor 33
4.7 Getting started-IDE 33
4.8 Getting Started - Arduino Web Editor 33

4.9 Getting Started 33
4.10 Sample Sketches 33
4.11 Online Resources 33
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CHAPTER 5 IR SENSOR : CIRCUIT DIAGRAM & ITS WORKING 34
5.1 What is an IR Sensor 34
5.2 Working Principle 34
5.3 Circuit Diagram 35
5.3.1 IR Sensor Circuit using Transistor 37
CHAPTER 6 SOFTWARE AND CODING 38

6.1 Introduction to Arduino IDE 38
6.2 Features 38
6.2.1 Arduino data types 38
6.3 Steps 42
6.4 Working and coding 49
6.4.1 Step 1: Why Is This Robo 49
6.4.2 Step 2: Why UV? 50
6.4.3 Step 3: Features of UV-C Sanitizer 50
6.4.4 Step 4: Gathering All Components +BOM 52
6.4.5 Step 6: Circuit Diagram and Connections 52
6.4.6 Step 7: Coding 53
CHAPTER 7 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 57

7.1 Overview 58
CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION 59
CHAPTER 9 REFERENCES 60
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No Title Page No
Fig. 1.1 Virus 02

Fig .1.2 UV Radiation 03
Fig. 1.3 UV sanitizer working 04
Fig. 1.4 UV in Artificial Intelligence 04
Fig. 1.5 UV Sterilizer Box 05
Fig. 1.6 UV Sterilizer Wand 06
Fig. 1.7 UA in HVAC 06
Fig. 1.8 UV light in pools 07
Fig. 1.9 Existing System 07
Fig. 1.10 Proposed System 07
Fig. 2.1 UV Light 13
Fig. 3.1 Arduino Uno 17
Fig. 3.2 Relay Module 17
Fig. 3.3 LCD 18
Fig .3.4 UV Lamp 18
Fig. 3.5 GSM Module 19
Fig. 3.6 Motion Sensor 19
Fig. 3.7 Crystal Oscillator 20
Fig. 3.8 Connecting Wires 20
Fig. 3.9 Workflow 21
Fig. 4.1 Design 23
Fig 4.2 H-Bridge 25
Fig. 4.3 IR Sensor 26
Fig. 4.4 Micro Controller 27
Fig. 4.5 Sanitizing Wand 28
Fig. 4.6 Arduino Uno 30
Fig. 4.7 Board Topology 32
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Fig. 5.1 IR sensor Circuit Diagram 35
Fig. 5.2 IR sensor Circuit Using Transistor 37
Fig. 6.1 USB Cable 42
Fig. 6.2 UV Light Ballast 49
Fig. 6.3 Cell Destruction 50
Fig. 6.4 UV Robot 50
Fig. 6.5 Gathering All Components+ BOM 52
Fig. 6.6 Circuit Diagram and Connections 52
Fig. 8.1 Overview(1) 58
Fig. 8.2 Overview(2) 58
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LIST OF TABLES
Table No Title Page No

Table 4.1 Ratings 32
Table 4.2 Power Consumption 32
Table 4.3 Board Topology 32
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SCREENSHOTS
Screenshot No Title Page No
Screenshot. 6.1 Download Arduino Uno 42
Screenshot. 6.2 Launching Arduino 43
Screenshot. 6.3 Opening First Project 44
Screenshot. 6.4 opening Existing Project 44
Screenshot. 6.5 Selecting serial Port 45
Screenshot. 6.6 Uploading Program 46
Screenshot. 6.7 Arduino program structure 47
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UVC LIGHT-SMART SANITISOR FOR BACTERIA AND VIRUS KILLING
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The novel coronavirus has been a chaotic pandemic all over the world since Dec 2019. It left
the world in a state of crisis in many areas, including the economy, health, education, and
others. As a result, the world has been witnessing traumatic scenarios involving lakhs of deaths.
. People have been advised by the WHO (World Health Organization) to avoid the spreading
of the coronavirus by wearing masks, regularly washing their hands, avoiding groups,
sanitizing and disinfecting.
UVC disinfection works by detaching the DNA structure of living cells. Destruction of
molecular chains requires a dose of UV light that is matched to the type of organism, and that
is at the germicidal wavelength of 253.7nm. As the genetic UVC disinfection works by
detaching the DNA structure of living cells. Destruction of molecular chains requires a dose of
UV light that is matched to the type of organism, and that is at the germicidal wavelength of
253.7nm. As the genetic structure of bacteria or viruses is visible to the UVC, it will be
destroyed. However, the success of surface disinfection using UVC depends significantly on
the consistency of the material to be disinfected. UVC disinfection of surfaces has the
advantage of being an automatic method, no manual labour is needed, and relatively short
exposure time is required. Also, UVC leaves no residue in the indoor environment, and the new
style UVC light units are not subject to temperature limitations. Traditional disinfection styles
have been adopted centuries, but the question is, "are they good enough?" The bitter truth is
that even the most rigorous cleaning with hot water, bleach as well as disinfectants can allow
dangerous germs and bacteria to escape. In the worst situation, those things may bring illness
or even death. The room must be empty during UVC disinfection because accidental irradiation
effects have been described.
1.1Definition of Concept
It is essential to define some crucial keywords for proper understanding. UVC can be defined
as the ultraviolet light wavelength that is between 200-280(nm). Water disinfection, destruction
of dangerous microorganism and sterilizations surface of food substances make use of UVC
light wavelength. Bacteria are tiny, single-celled organisms that can live in a various
environment. The virus is seen as a sub microscopic infectious agent that duplicates in the
internal part of the living cells of an organism. Disinfection is a method of cleaning something
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most, especially with a chemical to destroy bacteria. It is intended to kill microbial

microorganisms that are actively growing.
Fig 1.1 : Virus

1.2 Discussion on the use of UVC for bacteria
The most crucial benefit of UVC disinfection is that it is non-toxic when likened to other
customary cleaning procedure that have a high concentration of severe chemicals that are
sometimes used in cleaning and sanitization. The usage of UVC poses no threat to the
environment, and its disinfection is a physical process and not a chemical one. It is very safe
to enter a room after UVC is at work, but it might be hard to breathe in a room that just
encountered the spraying of chemicals. UVC puts a stop to a wide array of harmful organisms.
It kills moulds and spores which other traditional cleanings may not or may even leave a damp
environment where fungi can thrive. UVC is a dry method that can take care of existing mold
and prevent its development or growth in the future. UVC disinfectant terminates pathogens
without immunity. Statistics have shown that using traditional antimicrobial methods and
disinfectants had a dire consequence. UVC disinfection is a physical method of eradicating
bacteria. Thus, bacteria in this situation cannot build immunity to it. The light of UV disrupts
the cell wall and blows up the bacteria for it to die. UVC will pick up effectively where
traditional cleaning leaves off, killing the cell on contact within a certain amount of time.
Pathogens scientists emphasized that using UVC disinfection kills more than 30HAIcausing
pathogens in less than five minutes at a distance of 8 feet.
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physical process and not a chemical one. UVC can bring a change to the DNA and RNA of
Bacteria and Viruses, thereby destroying their capabilities to procreate. Bacteria and viruses
tend to be resistant to other traditional methods, but they cannot build up a resistance against
UVC.
1.3 UV radiation
UV Radiation is one of the physical disinfection methods and is considered to be the most
effective. In the early 19th century, UV was first used for water treatment and sterilization.
With the evolution of UV technology, Ultraviolet Germicidal Lamps (UVGI) are
acknowledged as air and surface disinfectors. Moreover, it has been shown to kill 99.9% of
viruses in studies.
Fig 1.2: UV Radiation
Ultraviolet radiation, an electromagnetic radiation form with the wavelength ranging from
10nm to 400 nm (corresponding frequency around 30PHz to 750THz) shorter than visible light
and longer than X-rays [14]. UV is contained in sunlight and adds up to 10% of electromagnetic
radiation from the sun. There are several sub-ranges in the range of the UV i.e., 10 nm to 400
nm, mainly UVA, UVB, UVC, N-UV, F-UV, H Lyman-a, E-UV, V-UV. UVA, UVB UVC
ranges are considered mostly.
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1.4 HOW DO UV SANITIZERS WORK ?
Fig 1.3: UV sanitizer working

UV sanitizers destroy viruses and kill bacteria by using their lights to emit UV rays, targeting
proteins and genetic material (DNA and RNA). "They speed up cross-linking of this genetic
material, which reduces the ability of the genetic material to participate in healthy replication.
1.5 Applications
1.5.1 UV STERILIZER ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
UV sterilizer robots use ultraviolet light to kill microorganisms. The purpose of the robot is to
bring hygiene and peace of mind by killing bacteria, viruses, mold, and mildew that may be in
your home. The robot will rotate around the room, automatically avoiding walls and furniture
to clear an entire level of a house.
Fig 1.4: UV in Artificial Intelligence
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1.5.2 UV STERILIZER BOX

UV sterilizer boxes can be used to kill bacteria and viruses by exposing them to UV light. The
light damages the DNA of these microorganisms so they cannot reproduce and cause infection
in humans, animals, and plants.
UV boxes are a safe and convenient way to kill germs around the house. They can be
conveniently placed on a counter or tabletop, which means people don’t have to go anywhere
near an unsanitary surface.
UV light is an invisible, but powerful form of radiation that penetrates surfaces like glass or
clear plastic to kill bacteria and viruses within seconds. It cannot be seen by the human eye,
but it is powerful enough to kill these deadly microorganisms.
Fig 1.5: UV Sterilizer Box
1.5.3 UV STERILIZER WAND

A UV sterilizer wand is a device that emits ultraviolet light. It can be used to sterilize surfaces
in the home, eliminating bacteria and viruses. A UV wand is great to use for disinfection after
doing other household chores to kill microorganisms in your environment.
UV sterilizers are useful for more than just home use. They can also be used in hospitals, labs,
and other areas where equipment may not have been properly cleaned or disinfected.
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Fig 1.6 :UV Sterilizer Wand
1.5.4 UV IN AN HVAC SYSTEM

With UV, there is no need to worry about high pressure and the possible release of ozone. A
UV light does not use any chemicals for treatment, so it also has a low maintenance cost. UV
lights are a great way to treat water without using chemicals. With UV, there is no worry of
high pressure and the possible release of ozone, as it does not use any chemicals for treatment.
UV lights have a lower maintenance cost as well.
Fig 1.7 :UA in HVAC
1.5.5 UV light sanitation for disinfecting pool water
Spectral light Ultraviolet (UV) Pool Systems harness the power of ultraviolet light to lower
chemical levels, eliminate chlorine by-products, and to make pools safe, healthy, and easier to
manage. Researchers are telling us that less is more when it comes to pool chemicals.
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Fig 1.8: UV light in pools
1.6 Existing System
Fig 1.9 : Existing System

Ultraviolet light is a highly efficient, eco-friendly supplement for the filtration system of any
swimming pool, and it greatly reduces the amount of chlorine needed to sanitize the water. UV
sanitizers are even able to destroy some organisms that chlorine can’t, such as the
cryptosporidium parasite that causes crippling diarrhea and nausea.
1.7 Proposed System
Fig 1.10: Proposed System
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The main objective is to design a cost-effective device that can be availed at any public place
by anyone. An electro-mechanical disinfecting device is designed and implemented using UVC
(Ultraviolet-C Radiation light). This device is made completely touchless in an effort to avoid
viruses from being contacted to the device. The outbreak of SARS-COV-2 has led to serious
public health emergencies. The vital step for preventing the spread of coronavirus is sanitizing,
disinfecting. ultraviolet radiation as a disinfecting unit is preferable to chemical-based
sanitation, with research studies proving its effectiveness in deactivating viruses when exposed
to the radiation. The things to be disinfected are exposed to UV radiation in this closed chamber
and the device is operated using sensors.
1.8 problem statement
In today’s society, automation of everyday tasks has a large impact on people’s lives. Many
individuals find themselves too busy to complete simple tasks such as vacuuming or cleaning
countertops. The current methods that the general public uses to clean surfaces require effort
and time. Due to the lack of cleaning, bacteria builds up and causes the spread of sickness.
Denise Mann from WebMD claims that, while many believe the bathroom is the dirtiest part
of the house, one could argue that the kitchen actually carries equivalent, if not more deadly
bacteria that would cause sickness to spread throughout the household. Flat surfaces, such
as countertops, are a perfect middleman for growing bacteria to be transferred to items like
your cell phone which we use every day. In addition to the harmful germs, most of the sprays
and disinfectants used nowadays may pose a danger for children and pets as well. about five
common household cleaners that are hazardous to your health.[2] These cleaners included
brands such as Mop & Glo, Comet, Simple Green, Scrubbing Bubbles, and Dynamo. Some of
these cleansers have been found to cause illnesses such as cancer, asthma, and reproductive
disorders. Simple Green claims that the cleaner is non-toxic, however studies show that they
have “2-butoxyethanol, a solvent absorbed through the skin that irritates eyes.
1.9 Solution
Our solution to this problem is to implement an Automated Flat Surface Sanitizer, which
utilizes UV-C sanitization to kill bacteria on any flat surface. This process will eliminate any
harsh chemicals required to sanitize and clean a surface.
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UV-C sanitation has been around since 1892 when Marshall Ward demonstrated that UV-C
light killed bacteria. Of the three types of UV light, UV-C light is the most effective in killing
bacteria. UV-C utilizes short-wavelength ultraviolet radiation that is harmful to
microorganisms. Niels Finsen was awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1903 for his
use of UV-C against tuberculosis.UV-C sanitation is universally applicable to almost
any environment. Whether it be in a home, a hospital, or even on the go, robotic UV-C
sanitation is easy to use and effortless. UV-C light is effective in forming thymine dimers;
lesions that accumulate and alter the structure of DNA in pathogens, bacteria, and spores.
With the DNA broken, the organism can't function reproduce and therefore dies.
We will need to be capable of switching the polarity of the motors to be implement bi-
directional capabilities for our robot. This will be fulfilled using an H-Bridge DC stepper motor
drive controller board module which will be connected to each motor individually. This will
allow us to switch the polarity of the motor thus switching the direction each wheel will rotate.
The robot must be able to move forward, backward, turn left, and turn right on demand. These
demands will be set based on information received from proximity sensors on the front and
rear of the robot. The H-Bridge module(s) will be located between the microcontroller and the
motors. The module will allow us to switch the polarity of the motor and thus switch the
direction the motor will rotate. Figure 4 shows the separate paths the current will take in order
to switch the direction that the leads are moving. If the current follows path A, then lead 1 of
the battery will be connected to the positive input and lead 2 will be connected to ground.
However, if path B is selected then the opposite will occur and now lead 1 will be at ground
while lead 2 is at the positive input. The H-Bridge module must draw approximately the same
power as the motors in order to be compatible without overheating the motors. One option we
found for the H-Bridge module that meets all of our requirements is the L298N Dual H Bridge
DC Stepper Motor Drive Controller Board Module. One key component that this module has
is the capabilities of controlling two motors at a time on the same module. This will help to
eliminate clutter within our project by not needing to use two individual modules. The input
has a wide range of voltages it will accept from 5V - 35V and can also provide a 5V output
voltage to power the microcontroller. The drive current for the module is very low at only 36
mA which helps to conserve battery life during operation. The module is also small in size and
lightweight at only 26g and having dimensions of 43 x 43 x 26 mm.
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Ledges will be detected by having multiple sensors angled toward the surface being sanitized.
This will allow us to detect a ledge just before the robot reaches it. The most efficient way to
implement the front mounted sensors would be to have sensors positioned in front and slightly
to the outside of the tires (Figure 3). With this arrangement, we can detect ledges approaching
from the front and the sides of the robot with enough time to prevent the tires from reaching
the ledge. Another benefit of the two-sensor layout is that the communication with the on-board
intelligence is simplified. Each sensor would be designated as “left” or “right” respectively and
depending on the location of the obstacle that the robot runs into, the communication can be
made more specific to which sensor was triggered. If the ledge approaches from the left of the
robot, the robot can then back up, turn slightly right, and then continue on its path. Likewise
the situation with the right side would be in reverse. This layout would work for the rear angle-
mounted sensors as well. We have determined that there are two leading options for proximity
sensors; infrared (IR) and ultrasonic (US). Researchers of IOPScience have conducted
experiments to determine the benefits of one type of sensor over the other. They concluded that
the IR sensor has a higher resolution with quicker response time yet, it can only accurately
detect distances greater than 5cm. For US sensors, they have determined that the velocity of
the ultrasonic wave is affected by ambient noise, temperature, and humidity. It is also more
sensitive to smooth, mirror like surfaces.[7] Therefore, to increase its accuracy, it should be
placed where the detected obstacle is normal to the ultrasonic wave axis. Although the IR
sensors are more accurate, the ultrasonic sensors are able to detect objects at a larger
distance.[7] For our application, we will only require our system to detect objects and obstacles
within 1 inch or less. In addition, the objects will be within the direct path of the system. We
are in the process of determining the most efficient placement of sensors for optimal object and
edge detection. Because the objects will be in the direct path of our system, the Ultrasonic
sensors will be ideal for object detection. The infrared sensors are more accurate at long
distances and work well at wide angles. It would be in our best interest to use them as the edge
detection for our system. Figure 3 shows the potential bottomview layout of edge detection
sensors and object detection sensors for our design. As of now, the optimal layout for our design
will use ultrasonic sensors for object detection since they are more accurate at short distances
and infrared sensors for edge detection since they are more accurate at greater distances. For
the on-board intelligence, the main option we have chosen to use is a microcontroller
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One main necessity for the microcontroller is that it needs to contain its own software that uses
a common coding language such as C++ or Java and that is compatible with a variety of
proximity sensors. This will make the programming process much simpler. There will also be
a vast amount of open source code available for use with more popular microcontrollers. Not
only does it need to be able to support the use of proximity sensors, but must be able to work
with the H-Bridge module(s) as well. This means the microcontroller must have enough pins
to support all the hardware. If PWM implementation is available on the microcontroller, this
could make it possible to find an H-Bridge module that uses PWM to control the speeds of the
motors and that would make adjusting the speed of the robot simpler. One microcontroller that
meets the requirement needs for this robot is the Arduino Uno microcontroller. It is capable of
implementing multiple hardware components at one time, and has its own open source code
that is easy to program. The microcontroller also has its own software which is free from the
Arduino website. The Arduino microcontroller can easily interpret and respond to a wide range
of sensor data by using the code we will write on it. Therefore the Arduino is great to respond
to sensor data as a means of making the appropriate adjustments to our device. [8] For
sanitization, we will be using two UV-C wands. These UV-C wands will be small, between 5”
- 10”. Typical UV wands of this size require 1.5 Watts and cover 10 square feet which works
well for the flat surfaces intended for this robot. UV wands are the main option we have chosen
for this robot because they are a chemical-free method for sanitizing flat surfaces. The average
bacterium will be killed in 10 seconds at a distance of 6 inches from the lamp, according to
American Ultraviolet.[9] On our robot, the wands will be within only a few centimeters of the
surface, allowing for a quicker sanitization of the surface. The UV wands we use for our robot
will also need to have low power consumption in order to maximize battery life. To turn on
and off our robot we will be implementing a simple switch between the battery source and the
other components. Connecting the single switch between the battery and components allows
us to turn off all components at the same time. We will be placing the switch on the side of the
robot in order to prevent that need to turn the robot over to turn it off. This will be useful to
keep the UV-C light away from eyes as much as possible. When the switch is turned on, the
robot will immediately start moving and going through its process or sanitizing. The robot will
continue cleaning until either the batteries are dead, or the user turns off the robot.
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The main component that draws the most power so far is the sanitizing wand(s) that draw
1.5W of power each. Our battery source will be built with this in mind. We will choose a battery
source that can supply slightly more than this power for at least 2 hours, then use buck
converters to drop the power to whatever each component may require. This will allow us to
use a single battery source for every component rather than individual sources, making it more
cluttered. In order to create a housing for our hardware, we are going to design the housing of
our robot through Computer-Aided Design software. We will incorporate the IR sensors into
the design to ensure they are able to view surroundings with full capabilities. The bottom of
the robot will be 3D printed at the Learning Factory located on Penn State’s campus once
testing and designs are complete. By 3D printing the housing at the Learning Factory, we
minimize costs and materials used by removing the need for an external party to create the
housing. We plan to make the sides and top of the robot with clear material to act as a lid so
that it is easy to view the hardware within and make appropriate changes when necessary. So
far, we have worked together to create the preliminary design for our product and determine
the capabilities and requirements it will have. As we continue with this project, we will split
up responsibilities based off of each team member’s strengths and experiences. Levi will be
responsible for creating the housing for the machine as he has previous experience with
multiple CAD programs and 3D printing. He will also be in charge of researching the
microcontroller used for this robot and understanding the open source code in order to program
the device to our specific project. Bryan will be responsible for researching the proximity
sensors to be used for this project based on the sensor angle, range, and communication
capabilities with the onboard intelligence. He will also collaborate with Levi to appropriately
place these proximity sensors along the housing of the robot to ensure full viewing of its
surroundings and to minimize the number of sensors needed to fulfill the requirements of
sensing. Marcy is responsible for researching the H-Bridge modules and motors that are
capable of communicating effectively with one another and the microcontroller. She will also
be in charge of researching the voltage regulators that will be needed to develop this project as
she has previous experience in analyzing circuits and implementing DC-DC converters with
the necessary applications. Marcy and Bryan will collaborate in the research of UV-C
sanitation and document the most effective method for our robot to utilize this process. This
will include determining the average size of a countertop to be cleaned and the area that can be
cleaned in a certain amount of time. This will allow us to determine the speed that our robot
should move at.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
In 1800, a German astronomer, Fredrich William Herschel, was experimenting with passing
sunlight through a glass prism. He observed that temperatures increased the more he went
towards the red end of the spectrum. As a scientist he measured beyond the red end of the
spectrum, naming it “ultra-red.”
A year later, Johann Wilhelm Ritter, Polish-born physicist, hearing of Herschel’s ultra-red
discovery, wanted to know if light existed beyond it. At the University of Jena, Ritter did
experiments using silver chloride. This light-sensitive material was used in passing different
colours through a glass prism. He found an intense reaction with the silver chloride, and beyond
the red end of the spectrum he found the violet light that he termed “chemical rays.” Later this
light was referred to as “ultraviolet light”.
In 1877 two English scientists, W. B. Hugo Downes and Thomas Porter Blunt discovered that
sunlight kills bacteria. While doing an experiment with sugar water the part in the sun
remained clear while the shaded side grew cloudy with bacteria.
Much later Marshall Ward discovered it was the ultraviolet portion that had the bacteria-killing
properties.
Niels Finsen was awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1903, for his work using UV light to
fight tuberculosis.
Fig 2.1 :UV Light

These First experiments primarily used solar disinfection, called SODIS, which is used today
with plastic bottles as a low-cost water treatment method; however, UV lamps were not far
behind. The First large-scale water disinfection system to use UV lamps was set up in 1910
(and taken down soon thereafter) to treat Filtered river water in Marseilles, France (Henri et
al., 1910). Chlorine outpaced UV disinfection in the 1920s, so it wasn’t until 1955 that large-
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scale UV systems were consistently operational in Switzerland and Austria (Bolton and Cotton,
2011).
In the following decades, UV technology did not change as much as the reasons for using it.
UV was introduced to Norway in 1975 due to concerns over carcinogenic disinfection
byproducts from chlorination (Paidalwar, A. and Khedikar, I., 2016). At the turn of the century,
UV continued to dominate in Europe for drinking water treatment (Sommer et al., 2002).
2.1 Statistics on the usage of UVC
UVC irradiation was conducted in 18cases that consistently revealed bacteria on the culture at
the catheter exit site. 10cases (55%) became culture-negative, 3cases showed a microbial
decrease, and 5cases remained unchanged. The result suggests that UVC can eradicate
microorganisms and be of prophylactic use for exit-site contagions. Over the years, no-contact
systems for ecological disinfecting are progressively being thought of, for example, the UVC
no-contact innovation that should be complete routinely and quickly in different hospital
settings after patient discharge or transfer. In their study, they discovered Pulsed-UVC
sterilization effective in diminishing microbial infection, indicating just 18% (15/85) of
positive samples after treatment contrasted with 63% (72/115) after SOP, and 12% expanded
decrease of positive samples in patient rooms, 8% in ICUs, 93% in OTs with low turnover, and
183% in OTs with high turnover. The treatment effectiveness was likewise seen without any
manual cleaning and use of a substance disinfectant. In OT, with high turnover, between one
clinical operation and another, the standard convention was not applied. In spite of the fact that
the normal bacterial burden recognized before the cleaning and disinfection strategies were low
(7 ± 12 SD CFU/24 cm2), 13 inspecting samples out of 20 demonstrated bacterial burden, three
destinations more than 15 CFU/24 cm2. Pulsed- UV sterilization decreased oxygen consuming
microorganisms without manual cleaning and disinfection. Similar outcomes were acquired in
a study conducted by Jinadatha et al. where Pulsed-UV purification effectively diminished
MRSA province counts without manual disinfection and the authors suggested the use of
Pulsed-UV disinfection as an adjunct to existing terminal cleaning protocols since it offers a
safety net when the primary approaches fail.
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2.2 Study Protocol
In the hospitals, the cleaning services were outsourced. According to the contract and the
standard operating protocol (SOP), in terminal disinfection the housekeeping staff applied a
chlorine-based detergent, Antisapril Detergent 10%, Angelini, followed by a chlorine-based
disinfectant, Antisapril Disinfectant 10%, Angelini (active chlorine 2800 mg/L), on furniture
surfaces and electromedical devices. In rooms at discharge of patient with Clostridium
difficile CD infection, Antisapril Disinfectant was applied at 18%. In operation rooms, the same
protocol was performed by in-house auxiliary nurses.
Following the alternative protocol, after SOP, the auxiliary nurses expose the pulsed xenon-
based ultraviolet light device, for two 5 min cycles for each bedside in the patient rooms and
in the intensive care unit, whereas 10 min cycles were adopted for each surgical table side in
operating theaters. Auxiliary nurses were trained on the proper use of the Pulsed-UVC device.
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CHAPTER 3
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The main objective is to design a cost-effective device that can be availed at any public place
by anyone.
An electro-mechanical disinfecting device is designed and implemented using UVC

(Ultraviolet-C Radiation light). This device is made completely touchless in an effort to avoid
viruses from being contacted to the device. The outbreak of SARS-COV-2 has led to serious
public health emergencies. The vital step for preventing the spread of coronavirus is sanitizing,
disinfecting. ultraviolet radiation as a disinfecting unit is preferable to chemical-based
sanitation, with research studies proving its effectiveness in deactivating viruses when exposed
to the radiation. The things to be disinfected are exposed to UV radiation in this closed chamber
and the device is operated using sensors.
3.1 Methodology
This system includes both input and output devices. Input devices give input signals to Arduino
boards and output devices take signals from Arduino boards. LCD display, Relay module, and
Motion sensor are the output components. An ultrasonic sensor, IR sensor modules and limit
switches are the inputs. The input and output devices used to implement the device are:
3.1.1 AURDINO UNO
Arduino UNO is based on an ATmega328P microcontroller . It is easy to use compared to other

boards, such as the Arduino Mega board, etc. The board consists of digital and analog Input or
Output pins (I/O), shields, and other circuits.
The Arduino Uno is programmed using the Arduino Software (IDE), our Integrated
Development Environment common to all our boards and running both online and offline.
For more information on how to get started with the Arduino Software visit the Getting
Started page.
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Fig 3.1: Aurdino Uno
3.1.2 RELAY MODULE
Relays are electric switches that use electromagnetism to convert small electrical stimuli in to
larger currents. These conversions occur when electrical inputs activate electromagnetic to
either form or break existing circuits.
The electromagnet is activated by a separate low-power signal from a micro controller. When
activated, the electromagnet pulls to either open or close an electrical circuit.
Fig 3.2 : Relay Module
3.1.3 LCD
LCD means liquid crystal display. Basically, any displays can be used with Arduino, including
alphanumeric character LCD display, monochrome graphic LCD display.
An LCD screen includes a thin layer of liquid crystal material sandwiched between two
electrodes on glass substrates, with two polarizers on each side. A polarizer is an optical filter
that lets light waves of a specific polarization pass through while blocking light waves of other
polarizations. The electrodes need to be transparent, so the most popular material is ITO
(Indium Tin Oxide).
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Fig 3.3 :LCD
3.1.4 UV LAMP
UVC radiation has effectively been used for decades to reduce the spread of bacteria, such as
tuberculosis. For this reason, UVC lamps are often called "germicidal" lamps. It enables us to
offer a broad range of UV-C lamps and luminaires that can be used in a variety of applications.
This includes upper air systems that disinfect passing air, open UV-C systems and UV-C
trolleys that disinfect rooms and locations overnight (or while not in use), and UV-C chambers
that disinfect objects.
Fig 3.4:UV Lamp
3.1.5 GSM MODULE
A GSM module or a GPRS module is a chip or circuit that will be used to establish
communication between a mobile device or a computing machine and a GSM. This module is
able to receive serial data from radiation monitoring devices such as survey meter or area
monitor and transmit the data as text SMS to a host server.
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Fig 3.5: GSM Module
3.1.6 MOTION SENSOR
A motion sensor is a device that notices moving objects, mainly people. A motion sensor is
frequently incorporated as a component of a system that routinely performs a task or else alert
user of motion in a region. A motion sensor will pick up any kind of movement that passes in
front of the sensor by sending out an IR beam. A motion sensor will pick up any kind of
movement that passes in front of the sensor by sending out an IR beam.
Fig 3.6 : Motion Sensor
3.1.7 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR
The crystal oscillator is a quartz crystal used as a frequency selective element. Crystal
oscillators operate on the principle of inverse piezoelectric effect in which an alternating
voltage applied across the crystal surfaces causes it to vibrate at its natural frequency. It is these
vibrations which eventually get converted into oscillations.
These oscillators are usually made of Quartz crystal, even though other substances like
Rochelle salt and Tourmaline exhibit the piezoelectric effect because, quartz is inexpensive,
naturally-available and mechanically-strong when compared to others.
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Fig 3.7:Oscillator Oscillator
3.1.8 CONNECTING WIRES
Connecting wires allows an electrical current to travel from one point on a circuit to another,
because electricity needs a medium through which to move.
Fig 3.8 : Connecting Wires
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3.2 workflow diagram
Fig 3.9: Workflow
Figure illustrates the system workflow diagram. It starts the process by pressing the power
button to connect the power supply to the mains voltage. In the initialization step, the LCD will
display the word WELCOME. When detecting a hand, the system is receiving data from an
infrared sensor, but when no hand is detected, it returns to the previous step. When the sensor
has detected a hand, the dryer and the UV light are on and the LCD will display DRYER &
UV ON. The drying time is 20 seconds. After 20 seconds, the dryer and the UV lamp lights
off and the LCD will display DRYER & UV OFF.
3.3 Working of the system
When the sensor has a voltage of 5 VDC, the infrared LED emits infrared light, and the
photodiode is ready to receive the data. When the infrared LED is reflected because there
are objects that reflect it, the photodiode receives data from the infrared. The output of this
photodiode is a voltage that goes directly to the comparator circuit.
The output of the photodiode will be measured in the comparator circuit and then
transmitted to the microcontroller in the form of binner numbers (0 and 1). When the
microcontroller receives data 1, the microcontroller will contact the relay to turn the UV
lamp and dryer on for 20 seconds and change the display on the LCD, and when the
microcontroller receives data 0, the microcontroller will contact the relay to turn the UV
lamp and dryer off.
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3.4 Motion sensor Testing

Farther the distance of the hand placed in front of the infrared sensor, the smaller the output
voltage from the infrared sensor, and the closer the hand is placed on the infrared sensor, the
greater the output. The hand is ideally within 4-10 cm from the infrared sensor because at
that distance, the output can still be received by the microcontroller. The lab test of the
prototype hand dryer is equipped with a UV lamp with an LCD display based on ATMega8
microcontroller using E-Coli type bacteria conducted at the Microbiology Laboratory of the
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta using the
method of counting the number of bacteria. From the above table it can be concluded that
the distance of 10 cm with the use of tools for 20 seconds the E- Coli bacteria are not moving.
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CHAPTER 4
DESIGN
Fig 4.1 Design

4.1 Operation
UV Light rays are used to kill the Bacteria in particular zone where the equipment is placed
,For this UV1,UV2,UV3 lights are connected to Ballast as shown in the Block Diagram. Firstly
motion sensor Used in this design used to detect the moving objects near the UV light , Because
of UV light rays are harmful to skin, there must be motion sensor
The Detected data is then send to the Aurdino UNO , It triggers the Relay module if there is no
motion of object . Relay is used to control the voltages using Aurdino . Relay is connected to
the UV light as shown ,UV light will turned on If Relay sets to 1 and start sanitizing the area
where device is placed.
If motion is Detected , Relay sets to 1 and automatically UV light will get turned off and
prevents the damage of skin
The crystal oscillator is a quartz crystal used as a frequency selective element. GSM module
is placed have all the functionalities of a mobile phone through computer like making and
receiving calls, SMS, MMS etc. These are mainly employed for computer-based SMS and
MMS services.
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4.2 Implementation
To implement the movement of the robot, we will be utilizing a dual motor gearbox that allows
each wheel to rotate independently of one another. The dual motor gearbox will be controlled
by two small DC electric hobby motors. Using a simple plastic gearbox kit will make the
motors more affordable to implement. While plastic wears faster than other materials, the robot
will not be constantly moving throughout the day, and will only be used a few hours at a time.
The Tamiya Twin Motor Gearbox is an option we have found that meets the requirements for
our implementation shows the layout of the gearbox kit. With its dual motor support containing
two individual shafts, this is an ideal kit to use for the layout we need. The kit has an attachment
for two small hobby motors which can be controlled individually, giving us the bi-directional
and turning capabilities required for movement. The gearbox has two gear ratios (58:1 and
207:1) but there are other ways to implement speed changes using PWM. For the tires we will
be using solid rubber wheels with plastic rims. Rubber tires are best suited for this project as
rubber will have an efficient grip on the majority of surfaces. Other materials could potentially
lack this grip, or may scratch the surfaces being sanitized. The solid rubber will ensure that the
full weight of the final product can be supported without flattening. The same would not be
true of hollow rubber or foam hobby wheels. Plastic rims will be used as a cheaper option and
are supportive enough to withstand the total weight as we don’t anticipate the final product
weighing more than 2-4 pounds. In addition to the 2 main wheels, we will add a small spherical
caster wheel in the rear of the machine.
4.2.1 H-Bridge
The H-Bridge module(s) will be located between the microcontroller and the motors. The
module will allow us to switch the polarity of the motor and thus switch the direction the motor
will rotate. Figure 4 shows the separate paths the current will take in order to switch the
direction that the leads are moving. If the current follows path A, then lead 1 of the battery will
be connected to the positive input and lead 2 will be connected to ground. However, if path B
is selected then the opposite will occur and now lead 1 will be at ground while lead 2 is at the
positive The H-Bridge module(s) will be located between the microcontroller and the motors.
The module will allow us to switch the polarity of the motor and thus switch the direction the
motor will rotate. Figure 4 shows the separate paths the current will take in order to switch the
direction that the leads are moving. If the current follows path A, then lead 1 of the battery will
be connected to the positive input and lead 2 will be connected to ground. However, if path B
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is selected then the opposite will occur and now lead 1 will be at ground while lead 2 is at the
positive
Fig 4.2: H-Bridge
4.2.2 Ledges
The system will detect nearby surroundings and ledges with the use of proximity sensors.
Ledges will be detected by having multiple sensors angled toward the surface being sanitized.
This will allow us to detect a ledge just before the robot reaches it. The most efficient way to
implement the front mounted sensors would be to have sensors positioned in front and slightly
to the outside of the tires. With this arrangement, we can detect ledges approaching from the
front and the sides of the robot with enough time to prevent the tires from reaching the ledge.
Another benefit of the two-sensor layout is that the communication with the on-board
intelligence is simplified. Each sensor would be designated as “left” or “right” respectively and
depending on the location of the obstacle that the robot runs into, the communication can be
made more specific to which sensor was triggered. If the ledge approaches from the left of the
robot, the robot can then back up, turn slightly right, and then continue on its path. Likewise
the situation with the right side would be in reverse. This layout would work for the rear angle-
mounted sensors as well.
4.2.3 Proximity Sensors
We have determined that there are two leading options for proximity sensors; infrared (IR) and
ultrasonic (US). Researchers of IOPScience have conducted experiments to determine the
benefits of one type of sensor over the other. They concluded that the IR sensor has a higher
resolution with quicker response time yet, it can only accurately detect distances greater than
5cm. For US sensors, they have determined that the velocity of the ultrasonic wave is affected
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by ambient noise, temperature, and humidity. It is also more sensitive to smooth, mirror like
surfaces.[7] Therefore, to increase its accuracy, it should be placed where the detected obstacle
is normal to the ultrasonic wave axis. Although the IR sensors are more accurate, the ultrasonic
sensors are able to detect objects at a larger distance.[7] For our application, we will only
require our system to detect objects and obstacles within 1 inch or less. In addition, the objects
will be within the direct path of the system
Fig 4.3: IR Sensor
4.2.4 Ultrasonic Sensor
We are in the process of determining the most efficient placement of sensors for optimal object
and edge detection. Because the objects will be in the direct path of our system, the Ultrasonic
sensors will be ideal for object detection. The infrared sensors are more accurate at long
distances and work well at wide angles. It would be in our best interest to use them as the edge
detection for our system. Figure 3 shows the potential bottom view layout of edge detection
sensors and object detection sensors for our design. As of now, the optimal layout for our design
will use ultrasonic sensors for object detection since they are more accurate at short distances
and infrared sensors for edge detection since they are more accurate at greater distances. For
the on-board intelligence, the main option we have chosen to use is a microcontroller. There
are numerous microcontrollers available to use that could potentially give us what we need.
One main necessity for the microcontroller is that it needs to contain its own software that uses
a common coding language such as C++ or Java and that is compatible with a variety of
proximity sensors. This will make the programming process much simpler. There will also be
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a vast amount of open source code available for use with more popular microcontrollers. Not
only does it need to be able to support the use of proximity sensors, but must be able to work
with the H-Bridge module(s) as well. This means the microcontroller must have enough pins
to support all the hardware.
4.2.5 PWM Implementation
If PWM implementation is available on the microcontroller, this could make it possible to find
an H-Bridge module that uses PWM to control the speeds of the motors and that would make
adjusting the speed of the robot simpler.
4.2.6 Micro controller
One microcontroller that meets the requirement needs for this robot is the Arduino Uno
microcontroller. It is capable of implementing multiple hardware components at one time, and
has its own open source code that is easy to program. The microcontroller also has its own
software which is free from the Arduino website. The Arduino microcontroller can easily
interpret and respond to a wide range of sensor data by using the code we will write on it.
Therefore the Arduino is great to respond to sensor data as a means of making the appropriate
adjustments to our device.
Fig 4.4 : Micro Controller
4.2.7 UV Wand
For sanitization, we will be using two UV-C wands. These UV-C wands will be small, between
5” - 10”. Typical UV wands of this size require 1.5 Watts and cover 10 square feet which works
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American Ultraviolet. On our robot, the wands will be within only a few centimeters of the
Fig 4.5: Sanitizing Wand
For sanitization, we will be using two UV-C wands. These UV-C wands will be small, between
5” - 10”. Typical UV wands of this size require 1.5 Watts and cover 10 square feet which works
American Ultraviolet.[9] On our robot, the wands will be within only a few centimeters of the
will also need to have low power consumption in order to maximize battery life. To turn on
and off our robot we will be implementing a simple switch between the battery source and the
other components. Connecting the single switch between the battery and components allows
us to turn off all components at the same time. We will be placing the switch on the side of the
robot in order to prevent that need to turn the robot over to turn it off. This will be useful to
keep the UV-C light away from eyes as much as possible. When the switch is turned on, the
robot will immediately start moving and going through its process or sanitizing. The robot will
continue cleaning until either the batteries are dead, or the user turns off the robot.
Far is the sanitizing wand(s) that draw 1.5W of power each. Our battery source will be built
with this in mind. We will choose a battery source that can supply slightly more than this power
for at least 2 hours, then use buck converters to drop the power to whatever each component
may require. This will allow us to use a single battery source for every component rather than
individual sources, making it more cluttered. In order to create a housing for our hardware, we
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are going to design the housing of our robot through Computer-Aided Design software. We
will incorporate the IR sensors into the design to ensure they are able to view surroundings
with full capabilities.
4.2.8 3D Printer
The bottom of the robot will be 3D printed at the Learning Factory located on Penn State’s
campus once testing and designs are complete. By 3D printing the housing at the Learning
Factory, we minimize costs and materials used by removing the need for an external party to
create the housing. We plan to make the sides and top of the robot with clear material to act as
a lid so that it is easy to view the hardware within and make appropriate changes when
necessary. So far, we have worked together to create the preliminary design for our product
and determine the capabilities and requirements it will have. As we continue with this project,
we will split up responsibilities based off of each team member’s strengths and experiences.
Levi will be responsible for creating the housing for the machine as he has previous experience
with multiple CAD programs and 3D printing. He will also be in charge of researching the
microcontroller used for this robot and understanding the open source code in order to program
the device to our specific project. Bryan will be responsible for researching the proximity
sensors to be used for this project based on the sensor angle, range, and communication
capabilities with the onboard intelligence. He will also collaborate with Levi to appropriately
place these proximity sensors along the housing of the robot to ensure full viewing of its
surroundings and to minimize the number of sensors needed to fulfill the requirements of
sensing. Marcy is responsible for researching the H-Bridge modules and motors that are
capable of communicating effectively with one another and the microcontroller. She will also
be in charge of researching the voltage regulators that will be needed to develop this project as
she has previous experience in analyzing circuits and implementing DC-DC converters with
the necessary applications. Marcy and Bryan will collaborate in the research of UV-C
sanitation and document the most effective method for our robot to utilize this process. This
will include determining the average size of a countertop to be cleaned and the area that can be
cleaned in a certain amount of time. This will allow us to determine the speed that our robot
should move at.
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4.3 AURDINO
Fig 4.6: Arduino Uno
4.3.1 Description
The Arduino UNO R3 is the perfect board to get familiar with electronics and coding. This
versatile microcontroller is equipped with the well-known ATmega328P and the ATMega
16U2 Processor. This board will give you a great first experience within the world of
Arduino.
4.3.2 Features
Memory
>AVR CPU at up to 16 MHz
> 32KB Flash 2KB
>SRAM 1KB EEPROM
Security Power
> On Reset (POR)
> Brown Out Detection (BOD)
Peripherals
> 2x 8-bit Timer/Counter with a dedicated period register and compare channels
>1x 16-bit Timer/Counter with a dedicated period register, input capture and
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>compare channels 1x USART with fractional baud rate generator and start-of frame
detection
> 1x controller/peripheral Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)
>1x Dual mode controller/peripheral I2C 1x Analog Comparator (AC) with a scalable
reference
> input Watchdog Timer with separate on-chip oscillator
>Six PWM channels Interrupt and wake-up on pin change
4.4 BOARD
4.4.1 Application Examples
The UNO board is the flagship product of Arduino. Regardless if you are new to the world of
electronics or will use the UNO as a tool for education purposes or industry-related tasks.
First entry to electronics: If this is your first project within coding and electronics, get started
with our most used and documented board; Arduino UNO. It is equipped with the well-known
ATmega328P processor, 14 digital input/output pins, 6 analog inputs, USB connections, ICSP
header and reset button. This board includes everything you will need for a great first
experience with Arduino.
Industry-standard development board: Using the Arduino UNO board in industries, there
are a range of companies using the UNO board as the brain for their PLC’s.
Education purposes: Although the UNO board has been with us for about ten years, it is still
widely used for various education purposes and scientific projects. The board's high standard
and top quality performance makes it a great resource to capture real time from sensors and to
trigger complex laboratory equipment to mention a few examples.
4.4.2 Related Products
> Starter Kit
> Tinkerkit Braccio
> Robot Example
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4.5 Ratings
Symbol Description Min Max

Conservative thermal limits for the whole board: -40 °C (-40°F) 85 °C ( 185°F)
Table 4.1 : Ratings
4.5.1 Power Consumption
Symbol Description Min Typ Max Unit

VINMax Maximum input voltage from VIN pad 6 - 20 V
VUSBMax Maximum input voltage from USB connector - 5.5 V
Pmax Maximum Power Consumption - - xx mA
Table 4.2 : Power Consumption
4.6 Function Overview
4.6.1 . Board Topology
Fig 4.7 : Board Topology
Ref. Description Ref. Description

X1 Power jack 2.1x5.5mm U1 SPX1117M3-L-5 Regulator
X2 USB B Connector U3 ATMEGA16U2 Module
PC1 EEE-1EA470WP 25V SMD Capacitor U5 LMV358LIST-A.9 IC
PC2 EEE-1EA470WP 25V SMD Capacitor F1 Chip Capacitor, High Density
D1 CGRA4007-G Rectifier ICSP Pin header connector (through hole 6)
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J-ZU4 ATMEGA328P Module ICSP1 Pin header connector (through hole 6)

Y1 ECS-160-20-4X-DU Oscillator
Table 4.3 :Board Topology
4.6.2 Processor
The Main Processor is a ATmega328P running at up tp 20 MHz. Most of its pins are connected
to the external headers, however some are reserved for internal communication with the USB
Bridge coprocessor.
4.7 Getting started-IDE
If you want to program your Arduino UNO while o ine you need to install the Arduino ffl
Desktop IDE To connect the Arduino UNO to your computer, you’ll need a Micro-B USB
cable. This also provides power to the board, as indicated by the LED.
4.8 Getting Started - Arduino Web Editor
All Arduino boards, including this one, work out-of-the-box on the Arduino Web Editor by
just installing a simple plugin. The Arduino Web Editor is hosted online, therefore it will
always be up-to-date with the latest features and support for all boards. Follow to start coding
on the browser and upload your sketches onto your board.
4.9 Getting Started
Arduino IoT Cloud All Arduino IoT enabled products are supported on Arduino IoT Cloud
which allows you to Log, graph and analyze sensor data, trigger events, and automate your
home or business.
4.10 Sample Sketches

Sample sketches for the Arduino XXX can be found either in the “Examples” menu in the
Arduino IDE or in the “Documentation” section of the Arduino Pro website
4.11 Online Resources

Now that you have gone through the basics of what you can do with the board you can explore
the endless possibilities it provides by checking exciting projects on ProjectHub , the Arduino
Library Reference and the online store where you will be able to complement your board with
sensors, actuators and more.
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CHAPTER 5
IR SENSOR : CIRCUIT DIAGRAM & ITS WORKING
IR technology is used in daily life and also in industries for different purposes. For example,
TVs use an IR sensor to understand the signals which are transmitted from a remote control.
The main benefits of IR sensors are low power usage, their simple design & their convenient
features. IR signals are not noticeable by the human eye. The IR radiation in the
electromagnetic spectrum can be found in the regions of the visible & microwave. Usually, the
wavelengths of these waves range from 0.7 µm 5 to 1000µm. The IR spectrum can be divided
into three regions like near-infrared, mid, and far-infrared. The near IR region’s wavelength
ranges from 0.75 – 3µm, the mid-infrared region’s wavelength ranges from 3 to 6µm & the far
IR region’s infrared radiation’s wavelength is higher than 6µm.
5.1 What is an IR Sensor
An infrared sensor is an electronic device, that emits in order to sense some aspects of the
surroundings. An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detects the motion.
These types of sensors measure only infrared radiation, rather than emitting it that is called a
passive IR sensor. Usually, in the infrared spectrum, all the objects radiate some form of
thermal radiation.
These types of radiations are invisible to our eyes, which can be detected by an infrared sensor.
The emitter is simply an IR LED (Light Emitting Diode) and the detector is simply an IR
photodiode that is sensitive to IR light of the same wavelength as that emitted by the IR LED.
When IR light falls on the photodiode, the resistances and the output voltages will change in
proportion to the magnitude of the IR light received.
5.2 Working Principle
The working principle of an infrared sensor is similar to the object detection sensor. This sensor
includes an IR LED & an IR Photodiode, so by combining these two can be formed as a photo-
coupler otherwise optocoupler. The physics laws used in this sensor are planks radiation,
Stephan Boltzmann & weins displacement. IR LED is one kind of transmitter that emits IR
radiations. This LED looks similar to a standard LED and the radiation which is generated by
this is not visible to the human eye. Infrared receivers mainly detect the radiation using an
infrared transmitter. These infrared receivers are available in photodiodes form. IR Photodiodes
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are dissimilar as compared with usual photodiodes because they detect simply IR radiation.
Different kinds of infrared receivers mainly exist depending on the voltage, wavelength,
package, etc. Once it is used as the combination of an IR transmitter & receiver, then the
receiver’s wavelength must equal the transmitter. Here, the transmitter is IR LED whereas the
receiver is IR photodiode. The infrared photodiode is responsive to the infrared light that is
generated through an infrared LED. The resistance of photodiode & the change in output
voltage is in proportion to the infrared light obtained. This is the IR sensor’s fundamental
working principle. Once the infrared transmitter generates emission, then it arrives at the object
& some of the emission will reflect back toward the infrared receiver. The sensor output can
be decided by the IR receiver depending on the intensity of the response.
5.3 Circuit Diagram
An infrared sensor circuit is one of the basic and popular sensor modules in an electronic
device. This sensor is analogous to human’s visionary senses, which can be used to detect
obstacles and it is one of the common applications in real-time. This circuit comprises the
following components
• LM358 IC 2 IR transmitter and receiver pair
• Resistors of the range of kilo-ohms.
• Variable resistors.
• LED (Light Emitting Diode).
Fig 5.1 : IR sensor Circuit Diagram

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In this project, the transmitter section includes an IR sensor, which transmits continuous IR
rays to be received by an IR receiver module. An IR output terminal of the receiver varies
depending upon its receiving of IR rays. Since this variation cannot be analyzed as such,
therefore this output can be fed to a comparator circuit. Here an operational amplifier (op-amp)
of LM 339 is used as a comparator circuit. When the IR receiver does not receive a signal, the
potential at the inverting input goes higher than that non-inverting input of the comparator IC
(LM339). Thus the output of the comparator goes low, but the LED does not glow. When the
IR receiver module receives a signal to the potential at the inverting input goes low. Thus the
output of the comparator (LM 339) goes high and the LED starts glowing. Resistor R1 (100 ),
R2 (10k ), and R3 (330) are used to ensure that a minimum of 10 mA current passes through
the IR LED Devices like Photodiode and normal LEDs respectively. Resistor VR2 (preset=5k
) is used to adjust the output terminals. Resistor VR1 (preset=10k ) is used to set the sensitivity
of the circuit Diagram.
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5.3.1 IR Sensor Circuit using Transistor
The circuit diagram of the IR sensor using transistors namely obstacle detection using two
transistors is shown below. This circuit is mainly used for obstacle detection using an IR LED.
So, this circuit can be built with two transistors like NPN and PNP. For NPN, BC547 transistor
is used whereas, for PNP, BC557 transistor is used. The pinout of these transistors is the same.
Fig 5.2 :IR sensor Circuit Using Transistor

The required components of this IR sensor circuit include resistors 100 ohms & 200 ohms,
BC547 & BC557 transistors, LED, IR LEDs-2. The step by step procedure of how to make
the IR sensor circuit includes the following steps.
• Connect the components as per the circuit diagram using required components
• Connect one infrared LED to the BC547 transistor’s base terminal
• Connect an infrared LED to the base terminal of the same transistor.
• Connect the 100Ω resistor toward the residual pins of the infrared LEDs.
• Connect the base terminal of the PNP transistor toward the collector terminal of the NPN
transistor.
• Connect the LED & 220Ω resistor as per the connection in the circuit diagram.
• Once the connection of the circuit is done then gives the power supply to the circuit for
testing.
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CHAPTER 6
SOFTWARE AND CODING
6.1 Introduction to Arduino IDE
Arduino is a prototype platform (open-source) based on an easy-to-use hardware and software.

It consists of a circuit board, which can be programmed (referred to as a microcontroller) and
a readymade software called Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment), which is
used to write and upload the computer code to the physical board.
6.2 Features
• Arduino boards are able to read analog or digital input signals from different sensors and turn
it into an output such as activating a motor, turning LED on/off, connect to the cloud and many
other actions
. • You can control your board functions by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller
on the board via Arduino IDE (referred to as uploading software)
. • Unlike most previous programmable circuit boards, Arduino does not need an extra piece
of hardware (called a programmer) in order to load a new code onto the board. You can simply
use a USB cable.
• Additionally, the Arduino IDE uses a simplified version of C++, making it easier to learn to
program.
• Finally, Arduino provides a standard form factor that breaks the functions of the
microcontroller into a more accessible package.
After learning about the main parts of the Arduino UNO board, we are ready to learn howto
set up the Arduino IDE. Once we learn this, we will be ready to upload our program onthe
Arduino board.
6.2.1 Arduino data types:.

Data types in C refers to an extensive system used for declaring variables or functions of
different types. The type of a variable determines how much space it occupies in the storage
and how the bit pattern stored is interpreted.
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Void:
The void keyword is used only in function declarations. It indicates that the function is
expected to return no information to the function from which it was called
Example:
Void Loop ( )
{
// rest of the code
}
Boolean:
A Boolean holds one of two values, true or false. Each Boolean variable occupies one byte of
memory.
Example:
Boolean state= false ; // declaration of variable with type boolean and initialize it with false.
Boolean state = true ; // declaration of variable with type boolean and initialize it with false.
Char:
A data type that takes up one byte of memory that stores a character value. Character literals
are written in single quotes like this: 'A' and for multiple characters, strings use double quotes:
"ABC". However, characters are stored as numbers. You can see the specific encoding in the
ASCII chart. This means that it is possible to do arithmetic operations on characters, in
whichthe ASCII value of the character is used. For example, 'A' + 1 has the value 66, since
theASCII value of the capital letter A is 65.
Example:
Char chr_a = ‘a’ ;//declaration of variable with type char and initialize it with character a.
Char chr_c = 97 ;//declaration of variable with type char and initialize it with character 97
Unsigned char:
Unsigned char is an unsigned data type that occupies one byte of memory. The unsigned char
data type encodes numbers from 0 to 255.
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Example:
Unsigned Char chr_y = 121 ; // declaration of variable with type Unsigned char and initialize
it with character y.
Byte:
A byte stores an 8-bit unsigned number, from 0 to 255.
Example:
byte m = 25 ;//declaration of variable with type byte and initialize it with 25
int:
Integers are the primary data-type for number storage. int stores a 16-bit (2-byte) value. This
yields a range of -32,768 to 32,767 (minimum value of -2^15 and a maximum value of (2^15)
- 1). The int size varies from board to board. On the Arduino Due, for example, an int stores a
32- bit (4-byte) value. This yields a range of -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 (minimum value
of -2^31 and a maximum value of (2^31) - 1).
Example:
int counter = 32 ;// declaration of variable with type int and initialize it with 32.
Unsigned int:
Unsigned ints (unsigned integers) are the same as int in the way that they store a 2 byte value.
Instead of storing negative numbers, however, they only store positive values, yielding a useful
range of 0 to 65,535 (2^16) - 1). The Due stores a 4 byte (32-bit) value, ranging from 0 to
4,294,967,295 (2^32 - 1).
Example:
Unsigned int counter= 60 ; // declaration of variable with type unsigned int and initialize it with
60.
Word:
On the Uno and other ATMEGA based boards, a word stores a 16-bit unsigned number. On
the Due and Zero, it stores a 32-bit unsigned number.
Example
word w = 1000 ;//declaration of variable with type word and initialize it with 1000.
Long:
Long variables are extended size variables for number storage, and store 32 bits (4 bytes),
from 2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647.
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Example:
Long velocity= 102346 ;//declaration of variable with type Long and initialize it with 102346
Unsigned long:
Unsigned long variables are extended size variables for number storage and store 32 bits (4
bytes). Unlike standard longs, unsigned longs will not store negative numbers, making their
range from 0 to 4,294,967,295 (2^32 - 1).
Example:
Unsigned Long velocity = 101006 ;// declaration of variable with type Unsigned Long and
initialize it with 101006.
Short:
A short is a 16-bit data-type. On all Arduinos (ATMega and ARM based), a short stores a 16-
bit (2-byte) value. This yields a range of -32,768 to 32,767 (minimum value of -2^15 and a
maximum value of (2^15) - 1).
Example:
short val= 13 ;//declaration of variable with type short and initialize it with 13
Float:
Data type for floating-point number is a number that has a decimal point. Floating-point
numbers are often used to approximate the analog and continuous values because they have
greater resolution than integers. Floating-point numbers can be as large as 3.4028235E+38 and
as low as 3.4028235E+38. They are stored as 32 bits (4 bytes) of information.
Example:
float num = 1.352;//declaration of variable with type float and initialize it with 1.352.
Double:
On the Uno and other ATMEGA based boards, Double precision floating-point number
occupies four bytes. That is, the double implementation is exactly the same as the float, with
no gain in precision. On the Arduino Due, doubles have 8-byte (64 bit) precision.
Example:
double num = 45.352 ;// declaration of variable with type double and initialize it with 45.352.
In this section, we will learn in easy steps, how to set up the Arduino IDE on our computerand
prepare the board to receive the program via USB cable.
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6.3 Steps
In case you use Arduino UNO, Arduino Duemilanove, Nano, Arduino Mega2560, or
Diecimila, you will need a standard USB cable (A plug to B plug), the kind youwould connect
to a USB printer as shown in the following image.
Fig 6.1 :USB Cable
Step 2: Download Arduino IDE Software.

You can get different versions of Arduino IDE from the Download page on the Arduino
Official website. You must select your software, which is compatible with your operating
system (Windows, IOS, or Linux). After your file download is complete, unzip the file.
Screenshot.6.1:Download Aurdino Uno
Step 3:Power up your board.

The Arduino Uno, Mega, Duemilanove and Arduino Nano automatically draw power from
either, the USB connection to the computer or an external power supply. If you are using an
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Arduino Diecimila, you have to make sure that the board is configured to draw power from the
USB connection. The power source is selected with a jumper, a small piece of plastic that fits
onto two of the three pins between the USB and power jacks. Check that it is on the two pins
closest to the USB port. Connect the Arduino board to your computer using the USB cable.
The green power LED (labeled PWR) should glow.
Step 4: Launch Arduino IDE.
After your Arduino IDE software is downloaded, you need to unzip the folder. Inside the
folder, you can find the application icon with an infinity label (application.exe). Doubleclick
the icon to start the IDE.
Screenshot.6.2: Launching Arduino

Step 5: Open your first project.
Once the software starts, you have two options:
• Create a new project.
• Open an existing project example.
To create a new project, select File → New.To open
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Screenshot.6.3:Operning First Project
To open an existing project example, select File -> Example -> Basics -> Blink.
Screenshot.6.4:opening Existing Project
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Here, we are selecting just one of the examples with the name Blink. It turns the LED on and
off with some time delay. You can select any other example from the list.
Step 6: Select your Arduino board.
To avoid any error while uploading your program to the board, you must select the correct
Arduino board name, which matches with the board connected to your computer. Go to Tools
-> Board and select your board
Step 7: Select your serial port.

Select the serial device of the Arduino board.
Go to Tools ->Serial Port menu. This is likely to be COM3 or higher (COM1 and COM2 are
usually reserved for hardware serial ports). To find out, you can disconnect your Arduino board
and re-open the menu, the entry that disappears should be of the Arduino board. Reconnect the
board and select that serial port.
Screenshot.6.5:Selecting serial Port

Step 8: Upload the program to your board.
Before explaining how we can upload our program to the board, we must demonstrate the
function of each symbol appearing in the Arduino IDE toolbar.
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Now, simply click the "Upload" button in the environment. Wait a few seconds; you will see
the RX and TX LEDs on the board, flashing. If the upload is successful, the message "Done
uploading" will appear in the status bar. Note: If you have an Arduino Mini, NG, or other board,
you need to press the reset button physically on the board, immediately before clicking the
upload button on the Arduino Software.
Screenshot 6.6: Uploading Program

A- Used to check if there is any compilation error.
B- B- Used to upload a program to the Arduino board.
C- C- Shortcut used to create a new sketch.
D- Used to directly open one of the example sketch.
E- Used to save your sketch.
F- Serial monitor used to receive serial data from the board and send the serial data to the
board. Now, simply click the “Upload” button in the environment. Wait a few seconds;
you will see the RX and TX LEDs on the board, flashing. If the upload is successful,
the message “Done uploading” will appear in the status bar.
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Arduinoprogramming stracture
In this chapter, we will study in depth, the Arduino program structure and we will learn more
new terminologies used in the Arduino world. The Arduino software is open-source. The
source code for the Java environment is released under the GPL and the C/C++ microcontroller
libraries are under the LGPL.
Sketch:
The first new terminology is the Arduino program called “sketch”.
Structure:
Arduino programs can be divided in three main parts: Structure, Values (variables and
constants), and Functions. In this tutorial, we will learn about the Arduino software program,
step by step, and how we can write the program without any syntax or compilation error. Let
us start with the Structure. Software structure consist of two main functions:
• Setup( ) function
• Loop( ) function
Screenshot.6.7:Ardiunoprogram structure
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Void setup ( )
PURPOSE:
The setup() function is called when a sketch starts. Use it to initialize the variables, pin modes,
start using libraries, etc. The setup function will only run once, after each power up or reset of
the Arduino board.
INPUT
OUTPUT
RETURN
Void Loop ( )
PURPOSE:
After creating a setup() function, which initializes and sets the initial values, the loop()
function does precisely what its name suggests, and loops secutively, allowing your program
to change and respond. Use it to activelycontrol the Arduino board.
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6.4 Working and coding
All of know about the COVID scenarios we cant talk freely, we cant walk freely because of
the killer virus. and the only way to prevent this virus from spreading is by minimising the
contacts and proper sterilization or sanitization with the help of a powerful and efficient
ROBOT, we can achieve this very easily without exposing ourselves. And this is the story and
the tutorial of how I made this UV-C sterilization robot.
6.4.1 Step 1: Why Is This Robo
Fig 6.2 : UV Light Ballast
Robots are in use for a number of applications where humans can be at risk of exposure. They
can do routine tasks with accuracy and repeatability, record their actions for review and
verification, and work around the clock to help make our environments cleaner and safer.well.
first thing first this is a simple robot I made this robot to clean or sterilize floor and other flat
surfaces.it has ultraviolet LEDs and which is responsible for the virus destruction.
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6.4.2 Step 2: Why UV?
Fig 6.3 Cell Destruction

6.4.3 Step 3: Features of UV-C Sanitizer
Fig 6.4 : UV Robot
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This robot has two modes and we can just change these two by using a switch
1.remote operation
In this mode, we can operate the robot with our smartphone(app) and the communication
between robot and smartphone via Bluetooth.UV led will only activates when the robot moves
2.autonomous operation
In this mode, the robot is completely automatic and it will detect obstacles and avoid those
obstacles before the collision happen. UV led will always on in this mode
• Gives a 360°+ downside sterilization
• Low noise
• Verysmall and nice looking
• Is the robot 100% safe to operate
my first vision is to build an autonomous and remote-controlled robotic model that simply
means my robot should have some sensors to detect the obstacle and environment. also a
transmitter and a receiver system.to make the robot autonomous we can use different kinds of
sensor like radar, lidar, ultrasonic, IR modules.i choose IR modules because they are cheap and
easy to interface with microcontrollers. and talking about microcontrollers
I am sticking with Arduino because Arduino is 100 percentage opensource and most
importantly very easy to work on it. (explore that in later). and about the remote control system
first, my thought was to build a dedicated remote control for a robot but who loves to carry a
remote controller nowadays. instead of making a separate remote
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6.4.4 Step 4: Gathering All Components +BOM
Fig 6.5 : Gathering All Componenrs+ BOM
6.4.5 Step 6: Circuit Diagram and Connections
Fig 6.6 Circuit Diagram and Connections
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I designed circuit using fritzing software

connections
>Connect. Tx of Bluetooth module to rx of arduino and rx of module to tx of Arduino
>Connect ir module outputs to arduino d6, d7, d8
>Connect switch to d12
>Connect led to d9 with a transistor driver (in practical example) Place one IR MODULE in
the front one in left and one in right Please watch making video too.
6.4.6 Step 7: Coding
After completing the connections let's think about code. I am using Arduino ide to write and
compile the code. This code has basically three parts
• Reading the sensor output (both the Bluetooth receiver and IR sensor)
• Switching
• Driving the motors
Every line of code is also commented in understandable language.so please read the code to
get more details
Here I will give a concentrated description.
To achieve obstacle avoidance property. First, I read the outputs of ir modules using
digitalRead function
Then I gave different conditions like this
If the output of left, front and right high (that is no obstacles) -go straight
If the out of left is low and front and right is that means obstacle in the left side -go right
If the out of right is low and front and left is low that means obstacle is in the right side so -Go
left
if ((digitalRead(X_S)==0)&&(digitalRead(Y_S)==1)&&(digitalRead(Z_S)==0)){forward();
if ((digitalRead(X_S)==1)&&(digitalRead(Y_S)==1)&&(digitalRead(Z_S)==1)){forward();
if
((digitalRead(X_S)==0)&&(digitalRead(Y_S)==1)&&(digitalRead(Z_S)==1)){softRight(); }
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if
((digitalRead(X_S)==0)&&(digitalRead(Y_S)==0)&&(digitalRead(Z_S)==1)){turnRight();
if ((digitalRead(X_S)==1)&&(digitalRead(Y_S)==1)&&(digitalRead(Z_S)==0)){softLeft();
if ((digitalRead(X_S)==1)&&(digitalRead(Y_S)==0)&&(digitalRead(Z_S)==0)){turnLeft();
So this is the basic idea and also add a few more conditions for obstacle avoidance. And in case
of Bluetooth control, I read the serial data using serial read function. Because the app sends
data of specific button tap as serial data (eg f for forward and l for left) For Switching, I read
the pin state of 12th pin (we connected switch to this pin) Using while function I switch the
two modes.
while ( digitalRead(12) == LOW)
while ( digitalRead(12) == HIGH)
if the pin is that means the robo in rc mode and if the pin is low that means robo in autonomous
mode And I also gave different conditions in the motor driving section.
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void forward()
digitalWrite(M_A1, HIGH);
digitalWrite(M_A2, LOW);
digitalWrite(M_B1, HIGH);
digitalWrite(M_B2, LOW); } void softLeft()
digitalWrite(M_B2, LOW);
void turnLeft()
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void softRight()
digitalWrite(M_B1, LOW); digitalWrite(M_B2, LOW);
} void turnRight()
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CHAPTER 7
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Bio-organisms such as bacteria, spores and viruses are known to be deactivated when exposed
to UV-C light irradiation. UV light has been shown to destroy the RNA in viruses and can
reduce the transmission of microbes, which can remain active on surfaces for long periods of
time. Ultraviolet light destroys the genetic material in pathogens—DNA in bacteria and fungi,
RNA in viruses— preventing them from reproducing. The primary function of the UV- the
robot will be to disinfect rooms using ultraviolet germicidal irradiation for use at various
businesses and organizations in exclusive of any industry or setting outside the medical field.
this robot has two modes and we can just change these two by using a switch
1.remote operation
In this mode, we can operate the robot with our smartphone(app) and the communication
between robot and smartphone via Bluetooth.UV led will only activates when the robot moves
2.autonomous operation
In this mode, the robot is completely automatic and it will detect obstacles and avoid those
obstacles before the collision happen. UV led will always on in this mode • Gives a 360°+
downside sterilization • Low noise
• Verysmall and nice looking
• Is the robot 100% safe to operate
• it can be operated via remote control(mobile application) and/or autonomous navigation
within rooms and other spaces
• it will Detect items in the environment for its own operation and the safety of operators
(obstacle avoidance)
• The robot is fully autonomous when UV irradiation is being performed. • the robot has a full
360-degree movement
• we can operate for long periods of time without charging(4hours). • 100% collision
avoidance
• durable and relatively maintenance-free
• it Can manoeuvre in standard bathrooms.
• it is designed to be manufactured using readily available components and software.
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7.1 Overview
Fig 8.1 : Overview(1)
Fig 8.2 : Overview(2)
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CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION
This study presents a comprehensive overview of the UV light potential in medicine and allied
areas with special relation to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. Effective management
of COVID-19 can significantly reduce the number of infected patients and casualties as
witnessed in the case of the Chinese outbreak. Since, it has currently turned out to be a global
challenge, technologically advanced countries can aid others by donating support equipment
and robotic infrastructure to enable a good outcome in controlling this disease. This review
substantiates that the introduction of medical robotics has significantly augmented the safety
and quality of health management systems compared to manual systems due to healthcare
digitization. Classification of medical robots is only done using applicationbased categories to
fit every aspect of hospital service ranging as well as fault tolerant control and dependable
architectures for reliable and safe operation within the healthcare facilities.
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CHAPTER 9
REFERENCES
[1] H. Lin, M. Rui-Qi, C. Shi-Gang, Z. Yong-Li, and W. Xmg-Li, “Design of intelligent plant
growth cabinet environment monitoring and control system,” in 2018.
[2] D. Chen et al., “Design of Temperature Intelligent Control System based on Transcranial
Micro Current Depression Therapeutic Instrument,” in 2018.
[3] B. S. Mandala, S. Sumaryo, and Estananto, “Smart Gold Fish Eggs Nursery with
Microcontroller,” in 2018 International Symposium on Electronics and Smart Devices
(ISESD), 2018, pp. 1–6.
[4] A. K. Rego Segundo, J. A. N. Cocota, and D. V. M. Ferreira, “Development of an

educational tool for control engineering,” in 2015-April, no. March, pp. 594–601.
[5] D. A. Polyakov, D. A. Yurchuk, and K. I. Nikitin, “Digital temperature meter of

polyethylene insulation,” in 2015 International Siberian Conference.
[6] C. Yingying, X. Xiuying, W. Ming, and J. Haiming, “Design of a control system for a fresh
air conditioner,” in The 27th Chinese Control and Decision Conference (2015 CCDC), 2015,
pp. 5670– 5675.
[7] N. Hassan, S. I. Abdullah, A. S. Noor, and M. Alam, “An automatic monitoring and control
system inside greenhouse,” in 2015 3rd International Conference.
[8] T. Pawlenka and J. Skuta, “Security system based on microcontrollers,” in 2018 19th
International Carpathian Control Conference (ICCC), 2018, pp. 344–347.
[9] A. I. LITA, D. A. VISAN, L. Mihai IONESCU, and A. G. MAZARE, “Temperature

Control System for Accelerated Aging Tests on Printed Circuit Boards,” in 2018 10th
International Conference on Electronics, Computers and Artificial Intelligence (ECAI), 2018,
pp. 1–4.
[10] W. S. M. Sanjaya et al., “The development of quail eggs smart incubator for hatching
system based on microcontroller and Internet of Things (IoT),”.
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UVC LIGHT-SMART SANITISOR FOR

BACTERIA AND VIRUS KILLING

Under the esteemed guidance of

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

SRI INDU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Prof. K. ASHOK BABU

It is my privilege and pleasure to express my profound sense of gratitude and

Engineering & Technology, for his encouragement and constant help.

I also thank Dr. G.SURESH, Principal, SRI INDU COLLEGE OF

In addition I would like to thank all the Faculty members of Department of

Ms. D. ROHINI (18D41A0455)

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY 13

2.1 Statistics on the usage of UVC 14

4.8 Getting Started - Arduino Web Editor 33

5.1 What is an IR Sensor 34

5.2 Working Principle 34

5.3 Circuit Diagram 35

5.3.1 IR Sensor Circuit using Transistor 37

CHAPTER 6 SOFTWARE AND CODING 38

CHAPTER 7 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 57

Fig. 1.1 Virus 02

Table No Title Page No

Screenshot. 6.1 Download Arduino Uno 42

Screenshot. 6.2 Launching Arduino 43

Screenshot. 6.3 Opening First Project 44

Screenshot. 6.4 opening Existing Project 44

Screenshot. 6.5 Selecting serial Port 45

Screenshot. 6.6 Uploading Program 46

Screenshot. 6.7 Arduino program structure 47

most, especially with a chemical to destroy bacteria. It is intended to kill microbial

Fig 1.1 : Virus

Fig 1.2: UV Radiation

1.4 HOW DO UV SANITIZERS WORK ?

Fig 1.3: UV sanitizer working

1.5.1 UV STERILIZER ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Fig 1.4: UV in Artificial Intelligence

1.5.2 UV STERILIZER BOX

Fig 1.5: UV Sterilizer Box

1.5.3 UV STERILIZER WAND

Fig 1.6 :UV Sterilizer Wand

1.5.4 UV IN AN HVAC SYSTEM

Fig 1.7 :UA in HVAC

1.5.5 UV light sanitation for disinfecting pool water

Fig 1.8: UV light in pools

1.6 Existing System

Fig 1.9 : Existing System

1.7 Proposed System

Fig 1.10: Proposed System

1.8 problem statement

Fig 2.1 :UV Light

2.1 Statistics on the usage of UVC

2.2 Study Protocol

An electro-mechanical disinfecting device is designed and implemented using UVC

3.1.1 AURDINO UNO

Arduino UNO is based on an ATmega328P microcontroller . It is easy to use compared to other

Fig 3.1: Aurdino Uno

3.1.2 RELAY MODULE

Fig 3.2 : Relay Module

Fig 3.3 :LCD

Fig 3.4:UV Lamp

3.1.5 GSM MODULE

Fig 3.5: GSM Module