AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER MONITORING

USING IOT

A PROJECT REPORT

submitted by

R.RESHMA 820715106007
T.SHAFEERA BANU 820715106608
R.UMA MAHESWARI 820715106010

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

AS-SALAM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

ADUTHURAI

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

MARCH 2019
 ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER

MONIORING USING IOT” is the bonafide work of “R.RESHMA,

T.SHAFEERA BANU, R.UMA MAHESWARI ” who carried out the project

work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Mrs. R. JERLIN EMILIYA, M.E.,(Ph.D) Ms. G. DEEPIKA, M.E.,

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

Department of Electronics and Department of Electronics and

Communication Engineering Communication Engineering

As-Salam college of As-Salam college of

Engineering and Technology, Engineering and Technology,
Aduthurai-612102 Aduthurai -612102

ii
 CERTIFICATE OF EVALUATION

COLLEGE CODE : 8207

COLLEGE NAME : AS-SALAM COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

BRANCH\SEMESTER : ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING\08

S.NO NAME OF THE

TITLE OF THE NAME OF THE
STUDENT WHO
HAVE DONE PROJECT
SUPERVISOR
THIS PROJECT
AND DESIGNATION

1. RESHMA.R AUTISM
Ms. G. DEEPIKA M.E.,
2. SHAFEERA BANU.T SPECTRUM
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
3. UMA MAHESWARI.R DISORDER

MONITORING

USING IOT

The Report of the project work submitted by the above student in

partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering &Technology
degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering of Anna University,
Chennai were evaluated and confirmed to be reports of the work by the
above students and then evaluated.
Submitted to the Viva Voce held on ……………

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all we would like to thank the almighty for completing

this project work. A complete acknowledgement would therefore be
encyclopedia. Next we would like to give our deepest gratitude to our
parents for permitting us to take up this course.

Our sincere thanks and heartfelt sense of gratitude goes to the

honorable Chairman Mr. M.J.A. Jamal Mohamed Ibrahim,
Mrs. J. Jainul Yasmin, the secretary Mr. A.M. Shajahan, and the principal
Dr.D.Ramkumar M.E., Ph.D., for all their efforts and administration in
educating us in their premiere institution.

We would like to express our sense of gratitude to the Head of

the Department Associate Professor Mrs.R.Jerlin Emiliya M.E.,(Ph.D).,
for her encouragement throughout this project and also convey our
sincere thanks to our internal guide Assistant Professor Ms.G.Deepika
M.E., for giving valuable suggestions for making this project a grand
success.

We also give our thanks to teaching and non teaching staff

member of the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
for their constant support. Last but not least, we personally indebted to a
number of people Who gave us their insights to aid in our overall
progress for this project.

iv
 ABSTRACT

This is an overview of stereotypic behavior in autism spectrum disorder

(ASD). This repetitive, nonfunctional, fixed pattern of behavior is associated wi

th autism severity but it is not specific forASD. There are a wide range of

behaviors mentioned as stereotypic . It usually starts in early childhood

and its severity is associated with outcomes and severity of autism in

adolescence and adulthood. It is usuallycomorbid with other psychiatric proble

ms and its pathophysiology is not exactly known. Management is most likely be

havioral. However, promising new ideas and evidence are emerging from

neurobiology and developmental psychology that identify neural adaptation,

lack of environmental stimulation, arousal, and adaptive functions as key factors

for the onset and maintenance of Restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs).

This project consists of accelerometer sensor, tilt sensor, heart sensor, PIC

microcontroller, motor with help of driver relays and IoT module. The

accelerometer and tilt sensor are used to detect the child activity continuously.

The sensor values are fed to PIC (16F877A) microcontroller. If sensor values

crosses the threshold value, the vibration trigger the child and voice (music) will

be play while in autistic spectrum disorder. The IOT is used to monitor the child

activity continuously.

v
 TABLE OF CONTENT

S.NO TITLE PAGE NO

ABSTRACT V

LIST OF FIGURES IX

LIST OF TABLES X

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XI

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1INTRODUCTION TO IOT 2

1.2 INTRODUCTION OF PIC 3

2 LITERATURE SURVEY 4

3 SYSTEM ANALYSIS 8

3.1EXISTING SYSTEM 8

3.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM 9

4 DESIGN OF PROPOSEDN SYSTEM 11

4.1BLOCK DIAGRAM 11

4.2CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 12

vi
5 SYSTEM DESCRIPTIONS 13

5.1HARDWARE REQUIREMENT 13

5.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT 13

6 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION 14

6.1 BATTERY SUPPLY 14

6.1.1 LEAD ACID BATTERY 14

6.1.2 ADVANTAGES 16

6.1.3 APPLICATION 17

6.2 SENSORS 17

6.2.1 ACCELEROMETER SENSOR 17

6.2.2 TYPES OF ACCELEROMETER 19

6.2.3 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION 21

6.2.4 APPLICATION 21

6.3 TILT SENSOR 22

6.3.1 WORKING PRINCIPLE 23

6.3.2 BENEFITS OF TILT SENSOR 23

6.3.3 APPLICATION 24

6.4 HEART BEAT SENSOR 24

6.4.1 WORKING OF HEART BEAT

SENSOR 26
vii
 6.4.2 APPLICATION 27

6.5 PIC MICROCONTROLLER 27

6.5.1 PIC 16877A 29

6.6 RELAY 38

6.6.1 SWITCH DISCRIPTION 39

6.6.2 FEATURES OF RELAY 40

6.6.3 ADVANTAGES 42

6.6.4 DIS ADVANTAGES 42

6.7 VIBRATOR 43

6.7.1 VIBRATOR AS COMPONENT 43

6.7.2 USES 43

6.8 VOICE BOARD PR9600 44

6.8.1 ADVANTAGES 44

7 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTIONS 45

7.1 MP LAB IDE 45

7.1.1 CONDITIONS 45

8 CONCLUSION 47

8.1 FUTURE ENHANCEMENT 47

REFERENCES 49

APPENDICES 53

viii
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURES NO TITLE PAGE NO

4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 11

4.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 12

6.1 LEAD ACID BATTERY 15

6.2 DIAGRAM OF ACCELERO

METER SENSOR 20

6.3 DIAGRAM OF TILT SENSOR 23

6.4 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF HEART

BEAT SENSOR 24

6.5 DIAGRAM OF HEART BEAT SENSOR 25

6.6 WAVE DAIGRAM OF HEART BEAT

SENSOR 26

6.7 PIN DIAGRAM OF PIC 32

6.8 ARCHITECTURE OF PIC 33

6.9 CIRCUIT SYMBOL OF RELAY 39

6.10 PRODECTION DIODE OF RELAY 41

ix
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO TABLE NAME PAGE NO

6.1 ACCELEROMETER INPUT

DEVICE 20

x
 LIST OF ABBREVATIONS

ADC ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER

ADXL ACCELEROMETER

ASD AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER

CPU CONTROL PROCESSING UNIT

CVE COLLARATIVE VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT

ESP ELECTRONICS STABILITY PROGRAM

LED LIGHT EMITING DIODE

IR INFRARED

IOT INTERNET OF THINGS

MCU MULTIPOINT CONTROL UNIT

MP LAB MICROCHIP LABORATORY

SDK SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT KIT

VR VIRTUAL REALITY

CVE COLLABORATIVE VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT

EEPROM ELECTRICALLY ERASABLE PROGRAMMABLE

READ ONLY MEMORY

xi
 CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD), characterized by deficits in

communication and social interaction together with restricted, repetitive, and
stereotyped patterns of behavior, represent a range of neuro developmental
disabilities. The growing of technologies such as ubiquitous computing and
ambient intelligence are improving the quality of health care and medicine
treatments. Today the concept of patient in-the-loop influences the development
of new system health oriented, for this reason, new difficulties and challenges
are coming out. One comes out in those situations where the recognizing and
the logging of patients’ gestures are significantly important to improve the
quality of healthcare social interaction; impairments in communication; and
restricted interests and repetitive behavior.

Although ASD is a life-long disorder with no known cure, several studies

have shown that children with ASD can learn how to act in social situations
when they can repeatedly practice specific scenarios. However, traditional
educational interventions for ASD are costly, inaccessible, and inefficient due to
limited resources and weak motivations. In recent years, computer-based
interventions have shown potential due to their low-cost, their appeal to children
with ASD, and their relatively broader access.

Many children with ASD exhibit a natural affinity for computer

technologies that leads to a higher level of engagement and fewer disruptive
behaviors in computer based interactions. In particular, virtual reality (VR)
technologies allow children with ASD to actively participate in interactive and
immersive simulated situations. Several VR-based systems have been
developed to teach important living skills, such as driving skills, and social

1
skills, to children with ASD, and results suggest that children were able to
appropriately understand, use, and react to virtual environments with the
possibility of transferring theses skills to real life. In this paper, we are
monitoring patient through the IOT and data are stored in the cloud help oh ESP
8266 – 12E NODE MCU.

Node MCU is an open source IOT platform. It includes firmware which

runs on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi Soc from Expressive Systems, and hardware which
is based on the ESP-12 module. The term "Node MCU" by default refers to the
firmware rather than the dev kits. The firmware uses the Lau scripting language.
It is based on the elau project, and built on the expressive Non-OS SDK for
ESP8266. It uses many open source projects, such as lau - cison, and spiffs.

1.1 INTRODUCTION OF IOT

British entrepreneur Kevin Ashton coined the term in 1999 while working
at Auto-ID Labs (originally called Auto-ID centers, referring to a global
network of objects connected to radio, or RFID), Typically, IOT is expected to
offer advanced connectivity of devices, systems, and services that goes beyond
machine-to –machine(M2M) communication and covers a verity of protocols,
domains, and applications, The interconnection of these embedded device
(including smart objects), is expected to user in automation in nearly all field.

While also enabling advanced applications like a smart grid, and

expanding to the areas such as smart cities .The internet of things(IOT) is the
network of physical devices , vehicles, buildings and other items .In 2013 the
Global Standards Initiatives on Internet of Things (IOT-GSI) defined.

The IOT as “the infrastructure of the information society,” The IOT

allows objects in be sensed and controlled remotely across existing network
infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct integration of the physical
world into computer-based systems, and resulting in improved efficiency,
2
accuracy and actuators, the technology becomes an instance of the more general
class of cyber-hysical systems, which also encompasses technologies such as
smart grids, homes, intelligent and smart cities.

Each things is uniquely identifiable through its embedded computing

system but is able to interoperate within the existing Internet infrastructure. The
expansion of Internt-connected automation into plethora of new application
areas, IoT is also expected to generate large amounts of data from diverse
locations, with the consequent necessity for quick aggregation of the data, and
an increase in the need to index, a tore, and process such data more effectively.
IoT is one of the platforms of today’s Smart City, and Smart Energy
Management Systems.

1.2 INTRODUCTION OF PIC

The microcontroller that has been used for this project is from PIC series.
PIC microcontroller is the first RISC based microcontroller fabricated in CMOS
(complementary metal oxide semiconductor) that uses separate bus for
instruction and data allowing simultaneous access of program and data memory.
The main advantage of CMOS and RISC combination is low power
consumption resulting in a very small chip size with a small pin count. The
main advantage of CMOS is that has immunity to noise than other fabrication
techniques.

3
 CHAPTER - 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 Huan Zhao, Amy R. Swanson et all proposed Hand-in-Hand: A

Communication-Enhancement Collaborative Virtual Reality System for
Promoting Social Interaction in Children With Autism Spectrum
Disorders – IEEE, 2018.

In this existing paper, we have presented a novel collaborative virtual

environment (CVE)-based social interaction platform for ASD intervention. The
development of CVE technology for ASD intervention may lead to the creation
of a novel low-cost intervention environment that will foster collaboration with
peers and provide flexibility in communication. The presented Communication
Enhancement CVE system, hand-in-hand, allows two children to play a series
of interactive games in a virtual reality environment by using simple hand
gestures to collaboratively move virtual objects that are tracked in real time via
cameras. Furthermore, these games are designed to promote natural
communication and cooperation between the users via the presented
Communication Enhancement mode that allows users to share information and
discuss game strategies using gaze and voice-based communicate.

2.2 Yung - Long Chu1, Shuping Chang et all proposed To Develop the
Mandarin-Phonetic-Symbol Communication Aid for High-Functioning
Autism Children – IEEE, 2014
In this existing study, a Mandarin-phonetic-symbol communication aid
named as shying communication board is developed for children with high-
functioning autism. The shying communication board can execute on Tablet PC
to assists autistic children to express their thought to other people. When an

4
autistic child wants to express his thought, he can press the corresponding
phonetic symbols by using the developed shying communication board. To
motivate the interesting of autistic children, the developed app provides a
picture-based testing for learning Mandarin phonetic symbols of variety objects.
Compared with the traditional paper keyboard, the developed aid could show
the typing phonetic symbol immediately on the screen, and provides the voice
of zhuy in pronunciation to improve autistic children’s language perception
skill.

2.3 Antonio Coronato Giovanni Paragliola et all proposed Towards a

Personal Health Records System for Patients with Autism Spectrum
Disorders – IEEE, 2014

In this paper we present the designing and the developing of a Personal

Health Records (PHR) system to assist clinicians and caregivers in the
analyzing of clinical data and monitoring of anomalous gestures of patients with
autism diseases. The detecting of anomalous gesture is made by using both
Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques and a framework based on formal
methods. The research activity has been conducted in cooperation with
clinicians of the Department of Child Psychiatry at Children’s Hospital
Santobono - Pausilipon in Naples

2.4 Abdelghani Benharref and Mohamed Adel Serhani et all proposed

Novel Cloud and SOA-Based Framework for E-Health Monitoring
Using Wireless Biosensors – IEEE, 2014

In this concept, they have well-implemented monitoring and prevention

schemes have reported a decent reduction of CDs risk and have narrowed their
effects, on both patients’ health conditions and on government budget spent on
healthcare. In this paper, we propose a framework to collect patients’ data in

5
real time, perform appropriate nonintrusive monitoring, and propose medical
and/or life style engagements, whenever needed and appropriate. The
framework, which relies on service-oriented architecture (SOA) and the Cloud,
allows a seamless integration of different technologies, applications, and
services. It also integrates mobile technologies to smoothly collect and
communicate vital data from a patient’s wearable biosensors while considering
the mobile devices’ limited capabilities and power drainage in addition to
intermittent network disconnections. Then, data are stored in the Cloud and
made available via SOA to allow easy access by physicians, paramedics, or any
other authorized entity. A case study has been developed to evaluate the
usability of the framework, and the preliminary results that have been analyzed
are showing very promising results.

2.5 J. Baio, “Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders: Autism and

developmental disabilities monitoring network, 14 Sites, United States,
2008,” MMWR Surveillance Summary, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 1– 19, 2012.

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a group of developmental disabilities

characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication and by
restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior. Symptoms typically
are apparent before age 3 years. The complex nature of these disorders, coupled
with a lack of biologic markers for diagnosis and changes in clinical definitions
over time, creates challenges in monitoring the prevalence of ASDs. Accurate
reporting of data is essential to understand the prevalence of ASDs in the
population and can help direct research.

6
2.6 S. M. Myers and C. P. Johnson, “Management of children with autism
spectrum disorders,” Pediatrics, vol. 120, pp. 1162–1182, 2007. IEEE
2016
We introduce AMP (Autism Management Platform), an integrated health
care information system for capturing, analyzing, and managing data associated
with the diagnosis and treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder in children.
AMP's mobile application simplifies the means by which parents, guardians,
and clinicians can collect and share multimedia data with one another,
facilitating communication and reducing data redundancy, while simplifying
retrieval. Additionally, AMP provides an intelligent web interface and analytics
platform which allow physicians and specialists to aggregate and mine patient
data in real-time, as well as give relevant feedback to automatically learn data
filtering preferences over time. Together AMP's mobile app, web client, and
analytics engine implement a rich set of features that streamline the data
collection and analysis process in the context of a secure and easy-to-use system
so that data may be more effectively leveraged to guide treatment.

7
 CHAPTER 3

SYSTEM DESIGN

3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM

In this existing paper, we have presented a novel collaborative virtual

environment (CVE)-based social interaction platform for ASD intervention. The
development of CVE technology for ASD intervention may lead to the creation
of a novel low-cost intervention environment that will foster collaboration with
peers and provide flexibility in communication. The presented Communication
Enhancement CVE system, hand-in-hand, allows two children to play a series
of interactive games in a virtual reality environment by using simple hand
gestures to collaboratively move virtual objects that are tracked in real time via
cameras. Furthermore, these games are designed to promote natural
communication and cooperation between the users via the presented
Communication Enhancement mode that allows users to share information and
discuss game strategies using gaze and voice-based communication.

LIMITATIONS OF EXISTING SYSTEM

The existing system is based on game world, it will cause addict to game
and healthy problem.

It don’t monitoring their lifestyle and activity to provides therapeutic

solution

8
3.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM

In this paper, we introduce a system based on WSN that provides a

continuous monitoring without limiting the freedom and privacy of the patients.
The main goal is to distinguish between data with and without autism
movement. The aim of this paper is to provide a lightweight approach for early
detection of nocturnal epileptic seizures using data from 3-D accelerometer
sensors, tilt sensor & heart rate . Datasets from patients suffering from heavy
autism disorder were used for the development of automatic detection autism. In
this system includes the tilt sensor, 2D accelerometer sensors, vibrator, PIC
Microcontroller, IoT module, driver circuit with relay and heart beat sensor are
used. An accelerometer is a device that measures proper acceleration; proper
acceleration is not the same as coordinate acceleration (rate of change of
velocity). This is placed in wrist of patient hand. For example, an accelerometer
at rest on the surface of the Earth will measure acceleration due to Earth's
gravity, straight upwards (by definition) of g ≈ 9.81 m/s2. By contrast,
accelerometers in free fall (falling toward the center of the Earth at a rate of
about 9.81 m/s2) will measure zero. The basic tilt switch can easily be used to
detect orientation. Inside the can are a pair of balls that make contact with the
pins when the case is upright. Tilt the case over and the balls don’t touch, thus
not making a connection. There are numerous uses for these basic sensors, but
keep in mind you might need to use some denouncing code, as the sensor isn’t
immune to small vibrations. The tilt sensor is placed in the neck of autism
disorder affected patient. HEARTBEAT SENSOR uses the
TCRT1000 reflective optical sensor for photo plethysmography. The use of
TCRT100 simplifies the build process of the sensor part of the project

9
ADVANTAGES OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

 Real time monitoring of child health.

 Easy to use .
 Highly flexibility.
 Highly reliable.
 Biaxial acceleration measurement.
 Low power consumption

10
 CHAPTER 4

DESIGN OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure 4.1 Block diagram

11
4.2 CIRCUIT DAIGRAM

4.2 Circuit Diagram

12
 CHAPTER 5

SYSTEM DESCRIPTIONS

5.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

 Tilt sensor
 Accelerometer sensor
 Heart beat sensor
 Amplifier
 LCD Display
 Relay
 Vibrator
 ESP8266-12E IOT module
 Voice board
 Battery supply

5.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENS

MP LAB IDE Software

13
 CHAPTER 6

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

6.1 BATTERY SUPPLY

Battery Cells are the most basic individual component of a battery. They
consist of a container in which the electrolyte and the lead plates can interact.
Each lead-acid cell fluctuates in voltage from about 2.12 Volts when full to
about 1.75 volts when empty. Note the small voltage difference between a full
and an empty cell (another advantage of lead-acid batteries over rival
chemistries).

6.1.1 LEAD ACID BATTERY

A lead-acid battery is an electrical storage device that uses a reversible

chemical reaction to store energy. It uses a combination of lead plates or grids
and an electrolyte consisting of a diluted sulphuric acid to convert electrical
energy into potential chemical energy and back again. The electrolyte of lead-
acid batteries is hazardous to your health and may produce burns and other
permanent damage if you come into contact with it.

14
6.6.2 CHARACTERISTICS

Lead acid batteries were invented in 1859 by Gaston Planté and first
Figure 6.1 Lead acid battery

Demonstrated to the French Academy of Sciences in 1860. They remain

the technology of choice for automotive SLI (Starting, Lighting and Ignition)
applications because they are robust, tolerant to abuse, tried and tested and
because of their low cost. For higher power applications with intermittent loads
however, Lead acid batteries are generally too big and heavy and they suffer
from a shorter cycle life and typical usable power down to only 50% Depth of
Discharge (DOD). Despite these shortcomings Lead acid batteries are still being
specified for PowerNet applications (36 Volts 2 kWh capacity) because of the
cost, but this is probably the limit of their applicability and NiMH and Li-Ion
batteries are making inroads into this market. For higher voltages and cyclic
loads other technologies are being explored.
Lead-acid batteries are composed of a Lead-dioxide cathode, a sponge
metallic Lead anode and a Sulphuric acid solution electrolyte. This heavy metal

15
element makes them toxic and improper disposal can be hazardous to the
environment. The cell voltage is 2 Volts
DISCHARGE
During discharge, the lead dioxide (positive plate) and lead (negative plate)
react with the electrolyte of sulfuric acid to create lead sulfate, water and
energy.
CHARGE
During charging, the cycle is reversed: the lead sulfate and water are
electro-chemically converted to lead, lead oxide and sulfuric acid by an external
electrical charging source Many new competitive cell chemistries are being
developed to meet the requirements of the auto industry for EV and HEV
applications.

6.1.2 ADVANTAGES
 Low cost.
 Reliable.
 Robust.
 Tolerant to abuse.
 Tolerant to overcharging.
 Low internal impedance.
 Can deliver very high currents.
 Indefinite shelf life if stored without electrolyte.
 Can be left on trickle or float charge for prolonged periods.
 Wide range of sizes and capacities
 The world's most recycled product
DISADVANTAGES
 Very heavy and bulky.
 Typical columbic charge efficiency only 70% but can be as high as 85%
to 90% for special designs.

16
  Danger of overheating during charging
 Not suitable for fast charging
 Typical cycle life 300 to 500 cycles .
 Must be stored in a charged state once the electrolyte has been introduced
to avoid deterioration of the active chemicals.
6.1.3 APPLICATION
 Automotive and traction applications.
 Standby/Back-up/Emergency power for electrical installations.
 Submarines
 UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supplies)
 Lighting
 High current drain applications.
 Sealed battery types available for use in portable equipment.
6.2 SENSORS
Sensors are sophisticated devices tha are frequently used to detect and
respond to electrical or optical signals. A sensor converts the physical parameter
( for example: temperature, blood pressure, humidity, speed ,etc,) into a signal
which can be measured electrically.
6.2.1 ACCELEROMETER SENSOR

An accelerometer is a device that measures proper acceleration; proper

acceleration is not the same as coordinate acceleration (rate of change of
velocity). For example, an accelerometer at rest on the surface of the Earth will
measure an acceleration due to Earth's gravity, straight upwards (by definition)
of g ≈ 9.81 m/s2. By contrast, accelerometers in free fall (falling toward the
center of the Earth at a rate of about 9.81 m/s 2) will measure zero.

TRIPLE AXIS ACCELEROMETER ADXL 335

Breakout board for the 3 axis ADXL335 from Analog Devices. This is
the latest in a long, proven line of analog sensors - The ADXL335 is a triple

17
axis MEMS accelerometer with extremely low noise and power consumption -
only 320uA. The sensor has a full sensing range of +/-3g.Board comes fully
assembled and tested with external components installed. The included 0.1uF
capacitors set the bandwidth of each axis to 50Hz. and onboard regulator
3.3volts.

Accelerometers have multiple applications in industry and science.

Highly sensitive accelerometers are components of inertial navigation
systems for aircraft and missiles. Accelerometers are used to detect and monitor
vibration in rotating machinery. Accelerometers are used in tablet
computers and digital cameras so that images on screens are always displayed
upright. Accelerometers are used in drones for flight stabilization. Coordinated
accelerometers can be used to measure differences in proper acceleration,
particularly gravity, over their separation in space; i.e., gradient of
the gravitational field. This gravity gradio metry is useful because absolute
gravity is a weak effect and depends on local density of the Earth which is quite
variable.

An accelerometer measures proper acceleration, which is the

acceleration it experiences relative to free fall and is the acceleration felt by
people and objects. Put another way, at any point in space time the equivalence
principle guarantees the existence of a local inertial frame, and an accelerometer
measures the acceleration relative to that frame. Such accelerations are
popularly denoted g-force; i.e., in comparison to standard gravity.

Accelerometers are devices that measure acceleration, which is the

rate of change of the velocity of an object. They measure in meters per second
squared (m/s2) or in G-forces (g). A single G-force for us here on planet Earth is
equivalent to 9.8 m/s2, but this does vary slightly with elevation (and will be a
different value on different planets due to variations in gravitational pull).

18
Accelerometers are useful for sensing vibrations in systems or for orientation
applications.

6.2.2 TYPES OF ACCELEROMETER

There are several different principles upon which an analog
accelerometer can be built. Two very common types utilize capacitive
sensing and the piezoelectric effect to sense the displacement of the proof mass
proportional to the applied acceleration.
CAPACITIVE
Accelerometers that implement capacitive sensing output a voltage
dependent on the distance between two planar surfaces. One or both of these
“plates” are charged with an electrical current. Changing the gap between the
plates changes the electrical capacity of the system, which can be measured as a
voltage output. This method of sensing is known for its high accuracy and
stability. Capacitive accelerometers are also less prone to noise and variation
with temperature, typically dissipate less power, and can have larger
bandwidths due to internal feedback circuitry. (Elwenspoek 1993)

PIEZOELECTRIC
Piezoelectric sensing of acceleration is natural, as acceleration is directly
proportional to force. When certain types of crystal are compressed, charges of
opposite polarity accumulate on opposite sides of the crystal. This is known as
the piezoelectric effect. In a piezoelectric accelerometer, charge accumulates on
the crystal and is translated and amplified into either an output current or
voltage. Piezoelectric accelerometers only respond to AC phenomenon such as
vibration or shock. They have a wide dynamic range, but can be expensive
depending on their quality (Dasher 2005e)

19
 Verplaetse has outlined the bandwidths associated with various
implementations of accelerometers as an input device. These are:

Location Usage Frequency Acceleration

Head Tilt 0-8 Hz Xx
Hand , Wrist, Finger Cont. 8-12 Hz 0.04-1.0 g
Hand, Arm, Upper Cont. 0-12 Hz 0.5-9.0 g
Body
Foot, Leg Cont. 0-12 Hz 0.2-6.6 g

TABLE NO 6.1 Accelerometers input devices

Figure 6..2 Diagram of accelerometer sensor

20
6.2.3 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
Most accelerometers are Micro-Electro-Mechanical Sensors (MEMS).
The basic principle of operation behind the MEMS accelerometer is the
displacement of a small proof mass etched into the silica
on surface of the integrated circuit and suspended by small beams. Consistent
with Newton's second law of motion (F = ma), as an acceleration is applied to
the device, a force develops which displaces the mass. A the support beams act
as a spring, and the fluid (usually air) trapped inside the IC acts as a damper,
resulting in a second order lumped physical system. This is the source of the
limited operational bandwidth and non-uniform frequency response of
accelerometers. For more information, see reference to Elwenspoek, 1993.

6.2.4 APPLICATIONS
Accelerometers can be used to measure vehicle acceleration.
Accelerometers can be used to measure vibration on cars, machines,
buildings, process control systems and safety installations. They can also be
used to measure seismic activity, inclination, machine vibration, dynamic
distance and speed with or without the influence of gravity. Applications for
accelerometers that measure gravity, wherein an accelerometer is specifically
configured for use in gravimetric, are called gravimeters.
Notebook computers equipped with accelerometers can contribute to
the Quake-Catcher Network (QCN), a BOINC project aimed at scientific
research of earthquakes.

MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
Zoll's AED Plus uses CPR-D•padz which contain an accelerometer to
measure the depth of CPR chest compressions.Within the last several years,
several companies have produced and marketed sports watches for runners that

21
include footpods, containing accelerometers to help determine the speed and
distance for the runner wearing the unit.
In Belgium, accelerometer-based step counters are promoted by the
government to encourage people to walk a few thousand steps each day.Herman
Digital Trainer uses accelerometers to measure strike force in physical training. [
It has been suggested to build football helmets with accelerometers in
order to measure the impact of head collisions.

Accelerometers have been used to calculate gait parameters, such as

stance and swing phase. This kind of sensor can be used to measure or monitor
people.

NAVIGATION

An inertial navigation system is a navigation aid that uses a computer and

motion sensors (accelerometers) to continuously calculate via dead
reckoning the position, orientation, and velocity (direction and speed of
movement) of a moving object without the need for external references.

Other terms used to refer to inertial navigation systems or closely related

devices include inertial guidance system, inertial reference platform, and many
other variations.

6.3 TILT SENSOR

A tile sensor is an instrument that is used for measuring the tile in
multiple axes of a reference plane. Tilt sensors measure the tilting position with
reference to gravity and are used in numerous application. They enable the easy
detection of orientation. Similar to mercury switches, they may also be known
as tile switches or rolling ball sensors

22
 They instruments have become gradually more popular and are being
adapted for increasing numbers of high end application. For example, the sensor
provides valuable information about both the vertical and horizontal inclination
of an airplane, which helps the pilot to understand how to tackle obstacles
during the flight. By knowing the current orientation of the plane, and the angle
at which the plane is inclined to the earth’s surface, stunt pilots, that is the Red
Arrows, can put on a fascinating air show. Tile sensor are essential decision-
making tool for the pilots.

6.3.1 WORKING PRINCIPLE

A tilt sensor has a metallic ball that is designed to move the two pin of
the instrument from the ‘on’ to the ‘off’ position, and vice-versa, if the sensor
reaches a pre-determined angle. Tilt sensor are the environment-friendly version
of a mercury-switch.

Figure 6.3 Diagram of: Tilt sensor

6.3.2 BENEFIT OF TILT SENSOR

 Compact and simple to use
 High resolution and accuracy
 Very cost-effective

23
6.3.3 APPLICATIONS
 To monitor the angle at which a mobile phone or tablet is held for the
auto-rotate function
 To detect the position of hand-hald game systems and in game controllers
 To indicate the roll of boats, vehicles and aircraft
 To estimate the height of a tree or building
 To provide a warning system for the surface tilt angle of cryogenic
liquids during transportation
To monitor laser levels and seismic activity

6.4 HEART RATE SENSOR

Here we are using IR sensor for detecting the HEART BEAT. IR has less
noise and ambient light than at normal optical wavelengths. The light is
produced only when current passes through in the forward direction and block
current in the reverse direction. Plethysmograph is an infrared photoelectric
sensor used to record changes in pulsatile blood flow from the finger. The
Plethysmograph operates by recording changes in blood volume as the arterial
pulse expands and contracts the microvasculature.

6.4 Figure: Circuit Diagram of heart beat sensor

24
 This is a non-invasive measurement for changes in finger blood flow
during wakefulness and sleep. Pulse wave amplitude (PWA) is the most
frequently used parameter obtained by finger plethysmography. PWA is directly
and positively correlated to finger blood flow. The hypothesis of this study was
that finger plethysmography detects pharmacologically induced changes in
finger blood flow, in particular changes induced by stimulation and blockade of
vascular a-receptors.

Due to the anatomic structure of the finger we expected that alterations of

vascular tone following sympathetic activation or inhibition might be reflected
by charge.

Angles of PWA. A change in finger blood flow, reflected by PWA is

derived from the finger plethymography. PWA derived from finger
plethymography allows continuous, noninvasive measurement of changes in
finger blood flow during wakefulness and sleep.

Finally, to demonstrate the ability of finger plethysmography to

continuously monitor vascular tone, PWA responses to obstructive breathing
and concomitant arousal events in patients with obstructive sleep apnea were
recorded and analyzed.

6.5 Figure: Diagram of heart beat sensor

25
6.4.1 WORKING OF HEART BEAT SENSOR
The operation of the board is very simple. After powering the board from
a 3-5.5V supply, the Enable (EN) pin must be pulled high to activate the IR
sensor. Next, place the tip of your forefinger gently over the sensor on its face.
Your finger should be still and should not press too hard on the sensor. Within a
couple seconds the circuit stabilizes and you will see the LED flashing
synchronously with your heart beat.
You can feed the output signal (V out) to either a digital I/O or an ADC
input pin of the microcontroller for measurement of the heart beat rate in BPM.
The output voltage waveform can also be viewed on an oscilloscope. I
connected Digilent’s Analog Discovery tool to check the input PPG and the
output waveforms from the two LPF stages. The following pictures show these
signal waveforms as displayed on the pc scrren. In our HBT sensor circuit is
coverd with Heat Shrink Sleeve to avoid noise.

6.6 Figure: Wave Diagram of HBT

26
6.4.2 APPLICATION

 Monitors pulse rate and rhythm.

 Alphanumeric LCD Display.

 Pulse monitoring by sound beeps and LED indication.

 Shows Pulse Rate per minute after every 5 pulse count. 10 or 15

pulse count average also selectable.

 Infra-Red Optical Finger /Ear Lobe Clip sensor.

 Bar Graph to display signal sensitivity.

 15 Memories.

 Lightweight, Easy to handle, Simple operation.

 Works on power and battery both.

6.5 PIC MICROCONTROLLER

PIC is a family of Harvard architecture microcontrollers made by
Microchip Technology, derived from the PIC1640. Originally developed by
General Instrument's Microelectronics Division. The name PIC initially
referred to "Programmable Interface Controller".

PICs are popular with both industrial developers and hobbyists alike due
to their low cost, wide availability, large user base, extensive collection of
application notes, availability of low cost or free development tools, and serial
programming (and re-programming with flash memory) capability. Microchip
announced on February 2008 the shipment of its six billionth PIC processor.

Microcontroller is a general purpose device, which integrates a number of

the components of a microprocessor system on to single chip. It has inbuilt
CPU, memory and peripherals to make it as a mini computer. A microcontroller
combines on to the same microchip:
27
  CPU core

 Memory (both ROM and RAM)

 Some parallel digital input/output

Microcontrollers will combine other devices such as:

 A timer module to allow the microcontroller to perform tasks for certain

time periods.

 A serial I/O port to allow data to flow between the controller and other
devices such as a PIC or another microcontroller.

 An ADC to allow the microcontroller to accept analogue input data for

processing.

Microcontrollers are:

 Smaller in size

 Consumes less power

 Inexpensive

Microcontroller is a standalone unit, which can perform functions on its

own without any requirements for additional hardware like I/O ports and
external memory.

The heart of the microcontroller is the CPU core. In the past, this has
traditionally been based on an 8 bit microprocessor unit. For example, Motorola
uses a basic 6800 microprocessor core their 6805/6808 microcontroller devices.
In the recent years, microcontrollers have been developed around specifically
designed CPU cores, for example the microchip PIC range of microcontrollers.

28
6.5.1 PIC 16877A:

Various microcontrollers offer different kinds of memories. EEPROM,

EPROM, FLASH etc. are some of the memories of which FLASH is the most
recently developed. Technology that is used in PIC 16877 is flash technology,
so that data is retained even when the power is switched off. Easy programming
and erasing are other features of PIC 16F877. PIC16F877A microcontroller is
used in the project. The following are some of the important features of the
controller.

CORE FEATURES

 High performance RISC CPU

 Only 35 single word instructions to learn

 All single cycle instructions except for program branches which are two
cycle

 Operating speed: DC- 20MHz clock input

DC- 200 ns instruction cycle

 Up to 8K x 14 words of FLASH Program Memory,

o Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM)

o Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM data memory

 Pin out compatible to the PIC 16c73/74/76/77

 Interrupt capability (up to 14 external/internal)

 Eight level deep hardware stack

 Direct, indirect and relative dressing modes

 Power –On Reset

29
 Power – Up Timer (PWRT) and Oscillator Start – Up Timer (OST)

 Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable
operation

 Programmable code operation

 Power saving SLEEP mode

 Selectable oscillator options

 Low-power, high speed CMOS EPROM/EEPROM technology

 Fully static design

 In-circuit Serial Programming (ISCP) via two pins

 Only single 5V source needed for programming capability

 In-circuit Debugging via two pins

 Processor read/write access to program memory

 Wide operating voltage range: 2.5v - 5.5v

 High sink source current: 25mA

 Commercial and industrial temperature ranges

 Low-power consumption:

o <2mA typical at 5V, 4MHz

o 20mA typical at 3V, 32 kHz
o <1mA typical standby current

30
PERIPHERAL FEATURE :

 Timer0: 8bit timer/counter with 8-bit perscale

 Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescale, can be incremented during

sleep via external clock/crystal

 Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, prescaler and

postscaler

 10-bit multichannel Analog-to-Digital converter

 Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI (Master mode) and 12C (Master/
Slave)

 Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter

(USART/SCI) with 9-bit address detection

 Brown – out detection circuitry for Brown out Reset (BOR)

31
PIN DESCRIPTION

PIC16F877A consists of 40 pins enclosed in 5 ports. Each port holds 8

pins which are bidirectional input/output pins. Pin diagram of PIC 16F877 is
represented in Fig.

6.7 Figure; Pin diagram of PIC 16F877

32
ARCHITECTURE OF PIC 16F877

6.8 Figure; Architecture of PIC

33
 The basic building block of PIC 16F877A is based on Harvard
architecture. The memory of a PIC 16F877A is divided into 3 sections. They
are:

 Program memory

 Data Memory

 Data EEPROM

PROGRAM MEMORY

The PIC 16F877A devices have a 13-bit program counter capable of

addressing an 8K word x 14 bit program memory space. The PIC16F877A
devices have 8K words x 14 bits of flash program memory.

DATA MEMORY

The data memory is partitioned into multiple banks which contain the
General Purpose Registers and the Special Function Registers. Bits RP1 and
RP0 are the bank select bits.

The lower locations of each bank are reserved for the Special Function
Registers. Above the Special Function Registers are General Purpose Registers,
implemented as static RAM. All implemented banks contain Special Function
Registers.

DATA EEPROM

The data EEPROM and flash program memory is readable and writing
during normal operation. This memory is not directly mapped in the register file
space. Instead, it is indirectly addressed through the special function registers.

The EEPROM data memory allows single-byte reads and writes. The
flash memory allows single-word reads and four-word block writes.

34
REGISTERS:

The module has four registers for operation. These are:

 Control Register
 Status Register
 Serial Receive/Transmit Buffer Register
 Shift Register
CR and SR are the control and status registers used in operation. The CS
register is readable and writable. The lower six bits of the SR are read only. The
upper two bits of SR are read/write. SSPSR is the shift register used for shifting
data in or out.
SSPBUF is the buffer register to which data bytes are written to or read
form. In receive operations: SSPSR and SSPBUF together create a double-
buffered receiver. During transmission, the SSPBUF is not double-buffered.

TIMER MODULES:

The PIC16F877A incorporates timer modules for the purpose of

producing software interrupts. These interrupts are part and parcel of
microcontroller programming. There are three timers available. They are:

 Timer0 module
 Timer1 module
 Timer2 module

35
MSSP MODULE:

The Master Synchronous Serial Port (MSSP) module is a serial interface,

useful for communicating with other peripheral or microcontroller devices.
These peripheral devices may be serial EEPROMs, shift registers, display
drivers, A/D converters, etc. The MSSP module can operate in one of two
modes:
 Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)
 Inter- Integrated Circuit (I2C)
 Full Master mode
 Slave mode (with general address call)
The I2C interface supports the following modes in hardware:
 Master mode
 Multi-Master mode
 Slave mode

CONTROL REGISTERS

The MSSP module has three associated registers. These include a status
register (SSPSTAT) and two control registers (SSPCON and SSPCON2). The
use of these registers and their individual configuration bits differ significantly,
depending on whether the MSSP module is operated in SPI or I2C mode.

ATOD CONVERTER MODULE

The Analog-to-Digital Converter module has five inputs for the 28-pi
devices and eight for the 40/44 pin devices. The conversion of an analog input
signal results in a corresponding 10-bit digital number.

The A/D module has high and low voltage reference input that is software
selectable to some combination of VDD, VSS, RA2 or RA3. The A/D converter

36
has a unique feature of being able to operate while the device is in sleep mode.
To operate in sleep mode, the A/D clock must be derived from the A/D internal
RC oscillator.

CORE ARCHITECTURE

The PIC architecture is characterized by the following features:

 Separate code and data spaces (Harvard architecture) for devices other
than PIC32, which has a Von Neumann architecture.
 A small number of fixed length instructions
 Most instructions are single cycle execution (2 clock cycles), with one
delay cycle on branches and skips
 One accumulator (W0), the use of which (as source operand) is implied
(i.e. is not encoded in the opcode)
 All RAM locations function as registers as both source and/or destination
of math and other functions.
 A hardware stack for storing return addresses
 A fairly small amount of addressable data space (typically 256 bytes),
extended through banking
 Data space mapped CPU, port, and peripheral registers
 The program counter is also mapped into the data space and writable (this
is used to implement indirect jumps).

There is no distinction between memory space and register space because the
RAM serves the job of both memory and registers, and the RAM is usually just
referred to as the register file or simply as the register.

37
WORD SIZE

The word size of PICs can be a source of confusion. All PICs handle (and
address) data in 8-bit chunks, so they should be called 8-bit microcontrollers.
However, the unit of addressability of the code space is not generally the same
as the data space.

For example, PICs in the baseline and mid-range families have program
memory addressable in the same wordsize as the instruction width, i.e. 12 or 14
bits respectively. In contrast, in the PIC18 series, the program memory is
addressed in 8-bit increments (bytes), which differs from the instruction width
of 16 bits.

In order to be clear, the program memory capacity is usually stated in

number of (single word) instructions, rather than in bytes.

6.6 RELAY
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the
coil of the relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the
switch contacts. The coil current can be on or off so relays have two switch
positions and most have double throw (changeover) switch contacts as shown
in the diagram.
Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which can be
completely separate from the first. For example a low voltage battery circuit can
use a relay to switch a 230V AC mains circuit. There is no electrical connection
inside the relay between the two circuits, the link is magnetic and mechanical.
The coil of a relay passes a relatively large current, typically 30mA for a
12V relay, but it can be as much as 100mA for relays designed to operate from
lower voltages. Most ICs (chips) cannot provide this current and a transistor is
usually used to amplify the small IC current to the larger value required for the

38
relay coil. The maximum output current for the popular 555 timer IC is 200mA
so these devices can supply relay coils directly without amplification.

Relays are usually SPDT or DPDT but they can have many more sets of
switch contacts, for example relays with 4 sets of changeover contacts are
readily available.

The coil will be obvious and it may be connected either way round. Relay
coils produce brief high voltage 'spikes' when they are switched off and this can
destroy transistors and ICs in the circuit. To prevent damage you must connect a
protection diode across the relay coil.

6.9 Figure: Circuit symbol of relay

6.6.1 SWITCH DESCRIPTION

The relay's switch connections are usually labeled COM, NC and NO:

 COM = Common, always connect to this, it is the moving part of the

switch.
 NC = Normally Closed, COM is connected to this when the relay coil
is off.
 NO = Normally Open, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is
on.
39
  Connect to COM and NO if you want the switched circuit to be on
when the relay coil is on.
 Connect to COM and NC if you want the switched circuit to be on
when the relay coil is off.

6.6.2 FEATURES OF RELAY

You need to consider several features when choosing a relay:

1. Physical size and pin arrangement

If you are choosing a relay for an existing PCB you will need to ensure
that its dimensions and pin arrangement are suitable. You should find this
information in the supplier's catalogue.

2. Coil voltage
The relay's coil voltage rating and resistance must suit the circuit
powering the relay coil. Many relays have a coil rated for a 12V supply but 5V
and 24V relays are also readily available. Some relays operate perfectly well
with a supply voltage which is a little lower than their rated value.
3. Coil resistance

The circuit must be able to supply the current required by the relay
coil. You can use Ohm's law to calculate the current:

supply voltage
Relay coil current =
coil resistance

For example: A 12V supply relay with a coil resistance of 400Ohm

passes a current of 30mA. This is OK for a 555 timer IC (maximum output
current 200mA), but it is too much for most ICs and they will require a
transistor to amplify the current.

40
4.Switch ratings(voltage and current)

The relay's switch contacts must be suitable for the circuit they are to
control. You will need to check the voltage and current ratings. Switch contact
arrangement(SPDT,DPDT etc)

PROTECTION DIODES FOR RELAYS

Transistors and ICs must be protected from the brief high voltage
produced when a relay coil is switched off. The diagram shows how a signal
diode (eg 1N4148) is connected 'backwards' across the relay coil to provide this
protection. Current flowing through a relay coil creates a magnetic field which
collapses suddenly when the current is switched off. The sudden collapse of the
magnetic field induces a brief high voltage across the relay coil which is very
likely to damage transistors and ICs. The protection diode allows the induced
voltage to drive a brief current through the coil (and diode) so the magnetic fie

6.7 Figure: protection diode of relay

41
RELAY AND TRANSISTOR COMPARED

Like relays, transistors can be used as an electrically operated switch. For

switching small DC currents (< 1A) at low voltage they are usually a better
choice than a relay. However, transistors cannot switch AC (such as mains
electricity) and in simple circuits they are not usually a good choice for
switching large currents (> 5A). In these cases a relay will be needed, but note
that a low power transistor may still be needed to switch the current for the
relay's coil! The main advantages and disadvantages of relays are listed below:

6.6.3 ADVANTAGES OF RELAY

 Relays can switch AC and DC, transistors can only switch DC.
 Relays can switch higher voltages than standard transistors.
 Relays are often a better choice for switching large currents (> 5A).
 Relays can switch many contacts at once.

6.6.4 DISADVANTAGES OF RELAY

 Relays are bulkier than transistors for switching small currents.

 Relays cannot switch rapidly (except reed relays), transistors can switch
many times per second. ovide, so a low power transistor may be needed
to switch the current for the relay's coil.
 Relays use more power due to the current flowing through their coil.
 Relays require more current than many ICs can pr

42
6.7 VIBRATOR

A vibrator is a mechanical device to generate vibrations. The vibration is

often generated by an electric motor with an unbalanced mass on its driveshaft.

There are many different types of vibrator. Typically, they are

components of larger products such as cell phones , pagers, vibrating sex
toys, or video game controllers with a "rumble" feature.

6.7.1 VIBRATOR AS COMMPONENT

When mobile phones and pagers vibrate, the vibrating alert is produced
by a small component that is built into the phone or pager. Many older, non-
electronic buzzers and doorbells contain a component that vibrates for the
purpose of producing a sound. Tattoo machines and some types of electric
engraving tools contain a mechanism that vibrates a needle or cutting tool.

6.7.2 USES

Vibrators are used in many different industrial applications both as

components and as individual pieces of equipment.

Vibratory feeders and vibrating hoppers are used extensively in the

food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries to move and position bulk
material or small component parts. The application of vibration working with
the force of gravity can often move materials through a process more effectively
than other methods. Vibration is often used to position small components so that
they can be gripped mechanically by automated equipment as required for
assembly etc.

43
 Vibrating screens are used to separate bulk materials in a mixture of
different sized particles. For example, sand, gravel, river rock and crushed rock,
and other aggregates are often separated by size using vibrating screens.

This tiny DC motor has a shaft with an offset mass that vibrates when
it rotates. Motors like this are commonly found in cell phones and other devices
that use vibration for tactile feedback. The motor has 1.5″ leads and is encased
in a removable rubber sleeve that gives it flat surfaces for mounting and
prevents it

6.8 VOICE BOARDAPR9600

Single-Chip Voice Recording & Playback Device60-Second Duration

Single-chip, high-quality voice recording & playback solution -No external
ICs required-Minimum external components

Non-volatile Flash memory technology-No battery backup required

User-Selectable messaging options-Random access of multiple fixed-duration
Sequential access of multiple variable-duration messages

6.8.1 ADVANTAGES

 Our system can provide a naturalistic social interaction platform for

children with ASD
 It will increase the opportunities for communication and cooperation
within the collaborative games and collect quantitative data regarding
collaborative and communicative performance of the participants
 Our system low-cost and accessible to the general population in autism.
 Improving functioning and quality of life for individuals with ASD.

44
 CHAPTER 7

SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

MPLAB IDE SOFTWARE

7.1 INTRODUCTION

MPLAB is a proprietary freeware integrated development

environment for the development of embedded applications on PIC and as
PIC microcontrollers, and is developed by Microchip Technology.

MPLAB X is the latest edition of MPLAB, and is developed on then Net

Beans platform. MPLAB and MPLAB X support project management, code
editing, debugging and programming of Microchip 8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit PIC
microcontrollers.

MPLAB is designed to work with MPLAB-certified devices such as

the MPLAB ICD 3 and MP LAB REAL ICE, for programming and debugging
PIC microcontrollers using a personal computer.PIC kit programmers are also
supported by MPLAB.

7.1.1 CONDITIONS

 MPLAB C Compiler for PIC24 and as PIC DSCs

 MPLAB C Compiler for PIC32

 HI-TECH Compiler.

45
 MPLAB X is the latest version of the MPLAB IDE built by Microchip
Technology, and is based on the open-source Net Beans platform.
MPLAB X supports editing, debugging and programming of Microchip
8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit PIC microcontrollers.

 MPLAB X is the first version of the IDE to include cross-platform

support for Mac OS X and Linux operating systems, in addition
to Microsoft Windows.

 MPLAB X supports the following compilers:

 MPLAB XC8 — C compiler for 8-bit PIC devices

 MPLAB XC16 — C compiler for 16-bit PIC devices

 MPLAB XC32 — C/C++ compiler for 32-bit PIC devices

 HI-TECH C — C compiler for 8-bit PIC devices

 SDCC — open-source C compiler

 MPLAB 8.X is the last version of the legacy MPLAB IDE technology,
custom built by Microchip Technology in Microsoft Visual C++.
MPLAB supports project management, editing, debugging and
programming of Microchip 8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit PIC microcontrollers.
MPLAB only works on Microsoft Windows. MPLAB is still available
from Microchip's archives, but is not recommended for new projects.

 MPLAB supports the following compilers:

 MPLAB MPASM Assembler

 MPLAB ASM30 Assembler

 MPLAB C Compiler for PIC

46
 CHAPTER 8

CONCLUSION

Technology-assisted systems can provide a quantitative, individualized

rehabilitation platform. Presently-available systems are designed primarily to
chain learning via aspects of one’s performance alone restricting
individualization.
System signals that were acquired with a satisfactory level of accuracy
and thereby confirm the feasibility of an anxiety-sensitive system to be used as
a social communication skill learning platform for children with autism.
This paper presents the development and evaluation of the Autism
spectrum disorders prevention system, which can provide a naturalistic social
interaction platform for children with ASD and their peers, increase the
opportunities for communication and cooperation within the collaborative
games and collect quantitative data regarding collaborative and communicative
performance of the participants.
The feasibility study tested the acceptability of the system among
children with ASD and obtained a preliminary assessment of the system.

8.1 FUTURE WORK

Autism spectrum disorders prevention system will be further improved

to support more naturalistic collaborative game play platform. We are now
working on designing the ASD with the hap tic interfaces that is able to produce
physical feedback to the user. We expect the hap tic ASD system could increase
the sense of cooperation between partners.

Additionally, more participants are needed in the future for the user
study to assess the practical value of the system for children with ASD. In order
to explore the influence of the system on the communication ability of the

47
participants, we plan to continue with the analysis of the participants’
conversations in terms of the game-oriented content and the social content and
perform a statistical analysis of the change in the content of the conversation.

48
REFERENCES

[1] J. Baio, “Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders: Autism and

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52
APPENDICES

Program

#include<pic.h>

__CONFIG(0X3f72);

#define relay RC0

#define led RC1

#define rs RD1

#define rw RD2

#define en RD3

#define sw RB0

#define SPEAKER RB1

#define til RB7

#define buzzer RB2

#define vib RB3

int CNT,COUNT,COUNT1,val22,val33,val44,val55,VAL8;

int i,j,m,v,q=1,p=1,r,s;

int x;

int a,b,c,d,e,f,g;

int temp1,a1,b1,c1,d1,e1,f1,g1;

unsigned int temp0,a0,b0,c0,d0,e0,f0,g0;

53
unsigned int temp,temp4,a4,b4,c4,d4,e4,f4,g4;

int temp3,a3,b3,c3,d3,e3,f3,g3;

void delay(unsigned int x)

{while(x--);

}void lcd_command(unsigned char com)

{unsigned char temp;

PORTD=com&0xf0;

rs=0;

rw=0;

en=1;

delay(100);

en=0;

temp=com<<4;

PORTD=temp&0xf0;

rs=0;

rw=0;

en=1;

delay(100);

en=0;

}void init()

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{lcd_command(0x02);

lcd_command(0x2c);

lcd_command(0x06);

lcd_command(0x0c);

lcd_command(0x01);

lcd_command(0x80);

}void lcd_data(unsigned char data)

{unsigned char val1;

PORTD=data&0xf0;

en=1;

rs=1;

rw=0;

delay(100);

en=0;

val1=data<<4;

PORTD=val1&0xf0;

en=1;

rs=1;

rw=0;

delay(100);

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en=0;

}void lcd_display(unsigned char *m)

{for(i=0;m[i]!=0;i++)

{lcd_data(m[i]);

}}

/*void delay1()

{ for(int i=0;i<20;i++)

{ T0CS=0;

T0SE=0;

PSA=0;

PS0=1;

PS1=1;

TMR0=60;

while(T0IF==0);

T0IF=0;

TMR0=0;

}*/

void sen1()

{CHS2=0;

CHS1=0;

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CHS0=0;

ADON=1;delay(100);

ADCON0=(ADCON0|0x04);

delay(200);

temp0=ADRESH<<8;

delay(200);

temp0=temp0+ADRESL;

a0=temp0/100;

b0=temp0%100;

c0=b0/10;

d0=b0%10;

lcd_command(0x80);

lcd_display("X");

delay(1000);

lcd_command(0x81);

delay(1000);

lcd_data(a0+0x30);

delay(1000);

lcd_data(c0+0x30);

delay(1000);

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lcd_data(d0+0x30);

delay(1000);

TXREG='X';

delay(1000);

//TXREG=(a+0x30);

//delay(100);

TXREG=(a0+0x30);

delay(100);

TXREG=(c0+0x30);

delay(100);

TXREG=(d0+0x30);

delay(100);

delay(1000);

}void sen2()

{CHS2=0;

CHS1=0;

CHS0=1;

ADON=1;delay(100);

ADCON0=(ADCON0|0x04);

delay(200);

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temp1=ADRESH<<8;

delay(200);

temp1=temp1+ADRESL;

a1=temp1/100;

b1=temp1%100;

c1=b1/10;

d1=b1%10;

lcd_command(0x84);

lcd_display("Y");

lcd_command(0x85);

delay(1000);

lcd_data(a1+0x30);

delay(1000);

lcd_data(c1+0x30);

delay(1000);

lcd_data(d1+0x30);

delay(1000);

TXREG='Y';

delay(1000);

//TXREG=(a+0x30);

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//delay(100);

TXREG=(a1+0x30);

delay(1000);

TXREG=(c1+0x30);

delay(1000);

TXREG=(d1+0x30);

delay(1000);

}void sen4()

{CHS2=0;

CHS1=1;

ADON=1;delay(100);

ADCON0=(ADCON0|0x04);

delay(100);

temp4=ADRESH<<8;

delay(100);

temp4=temp4+ADRESL;

a4=temp4/100;

b4=temp4%100;

c4=b4/10;

d4=b4%10;

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lcd_command(0x88);

delay(100);

lcd_display("Z");

lcd_command(0x89);

lcd_data(a4+0x30);

lcd_data(c4+0x30);

lcd_data(d4+0x30);

TXREG='Z';

delay(1000);

//TXREG=(a+0x30);

//delay(100);

TXREG=(a4+0x30);

delay(1000);

TXREG=(c4+0x30);

delay(1000);

TXREG=(d4+0x30);

delay(1000);

}void heart_beat()

{while(CNT<=6)

{TMR1ON=1;

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TMR1CS=0; // TIMER MODE

T1CKPS1=1; // SETTING PRESCALAR VALUE AS 8

T1CKPS0=1;

TMR1H=0x0B;

TMR1L=0xDB;

while(TMR1IF==0)

{if((RB0==1)&&(VAL8==0))

{VAL8=1;

RB0==0;

COUNT=COUNT+1;

delay(10000);

}if(RB0==0)

{VAL8=0;

}}if(TMR1IF==1)

{TMR1IF=0;

CNT=CNT+1;

TMR1ON=0;

}COUNT1=COUNT;

CNT=0;

if(COUNT<6)

62
{COUNT1=COUNT1*14;

}if(COUNT>6)

{COUNT1=COUNT1*10;

}/*if(COUNT<6)

{COUNT1=COUNT1*14;

}if(COUNT>6)

{COUNT1=COUNT1*10;

}*/if(COUNT==0)

{COUNT1=0;

} val22=COUNT1%10;//UNIT DIGIT

val33=COUNT1/10;

val44=val33%10; // tens digit

val55=val33/10;

// hundred digit

//lcd_command(0x01);

delay(600);

lcd_command(0x8C);

lcd_display("HB");

lcd_command(0x8E);

lcd_data(val44+0x30);

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lcd_data(val22+0x30);delay(50000);delay(50000);

COUNT=0;

TXREG='H';

delay(100);

TXREG=(val44+0X30);

delay(600);

TXREG=(val22+0X30);

delay(600);

if(COUNT1>0)

{if((COUNT1<90)&&(COUNT1>50))

{lcd_command(0xC0);

lcd_display("HB NORMAL ");

//delay(50000);delay(50000);delay(50000);

}if(COUNT1<40)

{buzzer=1;

lcd_command(0xC0);

delay(10000);

lcd_display("HB ABNORMAL ");

//delay(50000);delay(50000);delay(50000);

buzzer=0;

64
}}

void main()

{TRISB=0xf1;

TRISD=0x00;

TRISA=0x07;

PORTB=0x02;

TRISC=0x00;

PORTC=0x00;

ADCON1=0x80;

ADCON0=0x40;

RCSTA=0X90;

TXSTA=0x24;

SPBRG=25;

init();

lcd_command(0x80);

delay(5000);

lcd_display("welcome");

delay(50000);

lcd_command(0x01);

delay(5000);

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while(1)

{SPEAKER=0;

delay(1000);

delay(1000);

sen4();

delay(1000);

heart_beat();

lcd_command(0xCC);

lcd_display("T");

lcd_command(0xCD);

lcd_data(til+0x30);

TXREG='T';

delay(100);

TXREG=(til+0x30);

//sen3();

//delay(1000);

//TXREG=13;

if((temp0>360)&&(p==1))

{p=0;

g=1;

66
//r=0;

v=v+1;

lcd_command(0xCF);

delay(5000);

lcd_data(v+0x30);

delay(50000);delay(50000);

}if((temp0<330)&&(g==1))

{g=0;

p=1;

}if(v>4)

{relay=1;

lcd_command(0x01);

lcd_command(0x80);

lcd_display("repeat char ");

SPEAKER=1;

vib=1;

delay(50000);

delay(50000);

delay(50000);

delay(50000);

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//SPEAKER=1;

delay(50000);

delay(50000);

delay(50000);

SPEAKER=0;

v=0;

}else

{relay=0;

SPEAKER=0;

vib=0;

}if(til==1)

{led=0;

}if(til==0)

{led=1;

}/*if(temp4<318)

{led=0;

}if(temp4>320)

{led=1;

}*/

}}

68