PERFORMANCE MONITORING OF

SERVOSTABILIZER’S TRANSFORMER
& SOFT STARTING USING EMBEDDED
SYSTEMS

A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by

AJITHKUMAR D 714016105007
ROSHAN J 714016105043
SAMKUMAR R 714016105048
SURYA S 714016105054

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

in

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SRI SHAKTHI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

COIMBATORE-641 062

ANNA UNIVERSITY::CHENNAI 600 025

APRIL 2020

1
 ANNA UNIVERSITY::CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report “PERFORMANCE MONITORING OF
SERVOSTABILIZER’S TRANSFORMER & SOFT STARTING USING
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS” is the bonafide work of AJITHKUMAR D
(714016105007), ROSHAN J (714016105043), SAMKUMAR R
(714016105048) , SURYA S (714016105054)” who carried out the project work under
my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Dr.G.SUNDAR, M.E,Ph.D., Mrs.S.RAMYA, M.E,Ph.D.,

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR

Professor Assitant Professor

Department of Electrical and Department of Electrical and

Electronics Engineering Electronics Engineering

Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering

And Technology, Coimbatore-62. And Technology, Coimbatore-62.

Submitted for Anna University Project Viva Voce held on 22.09.2020

Internal Examiner External Examiner

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We sincerely express our deepest gratitude to Dr.S.Thangavelu,

Chairman, Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology for his
continuous encouragement and support throughout our course of study.
We would like to extend our sincere thanks to Er.T.Dheepan, Secretary
and Er.T.Sheelan, Joint Secretary, Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and
Technology for their encouragement.
We would like to express our gratefulness to our Principal Dr.S.Prakash,
for his magnanimity in allowing us to avail the facilities in the department.
We are grateful to Dr.G.Sundar, Professor and Head of the Department,
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, for providing us with the
necessary facilities and encouragement, which aided the successful completion of
the project work.
We would like to thank our guide Mrs.S.Ramya, Assistant Professor,
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering for her valuable technical
discussion and suggestion during this project work.
We express our sense of obligation to our project coordinates
Mr.S.Dhamodharanand Dr.N.Prabhakaranfor rendering their heartfelt help
towards the project. We would like to extend our thanks to all the Faculty
members of our department and Non-Teaching staff for their timely support.
We would like to express our hearty thanks to Mr.Nagarajan, Manager,
Golden Electronic Controls India.Pvt.Ltd. for providing us with necessary
information and technical knowledge and suggestions during this project work.

3
 ABSTRACT

A Servo Stabilizer is a Servo motor controlled stabilization system that performs optimum
voltage supply using a Buck\Boost transformer booster that captures voltage fluctuations
from input and regulates current to the correct output. Servo Stabilizers are to be had from
1 KVA 1 ph. To 250 KVA 1 ph and 3 KVA 3 ph to 2000 KVA 3 ph. Three ph. Servo
Stabilizers can be for balanced or for unbalanced input voltages. At some rare cases, these
servo stabilizer attains an error called INRUSH CURRENT, which is the sudden changes
in the input current and if it happens frequently, it may cause damage to the entire systems
connected. To avoid this we have made a setup of softstarting which will not allow the
inrush current and Moreover we have done additional setup of storing this datas in cloud
platform for the future analysis We can access this datas from anywhere at anytime. This
performance monitoring will increase the lifespan of the servo stabilizer and the systems
which was connected via this.

4
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.No Title Page No.

ABSTRACT 4
TABLE OF CONTENTS 5
LIST OF FIGURES 7
LIST OF TABLES 9
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 10
1 INTRODUCTION 11
1.1 Embedded Systems 11
1.2 Several Functions 11
1.3 Characteristics of Embedded Systems 12
1.4 Heterogeneous Architectures 13
1.5 Examples of Embedded System 15
2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 17
3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 22
3.1 Overview of Existing System 22
3.1.1 Features of FFTDU 22
3.1.2 Demerits of FFTDU 23
3.2 Why servo Stabilizer Monitoring 25
3.3 Conceptual Design 26

3.3.1 Block Diagram 27

3.4 Arduino UNO 28

3.5 Relays 33
3.6 Current Sensors 35
3.7 Voltage Sensors 47
3.8 Temperature Sensors(Lm35) 52
3.9 NODEMCU(ESP8266) 53

4 SIMULATION AND RESULTS 66

5
 4.1 Software Model 66

4.2 Software Specification 66

4.3 SIMULINK Model 67
4.4 Simulation And Output Waveforms 67
4.5 Programs 70
4.5.1 Arduino Fetch Code 70
4.5.2 ESP8266 Fetch Code 72

5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 77

5.1 Whether it can be done as product? 77
5.2 Observation 78
5.3 Conclusion 78
5.4 Applications and Advantages 79

REFERENCE 80

6
S.No LIST OF FIGURES Page No.

1.1 ES having Heterogeneous Architectures 14

3.1 CMSC - 777 FFTDU 22
3.2 Proposed Hardware Model 24
3.3 Block Diagram 27
3.4 Arduino UNO 28
3.5 2-Channel 12V Relay 32
3.6 Relay circuit Diagram 34
3.7 Current Sensor 36
3.8 Princ. of direct sensing 37
3.9 princ. of indirct sensing 37
3.10 Current Sensing Resistors 37
3.11 Sense -FET Technique 40
3.12 Avg. Current Flow 40
3.13 Filter Sense the Inductor 40
3.14 Hall Effect Principle 41
3.15 Half vge as low level signal in Magnetic Field 42
3.16 CS on open loop Hall Effect Tech 42
3.17 CS on closed loop Hall Effect Tech 43
3.18 CS on Electronic Tech 43
3.19 Rogowski Coil 44
3.20 CT in High Power Systems 45

7
3.21 Fibre Optic Current Sensors 45
3.22 Low side Current Sensing 46
3.23 High Side Current Sensing 47
3.24 Capacitor & Resistance voltage sensor 49
3.25 Resistive Voltage Sensor 50
3.26 Bridge Type RVS 51
3.27 Voltage Sensor 52
3.28 Temperature Sensor LM35 53
3.29 NODEMCU(ESP8266) 54
3.30 NODEMCU(ESP8266) Pinout 54
3.31 ESP8266 Interface Circuit 56
3.32 Command Setup 58
4.1 Single Phase Non linear load Model 67
4.2 Transformer Energising Model 68
4.3 Line Fault Model 68
4.4 Line Fault Model Output 69
4.5 Transformer Energising model Output 69
4.6 Cloud Data Output 76

8
S.No LIST OF TABLES Page No.

3.1 Index of Arduino Uno Board 28

3.2 Command Description 57
3.3 Start-up 58
3.4 Restart Module 59
3.5 View Version Info 59
3.6 Wifi Mode 60
3.7 Lists Available APs 61
3.8 Connect to AP 62
3.9 Enable Multiple Connection or Not 63
3.10 Configure as TCP Server 64
3.11 Get Local IP Address 65
3.12 Close TCP or UDP Connections 65
5.1 Product Replacements 77
5.2 Observations 78

9
 LIST OF ABBREVATIONS

ABBREVATION EXPANSION

ES EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
AVR AUTO VOLTAGE REGULATOR
PID PROPORTIONAL INTERGRAL DERIVATIVE
ASIC APPLICATION SPECIFIC INTEGRAL CIRCUIT
DSP DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
CMSC COMMON MOTOR START CONTROLLER
FFTDU FAN FAILURE AND TEMPERATURE DETECTION UNIT
ESP ELECTRONIC STABILITY PROGRAM
FTDI FUTURE TECHNOLOGIES DEVICE INTERNATIONL
TCP TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOLS
WIFI WIRELESS FIDELITY
IP INTERNET PROTOCOL
UDP USER DATAGRAM PROTOCOLS

10
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to
perform one or a few dedicated functions, often with real-time computing constraints. It is
usually embedded as part of a complete device including hardware and mechanical parts.
In contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer, can do many
different tasks depending on programming. Embedded systems have become very
important today as they control many of the common devices we use. Since the embedded
system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it, reducing the size
and cost of the product, or increasing the reliability and performance. Some embedded
systems are mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale. Physically, embedded
systems are range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3 players, to large
stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or the systems controlling
nuclear power plants. Complexity varies from low, with a single microcontroller chip, to
very high with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted inside a large chassis or
enclosure. In general, "embedded system" is not an exactly defined term, as many systems
have some element of programmability. For example, Handheld computers share some
elements with embedded systems — such as the operating systems and microprocessors
which power them — but are not truly embedded systems, because they allow different
applications to be loaded and peripherals to be connected.

1.2 SEVERAL FUNCTIONS OF ES

11
 Monitor the environment; embedded systems read data from input sensors. This data is
then processed and the results displayed in some format to a user or users
 Control the environment; embedded systems generate and transmit commands for
actuators.
 Transform the information; embedded systems transform the data collected insome
meaningful way, such as data compression/decompression
Although interaction with the external world via sensors and actuators is an important
aspect of embedded systems, these systems also provide functionality specific to their
applications. Embedded systems typically execute applications such as control laws,
finite state machines, and signal processing algorithms. These systems must also detect
and react to faults in both the internal computing environment as well as the surrounding
electromechanical systems. There are many categories of embedded systems, from
communication devices to home appliances to control systems. Examples include;
 Communication devices
e.g.: modems, cellular phones
 Home Appliances
e.g.: CD player, VCR, microwave oven
 Control Systems
e.g.: Automobile anti-lock braking systems, robotics, and satellite control.
1.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF ES
Embedded systems are characterized by a unique set of characteristics. Each
of these characteristics imposed a specific set of design constraints on embedded systems
designers. The challenge to designing embedded systems is to conform to the specific set
of constraints for the application.
Application Specific Systems
Embedded systems are not general-purpose computers. Embedded system designs are
optimized for a specific application. Many of the job characteristics are known before the
hardware is designed. This allows the designer to focus on the specific design constraints

12
of a well-defined application. As such, there is limited user reprogram ability. Some
embedded systems, however, require the flexibility of reprogram ability. Programmable
DSPs are common for such application
Reactive Systems
As mentioned earlier, a typical embedded systems model responds to the
environment via sensors and control the environment using actuators. This requires
embedded systems to run at the speed of the environment. This characteristic of
embedded system is called “reactive”. Reactive computation means that the system
(primarily the software component) executes in response to external events. External
events can be either periodic or periodic. Periodic events make it easier to schedule
processing to guarantee performance. Periodic events are harder to schedule. The
maximum event arrival rate must be estimated in order to accommodate worst case
situations. Most embedded systems have a significant reactive component.
One of the biggest challenges for embedded system designers is performing an
accurate worst case design analysis on systems with statistical performance
characteristics (e.g., cache memory on a DSP or other embedded processor). Real time
system operation means that the correctness of a computation depends, in part, on the
time at which it is delivered. Systems with this requirement must often design to worst
case performance. But accurately predicting the worst case may be difficult on
complicated architectures. This often leads to overly pessimistic estimates erring on the
side of caution. Many embedded systems have a significant requirement for real time
operation in order to meet external I/O and control stability requirements. Many real-time
systems are also reactive systems.
Distributed Systems
A common characteristic of an embedded system is one that consists of
communicating processes executing on several CPUs or ASICs which are connected by
communication links. The reason for this is economy. Economical 4 8-bit
microcontrollers may be cheaper than 32-bit processors. Even after adding the cost of the
communication links, this approach may be preferable. In this approach, multiple
13
processors are usually required to handle multiple time-critical tasks. Devices under
control of embedded systems may also be physically distributed.
1.4 HETROGENEOUS ARCHITECTURES
Embedded systems often are composed of heterogeneous architectures (Fig 1.2).
They may contain different processors in the same system solution. They may also be
mixed signal systems. The combination of I/O interfaces, local and remote memories, and
sensors and actuators makes embedded system design truly unique. Embedded systems
also have tight design constraints, and heterogeneity provides better design flexibility.

Fig.1.1 Embedded Systems having Heterogeneous Architectures

Harsh environment
Many embedded systems do not operate in a controlled environment. Excessive
heat is often a problem, especially in applications involving combustion (e.g., many
transportation applications).
Additional problems can be caused for embedded computing by a need for protection
from vibration, shock, lightning, power supply fluctuations, water, corrosion, fire, and
general physical abuse.
System safety and reliability
As embedded system complexity and computing power continue to grow, they are
starting to control more and more of the safety aspects of the overall system. These safety
measures may be in the form of software as well as hardware control. Mechanical safety
backups are normally activated when the computer system loses control in order to safely
shut down system operation. Software safety and reliability is a bigger issue. Software
doesn't normally "break" in the sense of hardware. However software may be so complex
14
that a set of unexpected circumstances can cause software failures leading to unsafe
situations. Discussion of this topic is outside the scope of this book, but the challenges
for embedded designers include designing reliable software and building cheap, available
systems using unreliable components. The main challenge for embedded system
designers is to obtain low-cost reliability with minimal redundancy.
Control of physical systems
One of the main reasons for embedding a computer is to interact with the
environment. This is often done by monitoring and controlling external machinery.
Embedded computers transform the analog signals from sensors into digital form for
processing. Outputs must be transformed back to analog signal levels. When controlling
physical equipment, large current loads may need to be switched in order to operate
motors and other actuators. To meet these needs, embedded
systems may need large computer circuit boards with many non-digital components.
Embedded system designers must carefully balance system tradeoffs among analog
components, power, mechanical, network, and digital hardware with corresponding
software.
Small and low weight
Many embedded computers are physically located within some larger system. The
form factor for the embedded system may be dictated by aesthetics. For example, the
form factor for a missile may have to fit inside the nose of the missile. One of the
challenges for embedded systems designers is to develop non-rectangular geometries for
certain solutions. Weight can also be a critical constraint. Embedded automobile control
systems, for example, must be light weight for fuel economy. Portable CD players must
be light weight for portability purposes.
Cost sensitivity
Cost is an issue in most systems, but the sensitivity to cost changes can vary dramatically
in embedded systems. This is mainly due to the effect of computer costs have on
profitability and is more a function of the proportion of cost changes compared to the total
system cost.
15
1.5 EXAMPLES OF ES

 Cellular telephones and telephone switches

 Handheld calculators
 Handheld computers
 Household appliances, including microwave ovens, washing machines, television
sets, DVD players and recorders
 Medical equipment
 Personal digital assistant
 Videogame consoles
 Computer peripherals such as routers and printers
 Automatic teller machines (ATM)

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 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 TITLE: DESIGN OF A LOWCOST SERVO CONTROLLED

VOLTAGESTABILIZER
YEAR: 2017
AUTHOR: Dr. Hari Kumar Naidu

DESCRIPTION:
This research aims in designing the low cost and the cheapest power conditioning servo
controlled automatic voltage stabilizer. The servo controlled stabilizer is widely used in
the industrial application to obtain the stable voltage to the electrical equipments. This
stabilizer will maintain, monitor, and correct the desired output voltage by adding or
subtracting the required amount of voltage to/from the input voltage. This stabilizer will
constantly monitor the output voltage and controls the variation in the voltage by
movements of a motor. We design the servo controlled automatic voltage stabilizer
depending upon the load of the customer. The variable supply voltage conditions are
controlled by use of servo stabilizer. Servo controlled automatic voltage stabilizer can
controlled all types of loads viz, inductive, resistive, and capacitive loads. Servo
stabilizers can be for balanced or for unbalanced input voltages. There are various
stabilizer available from 1KVA 1PH to 250KVA 1PH and 3KVA 3PH to 2000KVA
3PH.3PH.The care should be taken that while ordering the servo controlled stabilizer its
capacity should be more than twenty percent more than the maximum load.

17
2.2 TITLE: DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AN AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE
REGULATOR FOR DIESEL ENGINE TYPE STAND-ALONE SYNCHRONOUS
GENERATOR
YEAR: 2008
AUTHOR: Mu MuHtay
DESCRIPTION:
Diesel-electric stations have some advantages over other types of station, particularly in
comparatively small sizes. A diesel station can be started and stopped quickly as and
when required. It does not need any warming period, and need not be kept running for a
long time before picking up load. There are thus no standby losses as in steam stations..
A diesel station does not need a large amount of water for cooling. For this station,,
synchronous generator is used to generate electricity. This paper presents the excitation
control system in generator operation. The topic of this paper involves the design and
construction of excitation control (or) Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) for the
synchronous generator. It is necessary to develop the electronic control system for the
machine. The Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) is widely used in electrical power
field to obtain the stability and good regulation of the electric system. The characteristics
of alternator output required are constant voltage and constant current. To get the constant
output, alternator field excitation is controlled by Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR).
The Automatic Voltage Regulator maintains the constant voltage up to certain level of
load current independently of generator speed and load. This paper deals with the design
and construction of excitation control for synchronous generator and introduces the
electronic control technology. The main objective of this paper is to modify the AVR with
SCR device technology. On completion of this paper, the constructed circuit will improve
the overall effectiveness of the synchronous generator. This includes a more accurate
18
measurement of voltage and current, as well as improving the response time and system
stability.

2.3 TITLE: DIGITAL SERVO CONTROLLED VOLTAGE STABILIZER-A

REVIEW.
YEAR: 2015
AUTHOR: Pulkit Singh
DESCRIPTION:
This article is a study of servo controlled voltage stabilizer in an industrial project. Since
the voltage fluctuation comes in the power system, there are many problems developed
in the line voltage like distortion, fluctuation, heating, noising, accuracy, power rating,
voltage range (230+5%) and power capacity less than 600 VA. Due to these problems,
daily use equipments are at risk like fan, laptop, cooler, and refrigerator. To remove these
problems, we use voltage stabilizer before the equipment for protection. Mainly two types
of stabilizers are present in the market world, one is automatic/line voltage stabilizer and
other is (analog and digital) servo voltage controlled stabilizer/regulator. In case of servo
stabilizers, different types of power problems are overcome with voltage range (230+1%)
and power capacity up to 1000 kVA. So several technical issues related to the digital
servo controlled voltage stabilizer and technology have been reduced.

19
2.4 TITLE:PID CONTROLLER FOR AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR
USING TEACHING–LEARNING BASED OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUE
YEAR: 2016
AUTHOR:Shamik Chatterjee
DESCRIPTION:
The present work presents teaching-learning based optimization (TLBO) algorithm as an
optimization technique in the area of tuning of the classical controller installed in
automatic voltage regulator (AVR). The proposed TLBO algorithm is applied with an
aim to find out the optimum value of proportional integral derivative (PID) controller
gains with first order low pass filter installed in the AVR. The voltage response of the
AVR system, as obtained by using the proposed TLBO based PID controller with first
order low pass filter, is compared to those offered by the other algorithms reported in the
recent state-of-the-art literatures. The advantage of using this control strategy may be
noted by providing good dynamic responses over a wide range of system parametric
variations. For on-line, off-nominal operating conditions, fast acting Sugeno fuzzy logic
technique is applied to obtain the on-line dynamic responses of the studied model.
Furthermore, robustness analysis is also carried out to check the performance of the
designed TLBO based PID controller. An analysis, based on voltage response profile, has
been investigated with the variations of the model parameters. The simulation results
show that the proposed TLBO based PID controller is a significant optimization tool in
the subject area of the AVR system. The essence of the present work signifies that the
proposed TLBO technique maybe, successfully, applied for the AVR of power system.

20
2.5 TITLE:DESIGN AND IMPLIMENTATION OF AN AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE
REGULATOR WITH GREAT PECISION AND PROPER HYSTRESIS
YEAR: 2015
AUTHOR:Mohammad Shah Alamgir
DESCRIPTION:
This research aims at the designing and implementation of an Automatic Voltage
Regulator (AVR) with higher precision and hysteresis. AC power supplied by PDB
(Power development board) in Bangladesh is subjected to variation from time to time.
Moreover in rural areas supplied voltage remains lower than specified. This causes a
considerable threat to the sophisticated electronic devices like computer, refrigerator,
television etc. So ensuring the input voltage to remain in a tolerable pre-specified limit
has become a necessity in rural as well as some urban areas. Current systems available
locally lacks precision and suffers the problem of oscillating between two output voltage
and hence creating surge at the output which can damage valuable electronics. This
research handled both shortcomings and introduced in the tolerable range of 215-237 volt
using several taps. Hysteresis has been introduced while changing from one level to other
and thus preventing oscillation.

21
 CHAPTER III
MATERIALS AMD METHODS

3.1 OVERVIEW OF EXISTING SYSTEM

In existing system there is no consideration to monitor the servo stabilizer transformer.
So any over voltage or over current occur, the transformer get disappointed. If the cooling
fan is failed there is no secondary cooling system available in the existing system.

Fig.3.1 CMSC-777 Fan Failure and Temperature Detection Unit

3.1.1 FEATURES OF FFTDU

 Measures ambient temperature.
 3 Seven Segment displays to indicate ambient temperature.

Six LEDs :
1. Four LEDs to indicate status of individual fans.
2. One LED to indicate FAN STALL - common to all fans.
3. One LED to indicate FAN OPEN - common to all fans.

22
 Six Relays :
1. Four Relays to control fans
2. One Relay to indicate Over Temperature condition.
3. One Relay to indicate OPEN/STALL condition.
 Four CAPACITIVE TOUCH SENSITIVE KEYS to program Temperature set
value & other functional parameters.
 Isolated 4-20 mA signal (optional).
 Buzzer to annunciate over temperature.
 Works between 88V AC to 257V AC.
 Mounted on standard DIN RAIL profile.
 Assured galvanic isolation for the user interface keypad even when Phase and
 Neutral are interchanged.
 Weighs less than 1Kg.
 Measures 45mm X 78mm X 180 mm (excluding DIN rail mount).

3.1.2 DEMERIT OF FFTDU

FFTDU is currently not available in India and it cannot control the inrush current
which arises on initial stage of energising an inductive loads. It is too expensive to import
from the foreign countries like Spain, Germany, Italy.
And moreover, it has no 24/7 Monitoring setup storage elements to store the daily
datas for future statistical reviews.

23
3.2 WHY SERVO STABILIZER MONITORING?

Fig.3.2 Proposed Hardware Model

A "servo" is a regularly occurring time period used for an automatic control machine. It
comes from the Latin word "servus" - slave. In practical phrases, which means a
mechanism that you could set and overlook, and which adjusts itself at some stage in
persisted operation thru remarks. Servo manipulate is a closed loop control machine for
electric powered. The servo gadget makes use of a sensor to sense position. Servo control
has a comments circuit which adjustments the force electricity going to motor in
24
accordance the manipulate enter signals and the signal from sensors. Disk drives, as an
instance, incorporate a servo gadget insuring that they spin at a favored regular speed by
using measuring their contemporary rotation, and rushing up or slowing down as
important to maintain that pace. Many robotics applications comprise servo circuits that
use motors to put a few mechanical elements to preferred place. In a servo positioning
gadget the encoder gives the motors position to the servo amplifier and it compares this
with the preferred function to get the mistake. The amplifier then sends contemporary to
the servomotor to make the motor pass into the right function, decreasing the mistake.
Servo manage is usable over kind of compiled motion profiles. Those might also involve
the following: manipulate of either pace and/or function; high resolution and accuracy;
velocity can be both very slow, or very excessive; and the software might also call for
excessive torques in a small package length. Because of the additional additives which
include remarks tool, complexity is taken into consideration by means of some to be the
weak point of the closed loop approach. Those extra components upload to the
preliminary cost and complexity of the manage gadget.
Every snapshot of our lifespan depends on electricity. Electricity unit has hardware
that helps human to exchange and manage distribution as indicated by use. The
transmission and distribution sector of electricity purely depends on transformer.
However, their life is essentially reduced when they are subjected to excessive loads,
heating, low or high voltage/current. So a continuous monitoring system is nessasery for
a transformer with online regular surveillance .An ordinary servo unit consists of a small,
a equipment set, a remarks potentiometer, and a few manipulate electronics. While the
working concept is similar, in that they may be both capable of function an object to a
given orientation, the mechanism of the is totally special, and has wonderful boundaries
on the accuracy to be had when using each kind. To apprehend which one is higher, right
here is some information. Any function this is not a part of the "presets" is unimaginable
by using that motor or motor-andgear- train combination, and can simplest be reached as
an approximation. Stepping vehicles can be utilized in simple open-loop manipulate
structures; these are normally adequate for structures that function at low accelerations
25
 with static hundreds, but closed loop control may be critical for high accelerations,
especially in the event that they contain variable hundreds. If a stepper in an open-loop
manages system is over torque, all knowledge of rotor function is misplaced and the
device ought to be reinitialized, servo isn’t situation to this problem. Many types of
voltage stabilizers are to be had in market. In those stabilizers the output is modified
manually with switch to hold the output voltage consistent. During the peak period this
guide operation of stabilizer needs to be carried out frequently. This paper offers a low
value servo controlled voltage stabilizer which rectifies this hassle. This article is a study
of servo controlled voltage stabilizer in an industrial mission.
Since the voltage fluctuation comes inside the power system, there are many
troubles evolved in the line voltage like distortion, fluctuation, heating, noising, accuracy,
energy score, voltage variety (230+5%) and strength potential less than 600 VA. Due to
those issues, every day use equipments are at risk like fan, computer, cooler, and
refrigerator. To remove those issues, we use voltage stabilizer earlier than the gadget for
protection. Mainly two sorts of stabilizers are present within the market global, one is
computerized/line voltage stabilizer and different is (analog and digital) servo voltage
controlled stabilizer/regulator. In case of servo stabilizers, one-of-a-kind styles of strength
troubles are triumph over with voltage variety (230+1%) and electricity capacity as much
as one thousand kVA. So several technical troubles associated with the digital servo
managed voltage stabilizer and era were reduced. After figuring out Input voltage band
and cargo of consumer we design our servo stabilizer to take care of the minimum and
maximum voltage fluctuations. While ordering servo stabilizer care should be taken to
make sure that servo stabilizer potential is 20% extra than maximum load. In servo
stabilizer decide output is determined voltage and the identical is set by using servo
controlled sensing card (PCB). Whenever change in output voltage which occurs because
of trade in Input voltage, the servo managed sensing card (PCB) offers sign to the motor
equipped on variable voltage car transformer to either boom or decrease the output
voltage to attain the predetermined output voltage.
3.3 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
26
The proposed system is designed monitor the transformer and prevent the loads from the
damage which was occurred due to the inrush current at the initial stage of switching the
inductive loads. So we can monitor the system in 24hrs, so any over voltage or over
current occur we can easily detect and turn off the system. Also we can sense heating
properties of the transformer also. We place a secondary cooling fan in case of any failure
in the existing fan. So we can increase the life span of the Servo Stabilizer transformer
and the Appliances which are connected in the system.
The Fig.4.3.1 includes…,
 Transformers of rating (50v/12v, 12v/5v and 230v/50v),
 Current sensor,
 Voltage sensor,
 Temperature sensor(LM35),
 Arduino Uno,
 Node MCU(Esp8266),
 2-Channel Relay(12v),
 Number of two Fans(5v),
 Number of two bulbs(0W) as loads,
 Switch (5A)

27
3.3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig.3.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM

3.4 ARDUINO

Fig.3.4 Arduino Uno

28
 The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It
has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs,
a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset
button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a
computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.
The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial
driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega8U2 programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.
"Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The
Uno and version 1.0 will be the reference versions of Arduino, moving forward. The Uno
is the latest in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino
platform; for a comparison with previous versions, see the index of Arduino boards.

Microcontroller ATmega328
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-9V
Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328) (0.5 KB used by bootloader)
SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328)
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328)
Clock Speed 16 MHz

TABLE.3.1 Index of Arduino Uno Board

Power

29
The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power
supply.The power source is selectedautomatically. External (non-USB) power can
come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be
connected by plugging a 2.1mm centre-positive plug into the board's power jack.
Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER
connector. The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied
with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board
may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and
damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.
The power pins are as follows:
 VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power
source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source).
You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack,
access itthrough thispin.
 5V. The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other
components on the board. This can come either from VIN via an on-board regulator, or
be supplied by USB or another regulated 5V supply.
 3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw
is 50mA.
 GND. Ground pins.
Memory

The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the bootloader). It also has 2 KB of
SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM
library)

Input and Output

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using pin Mode
(), digital Write(), and digital Read() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can
provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor

30
(disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized
functions:
 Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial
data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2
USB-to-TTL Serialchip.
 External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an
interrupt on alow value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the
attachInterrupt() function for details.
 PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the
analogWrite()function.
 SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI
communication using the SPIlibrary.
 LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. Whenthe pin is
HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it'soff.

The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits
of resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5
volts, though is it possible to change the upper end of their range using the AREF
pin and the analog Reference() function. Additionally, some pins have specialized
functionality:
 I2C: 4 (SDA) and 5 (SCL). Support I2C (TWI) communication using the
Wirelibrary.
There are a couple of other pins on the board:
 AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analog Reference ().
 Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a
reset buttonto shields which block the one on theboard.
Communication

The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer,
another Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V)

31
serial communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An
ATmega8U2 on the board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as
a virtual com port to software on the computer. The '8U2 firmware uses the standard USB
COM drivers, and no external driver is needed. However, on Windows, a .inf file is
required. The Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual
data to be sent to and from the Arduino board.

The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via
the USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial
communication on pins 0 and 1). A Software Serial libraryallows for serial
communication on any of the Uno's digital pins. The ATmega328 also supports I2C
(TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software includes a Wire library to simplify
use of the I2C bus; see the documentation for details. For SPI communication, use the
SPI library.
Programming

The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software (download).
Select "Arduino Uno from the Tools > Board menu (according to the microcontroller on
your board). The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes preburned with a boot loader
that allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware
programmer. It communicates using the original STK500 protocol (reference, C header
files). You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the
ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header; see these instructionsfor details. The
ATmega8U2 firmware source code is available . The ATmega8U2 is loaded with a DFU
bootloader, which can be activated by connecting the solder jumper on the back of the
board (near the map of Italy) and then resetting the 8U2. You can then use Atmel's FLIP
software (Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac OS X and Linux) to load a new
firmware. Or you can use the ISP header with an external programmer (overwriting the
DFU bootloader). See this user-contributed tutorial for more information.

Automatic (Software) Reset

32
 Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the
Arduino Uno is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a
connected computer. One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of the ATmega8U2 is
connected to the reset line of the ATmega328 via a 100 nanofarad capacitor. When this
line is asserted (taken low), the reset line drops long enough to reset the chip. The Arduino
software uses this capability to allow you to upload code by simply pressing the upload
button in the Arduino environment.

This means that the bootloader can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of DTR
can be well-coordinated with the start of theupload. This setup has other implications.
When the Uno is connected to either a computer running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets
each time a connection is made to it from software (via USB). For the following half-
second or so, the bootloader is running on the Uno. While it is programmed to ignore
malformed data (i.e. anything besides an upload of new code), it will intercept the first
few bytes of data sent to the board after a connection is opened. If a sketch running on the
board receives one-time configuration or other data when it first starts, make sure that the
software with which it communicates waits a second after opening the connection and
before sending this data. The Uno contains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-reset.
The pads on either side of the trace can be soldered together to re-enable it. It's labeled
"RESET-EN". You may also be able to disable the auto-reset by connecting a 110 ohm
resistor from 5V to the reset line; see this forum thread for details.

USB Overcurrent Protection

The Arduino Uno has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's USB ports
from shorts and overcurrent. Although most computers provide their own internal
protection, the fuse provides an extra layer of protection. If more than 500 mA is applied
to the USB port, the fuse will automatically break the connection until the short or
overload is removed.

33
Physical Characteristics

The maximum length and width of the Uno PCB are 2.7 and 2.1 inches
respectively, with the USB connector and power jack extending beyond the former
dimension. Four screw holes allow the board to be attached to a surface or case. Note that
the distance between digital pins 7 and 8 is 160 mil (0.16"), not an even multiple of the
100 mil spacing of the other pins.
3.5 RELAY

The relay is the device that opens or closes the contacts to cause the operation of the other
electric control. It detects the intolerable or undesirable condition with an assigned area
and gives the commands to the circuit breaker to disconnect the affected area. Thus
protects the system from damage.

Fig.3.5 2-Channel 12v Relay

Working Principle of Relay

It works on the principle of an electromagnetic attraction. When the circuit of the

relay senses the fault current, it energizes the electromagnetic field which produces the
temporary magnetic field.

34
 Fig3.6 Relay circuit diagram

This magnetic field moves the relay armature for opening or closing the connections.
The small power relay has only one contact, and the high power relay has two contacts
for opening the switch. The inner section of the relay is shown in the figure below. It has
an iron core which is wound by a control coil. The power supply is given to the coil
through the contacts of the load and the control switch. The current flows through the coil
produce the magnetic field around it. Due to this magnetic field, the upper arm of the
magnet attracts the lower arm. Hence close the circuit, which makes the current flow
through the load. If the contact is already closed, then it moves oppositely and hence open
the contacts.

Pole and Throw

The pole and throws are the configurations of the relay, where the pole is the
switch, and the throw is the number of connections. The single pole, the single throw is
the simplest type of relay which has only one switch and only one possible connection.
Similarly, the single pole double throw relay has a one switch and two possible
connections.

35
Construction of Relay

The relay operates both electrically and mechanically. It consists electromagnetic

and sets of contacts which perform the operation of the switching. The construction of
relay is mainly classified into four groups. They are the contacts, bearings,
electromechanical design, terminations and housing.

Contacts – The contacts are the most important part of the relay that affects the reliability.
The good contact gives limited contact resistance and reduced contact wear. The selection
of the contact material depends upon the several factors like nature of the current to be
interrupted, the magnitude of the current to be interrupted, frequency and voltage of
operation.

Bearing – The bearing may be a single ball, multi-ball, pivot-ball and jewel bearing. The
single ball bearing is used for high sensitivity and low friction. The multi-ball bearing
provides low friction and greater resistance to shock.

Electromechanical design – The electromechanical design includes the design of the

magnetic circuit and the mechanical attachment of core, yoke and armature. The
reluctance of the magnetic path is kept minimum for making the circuit more efficient.
The electromagnet is made up of soft iron, and the coil current is usually restricted to 5A
and the coil voltage to 220V.

Terminations and Housing – The assembly of an armature with the magnet and the base
is made with the help of spring. The spring is insulated from the armature by moulded
blocks which provide dimensional stability. The fixed contacts are usually spot welded
on the terminal link.

3.6 CURRENT SENSOR

36
 Measuring a voltage in any system is a “passive” activity as it can be done easily
at any point in the system without affecting the system performance. However, current
measurement is “intrusive” as it demands insertion of some type of sensor which
introduces a risk of affecting system performance. Current measurement is of vital
importance in many power and instrumentation systems. Traditionally, current sensing
was primarily for circuit protection and control. However, with the advancement in
technology, current sensing has emerged as a method to monitor and enhance
performance.

Fig. 3.7 A Representational Image of a Current Sensor

Knowing the amount of current being delivered to the load can be useful for wide
variety of applications. Current sensing is used in wide range of electronic systems,
viz., Battery life indicators and chargers, 4-20 mA systems, over-current protection and
supervising circuits, current and voltage regulators, DC/DC converters, ground fault
detectors, programmable current sources, linear and switch-mode power
supplies, communications devices , automotive power electronics, motor speed controls
and overload protection, etc.
CURRENT SENSING PRINCIPLES
A current sensor is a device that detects and converts current to an easily measured
output voltage, which is proportional to the current through the measured path. When a
current flow through a wire or in a circuit, voltage drop occurs. Also, a magnetic field is
generated surrounding the current carrying conductor. Both of these phenomena are made
use of in the design of current sensors. Thus, there are two types of current sensing: direct
and indirect. Direct sensing is based on Ohm’s law, while indirect sensing is based on
Faraday’s and Ampere’s law.
37
 Direct Sensing involves measuring the voltage drop associated with the current
passing through passive electrical components.

Fig.3.8 A Diagram Explaining the Principle of Direct Sensing

Indirect Sensing involves measurement of the magnetic field surrounding a conductor
through which current passes.

Fig.3.9 A Diagram Illustrating the Principle of Indirect Sensing

Generated magnetic field is then used to induce proportional voltage or current
which is then transformed to a form suitable for measurement and/or control system.

PASSIVE ELEMENT BASED CURRENT SENSING TECHNIQUES

1.Sense Resistors
Current sensing means developing a voltage signal which is representative of the
current flowing at the particular place of interest in the circuit. The traditional way of
current sensing introduces a resistor in the path of the current to be sensed. The sense
resistor can be placed in series with the inductor, switches, and the load. Thus, a current
sensing resistor should be considered as a current-to-voltage converter.

38
 Fig.3.10 An Image of a Current Sensing Resistor

The current sensing resistor should have following attributes

· Low value in order to minimize power losses
Value of the current sense resistors primarily depend upon the voltage threshold of the
following circuitry which is going to operate based upon the sensed current information.
In circuits where amplification is available, emphasis is to minimize the voltage drop
across the resistor.
Typical resistance values utilized in various control ICs are 20m? to 25m? .
· Low inductance because of high di/dt.
Any inductance in the resistor, when exposed to high slew rate (di/dt), an inductive step
voltage is superimposed upon the sense voltage and may be a cause of concern in many
circuits. Hence sense resistors should have very low inductance.
· Tight tolerance
For maximizing the current supply within the limit of acceptable current, the tolerance of
the sense resistor must be ±1% or tighter.
· Low temperature coefficient for accuracy
Normally specified in units of parts per million per degree centigrade (ppm/°C),
temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) is an important parameter for accuracy.
Resistors with TCRs closer to zero, in the entire operating range should be used.
· High peak power rating to handle short duration high current pulses.
Power rating is a driving factor for the selection of appropriate technology for sense
resistors. Though the device may be intended to sense DC current, it may often experience
transients.
Power derating curve provides allowable power at different temperatures. But peak
power capability is a function of energy; hence energy rating curve should be taken into
account.
39
· High temperature rating for reliability
Pros and Cons of current sensing resistors include:
Pros:
– Low cost
– High measurement accuracy
– Measurable current ranges from very low to medium
– Capability to measure DC or AC current
Cons:
– Introduces additional resistance into the measured circuit path, which may increase
source output resistance and result in undesirable loading effect.
– Power loss due to power dissipation. Therefore, current sensing resistors are rarely used
beyond the low and medium current sensing applications.
2. Current Sensing with a Copper Resistor
Instead of using a separate discrete resistor for current sensing, it is often useful to use
copper trace in a printed circuit board as a low-value resistor for the purpose of current
sensing. This method will have smaller power loss and also it will save on the efforts
towards buying and installing a discrete resistor.
But, since resistance of copper is very low, sensed voltage will also be very requiring
significant amplification, or increase in the length of the resistor at the cost of PCB area.
Another factor of significance is the TCR of copper (0.39 % / °C) which amounts to
approx. 20 % change for 50% temperature rise.
3.MOSFET-RDS
MOSFETs act as resistors when they are “on” and are biased in the Ohmic (non-saturated)
region. The current is determined by sensing the voltage across the drain-source of the
MOSFET, if RDS of the MOSFET is known. The main drawbacks of this technique are
low accuracy and switching noise from non-zero gate currents during transients,
nonlinearity of RDSof the MOSFET, dependence of RDS on Cox, VT and temperature
4. Sense-FET Technique

40
 This method is a practical technique used for current sensing in many new power
MOSFET applications. A current-sensing FET in parallel with the power MOSFET is
used. The effective width of the sense MOSFET (sense-FET) is significantly smaller
(~10000 times) than the power FET. The accuracy of the sense-FET technique is about
±20%. · Sensorless (Observer) Approach. This method uses the inductor voltage to
measure the inductor current. Since the voltage-current relation of the inductor is
v=L*di/dt, the inductor current can be estimated by integrating the voltage over time. To
avoid saturation in the integrator, it is reset periodically, and therefore only AC ripple
current is estimated. The value of L also should be known for this technique.

Fig.3.11 A Diagram Explaining the Sense-FET Technique

5. Average Current
This current-sensing technique uses an RC low-pass filter at the junction of the
converter switches. Therefore, the voltage at filter output capacitor is the average voltage
of the phase node. Consequently, the differential voltage at the input of the amplifier is
the DC voltage across the inductor. V I-Average is a function of RESR (Inductor Resistance)
andIL_DC (Inductor DC Current).

Fig.3.12 A Diagram Explaining the Average Current Flow

6. Filter-Sense the inductor

41
 This current-sensing technique uses a simple low -pass RC network to filter the
voltage across the inductor and sense the current through the equivalent series resistance
(ESR) of the inductor.

Fig.3.13 A Diagram Explaining the Filter-Sense the Inductor

MAGNETIC FIELD BASED CURRENT SENSING TECHNIQUES

While resistive current sensing techniques are useful in many applications, they suffer
from three inherent drawbacks:
• Supply-line voltage drop
• Insertion power loss
• Common-mode errors
Most of these issues can be taken care of when sensing low to moderate amounts of
current on low-voltage supply lines, but they can become significant as either currents or
voltages increase. When trying to measure currents at higher levels (>10A) or where the
supply line is at a high (e.g. 48V) voltage, preferred solution is to use magnetic current
sensors. One of the significant and obvious benefits of using magnetic coupling for
sensing current is the electrical isolation.In these sensors, magnetically permeable core is
used which concentrates the conductor’s magnetic field generated due to flow of current
in the conductor. The magnetic field is sensed using different methods:
 Hall Effect Sensors
The Hall Effect principle states that when a current carrying conductor is placed in a
magnetic field, a voltage will be generated perpendicular to the direction of the field and
the flow of current.When a constant current is passed through a thin sheet of
semiconducting material, there is no potential difference at the output contacts if the
42
magnetic field is zero. However, when a perpendicular magnetic field is present, the
current flow is distorted. The uneven distribution of electron density creates a potential
difference across the output terminals. This voltage is called the Hall voltage. If the input
current is held constant the Hall voltage will be directly proportional to the strength of
the magnetic field.

Fig.3.14 A Diagram Explaining the Half Effect Principle

The Hall voltage is a low-level signal of the order of 20 to 30 microvolt’s in a magnetic
field of one gauss. A signal of this magnitude requires a low noise, high impedance,
moderate gain amplifier.

Fig.3.15 A Diagram Explaining the Half Voltage as a Low-Level Signal in a

Magnetic Field
Hall sensors are based on following technologies. They can be used for measurement of
DC, AC and impulse currents, with galvanic isolation between primary and secondary
circuits
 Open Loop Hall effect technology
Current sensors based on this technology are electronic transformers. Primary current
Ip creates magnetic flux and the hall

43
 Fig.3.16 A Figure Explaining Current Sensors based on Open Loop Hall Effect
Technology
Probe placed in the airgap of the magnetic circuit provides a voltage proportional to the
magnetic flux. This voltage itself is proportional to Ip is amplified and is used for further
processing.The linearity of the open-loop sensor is determined by the characteristics of
the magnetic core and the Hall generator. Offset drift over temperature is determined
primarily by the temperature sensitivity of the Hall generator.

 Closed Loop Hall effect technology

Current sensors based on this technology are also electronic transformers. Primary current
Ip creates magnetic flux and the

Fig3.17 A Figure Explaining Current Sensors based on Closed Loop Hall Effect
Technology
Hall probe placed in the airgap of the magnetic circuit provides a voltage proportional to
the magnetic flux. This voltage is fed into a push-pull driver stage that drives the coil
wound in series opposition on the magnetic core.
Thus, it creates a magnetic field equal to and opposite to the field of the sensed current:
maintaining the core flux level near zero. The secondary current cancels out the primary
magnetic flux that created it (contra reaction). The output of the closed loop sensor is
proportional to the aperture current and the number of turns of the coil. Closed loop

44
approach allows significant improvements in sensor performance by eliminating the
influence of non-linearities in the magnetic core and by reducing the effects of
temperature sensitivity in the Hall element
 Electronic technology

Fig.3.18 A figure Explaining Current Sensors based on Electronic Technology

In contrast to open loop and closed loop technology, they do not use magnetic circuit.
Primary current Ip creates magnetic flux and different hall probes included in the sensor
provides a voltage proportional to the magnetic flux.Hall Effect based sensors do not
suffer from Insertion loss (and related heating, etc.). However, frequency range, cost, DC
offset, and external power represent the potential disadvantages of Hall-effect IC
technology when compared to the resistive sensing methods.
 Rogowski Coil
This device consists of a single-layer coil, uniformly wound on a non-magnetic core
which is either flexible or formed into a circle which surrounds the conductor of the
current to be measured. An AC current through the wire changes polarity.
Changing polarity causes expanding and collapsing magnetic field which in turn
induces current in the windings. The current is then processed to make suitable them
suitable for measurement or control system.

Fig.3.19 A Diagram Demonstrating the Rogowski Coil

Practical implementations of this technique typically also incorporate a low-frequency
roll-off to eliminate thermal noise and drift.The major benefit of a Rogowski Coil is that
45
since the core is effectively air, there is no magnetic material to saturate and the coil’s
output remains linear for extremely high currents.
This device is used for measuring high-energy current pulses or transients with high-
frequency harmonic content since the upper bandwidth can extend into the megahertz
range.
 Transformer Technique
Transformer Technique is an extension of the Rogowski Coil technology wherein the air
core is replaced with a material which concentrates the magnetic flux inside the coil. With
the flux contained within the coil instead of passing through it, a direct relationship
between the coil current and the current in the conductor generating the field is obtained.
Current sense transformers provide important benefits over simple resistive sensing. They
offer electrical isolation; avoid insertion loss and they do not require external power.
The lower power dissipation of a current sense transformer allows a much higher
signal level, significantly improving the signal-to-noise environment of the control
system. Current transformers (CT) are commonly used in high-power systems to measure
current. Major drawbacks are large size and cost and also the inability to detect DC
Current.

Fig.3.20 A diagram explaining use of current transformers in in high-power

systems
 Fiber optic current sensors
Development of magneto-optic sensors has demonstrated their use in current and
magnetic field measurements applications.
The principle of magneto-optic effects is based on the interaction between magnetic field
and the phenomenon of light refraction and reflection in transparent medium and on its
surface. They offer inherent immunity against EMI and good isolation against high
46
voltages. Current sensors employ Faraday magneto-optic effect. Faraday effect causes the
electromagnetic wave polarization rotation due to the magnetic field intensity in
transparent material. The magnetic field induced by the current leads to an angle rotation
in the plane of polarization of the linearly polarized light propagating across the
ferromagnetic material. The rotation is detected by polarizers and analyzers at the input
and output. By monitoring the rotation of incident polarization, magnetic field and hence
current can be estimated.

Fig.3.21 A Diagram Demonstrating Fiber Optic Current Sensors

The magnitude of the effect depends further on the magneto optic material constant
(Verdet constant) and on the interaction length through which the wave travels in
magnetized material.
SENSING TECHNIQUES: HIGH SIDE Vs LOW SIDE SENSING
There are two basic techniques for current sensing applications, viz., low side current
sensing and high side current sensing, based upon the placement of sense resistor
(between the supply and load or between load and ground).
· Low-Side Current Sensing
Low-side current sensing connects the sensing resistor between the load and ground.
Normally, the sensed voltage signal (VSEN = ISEN × RSEN) is so small that it needs to be
amplified by subsequent op amp circuits to get the measurable output voltage (VOUT).

Fig.3.22 A Figure Illustrating Low-Side Current Sensing

47
a) Advantages:
¨ Low input Common mode voltage
¨ Ground referenced input and output
¨ Simplicity and low cost
b) Disadvantages:
¨ Ground path disturbance
¨ Load is lifted from system ground since RSEN adds undesirable resistance to the
ground path.
¨ High load current caused by accidental short goes undetected
Low –side current sensing should be chosen when short circuit detection is not required
and ground disturbances can be tolerated.

· High-Side Current Sensing

High-side current sensing connects the sensing resistor between the power supply and
load. The sensed voltage signal is amplified by subsequent op amp circuits to get the
measurable VOUT.

Fig.3.23 A figure Illustrating High-Side Current Sensing

a) Advantages:
¨ Eliminates ground disturbance
¨ Load connects system ground directly
¨ Detects the high load current caused by accidental shorts
b) Disadvantages:
¨ Must be able to handle very high and dynamic Common mode input voltages

48
¨ Complexity and higher costs
High –side current sensing should be chosen when VCM range of the Difference amplifier
is wide enough to withstand high Common mode input voltages.
3.7 VOLTAGE SENSOR
A voltage sensor is a sensor is used to calculate and monitor the amount of voltage
in an object. Voltage sensors can determine both the AC voltage or DC voltage level. The
input of this sensor can be the voltage whereas the output is the switches, analog voltage
signal, a current signal, an audible signal, etc.Sensors are basically a device which can
sense or identify and react to certain types of electrical or some optical signals.
Implementation of voltage sensor and current sensor techniques have become an excellent
choice to the conventional current and voltage measurement methods.

The advantage of voltage sensors includes:

 Small in weight and size.

 Personnel safety is high.

 Degree of accuracy is very high.

 It is non-saturable.

 Wide dynamic range.

 Eco-friendly.

 It is possible to combine both the voltage and current measurement into a single
physical device with small and compact dimensions.

Types of Voltage Sensors

In this article, we can discuss in detail about voltage sensor. A voltage sensor can
in fact determine, monitor and can measure the supply of voltage. It can measure AC level
or/and DC voltage level. The input to the voltage sensor is the voltage itself and the output
49
can be analog voltage signals, switches, audible signals, analog current level, frequency
or even frequency modulated outputs.
That is, some voltage sensors can provide sine or pulse trains as output and others
can produce Amplitude Modulation, Pulse Width Modulation or Frequency Modulation
outputs. In voltage sensors, the measurement is based on a voltage divider. There are two
main types of voltage sensors are available- Capacitive type voltage sensor and Resistive
type voltage sensor.

Fig.3.24 Capacitive & Resistive Voltage Sensor

Capacitive Voltage Sensor
As we know that a capacitor comprises of two conductors or simply two plates and in
between these plates, a non-conductor is kept. That non-conducting material is termed as
dielectric. When an AC voltage is provided across these plates, current will start to pass
owing to either the attraction or the repulsion of electrons by means of the voltage present
on the opposite plate. The field among the plates will create a complete AC circuit without
any hardware connection. This is how a capacitor works.Next, we can discuss about the
voltage division in two capacitors which are in series. Usually in series circuits, high
voltage will develop across the component which is having high impedance. In the case
of capacitors, capacitance and impedance (capacitive reactance) are always inversely
proportional.

50
The relation between voltage and capacitance is

Q → Charge (Coulomb)
C → Capacitance (Farad)
XC → capacitive reactance (Ω)
f → Frequency (Hertz)
From the above two relations, we can clearly state that the highest voltage will
build up across smallest capacitor. The capacitor voltage sensors work based on this
simple principle. Consider we are holding the sensor in our hand and then placing the tip
of it near a live conductor. Here, we are inserting the sensing element of high impedance
into a series capacitive coupling circuit. In this moment, the tip of the sensor is the
smallest capacitor which is coupled to the live voltage. Thus, the whole voltage will
develop across the sensing circuit and it can detect voltage and indicator like light or
buzzer sound is turned on. This is how the non-contact voltage sensors that you use at
home work.
Resistive Voltage Sensor
There are two ways in converting the resistance of the sensing element to the voltage.
First one is the simplest method that is to provide a voltage to the resistor divider circuit
comprises of a sensor and a reference resistor which is represented below.

51
 Fig.3.25 Resistive Voltage Sensor
The voltage that is developed across the reference resistor or sensor is buffered and
then given to the ADC. The output voltage of the sensor can be expressed as

The drawback of this circuit is the amplifier present here will amplify the whole voltage
developed across the sensor. But it is better to amplify only the voltage change due to
the change in resistance of the sensor. This is achieved by the second method
implementing the resistance bridge which is shown below.

Fig.3.26 Bridge Type Resistive Voltage Sensor

52
 Here, the output voltage is

When R1 = R, then output voltage becomes approximately

A → Gain of Instrumentation Amplifier.

δ → Change in the resistance of the sensor analogous to some physical action.
In this equation, gain have to be set high because only the voltage change due to the
change in resistance of the sensor is being amplified.

Fig.3.27 Voltage Sensor

Application of Voltage Sensor
The application of voltages sensors includes:
 Power failure detection.

 Load sensing.

 Safety switching.

 Temperature control.

53
  Power demand control.

 Fault detection.

3.8 Temperature Sensor - The LM35

The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output
voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature
Features
Calibrated directly in ° Celsius (Centigrade)
Linear + 10.0 mV/°C scale factor
0.5°C accuracy guaranteeable (at +25°C)
Rated for full −55° to +150°C range
Suitable for remote applications
Low cost due to wafer-level trimming
Operates from4 to 30 volts
Less than 60 μA current drain
Low self-heating, 0.08°C in still air
Nonlinearity only ±1⁄4°C typical
Low impedance output, 0.1 for 1 mA load

The LM35 - An Integrated Circuit Temperature Sensor

Why Use LM35s To Measure Temperature?
You can measure temperature more accurately than a using a thermistor.
The sensor circuitry is sealed and not subject to oxidation, etc.
The LM35 generates a higher output voltage than thermocouples and may not require that
the output voltage be amplified.

What Does An LM35 Look Like?

Here it is.
54
 Fig.3.28 Temperature Sensor LM35
3.9 NODE MCU (ESP8266)
The ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module is a self contained SOC with integrated TCP/IP protocol
stack that can give any microcontroller access to your Wi-Fi network. The ESP8266 is
capable of either hosting an application or offloading all Wi-Fi networking functions from
another application processor. Each ESP8266 module comes pre-programmed with an
AT command set firmware, meaning, you can simply hook this up to your
microcontroller. The ESP8266 module is an extremely cost effective board with a huge
and ever growing, community.

Fig.3.29 NODE MCU(ESP8266 )

This module has a powerful enough on-board processing and storage capability that
allows it to be integrated with the sensors and other application specific devices through
its GPIOs with minimal development up-front and minimal loading during runtime. Its
high degree of on-chip integration allows for minimal external circuitry, including the

55
front-end module, is designed to occupy minimal PCB area. The ESP8266 supports
APSD for VoIP applications and Bluetooth co-existence interfaces; it contains a self-
calibrated RF allowing it to work under all operating conditions, and requires no external
RF parts.

Fig.3.30 NODE MCU(ESP8266 )Pinout

PRODUCT FEATURES:
 802.11 b/g/n
 Wi-Fi Direct (P2P), soft-AP⁹
 Integrated TCP/IP protocol stack
 Integrated TR switch, balun, LNA, power amplifier and matching network
 Integrated PLLs, regulators, DCXO and power management units
 +19.5dBm output power in 802.11b mode
 Power down leakage current of <10uA
 1MB Flash Memory
 Integrated low power 32-bit CPU could be used as application processor
 SDIO 1.1 / 2.0, SPI, UART
 STBC, 1×1 MIMO, 2×1 MIMO
 A-MPDU & A-MSDU aggregation & 0.4ms guard interval
 Wake up and transmit packets in < 2ms
 Standby power consumption of < 1.0mW (DTIM3
Hardware Connections
56
 The hardware connections required to connect to the ESP8266 module are fairly straight-
forward but there are a couple of important items to note related to power:
The ESP8266 requires 3.3V power–do not power it with 5 volts
The ESP8266 needs to communicate via serial at 3.3V and does not have 5V tolerant
inputs, so you need level conversion to communicate with a 5V microcontroller.
However, if you’re adventurous and have no fear you can possibly get away with ignoring
the secondrequirement. But nobody takes any responsibility for what happens if you do.
:)
Here are the connections available on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module:

INTERFACE CIRCUIT:

Fig.3.31 ESP8266 INTERFACE CIRCUIT

When power is applied to the module you should see the red power light turn on and the
blue serial indicator light flicker briefly.
Testing the module via FTDI (or a USB-to-Serial cable)

Before connecting the module to a microcontroller, it's important to try it directly via a
serial interface. An easy solution is to use a 3V3 FTDI cable. Note that the module is not
designed for more than 3.6V, so a 3.3V power supply should be used - both for power and
logic. The current batch of the FTDI cables deliver 5V in the supply rail even for the 3V3

57
version. Apparently, this is an error made by the manufacturer, so it might be corrected at
some point.

1. Connect the RX/TX pins in a 3v3 FTDI cable to the TX/RX pins in the ESP
module.
2. Connect a 3v3 power supply to the VCC/GND pins. Note that it is possible to use
an Arduino 3v3 supply for this.
3. Connect the CH_PID pin to VCC as well.

The rest of the pins should be floating. However, be prepared to occasionally ground the
RST pin. This would help if the board is stuck on some communication.

OPERATION
SERIAL CONTROL
Once you have opened the Serial monitor, you must set the first option to NL & CR and
the baud rate. For this newer model, the default baud rate is 9600, for the older is
115200.

COMMAND DESCRIPTION
Each Command set contains four types of AT commands.

Command
Type Format DescrIPtion

Query the Set command or internal parameters and its

Test AT+<x>=?
range values.

Query AT+<x>? Returns the current value of the parameter.

58
 Set the value of user-defined parameters in commands
and
Set AT+<x>=<…>
run.

Execute AT+<x> Runs commands with no user-defined parameters.

TABLE.3.2 Command Description

1. Not all AT Command has four commands.

2. String values require double quotation marks, for example:

AT+CWSAP="ESP756290","21030826",1,4

3. Baudrate = 115200

4. AT Commands has to be capitalized, and end with "/r/n"

Fig.3.32 Command Setup

Connect ESP 8266 to max3232 with pc as using micro c terminal to send serial at
59
commands to wifi.

AT – Test AT start up

The type of this command is "executed". It's used to test the setup function of your

wireless WiFi module.

AT – Test AT start-up
Response OK
Parameters null

TABLE.3.3 Start – up

AT+RST – Restart module

The type of this command is "executed". It’s used to restart the module.

AT+RST – Restart module

Response OK
Parameters null

TABLE.3.4 Restart Module

AT+GMR – View version info
This AT command is used to check the version of AT commands and SDK that you are
using, the type of which is "executed".

TABLE.3.5 View Version info

60
AT+GMR – View version info
<AT version
info>
<SDK version info>
Response <compile time>

OK

<AT version
info> information about AT version
Parameters <SDK version info> information about SDK version
<compile time> time of the bin was compiled

61
AT+CWMODE – Wifi mode
The function of this AT command is to get the value scope of Wifi mode, including
station mode, softAP mode, and station+softAP mode, enquiry about the information of
WiFi mode, or set the WiFi mode.

AT+CWMODE – WiFi mode

This command is deprecated. Please use AT+CWMODE_CUR or AT+CWMODE_DEF
instead.

Command AT+CWMODE=?
+CWMODE:( value scope of <mode>)
Response
OK
Parameters Please refer to AT command settings.

Command AT+CWMODE?
+CWMODE:<mode>
Response
OK
Parameters Please refer to AT command settings.
Command AT+CWMODE=<mode>
Response OK
<mode>
1 : station mode
Parameters
2 : softAP mode
3 : softAP + station mode
This setting will be stored in the flash system parameter area. It won’t
be erased
Notes
even when the power is off and restarted.

TABLE.3.6 WiFi mode

62
AT+CWLAP – List available APs

TABLE.3.7. lists available APs

AT+CWLAP - Lists available APs

• AT+CWLAP
List of all available AP's detected by ESP8266
• AT+CWLAP="wifi","ca:d7:19:d8:a6:44",6
Example
Find AP with specific SSID and MAC at specific channel.
• AT+CWLAP="wifi"
Find AP with specific SSID
Command AT+CWLAP=<ssid>,<mac>,<ch>
+CWLAP:<ecn>,<ssid>,<rssi>,<mac>,<ch>,<freq offset>
Response
OK
ERROR
<ecn>
0 OPEN
1 WEP
2 WPA_PSK
3 WPA2_PSK
Parameters 4 WPA_WPA2_PSK
<ssid> string, SSID of AP
<rssi> signal strength
<mac> string, MAC address
<freq offset> frequency offset of AP，unit：KHz. <freq offset> / 2.4 to
get unit
“ppm”
Command AT+CWLAP
+CWLAP:<ecn>,<ssid>,<rssi>,<mac>,<ch>,<freq offset>
Response
OK
ERROR
Parameters The same as above

63
AT+CWJAP – Connect to AP
TABLE.3.8 Connect to Ap

AT+CWJAP – Connect to AP
Please use AT+CWJAP_CUR or AT+CWJAP_DEF instead.
• AT+CWJAP ="abc"，"0123456789"
• If SSID is "ab/,c" and password is "0123456789"/"
Example AT+CWJAP =“ab///,c"，"0123456789/"//"
• If several APs have the same SSID as “abc”,target AP can be found
by bssid：
AT+CWJAP =“abc”,“0123456789”,”ca:d7:19:d8:a6:44”
Command AT+CWJAP?
+CWJAP:<ssid>,<bssid>,<channel>,<rssi>
Response
OK
Parameters <ssid>string, AP’s SSID
Command AT+CWJAP=<ssid>,<pwd>[,<bssid>]
OK
or
Response +CWJAP:<error code>

FAIL
<ssid> string, AP’s SSID
<pwd> string, MAX: 64 bytes ASCII
[<bssid>] string, AP’s MAC address, for several APs may have the same
SSID
<error code> only for reference,it’s not reliable
<error code> 1 connecting timeout
<error code> 2 wrong password
Parameters <error code> 3 can not found target AP
<error code> 4 connect fail

This command needs station mode enable.

Escape character syntax is needed if "SSID" or "password" contains any
special
characters (’,’、’"’and’/’)

Notes This configuration will store in Flash system parameter area.

64
AT+CIPMUX – Enable multiple connections

AT+ CIPMUX – Enable multiple connections or not

Example AT+CIPMUX=1
Command AT+CIPMUX?
+ CIPMUX:<mode>
Response
OK
<mode>0 single connection
Parameters
<mode>1 multiple connection
Command AT+CIPMUX=<mode>
OK
Response
If already connected, returns
Link is builded
Parameters The same as above.

1. "AT+CIPMUX=1" can only be set when transparent transmission

disabled
( "AT+CIPMODE=0")
Notes 2. This mode can only be changed after all connections are disconnected.
3. If TCP server is started, has to delete TCP server first，then change to
single
connection is allowed.

TABLE.3.9 Enable Multiple Connections or Not

65
AT+CIPSERVER – Configure as TCP server

Server monitor will automatically be created when Server is created. When a client is

connected to the server, it will take up one connection，be gave an id.

TABLE.3.10 Configure as TCP server

AT+CIPSERVER – Configure as TCP server

AT+CIPMUX=1
Example
AT+CIPSERVER=1,1001
Command AT+CIPSERVER=<mode>[,<port>]
Response OK
<mode>
0 Delete server
<mode>
Parameters 1 Create server
<port> port number, default is 333
Notes Server can only be created when AT+CIPMUX=1

66
AT+CIFSR – Get local IP address

AT+CIFSR – Get local IP address

Command AT+ CIFSR
+ CIFSR:<IP address>
Response
OK
ERROR
<IP address>
Parameters IP address of ESP8266 softAP
IP address of ESP8266 station
Only after ESP8266 station connected to AP, station IP can be got and
Note inquiried.

TABLE.3.11 Get Local IP Address

AT+CIPCLOSE – Close TCP or UDP connection

AT+CIPCLOSE – Close TCP or UDP connection

Multiple
connection AT+CIPCLOSE=<link ID>
OK
Response or
ERROR
<link ID>ID no. of connection to close, when ID=5, all connections
will be
Parameters closed.
(ID=5 has no effect in server mode)
Single connection AT+CIPCLOSE
OK
or
Response
If no such connection, returns
ERROR

67
 TABLE.3.12 Close TCP or UDP connection
CHAPTER IV

SIMULINK AND RESULTS

4.1 SOFTWARE MODEL

A simulation is an animated model that mimics the operation of an existing or
proposed system. Using intuitive simulation software, the designing of real time
systems can be done and it also allows the designer to determine the correctness and
efficiency of the design before the system is actually constructed.
The software used for this project is MATLAB. It is a high-Performance language
for technical computing .It integrates computation, visualization and programming
in an easy-to-use environment where problems and solutions are expressed in
familiar mathematical notation.The name MATLAB stands for matrix laboratory. It
is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not require
dimensioning. MATLAB was used for the projects in university environments; it is
the standard instruction tool for introductory and advanced courses in mathematics,
engineering and science. Typical uses include Math and computation Algorithm
development acquisition Modeling, Simulation and Protyping Data analysis,
exploration and visualization.

4.2 SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION

The project as developed using the following software.

Operating System : Windows 8
Software : MATLAB

68
4.3 SIMULINK MODEL

SIMULINK is an extension to MATLAB which uses an icon-driven interface for the

construction of a block diagram representation of a process. A block diagram is simply
a graphical representation of a process (which composed of an input, the system and
an output). It uses a graphical user interface (GUI) for solving process simulations.
Instead of writing MATLAB code, we simply connect the necessary “icons” together
to construct the block diagram. The icons represent possible inputs to the system, parts
of the systems, or output systems. SIMULINK allows the user to easily simulate
systems of linear and non-linear ordinary differential equations.

4.4 Simulation and Output Waveforms

The design of the single phase non linear model is done using Matlab software
which comprises of various tools for designing of the model.

69
Fig.4.1 Single phase Non Linear Load model

Fig.4.2.Transformer Energising model

70
 Fig.4.3. Line fault model

Fig.4.4 Line fault model output

71
 Fig.4.5. Transformer Energising model output

4.5 PROGRAM FETCH CODES

4.5.1 Arduino Fetch Code

float current = 0;
float temp = 0;
int volt=0;
inti=1;

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(3,OUTPUT);

72
pinMode(4,OUTPUT);
pinMode(5,OUTPUT);
pinMode(6,OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(4,HIGH);
digitalWrite(6,HIGH);
}
void loop() {
String data;
current = analogRead(A0);
volt=analogRead(A1);
temp=analogRead(A2);;
if (current>5)
{
digitalWrite(4,LOW);
i=1;
delay(10000);
}

if(current<5 &&i==1){

digitalWrite(4,HIGH);
analogWrite(3,10);
delay(1000);
analogWrite(3,100);
delay(1000);
analogWrite(3,255);
delay(1000);
73
 i=0;

}
if (temp>70)
{
digitalWrite(6,LOW);
// digitalWrite(6,HIGH);
}
//
//
data=String(current)+"%"+String(volt)+"@"+String(temp)+"$";
Serial.println(data);
delay(1000);
}

4.5.2 NODEMCU(ESP8266) Fetch code

#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
String apiKey = "1ZBV9OHTEJTND41Z"; // Enter your Write API key from
ThingSpeak
const char *ssid = "Suryamoorthy"; // replace with your wifissid and wpa2 key

74
const char *pass = "12345678";
const char* server = "api.thingspeak.com";

int count=1;

WiFiClient client;

void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
delay(10);

Serial.println("Connecting to ");
Serial.println(ssid);

WiFi.begin(ssid, pass);

while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED)

{
delay(500);
Serial.print(".");
}
Serial.println("");
75
Serial.println("WiFi connected");

void loop()
{
String data;
String current="0";
String volt="0";
String temp="0";

if(Serial.available()){
String data=Serial.readStringUntil('%');
data.trim();
current=data;

data=Serial.readStringUntil('@');
data.trim();
volt=data;
data=Serial.readStringUntil('$');
data.trim();
temp=data;

}
Serial.print("current=");
Serial.print(current);
Serial.print("Volt=");
76
Serial.print(volt);
Serial.print("temp=");
Serial.print(temp);

if (client.connect(server,80)) // "184.106.153.149" or api.thingspeak.com

{
String postStr = apiKey;
postStr +="&field1=";
postStr += String(current);
postStr +="&field2=";
postStr += String(volt);
postStr +="&field3=";
postStr += String(temp);

postStr += "\r\n\r\n";

client.print("POST /update HTTP/1.1\n");

client.print("Host: api.thingspeak.com\n");
//client.print("Connection: close\n");
client.print("X-THINGSPEAKAPIKEY: "+apiKey+"\n");
client.print("Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded\n");
client.print("Content-Length: ");
client.print(postStr.length());
client.print("\n\n");
client.print(postStr);

77
 /*//Serial.print("Temperature: ");
Serial.print(latitude);
Serial.print(" degrees Celcius, Humidity: ");
Serial.print(longitude);*/
Serial.println("%. Send to Thingspeak.");
}
client.stop();

// Serial.println("Waiting...");

// thingspeak needs minimum 15 sec delay between updates, i've set it to 30 seconds
// delay(10000);
}

78
4.6 CLOUD DATA OUPUT

Fig.4.6 Cloud data output

79
 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

5.1 Whether it can be done as Product?

S.No ASSETS PROPOSED TO BE ASSETS ACTUALLY

CREATED IN THE PROJECT TO CREATFD UNDER IN
FETCH WITH INDUSTRIAL THIS PROTOTYPÈ
PRODUCT MODEL
1. Programmable Logic Array Setup Arduino Uno
2. Winding Temperature Indicator Temperature Sensor
LM35
3. Oil Temperature Indicator Temperature Sensor
LM35
4. Current Transformer Current Sensor
5. Potential Transformer Voltage Sensor
6. GSM MODULE NODEMCU(ESP8266)
7. Real Time Loads Light Bulbs
8. Exhaust type Cooling fans 5v CPU Fans
9. Oil merged Transformers Air cooled Transformers
10. 25A Relay for 5kva Transformers 2-Channel 12v Relay

TABLE:5.1. PRODUCT REPLACEMENTS

By applying these replacements with the same circuit setup. We can develop a product
which can be fetched with with industrial equipment.

80
5.2 OBSERVATIONS

ARDU NODEM REL TRANSF TRANS TRANSF TEMPERAT

INO CU AY ORMER FORME ORMER URE
UNO (ESP826 1 R2 3 SENSOR
6) LM35

I/ 5v 5v supply 12v 230v 50v 12v 60ųA supply

p supply supply supply supply supply

O Control Stores the If it 50v 12v 5v supply If it senses the

/ s entire data in senses supply supply temperature
P setup the cloud any which is
with platform over higher than
respect called load, the limit.. then
to the thingspea the it
progra k. Which entire automatically
m can be circuit turns ON the
fetched retrieved will secondary fan
at be for extra
anytime, trippe cooling
anywhere d off feature
.

TABLE:5.2.OBSERVATIONS

5.3 CONCLUSION
Hence by this project we can constantly monitors the output voltage and controls the
variations in the input voltage by movements they pro type of the proposed system has
been developed here we design a servo stabilizer transformer monitoring system.
Using the help of sensors we can sense that variations in current, voltage temperature

81
in the transformer. We can sense the both input & output variations of the transformer
before this changes because any damage in transformer we will cut off the supply. This
is a stabilizer which constantly video display units the output voltage and controls the
variations in the enter voltage via movements of switch is ON and OFF condition, have
been seen in bulb.

5.4 ADVANTAGES &APPLICATIONS

1. This remote monitoring of transformer /generator health over internet system

could be used for the real-time data monitoring of transformer or generator.
2. This system could be used for real time data monitoring of industrial loads.
3. This system could be used for real time data monitoring of domestic load.
4. By using this system, the user or supply company can easily check the instant
temperature, current or voltage of transformer or generator if they increased their rated
parameters then the user can shift the load to another supply source before something
occurred.
5. This system is more reliable, cheap and compact as compared to the other systems.

82
 REFERENCES

[1] VivekLandage, Ashish Khsrche, Vadirajacharya. K, Harish Kulkarni, ‘Transformer

health condition monitoring through GSM Technology”, International Journal of
Scientific &Engineering. Research Volume 3, Issue 12, December-2012, ISSN 2229-
5518.
[2] Anurudh Kumar, Ashish Raj, Abhishek Kumar, Sikander Prasad &Balwant Kumar,
“Method For Monitoring of Distribution Transformer”, Undergraduate Academic
Research Journal (UARJ), ISSN: 2278 – 1129, Volume-1, Issue-3,4, 2012.
[3] Abdul Rahman, Ai Ali, Abdul Khaliq& Muhammad Arshad, “GSM-Based
Distribution Transformer Monitoring System”, IEEE MELECON 2004, May 12-15,
2004, Dubrovnik, Croatia.
[4] S. Dharanya, M. Priyanka, R. Rubini& A. Umamakeswari, “Real time monitoring
and controlling of transformers”, Journal of artificial intelligence 6(1):33-42, 2013,
ISSN 1994- 5450/DOI: 10.3923/jai.2013.33-42.
[5] Zhang Xin, Huang Ronghui, Huang Weizhao, Yao Shenjing, Hou Dan & Zheng Min,
“Real-time Temperature Monitoring System Using FBG Sensors on an Oil-immersed
Power Transformer”, DOI: 10.13336/j.1003-6520.hve.2014.S2.048,
Vol.40, Supplement 2: 253-259v, August 31, 2014.

83