See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/324724473

Flood Modelling and Visualizations of Floods Through 3D Open Data

Chapter in IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology · May 2017

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-89935-0_12

CITATIONS READS

16 2,608

3 authors:

Lukáš Herman Jan Russnak

Masaryk University Masaryk University
72 PUBLICATIONS 833 CITATIONS 13 PUBLICATIONS 99 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Tomáš Řezník
Masaryk University
111 PUBLICATIONS 537 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Lukáš Herman on 03 May 2018.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Flood Modelling and Visualizations
of Floods Through 3D Open Data

Lukáš Herman ✉ , Jan Russnák, and Tomáš Řezník

( )

Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University,

Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
{herman.lu,russnak}@mail.muni.cz, tomas.reznik@sci.muni.cz

Abstract. This paper is devoted to 3D modelling at the city level from data
sources considered as open. The open data presented in this paper enable free
usage, modifications, and sharing by anyone for any purpose. The main motiva‐
tion was to verify feasibility of a 3D visualization of floods purely based on open
technologies and data. The presented state-of-the-art analysis comprises the eval‐
uation of available 3D open data sources, including formats, Web-based technol‐
ogies, and software used for visualizations of 3D models. A pilot Web application
visualizing floods was developed to verify the applicability of discovered data
sources. 3D visualizations of terrain models, 3D buildings, flood areas, flood walls
and other related information are available in a pilot application for a selected part
of the city of Prague. The management of different types of input data, the design
of interactive functionality including navigation aids, and actual limitations and
opportunities for future development are discussed in detail at the end.

Keywords: 3D modelling · 3D visualizations · Floods · Open data

1 Introduction

Nowadays, 3D geospatial data and technologies for 3D cartographic visualization are

being used with increasing frequency in a variety of human activities. Crisis manage‐
ment is no different. Applications of 3D geospatial data and technologies can increase,
for example, the awareness and understanding of flood-related issues [17, 26, 33, 35].
3D visualization may be used by experts and laymen alike in the use case described
below. 3D visualization also has the ability to assist in dealing with the problem of
flooding on different scales – from the global and regional levels to the local level
involving individual towns and cities [14]. Feasibility of a 3D visualization of floods
purely based on open technologies and data was is the primary aim of this paper. Solely
open data and technologies were used for this purpose; based on an analysis of available
sources of open data for the case study area (a part of city of Prague, The Czech
Republic).

© IFIP International Federation for Information Processing 2017

Published by Springer International Publishing AG 2017. All Rights Reserved
J. Hřebíček et al. (Eds.): ISESS 2017, IFIP AICT 507, pp. 139–149, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89935-0_12
140 L. Herman et al.

2 Open Data and Technologies

“Open Data and content can be freely used, modified, and shared by anyone for any
purpose” [34]. This definition was initially derived from the Open Source Definition.
Open data are available without access restrictions, licenses, copyright, patents, or
charges for access or re-use. The main reasons, why data should be open, are:
• transparency,
• the release of social and commercial value,
• the release of participation,
• the release of engagement.
Because of the variability in open data, when, for example, one organization deploys
PDF files while another deploys raw data, Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor of the Web
and Open Data supporter, suggested a 5-star deployment scheme for Open Data. The
scheme – from scanned tables in PDF, through XLS and CSV, to data that could be
linked to other data (e.g. [24]) – is shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. 5-star schema of Open Data openness (source: [2])

2.1 Open Geospatial Data

There are various projects creating open geospatial data. Precise and detailed geospatial
data are not usually open or distributed for free. National mapping agencies or commer‐
cial companies usually offer their geospatial data for a fee. Therefore because of such
fees, open or free geospatial data are used whenever they are suitable enough. Free data
could be licensed (e.g. for limited usage in educational context) unlike Open Data. Open
geospatial data have potential uses and applications in various fields such as urban plan‐
ning, urban studies or 3D city modelling [7, 18], transport analysis and navigation [11],
precision farming [24, 25], environmental protection [16], sociology and socio-
economic analysis [21], crime analysis [28], and also crisis management, which is the
topic of this article. In the following paragraphs we present examples of various sources
of open geospatial data, with an emphasis on data suitable for 3D modelling.
 Flood Modelling and Visualizations of Floods Through 3D Open Data 141

Open geospatial data, or open data in general, are often collected, managed, and
then made available by an institution, organization or government. These providers
should be responsible for the content. According to the provider, these open data can
be termed open government data. The same should also hold for open geospatial data.
The most commonly used freely available elevation data sets are derived from the
SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) and the ASTER GDEM (Advanced
Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global Digital Elevation
Model). SRTM DEM (Digital Elevation Model) is the result of a project spear‐
headed by NASA and NGA (National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency). The pixel size
of the raw image represents 30 m over the USA and Australia. For the rest of the
world, the ground resolution is 90 m. The elevation models obtained from SRTM data
are freely available from the Internet. Up to 2009, SRTM DEM was the most
complete high-resolution digital topographic database of the Earth. In 2009, the
ASTER GDEM was released. Compared to SRTM DEM, ASTER GDEM covers a
larger area of the Earth and the resolution is 30 m worldwide. By the end of 2015, all
of the highest-resolution data generated from SRTM were also released. [3, 29, 32,
36] EU-DEM is another similar dataset for the pan European region, which is
provided by the European Environmental Agency. For the European level, EU-DEM
provides downloadable color-shaded relief data with values relating to actual eleva‐
tions. The EU-DEM is a hybrid product based on SRTM and ASTER GDEM data
fused by a weighted averaging approach. The resolution of EU-DEM is 25 m. [5]
Meanwhile, the currently most popular open geospatial data source, Open‐
StreetMap (OSM), is in the form of a Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI)
project created by thousands of contributors, which are not responsible for the content
or which cannot be held accountable for the content. OSM data can be both transformed
from official sources and manually created by voluntary users. For this reason, OSM
data should be used with caution, especially if the issue needs detailed (and precise)
input data such as the 3D modelling of cities. Some 3D visualizations or 3D models
have been created on the basis of OSM data. A basic extension for 3D modeling is
Simple 3D Buildings based on the 3D attributes of buildings. On the basis of the heights
of building outlines and building parts, 3D buildings are modeled or, for example, roof
types are described. Another 3D application based on OSM data is the open source
project Open Earth View. Its aim is full 3D web browsing of a world map. The base
ground is built by OSM 2D tiles, which are extended by 3D tiles created essentially from
SRTM and other accessible elevation data, or from OSM 2D data attributes like building
elevation, number of floors, or roof elevation. For conversion from OSM data into a 3D
model, OSM2World can also be used. The OSM-3D project combines OSM data and
the SRTM DEM on a virtual globe. OSM-3D is a part of the development of a 3D
Geodata Infrastructure for the entire World based on open web service standards of the
Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC). The project aims to provide a Web-based inter‐
active 3D view of OSM data. OSM Buildings and F4map are two quite similar projects
concerning also the 3D visualization of OSM data. [1, 19, 23, 30].
142 L. Herman et al.

2.2 3D Data Formats

Both technologies and standards primarily designed for computer graphics and GIS
formats are used to save 3D geospatial data. Probably the oldest most widespread format
for interactive 3D computer graphics is VRML (Virtual Reality Modelling Language).
VRML is a text file format in which 3D geometry can be specified along with surface
colour, texture, transparency, and other properties. X3D (Extensible 3D) is an open
standard file format based on XML for the description of spatial scenes. Essentially, it
is recognized as the successor to VRML. COLLADA is designed to store 3D graphics;
it has similar capabilities to X3D and also the XML structure [4]. There are many other
3D graphics formats besides the above mentioned technologies, and extensions of more
conventional (2D) formats, such as 3D PDF, can also be used.
3D spatial objects are also stored through GIS technologies. For example, Multipatch
is geometry used in ESRI geodatabases and in Shapefiles to represent 3D features. GML
(Geography Markup Language) is an XML grammar defined by the OGC to express
geographical features. GML was originally only 2D; however, since version 3.0, it has
also been possible to manage 3D data. CityGML is an application schema for GML
version 3.1.1 for the storage and exchange of virtual 3D city models. KML (Keyhole
Markup Language) is primarily intended for the publication and distribution of
geographic data. KML 2.2 was adopted in 2008 as an OGC standard [13].
3D formats can also be classified according to a 5-star scale of data openness. A 3D
PDF or Shapefile (Multipatch geometry) can be classified under the 2-star class, other
formats like COLLADA, KML, VRML, X3D, GML and CityGML under the 3-star
class. An important issue for open data formats is their standardization. The most impor‐
tant standardization authority in geoinformatics is OGC. From the above mentioned,
technologies standardized by OGC include CityGML, GML and KML. Formats from
3D computer graphics are standardized, for example, by ISO (International Organiza‐
tion for Standardization) or the Khronos Group. ISO standards are VRML and X3D.
The Khronos group uses a standardized COLLADA format.

2.3 Freeware and Open Source Software for 3D Modelling

Software designed primarily for computer graphics, computer-aided drawing (CAD),

photogrammetry, or GIS can be used when processing 3D geospatial data. Freely avail‐
able 3D GIS software include the tools GRASS, LandSerf, 3DEM, and gvSIG with 3D
extension. These software packages usually employ simple 3D visualization or 3D
spatial analysis (in particular, GRASS). The 3D extension to gvSIG enables, for
example, the extrusion of 2D geometry, the symbolisation of point layers, or the setting
of stereo visualization. These tools also quite often allow the conversion of selected
formats. Certain possibilities of 3D data processing are also provided through plug-ins
(e.g. DEMto3D, Shp2D3, and Qgis2threejs) in the widespread open source software
QGIS.
Trimble SketchUp, which is used regularly for the 3D modelling of buildings and
other objects, is a CAD program working with 3D data. Regarding software for 3D
computer graphics, commercial programs are often used. However, there are also the
 Flood Modelling and Visualizations of Floods Through 3D Open Data 143

freeware applications MeshLab and View3DScene as well as the open source tools
Blender and Wings 3D. The individual aforementioned applications are often combined
in the process of creating 3D models. The key factor is then support for formats that are
used to transfer data between applications. In these connections, it is appropriate to use
standards (all formats specified in the previous section are standards). Price is also an
important aspect when selecting 3D software, in addition to its functionality. In this
study, we focus on non-commercially distributed applications (freeware and open
source).

2.4 3D Rendering in a Web Browser

A broad spectrum of technologies is also available for rendering on the Web. In addition
to thick clients, which are standalone applications such as Google Earth, there are a
number of techniques for displaying 3D data using a simple web browser. Many of them
use plug-ins. 3D models can be displayed in a web environment using Flash plug-in,
version 11.0 or higher, or Microsoft Silverlight technology, version 3.0 or higher [4].
Plug-ins are also used for the implementation of virtual globes, for example NASA
World Wind. Today, preference is given to technologies built on HTML5 and JavaScript
library WebGL. These are, for example, SpiderGL, Three.js, XML3D and X3DOM.
SpiderGL library is based on the COLLADA file structure [6]. Three.js was used for the
implementation of 3D city model visualization by [38]. Practical aspects of the use of
the X3DOM library for the 3D visualization of detailed models of cities are described,
for example, by [8]. In addition to general 3D libraries, there are also a number of 3D
virtual globes, e.g. OpenWebGlobe [20].

3 Pilot Study

The data and technologies described in this paper were tested in the area around the
Vltava River in Prague, the Czech Republic. The floods in 2002 were the most destruc‐
tive floods in the history of Prague. The flow of the Vltava River culminated at
5300 m3/s. About 40 000 people were evacuated from immediate vicinity. The area
around the Vltava was flooded again in 2013 (culmination at 3 200 m3/s).

3.1 Open Geospatial Data in the Czech Republic

The Registry of Territorial Identification, Addresses and Real Estate (RUIAN) in the
Czech Republic became a freely available online resource for geospatial data in 2012.
Among other data and attributes, this registry also contains information about number
of floors per each building. On the basis of this information, 3D models can be created
from building footprints. The dataset is downloadable and includes also address points,
streets, parcels, administrative units, and electoral districts [27].
There are also detail open data for city areas provided in the Czech Republic, e.g.
Děčín, Plzeň and, above all, Prague. The Prague Institute of Planning and Development
(IPR) manages and provides open data – specifically, open data for various purposes
144 L. Herman et al.

and analyses connected, for example, with power distribution, noise mapping, the
climate, the environment, and flood protection. In addition to this kind of data, the data‐
sets include 3D buildings, 3D towers, absolute and relative building heights, digital
terrain models (DTM), or digital surface models (DSM). Similar data for 3D city models
are also provided for cities around the world, e.g. Berlin, Hamburg, Montreal, Rotterdam
and New York [10, 22].

3.2 Input Data

The following were used as input data for the creation of 3D models:
• The digital terrain model of the city Prague provided by IPR in TIFF format. This
DTM was created from aerial photography in 2010 and designed for the level of detail
commensurate with a map scale of 1:5 000.
• Building footprints from RUIAN that are available on-line as a Web Feature Service
or as off-the-shelf GML files (data are compressed by the GZIP algorithm).
• Flood areas for various water levels (for 5-, 20- and 100-year floods) provided by
IPR as Shapefiles with Polygon geometry. Alternatively, Shapefiles for identical
water levels from the DIBAVOD (Digital Base of Water Management Data) database
can also be used, but these do not have a clearly defined license.
• Flood walls provided by IPR as Shapefiles with Polyline geometry.
• Orthophoto Prague 2015 with a pixel resolution of 50 cm and in true colors. Data
acquisition took place in August 2015. Orthophoto is stored in TIFF format.
• POI (Points of Interest) from OSM downloaded from Geofabrik Tools. We used POI
as a Shapefile with Point geometry.

3.3 Processing of Open Data

These input data were processed in QGIS software (version 2.12) with the same plug-
ins which are intended for the processing and visualization of 3D data. The QGIS
program enables the use of functions important for 3D data pre-processing (interpolation
and other techniques of virtual surfaces creation). Available 3D plug-ins for QGIS are:
Shp2D3, CZML Generator, and Qgis2threejs. Shp2D3 transforms 2D vector data to 3D
by the sampling of an elevation raster map. It works actually only with polylines. CZML
Generator serves to export to form ready for virtual globe (for Cesium library).
Qgis2threejs exports terrain data, map canvas images, and vector data to a web browser
which supports WebGL. This plug-in uses the Three.js library; thus, in this study, final
visualization was implemented through this library.
In this pilot study (see Fig. 2), we used mainly Qgis2threejs for visualization in a
web browser. All data are loaded into QGIS as GML, Shapefiles, and TIFF files. Addi‐
tional layer settings (e.g. color scales for terrain) can be set through QGIS. Other param‐
eters of final visualization, like template of final web page, controls, and other parameters
of individual layers (e.g. exaggeration, display of labels, transparency, background
color, resampling of raster) are defined in the scope of the Qgis2threejs plug-in.
 Flood Modelling and Visualizations of Floods Through 3D Open Data 145

Fig. 2. Example of a web application for the 3D visualization of floods.

Three.js in final 3D visualization enables the basic functionality usually available in

web map portals (see of Fig. 3 – left part). Users can switch between layers or set their
transparency, because transparency avoids the occlusion of features or layers. One can
create one’s own “cut of plane” and simulate in this way the change of water level (shown
in right part of Fig. 3).

Fig. 3. Interactive functionality of developed application (left – setting parameters of layers,

right – “cut of plane”)

4 Discussions

3D visualization in general has significant application potential, but it is affected by its

properties, e.g. the UI (User Interface) or cartographic visualization methods. Regarding
cartographic visualization, our approach is not directly dependent on the visualization(s)
of underlying data. Cartographic visualization should be developed separately for each
application and is not directly re-distributable since it is written directly in the Three.js
code. We may define, for example, a standardized cartographic visualization for flood
areas, flood walls, as well as POI using the developed software as shown in this paper.
[15, 35] have focused on this issue.
146 L. Herman et al.

The usability aspects of concrete UI are also important topics for future research.
Some authors, e.g. [37], argue that 3D visualization is able to present geospatial data to
wider audiences, including those with little or no cartographical or GIS experience. On
the other hand, results of other previous studies [9, 12, 31] suggest that interactive 3D
visualization will be more useful for users with previous experience with 3D visualiza‐
tion and for complex tasks in particular. It would be appropriate to validate created
application through user testing.
When we focused on technological issues, we found that using Multipatch geometry
for storing 3D open geodata limits the possibilities of 3D modeling in open source soft‐
ware which does not support this geometry (unlike Shapefiles with Point, Polyline or
Polygon geometries). Multipatch geometry is supported only in commercial software
(ESRI ArcGIS and FME), but not in QGIS or gvSIG. Buildings at the level of detail 1
(LoD 1) are modeled in the resulting application only. Web applications built with
Three.js could be further tested in terms of capacity, availability and support in different
Web browsers. Deployment in a form of daily service should be made after validations
of above mentioned technological parameters.

5 Conclusion

The presented proof-of-concept application was established in order to demonstrate the

possibility of open web-based 3D visualization. It should be emphasized that the open‐
ness relies on the data and software used, as well as on the final application. The devel‐
oped proof-of-concept application is freely available to interested persons under a BSD
license.
To sum up, the following major advantages of 3D visualization based on open data
and Three.js library were identified:
• it represents (in this pilot study) an example of an open data application usable in
flood impact analysis and crisis management;
• it enables user-friendly interactive 3D visualization, which is accessible to a broad
spectrum of users (from the general public to experts);
• it does not require any new software or plug-ins to be installed on the client or server
sides;
We also identified some limitations of available open source tools. The non-commer‐
cial software functionality needed for the creation of 3D visualizations is generally
sufficient because, inter alia, programs primarily used in computer graphics can also be
used for this purpose. Less commonly available is non-commercial software support for
3D analytical tools (3D equivalents of overlay algebra functions, calculations of surfaces
or volumes of 3D elements).
We must also mention recommendations for the formats in which open ends are
provided for 3D geospatial data. Multipatch geometry, which is used in the case of
Prague open data for 3D models of buildings at the level of detail 2 (LoD 2), is not
supported in open source tools such as QGIS. It is more suitable to transform these data
 Flood Modelling and Visualizations of Floods Through 3D Open Data 147

into a standardized format like CityGML or into GML files formatted according to
INSPIRE (INfrastructure for SPatial InfoRmation in Europe) data theme Buildings.

Acknowledgements. This research was funded by Grant No. MUNI/A/1419/2016, “Integrated

research on environmental changes in the landscape sphere of Earth II” and Grant No. MUNI/M/
0846/2015, “Influence of cartographic visualization methods on the success of solving practical
and educational spatial tasks”, both awarded by Masaryk University, Czech Republic.

References

1. 3D development. http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/3D_development
2. 5 ★ Open Data. http://5stardata.info/en/
3. ASTER Global Digital Elevation Map Announcement. https://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gdem.
asp
4. Behr, J., Eschler, P., Jung, Y., Zöllner, M.: X3DOM – a DOM-based HTML5/ X3D
integration model. In: Proceedings of Web3D 2009: The 14th International Conference on
Web3D Technology, Web3D 2011, pp. 127–135 (2009)
5. Copernicus. http://www.copernicus.eu
6. Di Benedetto, M., Corsini, M., Scopigno, R.: SpiderGL: a graphics library for 3D web
applications. In: International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial
Information Sciences, vol. XXXVIII-5/W16, pp. 467–0474 (2011)
7. Goetz, M.: Towards generating highly detailed 3D CityGML models from OpenStreetMap.
Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci. 27(5), 845–865 (2013)
8. Herman, L., Reznik, T.: 3D web visualization of environmental information – integration of
heterogeneous data sources when providing navigation and interaction. In: ISPRS Archives
of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, vol. XL-3/W3,
pp. 479–485 (2015)
9. Herman, L., Stachon, Z.: Comparison of user performance with interactive and static 3D
visualization – pilot study. In: ISPRS Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and
Spatial Information Sciences, vol. XLI-B2, pp. 655–661 (2016)
10. IPR Praha - Institut plánování a rozvoje hlavního města Prahy [IPR Praha - Prague Institute
of Planning and Development]. http://www.iprpraha.cz/
11. Keler, A., Mazimpaka, J.D.: Safety-aware routing for motorised tourists based on open data
and VGI. J. Locat. Based Serv. 10(1), 64–77 (2016)
12. Jurik, V., Herman, L., Sasinka, C., Stachon, Z., Chmelik, J.: When the display matters: a
multifaceted perspective on 3D geovisualizations. Open Geosci. 9(1), 89–100 (2017)
13. Kolbe, T.H.: Representing and exchanging 3D city models with CityGML. In: Lee, J.,
Zlatanova, S. (eds.) 3D Geo-information Sciences. LNGC, pp. 15–31. Springer, Heidelberg
(2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-87395-2_2
14. Konecny, M.: Cartography: challenges and potentials in virtual geographic environments era.
Ann. GIS 17(3), 135–146 (2011)
15. Konecny, M., Kubicek, P., Stachon, Z., Sasinka, C.: The usability of selected base maps for
crises management - users’ perspectives. Appl. Geomat. 3(4), 189–198 (2011)
16. Kubásek, M.: Mapping of illegal dumps in the Czech Republic – using a crowd-sourcing
approach. In: Hřebíček, J., Schimak, G., Kubásek, M., Rizzoli, Andrea E. (eds.) ISESS 2013.
IAICT, vol. 413, pp. 177–187. Springer, Heidelberg (2013). https://doi.org/
10.1007/978-3-642-41151-9_17
148 L. Herman et al.

17. Kubíček, P., Muličková, E., Konečný, M., Kučerová, J.: Flood management and
geoinformation support within the emergency cycle (EU example). In: Hřebíček, J., Schimak,
G., Denzer, R. (eds.) ISESS 2011. IAICT, vol. 359, pp. 77–86. Springer, Heidelberg (2011).
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22285-6_9
18. Long, Y., Liu, L.: Transformations of urban studies and planning in the big/open data era: a
review. Int. J. Image Data Fusion 7(4), 295–308 (2016)
19. Mooney, P., Corcoran, P.: Has OpenStreetMap a role in digital earth applications? Int. J.
Digit. Earth 7(7), 534–553 (2014)
20. Netek, R., Loesch, B., Christen, M.: OpenWebGlobe - virtual globe in web browser. In:
SGEM - Geoconference on Informatics, Geoinformatics and Remote Sensing – Conference
Proceedings, vol. 1. pp. 497–503 (2013)
21. O’Brien, O., Cheshire, J.: Interactive mapping for large, open demographic data sets using
familiar geographical features. J. Maps 12(4), 676–683 (2016)
22. Open Data Initiatives. http://www.citygmlwiki.org/index.php/Open_Data_Initiatives
23. OpenStreetMap. https://www.openstreetmap.org
24. Palma, R., Reznik, T., Esbri, M., Charvat, K., Mazurek, C.: An INSPIRE-based vocabulary
for the publication of agricultural linked data. In 12th International Experiences and
Directions Workshop on OWL, pp. 124–133 (2016)
25. Reznik, T., Lukas, V., Charvat, K., Charvat Jr., K, Horakova, S, Krivanek, Z., Herman, L.:
Monitoring of in-field variability for site specific crop management through open geospatial
information. In ISPRS Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial
Information Sciences, vol. XLI-B8, pp. 1023–1028 (2016)
26. Roy, D.C., Coors, V.: 3D web-based GIS for flood visualization and emergency response. In:
73rd European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers Conference and Exhibition 2011:
Unconventional Resources and the Role of Technology, vol. 2, pp. 1001–1005 (2011)
27. RÚIAN [RUIAN]. http://www.cuzk.cz/ruian/RUIAN.aspx
28. Russnak, J., Ondrejka, P., Herman, L., Kubicek, P., Mertel, A.: Visualization and spatial
analysis of police open data as a part of community policing in the city of Pardubice (Czech
Republic). Ann. GIS 22(3), 187–201 (2016)
29. Shuttle Radar Topography Mission. http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm/dataprod.htm
30. Simple 3D Buildings. http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Simple_3D_buildings
31. Špriňarová, K., et al.: Human-computer interaction in real 3D and pseudo-3D cartographic
visualization: a comparative study. In: Robbi Sluter, C., Madureira Cruz, C., Leal de Menezes,
P. (eds.) Cartography - Maps Connecting the World. LNGC, pp. 59–73. Springer, Cham
(2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17738-0_5
32. SRTM DEM. http://www.gisat.cz/content/cz/produkty/digitalni-model-terenu/srtm-dem
33. Stachon, Z., Kubicek, P., Stampach, R., Herman, L., Russnak, J., Konecny, M.: Cartographic
principles for standardized cartographic visualization for crisis management community. In:
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Cartography and GIS, vol. 1 and 2, pp.
781–788 (2016)
34. The Open Definition. http://opendefinition.org
35. Van Ackere, S., Glas, H., Beullens, J., Deruyter, G., De Wulf, A., De Maeyer, P.:
Development of a 3D dynamic flood WEB GIS visualisation tool. Int. J. Saf. Secur. Eng.
6(3), 560–569 (2016)
36. Vijith, H., Seling, L.W., Dodge-Wan, D.: Comparison and suitability of SRTM and ASTER
digital elevation data for terrain analysis and geomorphometric parameters: case study of
Sungai Patah subwatershed (Baram River, Sarawak, Malaysia). Environ. Res. Eng. Manag.
71(3), 23–35 (2015)
 Flood Modelling and Visualizations of Floods Through 3D Open Data 149

37. Vozenilek, V.: Cartography for GIS: Geovisualization and Map Communication. Univerzita
Palackého, Olomouc (2005)
38. Wendel, J. Murshed, S.M., Sriramulu, A., Nichersu, A.: Development of a web-browser based
interface for 3D data – a case study of a plug-in free approach for visualizing energy modelling
results. In: Progress in Cartography, pp. 185–205 (2016)

View publication stats