J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No.

6B

wd&pämefudk wd&pämefjzifh cdkif;EdIif;aom pum;yHkrsm;\

t"dyÜm,fESifh 0guszGJUyHk
Ä
armifarmifOD;
pmwrf;tusOf;
þpmwrf;onf jrefrmpum;yHkpmtkyfwGif yg0ifaom wd&pämefudk
wd&pämefjzifh cdkif;EdIif;aom pum;yHkrsm;\ t"dyÜm,fESifh 0guszGJUyHkudk
odEdkif&ef &nf½G,fygonf/ tavhvmcHtjzpf jrefrmpmtzGJUrS xkwfa0
cJhaom ]jrefrmpum;ykH} pmtkyfudk toHk;jyKygonf/ ,if;pmtkyfwGif
yg0ifonfh wd&pämeftcsif;csif; cdkif;EdIif;aom pum;yHkrsm;\ 0guszGJUyHkudk
bmomaA'ynm&yf½IaxmifhrS wifjy&mwGif wd&pämeftcsif;csif; cdkif;EdIif;aom
pum;yHkrsm;\ t"dyÜm,f? wd&pämeftcsif;csif; cdkif;EdIif;aom pum;yHkrsm;\
0guszGJUyHk? NcHKiHkoHk;oyfcsuf [lí u@(3)ck yg0ifrnf jzpf\/ þpmwrf;\
wifjycsufrsm;aMumifh ]jrefrmpum;ykH}pmtkyfwGif yg0ifaom wd&pämefudk
wd&pämefjzifh cdkif;EdIif;aom pum;yHkrsm;\t"dyÜm,fomru xdkpum;yHk
rsm;onf bmomaA'½Iaxmifht& rnfodkYrnfyHk 0guszGJUxm;onfudk
odvmrnf jzpfygonf/

ed'gef;
jynfaxmifpkor®wjrefrmEdkifiHwGif wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;aygif;pHk aexdkifMu
onf/ xdkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;aygif;pHkwGif ¤if;wdkYESifh oufqdkifaom pum;yHkrsm;
&SdMurnf jzpfonf/ ,if;wdkYrS Arm wpfenf; jrefrmwdkYwGifvnf; pum;yHkrsm;
&Sdonf/ jrefrmpum;yHkrsm;wGif wd&pämefudk wd&pämefjzifh cdkif;EdIif;aom pum;yHk
rsm;vnf; yg0ifygonf/ xdkpum;yHkrsm;\ t"dyÜm,frSm rnfuJhodkY &Sdoenf;/
pum;yHkrsm;udk rnfonfhyHkpHjzifh 0guszGJUxm;onfudk odoifhygonf/

Ä
a'gufwm? uxdu? jrefrmpmXme? &efukefwuúodkvf
50 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B

1/ jyKpk&aom &nf&G,fcsuf
Arm wpfenf; jrefrmwdkYwGif&Sdaom pum;yHkrsm;udk avhvmolwdkYonf
tm;oef&m ½IaxmifhrS yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;jzifh avhvmcJhMuygonf/ odkYaomfvnf;
wd&pämeftcsif;csif; cdkif;EdIif;aom pum;yHkrsm;\ t"dyÜm,fESifh xdkpum;yHkrsm;\
0guszGJUyHkudk bmomaA'ynm&yf½IaxmifhrS rnfolrQ avhvmcJhzl;jcif; r&Sdao;yg/
xdkYaMumifhvnf; þpmwrf;onf jrefrmpmbmom&yf bmompum;avhvmrI
twGuf taxmuftyHhjzpfrnf[k arQmfvifhygonf/ ,if;onf ]wd&pämefudk wd&pämefjzifh
cdkif;EdIif;aom pum;yHkrsm;\ t"dyÜm,fESifh0guszGJUyHk}udk avhvm&jcif;\ &nf&G,fcsuf
jzpfygonf/

2/ tcsuftvuf aumuf,lpkaqmif;jcif;
(1996)ckESpfwGif jrefrmpmtzGJUu wwd,tBudrf xkwfa0cJhaom
jrefrmpum;yHpk mtkyfrS tcsuftvuf aumuf,pl kaqmif;ygonf/ ,if;pmtkyfwiG f
vlrItajctaetrsKd;rsKd;udk cdkif;EdIif;a&;om;wifjyxm;aom pum;yHk (870)
yg0ifonf/ ,if;wdkYwGif wd&pämefudk wd&pämefjzifh cdkif;EdIif;pum;yHk (60)
yg0ifonfudk avhvmawGU&Sd&ygonf/ þodkYawGU&Sd&aom wd&pämefudk wd&pämefjzifh
cdkif;EdIif;aom pum;yHkrsm;udk tBudrfBudrf txyfxyf avhvmcJhygonf/

3/ avhvmaome,fy,f
okawoejyKol tBudrfBudrf txyfxyf avhvmcJhaom jrefrmpum;yHk
pmtkyfwGif yg0ifonfh wd&pämeftcsif;csif; cdkif;EdIif;aom pum;yHkrsm;udk rnfodkY
rnfyHk avhvm&rnfudk pOf;pm;a&G;cs,fqHk;jzwfygonf/ wd&pämeftcsif;csif;
cdkif;EdIif;aom pum;yHkrsm;\t"dyÜm,fudk wpfpkwpfpnf;wnf; pkaygif;í tm;vHk;
od&SdapvdkaomaMumifh? pum;yHkrsm;\0guszGJUyHkudk bmomaA'½IaxmifhrS wifjy
&vQif ydkíqDavsmfrnf[k ,lqrdaomaMumifh ]wd&pämefudk wd&pämefjzifh
cdkif;EdIif;aom pum;yHkrsm;\ t"dyÜm,fESif0h guszGUJ yHk} [laom þpmwrf; ay:ayguf
vm&jcif; jzpfygonf/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B 51

4/ jyKpkyHk
þokawoewGif ]wd&pämefudk wd&pämefjzifh cdkif;EdIif;aom pum;yHkrsm;\
t"dyÜm,f}udk jrefrmpum;yHkpmtkyfwGif a&;om;xm;onfhtwdkif; wdkuf½dkuf
udk;um;um tu©&mpOftwdkif; wifjyxm;onf/ jrefrmtbd"mefudk jrefbd?
c&D;aqmif t*Fvdyf-jrefrmtbd"mefudk vdyfjrefbd? ]jrefrm pum;ykH} pmtkyfudk
jrefyHk [k þokawoewGif twdkaumuf &nfñTef;ygonf/ ]wd&pämef
tcsif;csif; cdkif;EdIif;aom pum;yHkrsm;\ 0guszGJUyHkudk wifjy&mwGif bmomaA'
ynm&yf\ 0guszGJUyHkenf;emrsm;udk toHk;jyKygonf/ 0guszGJUyHkenf;emESifh
pyfvsOf;onfh twdkaumuftoHk;rsm;udk oufqdkif&mu@rsm;wGif azmfjyrnf
jzpfygonf/

5/ okawoetpDtpOf
]wd&pämefudk wd&pämefjzifh cdkif;EdIif;aom pum;yHkrsm;\ t"dyÜm,fESifh
0guszGJUyHk} udk avhvmaom þokawoewGif -
(1) pum;yHkrsm;\t"dyÜm,f
(2) pum;yHkrsm;\0guszGJUyHk
(3) NcHKiHkoHk;oyfcsuf
[lí (3)ydkif; cGJjcm;um wifjyrnf jzpfygonf/

1/ pum;yHkrsm;\t"dyÜm,f
jrefrmwdkYu pum;yHk [kac:onfudk t*FvdyfwdkYu ]proverb = qdk½dk;/
pum;yHk/} 1 [k ac:Muonf/ t*Fvdyfa0g[m& proverb onf axGjym;onfh
oabm oufa&mufaeonf/ ,if;udk jrefrmtbd"mefwGif zGifhqdkcsufrsm;jzifh
qef;ppfMunfhrnfqdkygu-

1
vdyfjrefbd? 2016? 753/
52 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B

pum;yHk\t"dyÜm,frSm-
]]vltrsm; qifjcifrSwfom;zG,fjzpfatmif pHjyKcdkif;EdIif;avh
&Sdaom xda&mufuspfvspfajyjypfonfh pum;}}1
jzpfygonf/
qdk½dk;pum; \t"dyÜm,frSm-
]]tpOftvm ajymqdkcJhMuaom rSwfom;zG,f&mpum;}}2
jzpfonf/
xdktcsufrsm;t& rSwfom;zG,f&mpum;wpfckwGif wifpm;cdkif;EdIif;rIygvQif
pum;yHk [k owfrSwfEdkifNyD; wifpm;cdkif;EdIif;rI rygvQif qdk½dk; [k owfrSwf
&rnf jzpfonf/
(1996)ckESpfwGif jrefrmpmtzGJUu wwd,tBudrf xkwfa0cJhaom
jrefrmpum;yHkpmtkyfwGif Zmwfedygwf? ordkif;? yHkjyifudk tajcjyKaom? aygif;oif;
qufqHrIudk tajccHaom vlYobm0tqdk;taumif;udk azmfjyaom? ZGJvHkYv
tm;rmefudk azmfusL;aom? jzpfysufajymif;vJwwfaom avmu"Hudk yHkaqmifaom
pojzifh pum;yHkaygif; (870) yg0ifonf/ ,if;wdkYwGif wd&pämefudk wd&pämefjzifh
cdkif;EdIif;aom pum;yHk tck (60) yg0ifaeygonf/ xdkpum;yHk wpfckcsif;pD\
t"dyÜm,fudk þu@wGif jrefrmAsnf;tu©&mpOftvdkuf wifjyoGm;ygrnf/

1? 1/ ]u} Asnf;tu©&mwGif yg0ifaom pum;yHkrsm;

]u} Asnf;tu©&mwGif wd&pämefudk wd&pämefjzifh cdkif;EdIif;aom pum;yHkrsm;
pum;yHk (13)ck &Sdonf/ xdkpum;yHkrsm;ESifh t"dyÜm,frSm-
1/ ]]usm;csif;udkuf&m orif ul rSm;onf
usm;csif;udkuf&mwGif orifu 0ifa&mufulrd rSm;onfqdkouJhodkY
tiftm;BuD;aom rdrd&efoltcsif;csif; y#dyu©jzpf&mwGif 0ifa&muf
ulrd rSm;onf/}}3
1
jrefbd? 2008? 90/
2
jrefbd? 2008? 121/
3
jrefyHk? 1996? 16/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B 53

2/ ]]usm;csif;udkuf&m orifvrf;ul;rSm;
usm;ESpfaumif udkufaeaom ae&modkY orifonf vrf;rSm;í
a&mufoGm;rdojzifh 'ku©awGU&ouJhodkY rdrdESifhrqdkifaom tjcm;
yk*¾dKvf ESpfOD;\ y#dyu©wGif 'ku©a&muf&onf/}}1
3/ ]]usm;vnf;aMumuf& usm;acs;vnf; aMumuf&
usm;udkom aMumuf&onfr[kwf usm;acs;udkyifvQif aMumuf&
ouJhodkY rdrdtm; ESdyfpufEdkifaom t&Sdeft0g&Sdoludkom aMumuf&onf
r[kwf? t&Sdeft0gudkrSDNyD; tmPmjyaeaom aemufvdkuf todkif;
t0dkif;rsm;udkyg aMumuf&onf/}}2
4/ ]]usm;oem;rS EGm;csrf;om
usm;a&SUa&mufaom EGm;onf usm;oem;rSom toufcsrf;omcGifh
&Edkifrnf jzpfouJhodkY tvGef&ufpufMurf;MuKwfol a&SUarSmuf
a&mufolonf xdkoloem;ñSmwmrSom csrf;omcGifh &Edkifrnf/}}3
5/ ]]usD;wpfaumiftwGuf usD;trsm;ysuf
usD;wpfaumifaMumifh usD;rsm; ysufpD;&ouJhodkY wpfa,muf
raumif;aomaMumifh trsm; ysufpD;qHk;½IH;&onf/}}4
6/ ]]usD;bkwf½dkao bkwfuDs;½dkao
usD;ESifhbkwfwdkYonf wpfaumifESifhwpfaumif av;pm;½dkaoMu
ouJhodkY rdrdu olwpfyg;udk ½dkaoav;pm;jcif;jzifh olwpfyg;u
rdrdudk ½dkaoav;pm;rnf/}}5

1
jrefbd? 2008? 16/
2
jrefyHk? 1996? 17/
3
jrefyHk? 1996? 18/
4
jrefyHk? 1996? 19/
5
jrefyHk? 1996? 20/
54 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B

7/ ]]aMumifcHwGif;ysufESifh quf&ufawmifyHusKd;onf
cHwGif;ysufaeaom aMumifonf tvG,fwul zrf;,lEdkifrnfh
awmifyHusKd; quf&ufudk tcefYoifh awGUouJhodkY tdrfaxmifa&;wGif
vdktifqE´ rjynfhcdkuf rdrdqE´udk tvG,fwul jznfhrnfholESifh
tcefYoifhawGUonf/}}1
8/ ]]aMumifwpfouf MuufwpfNrHK
aMumifwpfaumifaMumifh MuufwpfNrHKvHk; ysufpD;&ouJhodkY tEdkif
txufjyKol wpfOD;aMumihf tm;rJholtrsm; ysufpD;qHk;½IH;&onf/}}2
9/ ]]aMumifr&Sd <uufjrL;}} 3 ^]]aMumifr&Sd <uufx
aMumifr&Sdcdkuf <uufwdkY x<ujrL;xl;ouJhodkY aMumuf&GHU&rnfhol
r&Sdcdkuf xifovdk ajymqdkjyKrlaexdkifonf/}}4
10/ ]]aMumif½kyfjzpfap <uufaowmvdk&if;
aMumif½kyfyif jzpfapumrl <uufNidrfjcif;om y"mejzpfouJhodkY
rnfonfudkyif oHk;oHk; udpöNyD;ajrmufa&;om y"mejzpfonf/}}5
11/ ]]aMumiftdk <uufrav;
aMumiftdkudk <uufrsm; rav;rcefYouJhodkY touft&G,f
BuD;&ifhaom rdb? q&morm;wdkYudk om;orD; wynfhwdkYu
rcefYnm;Muacs/}}6
12/ ]]<uufem;&Guf 0ufwyf
<uuf\em;&Gufudk 0ufwGifwyfqifouJhodkY tjrifrawmfavmufatmif
t&G,fyrmP rwlrrQ qif,ifrGrf;rHonf/}}7

1
jrefyHk? 1996? 26/
2
jrefyHk? 1996? 26/
3
jrefyHk? 1996? 27/
4
jrefyHk? 1996? 27/
5
jrefyHk? 1996? 28/
6
jrefyHk? 1996? 28/
7
jrefyHk? 1996? 32/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B 55

1? 2/ ]c} Asnf;tu©&mwGif yg0ifaom pum;yHkrsm;

]c} Asnf;tu©&mwGif wd&pämefudk wd&pämefjzifh cdkif;EdIif;aom pum;yHk (2)ck
&Sdonf/ xdkpum;yHkrsm;ESifh t"dyÜm,frSm-
1/ ]]jcaohFrif;a&SU ,kefoli,froef;0Hh
jcaoFhrif;\ a&SUarSmufwGif ,kefi,fonf jzwfoef;roGm;0Hh
ouJhodkY t&Sdeft0gBuD;rm;oltm; t&Sdeft0genf;yg;olu aMumuf&GHU
cefYnm;onf/}}1
2/ ]]acG;usKd;eJY ,kefvdkuf
,kefudk ajcusKd;aeaomacG;ESifh vdkufvHzrf;ouJhodkY rvG,fulaom
udpöwpf&yfudk csKdU,Gif;csuf tm;enf;csufrsm;ESifh vkyfaqmif
onf/}}2

1? 3/ ]*} Asnf;tu©&mwGif yg0ifaom pum;yHk

]*} Asnf;tu©&mwGif wd&pämefudk wd&pämefjzifh cdkif;EdIif;aom pum;yHkwpfck
&Sdonf/ xdkpum;yHkESifh t"dyÜm,frSm -
1/ ]]*VKefjynf*VKef e*g;jynfe*g;
*VKefjynfwGif *VKefrif;rlí e*g;jynfwGif e*g;rif;rlouJhodkY
olYae&mwGifol udk,fhae&mwGifudk,f wGifus,fonf/}}3

1? 4/ ]i} Asnf;tu©&mwGif yg0ifaom pum;yHkrsm;

]i} Asnf;tu©&mwGif wd&pämefudk wd&pämefjzifh cdkif;EdIif;aom pum;yHk (7)ck
&Sdonf/ xdkpum;yHkrsm;ESifh t"dyÜm,frSm-

1
jrefyHk? 1996? 41/
2
jrefyHk? 1996? 42/
3
jrefyHk? 1996? 46/
56 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B

1/ ]]ig;aMumfrBudKuf aMumifrdkuf
ig;aMumfudk awGUygvsuf rpm;aomaMumifonf aMumifrdkufom
jzpfouJhodkY tcGifhaumif; &ygvsuf r,lvdkufaomolonf
vlrdkufom jzpfonf/}}1
2/ ]]ig;Muif;qDESifh ig;Muif;aMumf
ig;Muif;rS &aomtqDjzifh ig;Muif;udk aMumfouJhodkY udpöwpf&yfrS
&&Sdonfh tusKd;tjrwfjzifhyif xdkudpö NyD;ajrmufatmifjrif
aponf/}}2
3/ ]]ig;pdrf;jrif ig;uifypf
ajracG;onf ig;pdrf;udk jrifumrQESifh rdrdyg;pyfxJodkY a&mufNyD;aom
ig;uifudk pGefYypfouJhodkY topfudk jrifumrQESifh rdrdvuf0,f
&Sdaom ta[mif;udk pGefYypfonf/}}3
4/ ]]ig;wk c½kyGuf tdkifysuf
obm0tm;jzifh ig;uJhodkY ryGufEdkifaom c½ku ig;udk wkyí
yGufojzifh tdkifü ig;&SdonfxifNyD; yufjcif;aMumifh a&tdkif
ysufpD;&ouJhodkY rwkyoifhonfudk wky,SOfNydKifojzihf rdrda&m
ywf0ef;usifyg xdcdkuf ysufpD;&onf/}}4
5/ ]]ig;yGuf&m ig;pmcs
ig;pmwyfxm;aom ig;rQm;csdwfudk wpfae&mwnf;wGif csrxm;bJ
ig;yGufwdkif; ig;yGuf&modkY ajymif;a&TUcsvQif ig;rrdouJhodkY tvkyf
wpfckudk pGJpGJNrJNrJ rvkyfbJ tusKd;&SdEdk;Edk;ESifh trsKd;rsKd; ajymif;vJ
vkyfvQif t&mra&muf jzpfwwfonf/}}5

1
jrefyHk? 1996? 50/
2
jrefyHk? 1996? 50/
3
jrefyHk? 1996? 51/
4
jrefyHk? 1996? 52/
5
jrefyHk? 1996? 53/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B 57

6/ ]]ig;&HU& twlwl ig;cl& cGJjcrf;jcrf;

tdkifyufolESpfOD;onf ig;&HUuav;rsm; &aomtcg ESpfa,muf
twlwl ydkifMuonf[k oabmxm;Muaomfvnf; ig;clBuD;rsm;
&aomtcg avmb0ifí cGJjcrf; cGJjcrf; vkyfouJhodkY tvkyftwlwl
vkyfoltcsif;csif; tusKd;tjrwfenf;aomf tusKd;wloabm cH,lEdkif
Muaomfvnf; tusKd;tjrwfrsm;aomf ta0rwnfhjzpfvmonf/}}1
7/ ]]iSufrodawmh quf&uf csKd;xif
iSufudk cGJjcm;írodygu csKd;iSufudkyif quf&uf[k xifwwf
ouJhodkY vludk aumif;qdk; rcGJjcm;wwfolonf vlaumif;udkyif
vlqdk;[k xifwwfonf/}}2

1? 5/ ]p} Asnf;tu©&mwGif yg0ifaom pum;yHk

]p} Asnf;tu©&mwGif wd&pämefudk wd&pämefjzifh cdkif;EdIif;aom pum;yHk
wpfck &Sdonf/ xdkpum;yHkESifh t"dyÜm,frSm-
1/ ]]pmO a'gif;tkyf a'gif;O pmtkyf
pmuav;Oudk a'gif;u vHkNcHKpGm tkyfEdkifonf/ a'gif;Oudk
pmuav;u vHkNcHKpGm rtkyfEdkif/ xdkYtwl pDrHtkyfcsKyf&mü pDrH
&onfhwm0efESifh pDrHol\t&nftcsif; avsmfuefrI&SdrS atmifjrifrI
&Edkifonf/}}3

1? 6/ ]q} Asnf;tu©&mwGif yg0ifaompum;yHkrsm;

]q} Asnf;tu©&mwGif wd&pämefudk wd&pämefjzifh cdkif;EdIif;aom pum;yHk
(10)ck &Sdonf/ xdkpum;yHkrsm;ESifh t"dyÜm,frSm-

1
jrefyHk? 1996? 54/
2
jrefyHk? 1996? 58/
3
jrefyHk? 1996? 58/
58 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B

1/ ]]qifaumifBuD;awGUrS qifajc&m&Sm&efrvdk
qifaumifudk awGU&NyD;jzpfí qif[kwfr[kwf ajc&m&SmazGMunfh&ef
rvdkawmhouJhodkY vufqkyfvufudkif awGUxm;NyD;jzpfí [kwfr[kwfudk
oJvGefp&Sm&ef rvdkawmhay/}}1
2/ ]]qifusD;pm;&m qdwfrcHom
qifu usDpm;onfh oabmjzifh jyKrlaomfvnf; qdwftzdkY
rcHomatmif emusifouJhodkY tm;BuD;olu xdckdufvdkonfhoabm
rygbJ cyfayghaygh jyKvdkufaom trIonf tm;enf;oltzdkY
rcHomatmif jzpf&onf/}}2
3/ ]]qifacgif; acG;rcsDEdkif
qifOD;acgif;udk acG;onf csDvdkaomfvnf; rcsDEdkifouJhodkY rdrdtm;
ESifhrrQaom 0efudk &Gufaqmifvdkaomfvnf; r&GufaqmifEdkif
jzpfonf/}}3
4/ ]]qifcsnfaomBudK; MuufcsnfaomfrNrJ MuufcsnfaomBudK;
qifcsnfaomfrcdkif
qifcsnfaom BudK;jzifh Muufudk csnfaomf uRwf&m\/
Muufcsnfaom BudK;jzifh qifudk csnfaomf jywf&m\/ xdkYtwl
0efESifhtm; avsmfuefjcif; r&SdvQif vkyfief;acsmarGUatmifjrifjcif;
r&SdEdkif/}}4
5/ ]]qifydef uRJavmuf
qifonf BuHKvSDoGm;apumrl uRJudk,fxnfavmuf &Sdao;ouJhodkY
<u,f0csrf;aomolonf pD;yGm;usqif;oGm;apumrl omrefolwdkYxuf
pD;yGm;xkxnf &Sdao;onf/}}5

1
jrefyHk? 1996? 67/
2
jrefyHk? 1996? 68/
3
jrefyHk? 1996? 68/
4
jrefyHk? 1996? 69/
5
jrefyHk? 1996? 69/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B 59

6/ ]]qifjzLrsufESm qifrnf;rMunfh0Hh
qifjzLawmfudk qifrnf;u &ifrqdkif&JouJhodkY *kPfodu©m
t&Sdeft0g BuD;rm;oludk *kPfodu©mcsKdUwJholu rsufESmcsif; rqdkif
0Hhacs/}}1
7/ ]]qifrwwfEdkif <uufwwfEdkif\/
qifowå0g raqmif&GufEkdifaom udpöudk <uufowå0gu aqmif&Guf
Edkifonf qdkouJhodkY wpfcgwpf&H tiftm;BuD;ol? &mxl;*kPfodrf
BuD;olwdkY raqmif&GufEdkifaomudpöudk xdkatmufi,folwdkYu pGrf;aqmif
Edkifonf/}}2
8/ ]]qifvnf; qifhtxGmESifh yk&Gufqdwfvnf; yk&GufqdwftxGmESifh
qifonftaumifBuD;ojzifh qifESifhvdkufzufatmif txGmBuD;NyD;
yk&Gufqdwfonf taumifi,fojzifh yk&GufqdwfESifhvdkufzufatmif
txGmi,fouJhodkY t&m&mwGif obm0w&m;t& tcsKd;tpm; nDrQ
onfom jzpfonf/}}3
9/ ]]qifaoudk qdwfa&ESifhzHk;
taumiftxnfBuD;rm;onfh qifaoudk ao;i,faom qdwfom;a&ESifh
zHk;ouJhodkY BuD;rm;aom jyóemudk rcdkifvHkaom qifajcjzifh
zHk;uG,f&ef tm;xkwfonf/}}4
10/ ]]qifhem;&Guf <uufwyf
qif\em;&Gufudk <uufwGif wyfqifouJhodkY tjrifrawmfavmufatmif
t&G,fyrmP rwlrrQ qif,ifrGrf;rHonf/}}5

1
jrefyHk? 1996? 72/
2
jrefyHk? 1996? 72/
3
jrefyHk? 1996? 73/
4
jrefyHk? 1996? 73/
5
jrefyHk? 1996? 75/
60 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B

1? 7/ ]Z} Asnf;tu©&mwGif yg0ifaom pum;yHk

]Z} Asnf;tu©&mwGif wd&pämefudk wd&pämefjzifh cdkif;EdIif;aom pum;yHkwpfck
&Sdonf/ xdkpum;yHkESifh t"dyÜm,frSm-
1/ ]]ZD;uGufavmufawmh iSufwdkif;vS
ZD;uGuf\ tvSrQavmufum; iSufwdkif;wGif &SdonfjzpfouJhodkY
omrefrQavmufaom t&nftcsif;rsKd;um; vlwdkif;ü &Sdonfcsnf;
jzpfonf/}}1

1? 8/ ]w} Asnf;tu©&mwGif yg0ifaom pum;yHk

]w} Asnf;tu©&mwGif wd&pämefudk wd&pämefjzifh cdkif;EdIif;aom pum;yHk
wpfck &Sdonf/ xdkpum;yHkESifh t"dyÜm,frSm-
1/ ]]awmaMumifhusm;vHk usm;aMumifh awmvHk
awmtkyfaumif;ojzifh usm;onf vHkNcHKpGm usufpm;Edkifonf/
usm;&Sdojzifh awmonf vlolav;yg; zsufqD;rnfh tEÅ&m,frS
vHkNcHKonf/ xdkYtwl tcsif;csif; tjyeftvSef tusKd;jyKMujcif;jzifh
ESpfOD;ESpf0 vHkNcHKpGm &yfwnfEdkifMuonf/}}2

1? 9/ ]e} Asnf;tu©&mwGif yg0ifaompum;yHkrsm;

]e} Asnf;tu©&mwGif wd&pämefudk wd&pämefjzifh cdkif;EdIif;aom pum;yHk (5)ck
&Sdonf/ xdkpum;yHkrsm;ESifh t"dyÜm,frSm-
1/ ]]e*g;jynf e*g; *VKefjynf *VKef
e*g;jynfwGif e*g;rif;rlí *VKefjynfwGif *VKefrif;rlouJhodkY
olYae&mwGifol udk,fhae&mwGifudk,f wGifus,fMuonf/}}3

1
jrefyHk? 1996? 80/
2
jrefyHk? 1996? 85/
3
jrefyHk? 1996? 114/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B 61

2/ ]]EGm;uav;EdkY EGm;rBuD;pdkY
EGm;uav;EdkYudk EGm;rBuD;pdkYonf qdkouJhodkY jzpfNrJobm0ESifh
qefYusifum vli,frsm;\ MoZmtBuHÓPfudk vlBuD;olrrsm;u
cH,lvdkufemae&onf/}}1
3/ ]]EGm;uGJ usm;udkuf
EGm;tkyfuGJvQif usm;udkufcH&ouJhodkY tcsif;csif; rnDrnGwf
jzpfvQif &efol tESdyftpufcH&onf/}}2
4/ ]]EGm;xD;ig;usyf EGm;rig;usyf
wefzdk;csif;rwlonfh EGm;xD;ESifh EGm;rudk wefzdk;twlwlxm;í
owfrSwfouJhodkY t&nftcsif;csif; rwlonfudk wlouJhodkY wefzdk;
jzwfonf/}}3
5/ ]]EGm;ysKdoefvS EGm;tdkaygifusKd;
ysKd&G,faomEGm; oefrmvSonf qdkapumrl cdkif;om;&NyD;jzpfaom
aygifusKd;aeaom EGm;tdk\ oefrmrIrQavmufom &SdouJhodkY
vli,f\tpGrf;onf 0g&ifhaom vlBuD;\tpGrf;udk rausmfvGefEdkif/}}4

1? 10/ ]y} Asnf;tu©&mwGif yg0ifaompum;yHk

]y} Asnf;tu©&mwGif wd&pämefudk wd&pämefjzifh cdkif;EdIif;aom pum;yHkwpfck
&Sdonf/ xdkpum;yHkESifh t"dyÜm,frSm-
1/ ]]ysm;vnf;pGJom &SOfhvnf;avQmufom
ysm;ESifh&SOfhwdkYonf opfudkif;wpfudkif;wnf;ü ysm;tHkvnf; zGJUom
&SOfhvnf; avQmufomap&ouJhodkY udpöwpf&yfü ESpfzuftusKd;
rQwap&monf/}}5

1
jrefyHk? 1996? 121/
2
jrefyHk? 1996? 122/
3
jrefyHk? 1996? 124/
4
jrefyHk? 1996? 125/
5
jrefyHk? 1996? 138/
62 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B

1? 11/ ]z} Asnf;tu©&mwGif yg0ifaom pum;yHkrsm;

]z} Asnf;tu©&mwGif wd&pämefudk wd&pämefjzifh cdkif;EdIif;aom pum;yHkrsm;
(3)ck &Sdonf/ xdkpum;yHkrsm;ESifht"dyÜm,frSm-
1/ ]]zm;udkvdk zm;aygifjzifhrQm;
zm;udk tvdk&Sdygu zm;aygifjzifh rQm;&onfqdkouJhodkY wpfpHk
wpf&mudk tvdk&SdvQifvnf; ESD;EG,fywfouf&mESifhyif &,lEdkifonf/}}1
2/ ]]zm;wkvdkY c½kckef
obm0t& rckefEdkifaom c½konf zm;udkvdkufwkí ckef&ef tm;xkwf
ouJhodkY t&mr[kwfonfü wky,SOfNydKifonf/}}2
3/ ]]zm;Edkif zm;pm; ig;Edkif ig;pm;
zm;uBuD;vQif ig;i,fudk pm;í ig;uBuD;vQif zm;i,fudk
pm;ouJhodkY tiftm;BuD;vQif tEdkif&pwrf; jzpfonf/}}3

1? 12/ ]r} Asnf;tu©&mwGif yg0ifaom pum;yHkrsm;

]r} Asnf;tu©&mwGif wd&pämefudk wd&pämefjzifh cdkif;EdIif;aom pum;yHk(4)ck
&Sdonf/ xdkpum;yHkrsm;ESifh t"dyÜm,frSm-
1/ ]]arsmufNrD;ESifh arsmufcsnf
arsmufudk arsmufNrD;ESifh csnfonfqdkouJhodkY jyifyrS tultnD
r&,lbJ udpöwpf&yfESifhESD;ET,faeonfh tcsif;t&mjzifhyif xdkudpöudk
NyD;ajrmufatmifjrifaponf/}}4
2/ ]]arsmufom;pm;csif arsmufrsufESmMunfh
arsmufom;pm;vdkpdwf jzpfay:apumrl arsmuf\oem;p&m rsufESmudk
Munfh½Ií iJhñSmoifhouJhodkY wpfpHkwpfa,muftay:ü &ufpuf

1
jrefyHk? 1996? 142/
2
jrefyHk? 1996? 142/
3
jrefyHk? 1996? 143/
4
jrefyHk? 1996? 143/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B 63

vdkpdwf jzpfay:apumrl wpfcsdefu xdkol\aumif;cJhzl;aom tcsuf

rsm;udk iJhí axmufxm;oifhonf/}}1
3/ ]]arsmufom;pm;csif arsmufrsufESmrMunfhESifh
arsmufom;udk pm;csifí pm;awmhrnf[k qHk;jzwfvQif arsmuf\
oem;p&maumif;aom rsufESmudk MunfhraeygESifh/ xdkYtwl
vkyfvdkaomudpöudk jywfjywfom;om; vkyfawmhrnf[k qHk;jzwfvQif
iJhñSmaxmufxm;p&mrsm;udk iJhuGufraeygESifh/}}2
4/ ]]a>ryl&m uif;arSmuf
a>raygrsm;&mwGif uif;uyg aESmifh,SufjyefouJhodkY ylyefp&mrsm;
awGUBuHKae&mwGif aemuftylwpfrsKd;u 0ifa&muf aESmifh,Suf
jyefonf/}}3

1? 13/ ],} Asnf;tu©&mpum;yHkrsm;

],} Asnf;tu©&mwGif wd&pämefudk wd&pämefjzifh cdkif;EdIif;aom pum;yHk
(3)ck &Sdonf/ xdkpum;yHkrsm;ESifh t"dyÜm,frSm-
1/ ]],kefusL;csnf acG;usL;csnf
,kefudk acG;uvdkuf&mwGif ,kefu a&SUuajy;í acG;u aemufu
vdkufonfhtcg &SdouJhodkY ,kefuwHkYvdkufojzifh acG;onf a&SUa&muf
oGm;onfhtcgvnf; &Sdonf/ xdkYtwl tNydKifjzpfaeol ESpfOD;onf
tjywftowf ruGmbJ olomonfhtcgom udk,fomonfh tcgom
jzpfaeonf/}}4

1
jrefyHk? 1996? 181/
2
jrefyHk? 1996? 182/
3
jrefyHk? 1996? 189/
4
jrefyHk? 1996? 195/
64 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B

2/ ]],kefawmifajy; acG;ajrmufvdkuf
,kefu awmifbufodkY ajy;í acG;u ajrmufbufodkY vdkufouJhodkY
oGm;&muwjcm;? vdkuf&muwpfyg; wvGJpD jzpfaeonf/}}1
3/ ]],kefaxmif aMumifrd
,kefudk axmifaomfvnf; ,kefudkrrdbJ awmaMumifudk rdouJhodkY
rdrdqifxm;aom tuGuftuGif;odkY rdrd&nfpl;olu 0ifrvmbJ
r&nfpl;olu 0ifvmonf/}}2

1? 14/ ]&} Asnf;tu©&mpum;yHkrsm;

]&} Asnf;tu©&mwGif wd&pämefudk wd&pämefjzifh cdkif;EdIif;aom pum;yHk (3)ck
&Sdonf/ xdkpum;yHkrsm;ESifh t"dyÜm,frSm-
1/ ]]a&SUaqmifEGm;vm; aumufaumufoGm;u aemufEGm;wpfodkuf
aumufaumufvdkuf\/
a&SUaqmifEGm;vm; auGUauGUaumufaumuf oGm;ygu aemufEGm;
rsm;onfvnf; auGUauGUaumufaumuf vdkufouJhodkY OD;pD;
acgif;aqmifjzpfol rajzmifhrwfrwf BuHpnfvkyfudkifygu aemufvdkuf
i,fom;rsm;vnf; rajzmifhrrwf vkyfudkifMuonf/}}3
2/ ]]a&SUaqmifEGm;vm; ajzmifhajzmifhoGm;u aemufEGm;wpfodkuf ajzmifhajzmifh
vdkuf\/
a&SUaqmifEGm;vm; ajzmifhajzmifhoGm;vQif aemufEGm;rsm;vnf; tpOf
wpdkuf ajzmifhajzmifhvdkufbdouJhodkY OD;pD;acgif;aqmifjzpfolu
ajzmifhajzmifhrwfrwf BuHpnfvkyfaqmifygvQif aemufvdkufi,fom;
rsm;vnf; ajzmifhajzmifhrwfrwfyif BuHpnfvkyfaqmifMuonf/}}4

1
jrefyHk? 1996? 195/
2
jrefyHk? 1996? 195/
3
jrefyHk? 1996? 206/
4
jrefyHk? 1996? 206-207/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B 65

3/ ]]&SOfhvnf;avQmufom ysm;vnf;pGJom
ysm;ESifh&SOfhwdkYonf opfudkif;wpfudkif;wnf;ü ysm;tHkvnf; zGJUom
&SOfhvnf; avQmufomap&ouJhodkY udpöwpf&yfü ESpfzuftusKd;
rQwap&monf/}}1

1? 15/ ]v} Asnf;tu©&mpum;yHkrsm;

]v} Asnf;tu©&mwGif wd&pämefudk wd&pämefjzifh cdkif;EdIif;aom pum;yHk
(3)ck &Sdonf/ xdkpum;yHkrsm;ESifh t"dyÜm,frSm -
1/ ]]vif;wavmufawmh iSufwdkif;vS
vif;w vSorQavmufum; iSufwdkif;yif vSMuouJhodkY omref
t&nftcsif;rsKd;rQavmufum; vlwdkif;üyif &SdMuonf/}}2
2/ ]]vif;EdkYcGefawmif;<uuf <uufcGefawmif;vif;EdkY
vif;EdkYonf vif;EdkYcGefawmif;vQif <uuf? <uufcGefawmif;vQif
vif;EdkY[k qdkum tcGefay;aqmif&ef a&Smifwdrf;ouJhodkY rdrd&ifqdkif
&rnfhudpöü tusKH;r0ifoa,mif rvdrfhwywfvkyfum a&Smifwdrf;onf/}}3
3/ ]]vSHzsm;ykpOf;em; usD;uef;acs;yg
vSHzsm;ü ykpOf;em;onfudk usD;uef;ujrif&m rdrdESifh roufqdkif
ygvsuf aMumufvefYí acs;ygouJhodkY tcsKdUolwdkYonf udk,fESifh
roufqdkifygbJvsuf olwpfyg;udpöü BuHzefawG;awmí aMumufvefYonf/} 4

1? 16/ ]0} Asnf;tu©&mpum;yHk

]0} Asnf;tu©&mwGif wd&pämefudk wd&pämefjzifh cdkif;EdIif;aom pum;yHkwpfck
&Sdonf/ xdkpum;yHkESifh t"dyÜm,frSm-

1
jrefyHk? 1996? 209/
2
jrefyHk? 1996? 220/
3
jrefyHk? 1996? 220/
4
jrefyHk? 1996? 225/
66 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B

1/ ]]0ufem;½Guf <uufwyf
0uff\em;½Gufudk <uufwGif wyfqifouJhodkY tjrifrawmf
avmufatmif t½G,fyrmPrwlrrQ qif,ifrGrf;rHonf/}}1

1? 17/ ]o} Asnf;tu©&mpum;yHkrsm;

]o} Asnf;tu©&mwGif wd&pämefudk wd&pämefjzifh cdkif;EdIif;aom pum;yHk
wpfck &Sdonf/ xdkpum;yHkESifh t"dyÜm,frSm -
1/ ]]orifarG;&if; usm;pm;&if;
b0tqufquf &efbufjzpfvmcJh&m wpfOD;uorif wpfOD;uusm;
b0wGif orifarG;vdkufwdkif; usm;upm;ypfouJhodkY tusKd; wpfpHkwpf&m
jzpfay:vmwdkif; tzwfrwifbJ ukefoGm;onf/}}2

2/ pum;yHkrsm;\0guszGUJ yHk
0gus 3 onf tqpftydkif;? tpdwfydkif; r[kwf t"dyÜm,ft&? o'´gt&
oD;jcm;vGwfvyfpGm &yfwnfEdkifaom tzGJUtpnf; jzpfonf/ 0guswGif 0gus½dk;4?
0gusa&m 5 ? 0gusaygif; 6 [lí oHk;rsKd; &Sdonf/ ,ck avhvmaom wd&pämef
tcsif;csif; cdkif;EdIif;aom pum;yHkrsm;wGifvnf; 0gus½dk;? 0gusa&m? 0gusaygif;
oHk;rsKd;vHk; yg0ifonfudk avhvmawGU&Sd&ygonf/ þpmwrf;wGif 0gusa&m?
0gusaygif; [lí cGJjcm;azmfjyrnf r[kwfbJ trSD0guswpfck&Sdaom 0gusa&m?
trSD0gusESpfck&Sdaom 0gusa&m[k wifjyrnf jzpfygonf/

1
jrefyHk/ 1996? 228/
2
jrefyHk/ 1996? 232/
3
sentence
4
simple sentence
5
complex sentence
6
compound sentence
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B 67

2? 1/ pum;yHkrsm;wGifygaom 0gus½d;k
0gus½dk;onf zGJUpnf;yHkt& ½dk;aom0gus jzpfonf/ Bud,m1 wpfckwnf;jzifh
0gus½dk; jzpfEdkifouJhodkY tjcm;aom yk'fwpfck? wpfckruaom yk'fwdkYvnf;
0gus½dk;wGif yg0ifEdkifonf/ 0gus½dk;onf tqdk0gus? tajz0gus? tar;0gus
wpfckck jzpfEdkifonf/ odkYaomf 0gus½dk;wGif Mud,mwpfckom yg0if&jcif;?
0gusaemufqHk;ypönf; 2 ygonfvnf; &SdEdkifonf? rygonfvnf; &SdEdkifygonf/
0gus½dk;zGJUpnf;yHkudk yHkaoenf;? oauFwwdkYjzifh azmfjy&vQif-
3
yHkaoenf; 0gus½dk; oD;jcm;0gus + Bud,m 0gusypönf;
4 5 6 7 8
oauFw Ss ICL + V + ^- ^ sp

2? 1? 1/ 0gus½d;k
wd&pämefudk wd&pämefjzifh cdkif;EdIif;aom pum;yHkrsm;wGif 0gus½dk; (18)ck
yg0ifonf/ ,ckwifjyrIonf pum;yHkrsm;t& od&aom0guszGJUudk wifjyjcif;
jzpfaomaMumifh 0gus½dk;rsm;wGif 0gusaemufqHk;ypönf; rygonfudk awGU&ouJhodkY
tar;ypönf; ryg0ifonfudkvnf; awGU&ygonf/ avhvmawGU&Sd&aom 0gus½dk;
zGJUyHkrsm;rSm-
0gus½dk; oD;jcm;0gus Bud,m 0gusypönf;r&Sd
Ss ICL V -
usD;wpfaumiftwGuf usD;rsm; ysuf -
aMumifwpfouf MuufwpfNrHK - -
<uufem;&Guf 0uf wyf -
1
verb
2
entence particle
3
jzpfaMumif;jytrSwftom;
4
Ss= simple sentence
5
ICL= independent clause
6
+ = 0gus0dbwf&Sdjcif;
7
– = 0gus0dbwfr&Sdjcif;
8
clause marker
68 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B

jcaohFrif;a&SU ,kefoli,f roef;0Hh -

*VKefjynf*VKef e*g;jynfe*g; - -
ig;Muif;qDESifh ig;Muif; aMumf -
qifacgif; acG; rcsDEdkif -
qifjzLrsufESm qifrnf; rMunfh0hH -
qifvnf; qifhtxGmESifh
yk&Gufqdwfvnf;
yk&GufqdwftxGmESifh - -
qifaoudk qdwfa&ESifh zHk; -
qifhem;½Guf <uuf wyf -
ZD;uGufavmufawmh iSufwdkif; vS -
e*g;jynfe*g; *VKefjynf*VKef - -
EGm;uav;EdkY EGm;rBuD; pdkY -
EGm;xD;ig;usyf EGm;rig;usyf - -
arsmufNrD;ESifh arsmuf csnf -
vif;wavmuf iSufwdkif; vS -
0ufem;½Guf <uuf wyf -

2? 2/ pum;yHkrsm;wGifygaom 0gusa&m
0gusa&monf 0gus½dk;xuf tqpftydkif;? tpdwftydkif; ydkrsm;onf/
0gusa&mwGif oD;jcm;0guscGJwpfck ygudkyg&rnf/ oD;jcm;0guscGJ\ aemufqHk;
ae&mwGif 0gusaemufqHk;ypönf; rygrjzpf yg&rnf/ trSD0gusonf tenf;qHk;
wpfck odkYr[kwf wpfckruaom trSD0gusrsm; ygEdkifonf/ ,if;um; 0gusa&m\
zGJUpnf;yHk jzpfonf/ 0gusa&mzGJUpnf;yHkudk yHkaoenf;? oauFwdkYjzifh azmfjy&vQif -
yHkaoenf;
0gusa&m trSD0guscGJ + oD;jcm;0guscGJ Bud,m 0gus0dbwf
wpfck^twGJ
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B 69

oauFw
1
cpl.s DCL + ICL V sp/ P

2? 2? 1/ trSD0guscGw
J pfckygaom 0gusa&m
wd&pämefudk wd&pämefjzifh cdkif;EdIif;aom pum;yHkrsm;wGif trSD0guscGJ wpfck
ygaom 0gusa&m tck(36) yg0ifonfudk awGU&onf/ ,ckwifjyrIonf pum;yHk
rsm;t& od&aom 0gusa&mzGJUyHkudk wifjyjcif; jzpfaomaMumifh 0gusrsm;wGif
0gusaemufqHk;ypönf; ygonf? rygonfudk awGU&ouJhodkY tar;ypönf; ryg0ifonf
udkvnf; awGU&ygonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm-
0gusa&m trSD0guscGJ + oD;jcm;0guscGJ Bud,m 0gus0dbwf
cpl.s DCL + ICL V +/–
usm;csif;udkuf&m oriful rSm; onf
usm;csif;udkuf&m orifvrf;ul; rSm; -
usm;vnf;aMumuf& usm;acs;vnf; aMumuf& -
usm;oem;rS EGm; csrf;om -
usD;bkwf½kdao bkwfusD; ½dkao -
aMumifcHwGif;ysufESifh quf&ufawmifyH usKd; onf
aMumifr&Sd <uuf x -
aMumifr&Sd <uuf jrL; -
aMumif½kyfjzpfap <uufaowm vdk&if; -
aMumiftdk <uuf rav; -
acG;usKd;eJY ,kef vdkuf -
ig;aMumfrBudKuf aMumuf rdkuf -
ig;pdrf;jrif ig;uif ypf -
ig;yGuf&m ig;pm cs -

1
dependent clause
70 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B

iSufrodawmh quf&uf csKd;xif -

pmO a'gif;tkyf a'gif;O pmtkyf -
qifusDpm;&m qdwfrcHom - -
qifydef uRJavmuf - -
qifrwwfEdkif <uuf wwfEdkif \
awmaMumifhusm;vHk usm;aMumifh awmvHk -
EGm;uGJ usm; udkuf -
EGm;ysKdoefvS EGm;tdk; aygifusKd; -
ysm;vnf;pGJom &SOfhvnf;avQmufom - -
zm;udkvdk zm;aygifjzifh rQm; -
zm;wkvdkY c½k ckef -
arsmufom;pm;csif arsmufrsufESm Munfh -
arsmufom;pm;csif arsmufrsufESm rMunfh ESifh
a>ryl&m uif; arSmuf -
,kefusL;csnf acG;usL;csnf - -
,kefawmifajy; acG;ajrmuf vdkuf -
,kefaxmif aMumif rd -
a&SUaqmifEGm;vm; aemufEGm;wpfodkuf
aumufaumufoGm;u aumufaumuff vdkuf \
a&SUaqmifEGm;vm; aemufEGm;wpfodkuf
ajzmifhajzmifhoGm;u ajzmihfajzmifh vdkuf \
&SOfhvnf;avQmufom ysm;vnf;pGJom - -
vif;wavmufawmh iSufwdkif; vS -
vSHzsm; ykpOf;em; usD;uef; acs; yg
orifarG;&if; usm;pm;&if; - -
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B 71

2? 2? 2/ trSD0guscGEJ Spfckygaom 0gusa&m

wd&pämefudk wd&pämefjzifh cdkif;EdIif;aom pum;yHkrsm;wGif trSD0guscGJ
ESpfckygaom 0gusa&m(3)ck yg0ifonfudk awGU&onf/ ,ckwifjyrIonf pum;yHk
rsm;t& od&aom 0gusa&mzGJUudk wifjyjcif; jzpfaomaMumifh 0gusrsm;wGif 0gus
aemufqHk;ypönf; ygonf? rygonfudk awGU&ouJhodkY tar;ypönf; ryg0ifonf
udkvnf; awGU&ygonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm-
0gusa&m ]trSD0guscGJ. . .}1 + oD;jcm;0guscGJ Bud,m 0gus0dbwf
2
cpls DCL . . . + ICL V +^-
ig;&Hh&twlwl
ig;cl& cGJjcrf;jcrf; - -
ig;wk c½kyGuf - tdkifysuf -
qifaumifBuD;awGUrS
qifajc&m&Sm&ef - rvdk -

2? 2? 3/ trSD0guscGo
J Hk;ckygaom 0gusa&m
wd&pämefudk wd&pämefjzifh cdkif;EdIif;aom pum;yHkrsm;wGif trSD0guscGJ av;ck
ygaom 0gusa&m (3)ck yg0ifonfudk awGU&onf/ ,ckwifjyrIonf pum;yHkrsm;
t& od&aom 0gusa&mzGJUyHkudk wifjyjcif; jzpfaomaMumifh 0gusrsm;wGif 0gus
aemufqHk;ypönf; ygonf? rygonfudk awGU&ouJhodkY tar;ypönf; ryg0ifonf
udkvnf; awGU&ygonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm-
0gusa&m ]trSD0guscGJ. . .}2 + oD;jcm;0guscGJ Bud,m 0gus0dbwf
3
cpls DCL . . . + ICL V +^-
qifcsnfaomBudK;
MuufcsnfaomfrNrJ
MuufcsnfaomBudK;
qifcsnfaomfrcdkif - - -
1
trSD0gusESpfckyg0ifjcif;
2
trSD0gusoHk;ckyg0ifjcif;
72 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B

zm;Edkif zm;pm; ig;Edkif ig;pm; - -

vif;EdkYcGefawmif;<uuf
<uufcGefawmif; vif;EdkY - -

3/ NcHKiHkoHk;oyfcsuf
jrefrmpmtzGJUu xkwfa0cJhaom jrefrmpum;yHkpmtkyfwGif yg0ifaom
wd&pämefudk wd&pämefjzifh cdkif;EdIif;aom pum;yHkrsm;\ 0guszGJUyHkudk pum;yHkrsm;\
t"dyÜm,fESifh pum;yHkrsm;\ 0guszGJUyHk[lí wifjycJhygonf/ ,if;wdkYudk u@
(2)ckcGJum oHk;oyfwifjyoGm;ygrnf/ ]2? 1/ ESifh 2? 2/} wdkYwGif wifjycJhonf
rsm;udk tajcjyKum u@(2)ck cGJjcm;um tao;pdwfoHk;oyfwifjyoGm;rnf/

3? 1/ pum;yHkrsm;\t"dyÜm,f
jrefrmpum;yHkpmtkyfwGif wd&pämefudk wd&pämefjzifh cdkif;EdIif;aom pum;yHkrsm;
tck(60) yg0ifonf/ ,if;wdkY\t"dyÜm,fudk jrefrmtu©&mpOfoabmt& rnfonfh
tu©&m pum;yHk b,fESck &Sdonfudk a&SUwGif wifjycJhygonf/ ,if;wdkYudk pdppf
avhvmMunfhaomtcg-
pum;yHkwpfck t"dyÜm,fwpfck &Sdonfh pum;yHk (47)ck yg0ifonf/
(1) ajymif;jyefoabm t"dyÜm,faqmifonfh
- <uufem;&Guf 0ufwyf? qifhem;&Guf <uufwyf? 0ufem;&Guf
<uufwyf
- &SOfhvnf;avQmufom ysm;vnf;pGJom? ysm;vnf;pGJom &SOfhvnf;
avQmufom
- arsmufom;pm;csif arsmufrsufESm Munfh? arsmufom;pm;csif
arsmufrsufESm rMunfhESifh
- a&SUaqmifEGm;vm; aumufaumufoGm;u aemufEGm;wpfodkuf
aumufaumufvdkuf\
- a&SUaqmifEGm;vm; ajzmifhajzmifhoGm;u aemufEGm;wpfodkuf
ajzmifhajzmifhvdkuf\
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B 73

[lí pum;yHk (9)ck yg0ifonf/

(2) t"dyÜm,fwlaomfvnf; Bud,mtoHk;ajymif;xm;onfh
- usm;csif;udkuf&m orifulrSm;onf? usm;csif;udkuf&m orifulrSm;
- aMumifr&Sd <uufx? aMumifr&Sd <uufjrL;
[lí pum;yHk(4)ck yg0ifonf/

3? 2/ pum;yHkrsm;\0guszGUJ yHk oHk;oyfcsuf

pum;yHkrsm;\ 0guszGJUyHkudk 0gus½dk;zGJUyHkESifh 0gusa&mzGJUyHk [lí u@
(2)ckcGJum oHk;oyfwifjyoGm;ygrnf/

3? 2? 1/ 0gus½d;k zGJUyHk
2? 1/ wGif wifjycJhrIrsm;t& jrefrmpum;yHkpmtkyfwGif 0gus½dk;zGJUyHk (18)ck
yg0ifonfudk awGU&onf/ ,if;wdkYudk pdppfavhvmMunfhaomtcg vHk;csif;
Bud,mjzifh a&;xm;aom 0gus½dk; (10)ck? Bud,mjr§Kyfí a&;xm;onf[k
,lq&aom 0gus½dk; (5)ck? tjiif;jyypönf; Bud,m Bud,maxmufypönf;yHkpHjzifh
a&;xm;aom 0gus½dk; (3)ckwdkY yg0ifaMumif; od&onf/ xl;jcm;rIrSm pum;yHk
rsm;onf tajympum;udk tajcjyKjzpfay:vmonfh oabm&Sad omaMumifh 0gus½dk;
zGJUyHktm;vHk;wGif 0gusaemufqHk;ypönf;jzpfap tar;ypönf;jzpfap ryg0ifyg/
xdkYjyif 0gustwGif;&Sd yk'ftrsm;pkudkvnf; 0dbwfrygbJ a&;xm;ygonf/
vHk;csif;Bud,mjzifh a&;xm;aom 0gus½dk; (10)ck teuf aumufEkwf
wifjy&vQif-
usD;wpfaumiftwGuf usD;rsm; ysuf
<uufem;&Guf 0uf wyf
ig;Muif;qDESifh ig;Muif; aMumf
ponfwdkY jzpfonf/
74 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B

Bud,mjr§Kyfí a&;xm;onf[k ,lq&aom 0gus½dk; (5)ck teuf

aumufEkwfwifjy&vQif-
aMumifwpfouf MuufwpfNrHK -
EGm;xD;ig;usyf EGm;rig;usyf -
ponfwdkY jzpfonf/
tjiif;jyypönf; Bud,m Bud,maxmufypönf; yHkpHjzifh a&;xm;aom
0gus½dk; (3)ckudk wifjy&vQif-
jcaohFrif;a&SU ,kefoli,f roef;0Hh
qifacgif; acG; rcsDEdkif
qifjzLrsufESm qifrnf; rMunfh0hH
wdkY jzpfonf/

3? 2? 2/ 0gusa&mzGUJ yHk
2? 2/wGif wifjycJhrIrsm;t& jrefrmpum;yHkpmtkyfwGif 0gusa&mzGJUyHkrsm;udk
trSD0guswpfckygaom 0gusa&m? trSD0gusESpfckygaom 0gusa&m? trSD0gusoHk;ck
ygaom 0gusa&m [lí u@(3)ck cGJjcm;um oHk;oyfwifjy&vQif-

3? 2? 2? 1/ trSD0guswpfckygaom 0gusa&m
2? 2? 1/wGif wifjycJhrIrsm;t& jrefrmpum;yHkpmtkyfwGif trSD0guswpfck
ygaom 0gusa&mzGJUyHk (36)ck yg0ifonfudk avhvmawGU&Sd&onf/ ,if;wdkYudk
pdppfavhvmMunfhaomtcg vHk;csif;Bud,mjzifh a&;xm;aom 0gusa&m (14)ck?
vHk;wGJBud,mjzifh a&;xm;aom 0gusa&m (6)ck? Bud,mryg a&;xm;aom
0gusa&m (6)ck? Bud,m0dbwfygaom 0gusa&m (4)ck? tjiif;jyypönf;ygaom
0gusa&m (1)ck? Bud,maxmufygaom 0gusa&m (1)ck? tajymyHkpHjzifh
tqHk;owfum a&;xm;aom 0gusa&m (1)ck [lí a&;xm;aMumif; od&onf/
aumufEkwfwifjy&vQif-
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B 75

vHk;csif;Bud,mjzifh a&;xm;aom 0gusa&m (16)ckrS aumufEkwfwifjy

&vQif-
aMumifr&Sd <uuf x -
aMumifr&Sd <uuf jrL; -
acG;usKd;eJY ,kef vdkuf -
wdkY jzpfonf/
vHk;wGJBud,mjzifh a&;xm;aom 0gusa&m (6)ckrS aumufEkwfwifjy
&vQif-
usm;vnf;aMumuf& usm;acs;vnf; aMumuf& -
usm;oem;rS EGm; csrf;om -
usD;bkwf½kdao bkwfusD; ½dkao -
Bud,mryg a&;xm;aom 0gusa&m (6)ckrS aumufEkwfwifjy&vQif-
qifusDpm;&m qdwfrcHom - -
qifydef uRJavmuf - -
ysm;vnf;pGJom &SOfhvnf;avQmufom - -
Bud,m0dbwfygaom 0gusa&m (5)ckrS aumufEkwfwifjy&vQif-
aMumifcHwGif;ysufESifh quf&ufawmifyH usKd; onf
qifrwwfEdkif <uuf wwfEdkif \
tjiif;jyypönf; ygaom 0gusa&m (1)ckudk wifjy&vQif-
aMumiftdk <uuf rav; -
Bud,maxmufygaom 0gusa&m (1)ckudk wifjy&vQif-
usm;vnf;aMumuf& usm;acs;vnf; aMumuf& -
76 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B

tajymyHkpHjzifh tqHk;owfum a&;xm;aom 0gusa&m (1)ckudk wifjy&vQi-f

arsmufom;pm;csif arsmufrsufESm rMunfh ESifh
wdkYjzpfonf/

3? 2? 2? 2/ trSD0gusESpfckygaom 0gusa&m oHk;oyfcsuf

2? 2? 2/wGif wifjycJhrIrsm;t& jrefrmpum;yHkpmtkyfwGif trSD0gusESpfck
ygaom 0gusa&mzGJUyHk (3)ck yg0ifonfudk avhvmawGU&Sd&onf/ ,if;wdkYudk
pdppfavhvmMunfhaomtcg Bud,mryg a&;xm;aom 0gusa&m(1)ck? vHk;wGJ
Bud,mjzifh a&;xm;aom 0gusa&m (1)ck? Bud,m0dbwf tjiif;jyypönf;
ygaom 0gusa&m (1)ck [lí a&;xm;aMumif; od&onf/ ,if;wdkYudk wifjy
&vQif-
Bud,mryga&;xm;aom 0gusa&mrSm-
ig;&Hh&twlwl ig;cl& cGJjcrf;jcrf; - -
vHk;wGJBud,mjzifh a&;xm;aom 0gusa&mrSm-
ig;wk c½kyGuf tdkifysuf -
tjiif;jyypönf;ygaom 0gusa&m-
qifaumifBuD;awGUrS qifajc&m&Sm&ef rvdk -
wdkY jzpfonf/

3? 2? 2? 3/ trSD0gusoHk;ckygaom 0gusa&m
2? 2? 3/wGif wifjycJhrIrsm;t& jrefrmpum;yHpk mtkyfwGif trSD0gus
oHk;ckygaom 0gusa&mzGJUyHk (3)ck yg0ifonf/ xdk0gusrsm;udk Bud,m0dbwf
rygaom 0gusa&mzGJUyHkpHjzifh a&;xm;onfudk awGU&onf/ om"uwpfckjzifh
wifjy&vQif-
zm;Edkif zm;pm; ig;Edkif ig;pm; -
[lí jzpfonf/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B 77

ed*;Hk
]wd&pämefudkwd&pämefjzifhcdkif;EdIif;aom pum;yHkrsm;\t"dyÜm,fESifh0guszGJUyHk}
[laom þpmwrf;wGif u@(3)ckcGJum wifjycJhygonf/ u@wpf wGif
wd&pämefudk wd&pämefjzifh cdkif;EdIif;aom pum;yHkrsm;\ t"dyÜm,f jrefrmpum;yHk
pmtkyfwGifygaom t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufrsm;twdkif; tudk;taxmuf twdtusjzifh
wifjycJhonf/ u@ESpf wGif rdrdzwfrSwfxm;onfh pmayrsm;? ynm&Sif q&m
rsm;\ oifjyrIt& odvm&aom tawG;tjrif odrSwfrIrsm;t& pum;yHkrsm;\
0guszGJUyHkudk (2)ydkif; cGJjcm;um tao;pdwf wifjycJhonf/ u@oHk; wGif
u@ESpfwGif wifjycJhonfrsm;udk rdrdÓPfynmt& cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm oHk;oyfwifjy
cJhygonf/ xdkYaMumifh þpmwrf;rwifoGif;rDtcsdefxd rnfolrQ ravhvmzl;
ao;aom ]wd&pämefudk wd&pämefjzifh cdkif;EdIif;aom pum;yHkrsm;\t"dyÜm,fESifh
0guszGJUyHk}udk wifjy&jcif; jzpfygonf/ bmompum;udk txl;jyKavhvmolrsm;
twGuf rdrdokawoejyKrnfh acgif;pOfrsm;udk pOf;pm;&mwGif taxmuftyHh
aumif;jzpfrnf[k pmwrf;jyKpkolu ,HkMunfrdygonf/
78 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B

usrf;udk;pm&if;

jrefrmbmom
jrefrmpmtzGJU/ (1996)/ jrefrmpum;yHk? wwd,tBudrf/ &efukef? wuúodkvfrsm;yHkESdyfwdkuf/
jrefrmpmtzGJUOD;pD;Xme/ (2008)/ jrefrmtbd"mef? 'kwd,tBudrf/ &efukef? aevif;yHkESdyfwdkuf/
jrefrmpmESifhbmompum;ynmOD;pD;Xme/ (2016)/ c&D;aqmif t*Fvdyf-jrefrm tbd"mef?
'kwd,tBudrf/ &efukef? yHkESdyfwdkufryg/

t*Fvdyfbmom
Crystal, D.(2004). A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics.( 5th.edn.) Malden, Blackwell
Publishing Ltd.

avhvmzwfrSwfpmtkyfpm&if;
udkav;? armif/ (2003)/ jrefrmo'´g (bmomaA'avhvmcsuf)/ &efukefwuúodkvf?
jrefrmpmyg&*lbGJUtwGuf wifoGif;aomusrf;/
xGef;jrifh? OD;/ (1995)/ bmomaA'/ &efukefwuúodkvf? *sDtD;pD (ynma&;) or0g,r
vDrdwuf/