lqHkkf"krkfu

fVIi.kh
1

lqHkkf"krkfu

^lqHkkf"kr* 'kCn dk vFkZ gS ^lqUnj opu*A Js"B jpukdkjksa ds }kjk dgs x;s ;s lqUnj
opu lekt ds fy, dY;k.kdkjh gksrs gSaA izLrqr ikB esa egkHkkjr] euqLe`fr tSls xzUFkksa
ls ,sls gh lqHkkf"kr jRuksa dk lÄïyu fd;k x;k gSA bu i|ksa esa fo'ks"k :i ls vius ls
cM+ksa ds izfr lEeku dh Hkkouk] xq# ds izfr Ükz¼kHkko] pfj=k dh j{kk] /eZ ds y{k.k]
'kqfprk o lR; ds egÙo dk fun'kZu djk;k x;k gSA oLrqr% ;s lqHkkf"kr i| ekuoh;
thou ewY;ksa dh vfHko`f¼ ds fy, izsj.kk&lzksr gSaA ge lHkh bu i|ksa esa of.kZr uSfrd
xq.kksa dks thou esa /kj.k dj vf/d O;ogkj dq'ky o pfj=koku~ cu ldrs gSa ,oa vius
orZeku thou dks lkFkZd cuk ldrs gSaA

mn~ns';kfu
bea ikBa ifBRok Hkoku~@Hkorh
• 'yksdku~ lLoja ifB";fr_
• /eZL; y{k.ka KkRok ysf[k";fr_
• lqHkkf"krkfu foKk; Lefj";fr_
• lfU/;qÙkQinkuka lfU/PNsna dfj";fr_
• gyUriq¡fYyÄõinkuka okD;s iz;ksxa dfj";fr_
• rRiq#"k}U}lekl;ks% iz;ksxa dfj";frA
• i|kuke~ vUo;a HkkokFkZe~ p ysf[k";frA

laLÑre~ 1
 lqHkkf"krkfu

fØ;kdyki% 1-1
fVIi.kh
cM+ksa dk vknj djsaA
fucZy dh lgk;rk djsaA
va/fo'okl esa ugha cfYd oSKkfud
lksp esa fo'okl j[ksa

fp=k 1-1% d{kk esa Nk=kksa dks lnkpkj dk ikB i<+krs gq, f'kf{kdk

mifjnÙks fp=ks ,dk ikB'kkyk n`';rs

ikB'kkyk esa gesa lnkpkj ds fdu fu;eksa dk ikyu djuk pkfg, blls lEcfU/r uhps
dqN okD; fn;s x;s gSaA dqN O;ogkj okD; ,sls Hkh gSa tks ugha djus pkfg,A djus ;ksX;
O;ogkj&okD;ksa dks pqudj uhps fn;s x;s LFkku ij fyf[k,μ
ikyuh;kfu
(d) fo|ky;% le;su xUrO;%A (i) ----------------------------------------------------------
([k) ikB% è;kusu iBuh;%A (ii) ----------------------------------------------------------
(x) dksykgy% dj.kh;%A (iii) ----------------------------------------------------------

(?k) lnkpkjL; ikyua drZO;e~A (iv) ----------------------------------------------------------

(Ä) xq#tu&fuUnk dj.kh;kA (v) ----------------------------------------------------------

(p) fucZyNk=kk.kka lgk;rk dj.kh;kA
(N) o`{kk% u jksi.kh;k%A
(t) iq"ikf.k u =kksVuh;kfuA

2 laLÑre~
 lqHkkf"krkfu

1-1 bnkuha ewyikBa iBke%

fVIi.kh
izFke% ,dka'k%
vfHkoknu'khyL; fuR;a o`¼ksilsfou%a
pRokfj rL; o/ZUrs vk;qfoZ|k;'kkscye~AA1AA 'kCnkFkkZ%
izFkeka'k%
;Fkk [kuu~ [kfu=ks.k ujks ok;Zf/xPNfrA vfHkoknu'khyL; ¾ vfHkoknu djus
okys dh] fuR;a ¾ lnk] o`¼ksilsfou% ¾
rFkk xq#xrka fo|ka 'kqJw"kqjf/xPNfrAA2AA o`¼ksa dh lsok djus okys dh] pRokfj
¾ pkj]
o/ZUrs ¾ c<+rh gSa] [kuu~ ¾ [kurs gq,]
lR;su j{;rs /eksZ fo|k ;ksxsu j{;rsA [kfu=ks.k ¾ dqnky ls] okfj ¾ ikuh dks]
vf/xPNfr ¾ izkIr dj ysrk gS]
e`t;k j{;rs :ia dqya o`Ùksu j{;rsAA3AA
xq#xrka ¾ xq# ds ikl fo|eku]
'kqJw"kq% ¾ lsok djus dh bPNk okyk]
o`Ùka ;Rusu laj{ksn~ foÙkesfr p ;kfr pA j{;rs ¾ lqjf{kr gksrk gS] e`t;k ¾
LoPNrk ls] o`Ùksu ¾ pfj=k ls]
v{kh.kks foÙkr% {kh.kks o`ÙkrLrq grks gr%AA4AA laj{ksr~ ¾ j{kk djsa] foÙke~ ¾ /u]
,fr ¾ vkrk gS] ;kfr ¾ tkrk gS]
foÙkr%{kh.k% ¾ /u ls foghu]
v{kh.k% ¾ ftldk dqN u"V ugha gqvk]
og] o`Ùkr% ¾ pfj=k ls] gr% ¾ ghu]
f}rh;% ,dka'k% gr% ¾ uk'k dks izkIr gksrk gS]
f}rh;ka'k%
/`fr% {kek neks¿Lrs;a 'kkSpfefUnz;fuxzg%A /`fr% ¾ /S;Z] ne% ¾ eu dks o'k esa
djuk] 'kkSpe~ ¾ ifo=krk]
/hfoZ|k lR;eØks/ks n'kda /eZy{k.ke~AA5AA vLrs;e~ ¾ pksjh u djuk
bfUnz;fuxzg% ¾ bfUnz;ksa dks o'k esa djuk
vU;nh;s r`.ks jRus dk×pus ekSfÙkQds¿fi pA 'kkSpe~ ¾ ifo=krk
/h% ¾ fo|k] vØks/% ¾ Øks/ u djuk]
eulkfofuo`fÙk;kZ rnLrs;a fonqcqZ/k%AA6AA n'kda ¾ nl] eu%'kkSpe~ ¾ eu dh
ifo=krk] deZ'kkSpe~ ¾ deZ dh ifo=krk]
dqy'kkSpe~ ¾ dqy dh ifo=krk]
eu%'kkSpa deZ'kkSpa dqy'kkSpa p HkkjrA Hkkjr! ¾ gs vtqZu!]
'kjhj'kkSpa ¾ 'kjhj dh ifo=krk]
'kjhj'kkSpa okd~NkSpa 'kkSpa i×pfo/a Le`re~AA7AA okd~'kkSpe~ ¾ ok.kh dh ifo=krk
i×pfo/e~ ¾ ik¡p izdkj dh]
lR;esos'ojks yksds lR;s /eZ% lnkfJr%A lnkf Ükzr% ¾ lnk fVdk gqvk gS]
lR; ij vk/kfjr gS]
lR;ewykfu lokZf.k lR;kUukfLr ija ine~AA8AA lR;kr~ ¾ lR; ls] ija ¾ Js"B]
ine~ ¾ LFkku] ukfLr ¾ ugha gS]

laLÑre~ 3
 lqHkkf"krkfu

cks/iz'uk%
fVIi.kh
1- ^v* LrEHkL; okD;ka'kku~ ^c* LrEHkL; okD;ka'kS% lg js[k;k ;kst;rA

v c
d- eu%'kkSpa deZ'kkSpe~ 1- fuR;a o`¼ksilsfou%A
[k- lR;ewykfu lokZf.k 2- dqya o`Ùksu j{;rsA
x- v{kh.kks foÙkr% {kh.k% 3- n'kda /eZy{k.ke~A
?k- vfHkoknu'khyL; 4- rnLrs;a fonqcqZ/k%
Ä rFkk xq#xrka fo|ka 5- dqy'kkSpa p Hkkjr!
p e`t;k j{;rs :ia 6- 'kq Ükzw"kqjf/xPNfrA
N- /hfoZ|klR;eØks/ks 7- o`ÙkrLrq grks gr%A
t eulk fofuo`fÙk;kZ 8- lR;kUukfLr ija ine~A
2- /eZL; n'k y{k.kkfu fy[krA
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3- ikBa ifBRok v/ksfyf[krs"kq fjÙkQLFkkukfu iwj;rAA

d- v{kh.kks foÙkr% {kh.kks ---------------------------------- grks gr%A
[k- pRokfj rL; o/ZUrs vk;qfoZ|k ----------------------- cye~A
x- lR;su j{;rs /eZ%] fo|k ------------------------------ j{;rsA
?k- rFkk xq#xrka fo|ka --------------------------------------- vf/xPNfrA
Ä eulkfofuo`fÙk;kZ rn~ ---------------------------------- fonqcqZ/k%

1-2 v/quk ikBe~ voxPNke%

1-2-1 izFke% ,dka'k%
01 'yksdr% ------- 04 i;ZUre~
vfHkoknu'khyL; fuR;a o`¼ksilsfou%A
pRokfj rL; o/ZUrs vk;qfoZ|k ;'kkscye~AA1AA

4 laLÑre~
 lqHkkf"krkfu

vUo;% fuR;e~ vfHkoknu'khyL; (fuR;e~) o`¼ksilsfou% rL; pRokfj o/ZUrsA

vk;q%] fo|k] ;'k%] cye~A
O;k[;k o`¼ksa dh ges'kk lsok rFkk vknj lEeku djus okyksa dh vk;q] fo|k] ;'k fVIi.kh
vkSj cy bu pkjksa dh o`f¼ gksrh gSA vius ls cM+ksa dh lsok djus ls gesa
cM+ksa dk vk'khokZn feyrk gS ftlls gekjh mUufr gksrh gSA o`¼ 'kCn dk
rkRi;Z vuqHkoh yksxksa ls gSA o`¼ nks rjg ds gksrs gSaμ o;kso`¼ vkSj Kkuo`¼A

HkkokFkZ% ;% fuR;a Loxq:.kka lEekua djksfr ;'p Kkuo`¼kuka o;kso`¼kuka p fuR;a lsoka
djksfr rL; vk;q%] fo|k] ;'k% cyfefr ,rs pRokj% o/ZUrsA

O;kdj.kfcUno%
vfHkoknu'khyL; ¾ vfHkoknu'khy 'kCn] "k"Bh ,dopue~A
o`¼ksilsfou% ¾ o`¼ $ milsfou%] o`¼ksilsfou~] "k"Bh ,dopue~A
o/ZUrs ¾ o`/~ /krq] vkReusin] izFkeiq#"k%] cgqopue~A
vk;qfoZ|k ¾ vk;q% $ fo|k

;Fkk [kuu~ [kfu=ks.k ujks ok;Zf/xPNfrA

rFkk xq#xrka fo|ka 'kqJw"kqjf/xPNfrAA2AA

vUo;% ;Fkk [kfu=ks.k [kuu~ uj% okfj vf/xPNfr rFkk 'kqJw"kq% xq#xrke~ fo|ke~
vf/xPNfrAA
O;k[;k ftl izdkj dqnky ls [kuu dk;Z djrk gqvk euq"; t+ehu ds vanj ls ty
dks izkIr dj ysrk gS mlh izdkj xq# ds vf/dkf/d lehi jgus ,oa xq# dh
lsok djus ls fo|k dh izkfIr Hkh gks tkrh gSA Hkkjrh; laLÑfr esa xq# dh
lsok vkSj mudh vkKk dk ikyu fo|k izkfIr ds mik; crk, x, gSaA
mifu"knksa dh dFkk,¡ bldh izek.k gSaA
HkkokFkZ ;Fkk df'pr~ uj% [kfu=ks.k [kuudk;± dqoZu~ okfj vFkkZr~ tya izkIuksfr rFkk
;% Nk=k% xqjks% 'kq Ükzw"kka djksfr l% xq#xrka lok± fo|ke~ vf/xPNfrA

O;kdj.kfcUno%
[kuu~ ¾ [ku~ /krq] 'kr` izR;;%] iq¡fYyÄõ] izFkek&,dopue~
ok;Zf/xPNfr ¾ okfj $ vf/xPNfr

laLÑre~ 5
 lqHkkf"krkfu

'kqJw"kqjf/xPNfr ¾ 'kqJw"kq% $ vf/xPNfr

[kfu=ks.k ¾ [kfu=k 'kCn] uiqaldfyÄõ r`rh;k ,dopue~
fVIi.kh
lR;su j{;rs /eksZ fo|k ;ksxsu j{;rsA
e`t;k j{;rs :ia dqya o`Ùksu j{;rsAA3AA

vUo;% /eZ% lR;su j{;rs] fo|k ;ksxsu j{;rs] :ie~ e`t;k j{;rs] dqye~ o`Ùksu
j{;rsAA
O;k[;k lR; ls /eZ dh j{kk gksrh gS] vH;kl ls fo|k dh j{kk gksrh gS] ekfy'k&mcVu
ls] LoPNrk ls :i dh j{kk gksrh gS vkSj vkpj.k ,oa pfj=k ls dqy dh j{kk
gksrh gSA ;fn ge lp cksysaxs rks oLrqr% /eZ dh j{kk dj ldsaxsA blh izdkj
fujUrj vH;kl ls fo|k izkIr gksrh gSA ;fn oa'k ds lHkh lnL; pfj=koku~
gksa rks ml oa'k dk uke mTToy gksrk gS tSls j?kqdqyA
HkkokFkZ lR;L; vkpj.ksu /eZL; j{kk Hkofr] vH;klsu fo|k;k% j{kk Hkofr]
ektZuks}rZuLukukfnfHk% LoPNr;k :iL; j{kk Hkofr rFkk p vkpj.ksu pfj=ks.k
p dqyL; j{kk HkofrA

O;kdj.kfcUno%
lR;su ¾ lR; 'kCn r`rh;k ,dopue~
j{;rs ¾ j{k~ /krq] vkReusin] deZokP;] ;d~ izR;;] yV~ ydkj%] izFkeiq#"k%] ,dopue~
e`t;k ¾ e`tk 'kCn] L=khfyÄõ] r`rh;k ,dopue~
o`Ùksu ¾ o`Ùk 'kCn r`rh;k ,dopue~

o`Ùka ;Rusu laj{ksn~ foRresfr p ;kfr pA

v{kh.kks foÙkr% {kh.kks o`RrrLrq grks gr%A4AA

vUo;% o`Ùke~ ;Rusu laj{ksr~ foRre~ ,fr p ;kfr p] foRrr% {kh.k% v{kh.k%] o`Rrr%
rq gr% gr% (,oa Hkofr) AA
O;k[;k pfj=k dh ;Ru ls j{kk djuh pkfg, u fd pfj=k dks R;kxdj /u dh]
D;ksafd /u rks p×py gS] /u dHkh vk tkrk gS vkSj dHkh pyk tkrk gSA
tks /u ls rks lEiUu gSa vkSj vkpkj ls Hkz"V gSa] os ejs gq, ls Hkh cnrj
gSaA

HkkOkkFkZ% loksZ¿fi euq";% Lodh;L; pfj=kL; j{kka iz;Rusu dq;kZr~] /ua rq dnkfpr~
vkxPNfr dnkfpPp vixPNfrA /usu lEiUu% vfi ;% vkpkjkr~ Hkz"V%
6 laLÑre~
 lqHkkf"krkfu

vfLr l rq u"V% ,okfLrA

O;kdj.kfcUno% fVIi.kh
o`Rra ¾ o`Rr 'kCn f}rh;k ,dopue~
laj{ksr~ ¾ le~ $ j{k~ /krq ijLeSin] fof/fyÄ~ izFkeiq#"k% ,dopue~
foRresfr ¾ foRre~ $ ,fr
foRrr% ¾ foRr 'kCn] i×peh ds vFkZ esa rfly~ izR;; o`RrrLrq ¾ o`Rrr% $ rq

ikBxriz'uk% 1-1
1- iz'ukuka laLÑrsu mÙkjkf.k fy[krA
(d) vfHkoknu'khyL; dkfu pRokfj o/ZUrs\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) uj% dFka ok;Zf/xPNfr\

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(x) xq#xrka fo|ka d% vf/xPNfr\

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(?k) dLekr~ {kh.k% v{kh.k% Hkofr\

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(Ä) fo|k dsu j{;rs\

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2- mi;qDrS% dks"BxrinS% fjDrLFkkua iwj;rAA

(d) pRokfj ------------------- o/ZUrsA (dL;@rL;)

([k) xq#xrka ------------------- 'kqJw"kqjf/xPNfrA (fo|ka@vfo|ka)

laLÑre~ 7
 lqHkkf"krkfu

(x) [kfu=ks.k [kuu~ ------------------- vf/xPNfrA (okfj@vfXue~)

(?k) o`Ùka------------------- laj{ksr~A (foÙksu@;Rusu)

fVIi.kh
3- ) fpÉsu vÄïuh;e~aAA
mi;qDre~ mÙkja (

(i) xq#xrka fo|ka d% vf/xPNfr\

(d) czãpkjh ([k) ifjJeh

(x) 'kqJw"kq% (?k) es/koh

(ii) dqya dsu j{;rs\

(d) lR;su ([k) ;ksxsu

(x) e`t;k (?k) o`Ùksu

(iii) o`Ùkr% gr% dhn`'k% Hkofr\

(d) ve`r% ([k) {kh.k%

(x) gr% (?k) v{kh.k%

4- v/ksfyf[krs"kq lfU/PNsn% lfU/% ok dj.kh;%AA

(i) ok;Zf/xPNfr bR;L; lfU/PNsn% dj.kh;%A
--------------------------------------------------------

(ii) lnkfJr% bR;L; lfU/PNsn% dj.kh;%A

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(iii) eulk $ vfi bR;=k lfU/% dj.kh;%A

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(iv) fo|k$vky;% bR;=k lfU/% dj.kh;%A

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8 laLÑre~
 lqHkkf"krkfu

1-2-2 f}rh;% ,dka'k%

05 'yksdr% ------- 08 i;ZUre~
fVIi.kh
/`fr% {kek neks¿Lrs;a 'kkSpfefUnz;fuxzg%A
/hfoZ|k lR;eØks/ks n'kda /eZy{k.ke~AA5AA

vUo;% /`fr%] {kek] ne%] vLrs;e~] 'kkSpe~] bfUnz;fuxzg_ /h%] fo|k] lR;e~]
vØks/% p (bfr) n'kde~ /eZy{k.ke~A
O;k[;k /eZ ds nl y{k.k gSaA ;s nl y{k.k gSaμ /S;Z] {kek djuk vFkkZr~ {kek'khyrk
dh Hkkouk j[kuk] eu dks o'k esa djuk] pksjh u djuk] ifo=krk] bfUnz;ksa dks
o'k esa j[kuk] cqf¼] fo|k] lR; dk ikyu djuk vkSj Øks/ u djukA bu
lHkh xq.kksa ls ;qDr O;fDr gh /eZ'khy dgykrk gSA ftlesa /eZ ds ;s nlksa
y{k.k miyC/ gksa rks og egku~ /ekZRek gS rFkk loZFkk iz'kaluh; gS] og
izkr% Lej.kh; gS rFkk ,sls O;fDr ds izfr lHkh ureLrd jgrs gSaA ;s nl
xq.k gh /eZ dh igpku gSaA
HkkokFkZ /S;Ze~] {kek'khyrk] ne%A pkS;Zo`Ùks% vHkko%] 'kqf¼%] bfUnz;t;%] cqf¼%]
Kkue~] lR;e~] Øks/L; vHkko% p ,rs n'k xq.kk% ,o /eZL; y{k.kkfu lfUrA
Hkwrys ,rS% n'kxq.kS% ;qDr% egkiq#"k% /ekZRek dF;rsA

O;kdj.k&fcUno%
(i) /hfoZ/k ¾ /h% $ fo|k
(ii) neks¿Lrs;e~ ¾ ne% $ vLrs;e~

(iii) /eZy{k.ke~ ¾ /eZL; y{k.ke~] "k"Bh rRiq#"klekl%

vU;nh;s r`.ks jRus dk×pus ekSfDrds¿fi pA

eulk fofuo`fÙk;kZ rnLrs;a fonqcqZ/k%AA6AA

vUo;% vU;nh;s r`.ks jRus] dk×pus] ekSfDrds pkfi ;k eulk fofuo`fRr%

cq/k% rr~ vLrs;e~ fonq%A

O;k[;k
fdlh nwljs O;fDr dh oLrq dks] pkgs og NksVs ls NksVs fruds ds :i esa gks ;k cM+s ls
cM+s jRu] eksrh] ghjs tokgjkr ds :i esa] mls ysus ds fy, eu ls Hkh u lkspuk] vLrs;
vFkkZr~ pksjh u djuk dgykrk gSA blls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd /u] oL=kkfn dh pksjh

laLÑre~ 9
 lqHkkf"krkfu

djuk gh dsoy pksjh ugha gSA eu esa mls ysus dh bPNk ek=k djuk Hkh pksjh dgykrh
gS] ,sls Hkko ls nwj jguk gh vLrs; dgykrk gSA
fVIi.kh HkkokFkZ% dL;fpnfi ujL; r`.ka] dk×pua ekSfDrda ok vkHkw"k.ka yksHko'kkr~ gr±q eulk
fpUrue~ vfi pkS;± egkikia p dF;rs vr% ijs"kka /uknhuke~ vigj.kkr~
eul% fpUrue~ vfi u Hkosr~ bfr vLrs;e~ mÙkQe~A

O;kdj.kfcUno%
(i) ekSfDrds¿fi & ekSfDrds $ vfi (iwoZ:ilaf/%)
(ii) eulkfi & eulk $ vfi (nh?kZlaf/%)
(iii) eulk & eul~ gyUr uiqaldfyax 'kCn] r`rh; fo- ,dopue~
(iv) fofuo`fÙk;kZ & fofuo`fÙk% $ ;k
(v) fofuo`fÙk% & fo'ks"ks.k fuo`fÙk% bfrA
(vi) fuo`fÙk% & fu milxZ] o`r~ /krq] fDru~ izR;;
(vii) rnLrs;e~ & rr~ $ vLrs;e~ (O;atu laf/] t'Roa ¾ izFkeL; ^r* o.kZL;
LFkkus r`rh;%o.kZ% n~)
(viii) fonqcqZ/k% & fonq% $ cq/k%

eu%'kkSpa deZ'kkSpa dqy'kkSpa p HkkjrA

'kjhj'kkSpa] okDNkSpa 'kkSpa i×pfo/a Le`re~AA7AA

vUo;% Hkkjr! eu%'kkSpe~] deZ'kkSpe~] dqy'kkSpe~] 'kjhj'kkSpe~] okDNkSpe~ p (bfr)

i×pfo/e~ 'kkSpe~ Le`re~A
O;k[;k /eZ ds nl y{k.kksa esa ls ik¡pok¡ y{k.k 'kkSp ('kqfp) vFkkZr~ ifo=krk gS blh
ifo=krk ds ik¡p izdkjksa dh ppkZ bl 'yksd esa djrs gq, dgk x;k gS fd
ifo=krk ds ik¡p izdkj gSaμ 1- eu dh ifo=krk] 2- dk;Z esa ifo=krk] 3-
dqy dh ifo=krk] 4- 'kjhj dh ifo=krk] 5- ok.kh dh ifo=krk] vFkkZr~ tks
bu ik¡pksa n`f"V;ksa ls ifo=k gks mlh dks okLrfod :i ls ifo=k ekuk tk
ldrk gSA dsoy fdlh ,d dh ifo=krk i;kZIr ugha gksrhA ,slk ugha fd
ge ok.kh rks ifo=k cksysa ij eu ifo=k u gksA eulk] oplk] deZ.kk gj
n`f"V ls ifo=k gksuk vfuok;Z gSA ,slk ugha fd cksysa dqN vkSj] lkspsa dqN
vkSj rFkk djsa dqN vkSjA

10 laLÑre~
 lqHkkf"krkfu

HkkokFkZ ifo=krk;k% i×pizdkjk% lfUr& eul% ifo=krk] deZ.k% ifo=krk] dqyL;

ifo=krk] 'kjhjL; ifo=krk] opl% ifo=krk] pA ,rS% i×pfHk% izdkjS% ifo=k%
,o euq";% ifo=k% dF;rsA
fVIi.kh
O;kdj.kfcUno%
(i) okDNkSpe~& okd~ $ 'kkSpe~ (O;×tulaf/%)
(ii) Le`re~ & Le` $ Dr izR;;%
(iii) eu%'kkSpe~& eul% 'kkSpe~ ("k"BhrRiq#"klekl%)

lR;esos'ojks yksds lR;s /eZ% lnkfJr%A

lR;ewykfu lokZf.k lR;kUukfLr ija ine~AA8AA

vUo;% yksds lR;eso bZ'oj%] /eZ% lnk lR;s vkfJr%] lokZf.k lR;ewykfu] lR;kr~
ije~ ine~ ukfLrA
O;k[;k lR; ls feyus okyk iq.; egknku vkSj egkri ds iq.; ls Hkh egku~ iq.;
ekuk x;k gSA vr% thou esa lR; dks viukuk gh Js;Ldj gSA blhfy,
lR; ls ije in vU; fdlh dks ugha ekuk x;k gSA lR; esa gh bZ'oj dk
okl gS] /eZ Hkh lnSo lR; ij gh vkfJr gS] lc dqN lR; ds gh ewy
esa gS vr% lR; ls ij in vFkkZr~ Js"BLFkku dqN Hkh ugha gSA
HkkokFkZ lalkjs lR;L; ,o lokZf/da egÙoe~ orZrsA bZ'oj%] /eZ%] loZO;ogkj% p
lnk lR;kfJrk% ,o HkofUrA ,oa fo'os¿fLeu~ lR;kr~ ija fdefi ukfLrA

O;kdj.kfcUno%
(i) lR;esos'oj% & lR;e~ $ ,o $ bZ'oj%
(ii) lnkfJr% & lnk $ vkfJr% (nh?kZlaf/%)
(iii) lR;kUukfLr & lR;kr~ $ u $ vfLr

ikBxriz'uk% 1-2
1- ^d* LrEHkL; inkuka* ^[k* LrEHkL; inS% lg mfpra esyua dq#rμ
d [k
(i) eulk fofuo`fÙk% (v) /eZy{k.ke~

laLÑre~ 11
 lqHkkf"krkfu

(ii) 'kkSpe~ (vk) cq/k% rnLrs;a fonq%

(iii) n'kda (b) i×pfo/a Le`re~
fVIi.kh
(iv) lR;s (bZ) ija ine~
(v) lR;kUukfLr (m) /eZ% lnkfJr%

2- v/ksfyf[krinkuka foijhrkFkZdinkfu fy[krμ

(i) vØks/% ------------------------------------------
(ii) vLrs;e~ ------------------------------------------
(iii) 'kkSpe~ ------------------------------------------
(iv) fo|k ------------------------------------------
(v) lR;e~ ------------------------------------------

fdef/xre~
 o`¼k% fuR;e~ vfHkoknuh;k%A
 /ua rq vk;kfr ;kfr pA
 pfj=kr% {kh.k% rq gr% ,o HkofrA
 'kqJw"kq% xq#xrka fo|ke~ vf/xPNfrA
 [kfu=ks.k [kuu~ uj% okfj vf/xPNfrA
 dqya o`Ùksu j{;rsA
 /eZ% losZ"kka xq.kkuke~ vk/kj% vfLrA
 /eZL; izFkea y{k.ka /S;Ze~ vfLrA
 eulkfi dL;fpr~ oLrqgj.ka u fpUruh;e~A
 ;% Øks/a o'khdjksfr l ,o mÙke% uj% vfLrAA

12 laLÑre~
 lqHkkf"krkfu

;ksX;rkfoLrkj%
d- xzaFkifjp;% fVIi.kh

bl ikB ds 'yksd ^euqLe`fr* o ^egkHkkjr* ls fy, x;s gSaA

(i) euqLe`fr%μ blds jpf;rk euq gSaA blesa jktk ds yksddY;k.kdkjh dÙkZO;ksa rFkk
rRdkyhu lkekftd fu;eksa dh Li"V O;k[;k dh xbZ gSA euqLe`fr esa dqy ckjg
vè;k; gSa vkSj 2685 'yksd gSaA izLrqr ikB esa dqN 'yksd euqLe`fr ls fy;s x;s
gSaA
(ii) egkHkkjr%μ egkHkkjr egf"kZ Ñ".k}Sik;u O;kl dh jpuk gSA vuq"Vqi~ Nan esa
fy[ks x, ,d yk[k 'yksdksa dk ;g egkdkO; gSA ;g ,d fo'kky fo'odks"k gS]
ftlesa izkphu Hkkjr ds ,sfrgkfld] /kfeZd] uSfrd vkSj nk'kZfud vkn'kks± dh
vewY; fuf/ lafpr gSA blds 18 ioZ (Hkkx) gSa] ftuesa mins'k dh n`f"V ls
ouioZ] 'kkfUrioZ vkSj vuq'kklu ioZ izeq[k gSaA egkHkkjr dsoy dkSjoksa vkSj
ik.Moksa ds thou vkSj ;q¼ dh dgkuh ek=k ugha gSaA bldh ewydFkk ds pkjksa vksj
vusd vk[;kuksa dk laxzg gSA LoxkZjksg.k ioZ esa egf"kZ O;kl dh ;g mfÙkQ gS fd
/eZ] vFkZ] dke vkSj eks{k ds fo"k; esa tks dqN egkHkkjr esa dgk x;k gS] og
vU;=k Hkh gS] ij tks blesa ugha gS] og dgha Hkh ugha gSA

/esZ pkFkssZ p dkes p eks{ks p Hkjr"kZHkA

;fngkfLr rnU;=k ;UusgkfLr u rr~ Dofpr~AA

[k- HkkofoLrkj%
v/ksfyf[krku~ 'yksdku~ lwDrh% p ifBRok Kkuo/Zua fØ;rke~μ
1- laHkkstua ladFkua laiz'uks¿Fk lekxe%A
,rkfu Kkfrdk;kZf.k u fojks/% dnkpuAA

2- fons'ks"kq /ua fo|k O;lus"kq /ua efr%A

ijyksds /ua /eZ% 'khya loZ=k oS /ue~AA

laLÑre~ 13
 lqHkkf"krkfu
3- o`Ùk'kkSpa eu%'kkSpa rhFkZ'kkSper% ije~A
KkuksRiUua p ;PNkSpa rPNkSpa ijea Le`re~AA
fVIi.kh
4- lR;a czw;kr~] fiz;a czw;kr~] u czw;kr~ lR;efiz;e~A
fiz;a p uku`ra czw;kr~] ,"k /eZ% lukru%AA

5- {kek rstfLouka rst%] {kek czÞe rifLouke~A

{kek lR;a lR;orka] {kek nkua {kek ;'k%AA
6- ;Lrq Øks/a leqRiUua izK;k izfrck/rsA
rstfLoua ra fo}kala eU;Urs rÙonf'kZu%AA
7- fdekReuk ;ks u ftrsfUnz;ks Hkosr~AA
8- euL;sda opL;sda deZ.;sda egkReuke~A
lR;iwrka ons}kpa] eu%iwra lekpjsr~AA
9- fo|kfoghu% i'kq%A
10- /esZ.k gU;rs 'k=kq%] /esZ.k gU;rs xzg%A
/esZ.k gU;rs O;kf/%] ;rks /eZLrrks t;%AA (egk-)
11- /kj.kkn~ /eZfeR;kgq/ZeksZ /kj;rs iztk%A (egk-)
12- ufg /ekZfHkjDrkuka yksds fd×pu nqyZHkefLrA (jkek-)
13- uklkS /eksZ ;=k u lR;efLr (fdjkr-)
14- ukfLr lR;kr~ ija nkua ukfLr lR;kRija ri%A (egk-)
15- lR;kUu izefnrO;e~ (rSfr- mi-)
16- vyadkjks fg ukjh.kka {kek rq iq#"kL; ok (jkek-)

(x) Hkk"kkfoLrkj%
(i) laLÑro.kZekyk
laLÑr Hkk"kk dh o.kZekyk esa nks izdkj osQ o.kZ gSa& Loj vkSj O;×tu
Lojo.kkZ%
ßLoLoj ¾ v b m ½ y` ¾ 5
nh?kZLoj ¾ vk bZ Å ½` , ,s vks vkS ¾ 8] ;ksx ¾ 13
14 laLÑre~
 lqHkkf"krkfu

O;×tuo.kkZ%
doxZ o~Q [k~ x~ ?k~ Ä~ ¾ 5
fVIi.kh
poxZ p~ N~ t~ >~ ×k~ ¾ 5
VoxZ V~ B~ M~ <~ .k~ ¾ 5
roxZ r~ Fk~ n~ /~ u~ ¾ 5
ioxZ i~ i~Q c~ Hk~ e~ ¾ 5 ;ksx ¾ 25
vUr%LFk ;~ j~ y~ o~ ¾ 4
Å"e 'k~ "k~ l~ g~ ¾ 4 ;ksx ¾ 8
o.kks± dk oqQy ;ksx ¾ 13 $ 25 $ 8 ¾ 46
ijLij O;×tu la;ksx ds dqN mnkgj.k
r~ $ r ¾ Ùk nÙke~
r~ $ j ¾ =k =k;e~
e~ $ u ¾ Eu iz|qEu%
d~ $ "k ¾ {k u{k=ke~
/~ $ ;k ¾ è;k è;kue~
t~ $ j ¾ tz otze~
o~ $ j ¾ oz ozre~
"k~ $ V ¾ "V /`"Vrk
'k~ $ o ¾ 'o v'o%
.k~ $ o ¾ .o d.o%
n~ $ j ¾ nz nzks.k%
o~Q $ o ¾ Do iDoe~
n~ $ / ¾ ¼ m¼r%
o~Q $ j ¾ Ø ifjØek

laLÑre~ 15
 lqHkkf"krkfu

O;×tu rFkk Loj ;ksx osQ oqQN mnkgj.k

o~Q $ ½ ¾ Ñ Ñik
fVIi.kh
n~ $ ½ ¾ n` n`f"V%
'k~ $ ½ ¾ Ük` Ük`Äõkj
u~ $ ½ ¾ u` u`R;
j~ $ m ¾ # #X.k%
j~ $ Å ¾ : :ie~
r~ $ ½ ¾ rè nkr.kke~
è
la'ys"k.k
Loj rFkk O;atu o.kks± dks feykdj 'kCn cukuk la'ys"k.k dgykrk gSA tSls
t~ $ ×k~ $ vk r~ $ v ¾ Kkr
KkrO;
laLÑr o.kZekyk esa 13 Loj rFkk 33 O;atu gSaA budh oqQy la[;k 46 gSA
lHkh O;atu o.kks± osQ uhps gy~ (~) fpg~u gksrk gS ,slk gy~ (O;×tu) ftlds vUr esa
gksrk gS mls gyUr 'kCn dgrs gSaA
bUgha Lojksa vkSj O;atuksa dks tksM+us ls 'kCn curs gSa tSls jke_ deyk_ uxje~] vkfnA
osQoy Lojksa ls gh 'kCn ugha curs vkSj osQoy O;atuksa ls gh 'kCnksa dh jpuk ugha gksrhA
nksuksa osQ ;ksx ls gh 'kCnksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
ftl O;atu o.kZ osQ uhps gy~ dk fpg~u u gks] ml O;atu esa dksbZ u dksbZ Loj feyk
gqvk gS&,slk le>uk pkfg,] tSls ^ckyd* 'kCn osQ ck y d & rhuksa O;atuksa esa gy~
osQ fpg~u ugha gSa] D;ksafd buesa Loj feys gq, gSa] tSls&
c~ $ vk ¾ ck
y~ $ v ¾ y
o~Q $ v ¾ d

16 laLÑre~
 lqHkkf"krkfu

blosQ vfrfjDr laLÑr esa oqQN vU; fpg~uksa dk Hkh iz;ksx gksrk gSA ;s bl izdkj gSa&
1- folxZ ¾ % ¾ ckyd%A folxZ dk mPpkj.k vk/s g~ o.kZ tSlk fd;k tkrk gSA
2- vuqLokj& jkeaA ;g vuqLokj ^e~* ds LFkku ij vkrk gS] tc vkxs O;×tu o.kZ fVIi.kh
gksA tSls ckyd% iQya [kknfr esa ^iQye~* ds e~ dks [k ds ijs jgrs vuqLokj gks
x;k gSA
blh izdkj
xzkee~ ;kfr ¾ xzkea ;kfr
iqLrde~ fy[kfr ¾ iqLroaQ fy[kfr
`
iq"ie~ ft?kzfr ¾ iq"ia ft?kzfr
ekyke~ /kj;fr ¾ ekyka /kj;fr
dfoe~ oUns ¾ dfoa oUns
3- gy~
'kCn:iksa rFkk /krq :iksa esa gy~ dk iz;ksx tgk¡ tgk¡ gqvk gS] ml ij è;ku nsuk pkfg,A
vU;Fkk og 'kCn v'kq¼ ekuk tkrk gSA mnkgj.k nsf[k,&
1- rLekr~ uxjkr~
2- ;fLeu~ dfLeu~ fo"k;s
3- cky% viBr~] ckykS viBrke~] ckyk% viBu~A ;w;e~ viBrA vge~ viBe~A
la;qDrO;×tu
tc nks vFkok rhu O;×tuksa osQ eè; esa dksbZ Loj ugha gksrk] rc mu O;atuksa dks feyk
fn;k tkrk gSA bu feys gq, O;atuksa dks la;qDr dgrs gSaA tSls ^èofu* & 'kCn esa /~ $
o~ osQ eè; esa dksbZ Loj ugha gS vr% ^èo~* la;qDr O;×tu gSA oqQN mnkgj.k nsf[k,&
o.kZ ;ksx mnkgj.k
t~ $ ×kk ¾ Kk Kkue~
n~ $ ;k ¾ |k fo|k
j~ $ e ¾ eZ /eZ%
"k~ $ .k ¾ ".k Ñ".k%
l~ $ r ¾ Lr vLr%

laLÑre~ 17
 lqHkkf"krkfu

r~ $ l~ $ u ¾ RLu ÑRLue~
'k~ $ jk ¾ Jk foJke%
fVIi.kh l~ $ r~ $ m $ r~ $ b ¾ Lrqfr
'k~ $ j~ $ v $ o~ $ v $ .k~ $ v ¾ Jo.k
u~ $ v $ o~Q $ "k~ $ v $ r~ $ j~ $ v ¾ u{k=k
(ii) vO;;e~
ln`'ka f=k"kq fyaxs"kq lokZlq p foHkfDr"kqA
opus"kq p losZ"kq] ;Uu O;;sfr rnO;;e~AA
tks rhuksa fyaxksa] lHkh foHkfDr;ksa vkSj lHkh opuksa esa ,d:i jgrk gS] og vO;;
dgykrk gS] tSlsμ ok] dqr%] lg] p vkfnA vO;;inksa dk dksbZ :i ugha pyrk
fdUrq vO;;inksa ds vFkZ lHkh foHkfÙkQ;ksa esa fd;s tk ldrs gSaA oLrqr% vO;;
gksus ds dkj.k foHkfÙkQ;ksa dk yksi gks tkrk gSA
(iii) iq#"k%
vkb;s vc ge laLÑr esa fØ;k ds ^iq#"k* ds fo"k; esa le>saA laLÑr esa iq#"k rhu gksrs
gSaA
1- izFke@vU; iq#"k] 2- eè;eiq#"k vkSj 3- mÙke iq#"kA
tc nks O;fDr ijLij ckr djrs gSa rks ckr djus okyk mÙke iq#"k dgykrk gS] ckr lquus
okyk eè;eiq#"k rFkk ftl ds fo"k; esa ckr dgh tkrh gS] mls izFke ;k vU; iq#"k
dgrs gSaA ;gka è;ku nsuk pkfg, fd mÙke iq#"k vius dks ^eSa* dgrk gS] mlds fy,
^vLen~* loZuke dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
eè;e iq#"k lquus okyk gksrk gS] mls rw@rqe* dgk tkrk gS] mlds fy, ;q"en~ loZuke
dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA ftlds fo"k; esa laLÑr esa ckr dh tkrh gS] og izFke@vU; iq#"k laKk
;k loZuke gks ldrk gSA
mnkgj.k&
mÙkeiq#"k% vge~ (eSa) vkoke~ (ge nks) o;e~ (ge lc)
eè;eiq#"k% Roe~ (rw) ;qoke~ (rqe nks) ;w;e~ (rqe lc)
izFkeiq#"k% ckyd% (,d ckyd)] ckydkS (nks ckyd)] ckydk% (nks ls vf/d
ckyd)

18 laLÑre~
 lqHkkf"krkfu

l% (og)] rkS (os nks)] rsμ(os lc)

bl izdkj izFke iq#"k esa lHkh laKk 'kCn rFkk (vLen~ ;q"en~ dks NksM+dj) lHkh loZuke
'kCnksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] tc fd mÙke iq#"k esa dsoy ^vLen~* loZuke rFkk eè;e iq#"k fVIi.kh
eas dsoy ^;q"en~* loZuke gh iz;qDr gksrk gSA
(iv) ydkj%

fdlh fØ;k ds gksus ;k djus ds dky (le;) vFkok n'kk dks izdV djus ds fy,
laLÑr esa fofHkUu ydkjksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA tks fØ;k orZeku dky esa gksrh gS] mls
izdV djus ds fy, laLÑr esa ^yV~* ydkj dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA ;gka xe~ (xPN~) /krq
ds yV~ ydkj ds rhuksa iq#"kksa vkSj rhuksa opuksa esa vFkZ lfgr :i fn;s tk jgs gSaμ
xe~&xPN~¾tkuk] vf/$xe~ (xPN~) le>uk
yV~ ydkj (orZeku dky)
iq#"k% ,dopue~ f}opue~ cgqopue~
izFkeiq#"k% (l%) xPNfr (rkS) xPNr% (rs) xPNfUr
(og) tkrk gS (os nks) tkrs gSa (os lc) tkrs gSaA
eè;eiq#"k% (Roe~) xPNfl (;qoke~) xPNFk% (;w;e~) xPNFk
(rw) tkrk gS (rqe nks) tkrs gks (rqe lc) tkrs gks
mÙkeiq#"k% (vge~) xPNkfe (vkoke~) xPNko% (o;e~) xPNke%
(eSa) tkrk gw¡ (ge nks) tkrs gSa (ge lc) tkrs gSaA
(v) opue~

(iv) laLÑr esa rhu opu gksrs gSa&

(1) ,dopue~ ¾ ,d oLrq ;k O;fDr ds fy,] tSls ckyd% ¾ ,d ckyd

(2) f}opue~ ¾ nks oLrqvksa ;k nks O;fDr;ksa ds fy,] tSls ¾ Nk=kkS ¾ nks fo|kFkhZ
(3) cgqopue~ ¾ nks ls vf/d la[;kokyh oLrqvksa ;k O;fDr;ksa ds fy,]
tSlsμ xzUFkk% ¾ vusd xzUFk
bl izdkj lHkh laKk] loZuke] fo'ks"k.kksa rFkk fØ;k:iksa ds rhu&rhu opu gksrs gSaA

laLÑre~ 19
 lqHkkf"krkfu

mnkgj.k
d- 'kCn ,dopue~ f}opue~ cgqopue~
fVIi.kh
jke jke% jkekS jkek%
deyk deyk deys deyk%
dfo dfo% doh do;%
Hkkuq Hkkuq% Hkkuw Hkkuo%
iQy iQye~ iQys iQykfu
rr~ (iqa-) l% rkS rs
vLen~ vge~ vkoke~ o;e~
;q"en~ Roe~ ;qoke~ ;w;e~
[k- /krq
iB~ iBfr iBr% iBfUr
fy[k~ fy[kfr fy[kr% fy[kfUr
/ko~ /kofr /kor% /kofUr
cq/~ cks/fr cks/r% cks/fUr
Le` Lejfr Lejr% LejfUr
(vi) fyaxe~

laLÑr esa 'kCnksa ds rhu fyax gksrs gSa (1) iqfYyÄõe~ (2) L=khfyaxe~ (3) uiqaldfyaxe~A
bu rhuksa fyÄõksa ds 'kCnksa dh ,d y?kq rkfydk bl izdkj gS&
iqfYyÄõe~ L=khfyaxe~ uiq¡ldfyaxe~
gLr% ckfydk eq[ke~
pj.k% yrk 'kjhje~
d.kZ% jF;k us=ke~
dj% okfVdk mnje~

20 laLÑre~
 lqHkkf"krkfu

nsg% fu'kk iq"ie~

n.M% 'kkfVdk deye~
O;k/% Jh% /ue~ fVIi.kh

flag% y{eh% i=ke~

o`{k% Hkwfe% fp=ke~
v'o% i`fFkoh fe=ke~
dqDdqj% unh x`ge~
niZ.k% flagh m|kue~
R;kx% e`xh mioue~
O;k;ke% vtk e/q
?kV% v'ok T;ksfr%
tyf/% e;wjh ri%
fuf/% ok;lh ;'k%

ikBkUriz'uk%
1- laLÑrsu mÙkjrAA
(i) :ia dFka j{;rs\
-----------------------------------------------------
(ii) lR;s lnk d% vkfJr% Hkofr\

-----------------------------------------------------
(iii) 'kkSpa dfrfo/a Le`re~\

-----------------------------------------------------
(iv) dLekr~ ija ina fdefi ukfLr\

-----------------------------------------------------

laLÑre~ 21
 lqHkkf"krkfu

2- fo'ks";inS% lg mfprfo'ks"k.kinkfu la;kst;rA

fo'ks"k.kkfu fo'ks";kf.k
fVIi.kh
(i) -----------------------------------------------------/eZy{k.ke~
(ii) -----------------------------------------------------'kkSpe~
(iii) -----------------------------------------------------rL;

(iv) -----------------------------------------------------fo|ke~

3- ^d* LrEHkL; /eZy{k.kkfu ^[k* LrEHks nÙkS% vFkSZ% esy;rμ

^d* ^[k*
(i) /h% (d) pkS;ZL; vHkko%
(ii) vLrs;e~ ([k) eul% o'khdj.ke~
(iii) vØks/% (x) lfg".kqrk
(iv) ne% (?k) cqf¼%
(v) {kek (Ä) Øks/L; vHkko%

mÙkjrkfydk
cks/iz'uk%
1- d$5] [k$8] x$7] ?k$1] Ä$6] p$2] N$3] t$4
2- /`fr%] {kek] ne%] vLrs;e~] 'kkSpe~] bfUnz;fuxzg%] /h%] fo|k] lR;e~] vØks/% p
bfr n'kda /eZy{k.ke~AA
3- d- o`ÙkrLrq] [k- ;'kks] x- ;ksxsu ?k- 'kqJw"kq% Ä- vLrs;e~
ikBxriz'uk% 1-1
1- d- vk;q%] fo|k] ;'k%] cya p [k- [kfu=ks.k [kuu~
x- 'kqJw"kq% ?k- foÙkr%]
Ä- ;ksxsu

22 laLÑre~
 lqHkkf"krkfu

2- d- rL;] [k- fo|ka]

x- okfj] ?k- ;Rusu
fVIi.kh
3- (i) x (ii) ?k

(iii) x

4- (i) okfj $ vf/xPNfr] (ii) lnk $ vkfJr%

(iii) eulkfi (iv) fo|ky;%

ikBxriz'uk% 1-2
1- (i) $ vk (ii) $ b

(iii) $ v (iv) $ m

(v) $ bZ

2- (i) Øks/% (ii) Lrs;a@pkS;Ze~

(iii) v'kkSpe~ (iv) vfo|k@vKkue~

(v) vlR;e~

ikBkUriz'uk%
1- (i) :ia e`t;k j{;rsA (ii) lR;s lnk /eZ% vkfJr% HkofrA

(iii) 'kkSp i×pfo/a Le`re~ (iv) lR;kr~ ija ina fdefi ukfLrA

2- (i) n'kda] (ii) i×pfo/e~

(iii) vfHkoknu'khyL;@o`¼ksilsfou% (iv) xq#xrka

3- (i) $ ?k] (ii) $ d

(iii) $ Ä (iv) $ [k]

(v) $ x

laLÑre~ 23