Serotonergic

Psychedelics
Dala, Kervin Joseph C.
Lamer, Maria Antionette C.
Sular, Lene Xyriz R.
Table of Contents
ORIGIN
MECHANISM OF ACTION
THERAPEUTIC ACTION
DOSAGES
SIDE EFFECTS
PRECAUTIONS
Pyschedelics
Psychedelics also known as serotonergic hallucinogens are
powerful psychoactive substances that alter perception and
mood and affect numerous cognitive processes of our brain
power. They are generally considered physiologically safe and
do not lead to dependence or addiction. The medical term for
hallucinogens is “psychedelics.”
 Origin
The origin of hallucinogens can be traced back to ancient civilizations where
natural substances with psychoactive properties were recognized and utilized
for religious, medicinal, and spiritual purposes. These substances have been used
by various cultures for centuries. One of the earliest records of psychedelic use
comes from a religious rite in ancient Greece known as the Eleusinian
Mysteries.
The term "hallucinate" itself dates back to around 1595-1605 and is derived from
the Latin word “hallūcināri,” meaning “to wander in the mind.” The history of
hallucinogens is intertwined with the exploration of their effects on the human
mind and their potential therapeutic uses.
 Mechanism of action
Serotonergic psychedelics exert their effects primarily through activation
of serotonin receptors, notably the 5-HT2A subtype. This activation
disrupts the default mode network in the brain, leading to altered
perception, ego dissolution, and changes in consciousness. Psychedelics'
resistance to normal reuptake mechanisms locks out serotonergic
transmitter sites and saturates the serotonergic system, habituating the
receptors and reducing the regulatory processes of the serotonergic
system. This results in a release of the dopamine system normally
repressed by serotonin.
 Therapeutic action
Psychedelic drugs have been implicated in the treatment of
addiction, anxiety, major depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress
disorder, and end-of-life care among others typically complex and
difficult-to-treat conditions.
 Administration
Psychedelics are administered orally, often in the form of capsules,
tablets, or liquid solutions. Dosages are carefully calibrated based on
individual factors such as weight, prior experience with psychedelics,
and therapeutic goals. Administration is typically done in a
comfortable, safe environment, with therapists providing support and
guidance throughout the experience.
 Dosages
Psychedelics Drugs
LCD- 1-1.5 mcg/kg can produce psychoactive effects; an
oral dose of 25 µg is capable of producing potential
deleterious psychedelic effects.
Magic Mushroom /Psilocybin- doses generally ranging
from 0.2–0.4 mg/kg of psilocybin per session.
Ecstasy (MDMA) - dose in these tablets averaged 146 mg,
but some tablets contained up to 168 mg.
 Side Effects
Anxiety and Paranoia: Psychedelics can sometimes induce feelings of
anxiety, fear, or paranoia, especially in individuals who are predisposed to
these emotions or who consume them in uncontrolled environments.
Nausea and Vomiting: Certain psychedelics, such as psilocybin-containing
mushrooms, can cause nausea and vomiting, particularly during the onset
of the experience.
Intense Emotional Experiences: Psychedelics can amplify emotions,
leading to intense mood swings or feelings of euphoria, joy, sadness, or
confusion.
 Side Effects
Altered Perception of Reality: Psychedelics can profoundly alter one's
perception of reality, leading to visual and auditory hallucinations, changes in
sensory perception, and distortions of time and space.
Physical Effects: Psychedelics can also produce physical effects such as
increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, dilated pupils, and changes in
body temperature.
Flashbacks: Some individuals may experience "flashbacks," or the re-
emergence of psychedelic effects long after the drug has left their system. This
phenomenon is rare but can occur, particularly in individuals with a history of
psychedelic use.
Psychological Distress: In some cases, psychedelic use can trigger or
exacerbate underlying mental health conditions such as anxiety, depression, or
psychosis, particularly in individuals who are predisposed to these conditions.
 Precautions
Set intentions for your psychedelic experience and prepare mentally and
emotionally. Consider your mindset, expectations, and emotional state leading
up to the session.
Refrain from combining psychedelics with other substances, including alcohol,
cannabis, or prescription medications, unless advised by a healthcare
professional. Mixing substances can increase the risk of adverse reactions and
unpredictable effects.
Be aware of the signs of distress or discomfort during your psychedelic
experience, and know when to seek help if needed. Trust your instincts and
reach out to a trip sitter, healthcare professional, or emergency services if you
feel overwhelmed or in danger.
Serotonergic
Psychedelics
Dala, Kervin Joseph C.
Lamer, Maria Antionette C.
Sular, Lene Xyriz R.