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Air filter performance evaluation method

(Testing Methods of Air Filter Performance)

1. In the following, we introduce the phenomenon and problems of responding to

Introduction Air filters are available in various porous materials depending standards for filter performance evaluation.

on the target air cleanliness, operating cost (base port), period of use

(frequency of replacement), cost, etc. Even among porous materials, the 2. Trends in ISO standards and JIS standards As a

fiber-filled layer can reduce the diameter of the fibers in the collection unit, standard for filter performance evaluation in Japan, JIS B9908

thereby increasing the monolithic collection efficiency, and also has a large “Performance test method for ventilation air filter units and ventilation

space ratio, resulting in low pressure loss, There is merit in realizing high electrostatic precipitators” was established in 1966 and revised in 2001. It

foam collection efficiency. Through research so far, it is now possible to was confirmed in 2007 and is up to date. In this standard, the colorimetric

almost estimate the initial performance of air filters. On the other hand, method is adopted as a measurement method for collection rate. In

regarding the long- contrast, the adoption of collection rates by particle size is being promoted

term dust collection performance of the air filter (at the time of dust in the standards for filter performance evaluation methods in overseas

load), the performance change behavior at the time of dust load is different countries. In the United States, ANSI/ASHRAE52.2, established in 1999,

depending on the type of adjacent dust to be collected, so the results of adopted the foam ratio by particle size based on solid particles (KCl), and

the dust load test at the laboratory level There is a problem in that it does in Europe, EN 770, established in 2002, adopted the foam rate by particle

not sufficiently reflect the performance when the filter is actually installed. size based on liquid particles (DEHS). The capture rate is being adopted.

However, the collection rate obtained as a result of the dust load test, the Table 1 shows a comparison of standards for each country.

time-dependent change in pressure loss, and the dust holding capacity Regarding international standards, ISO/TC 142 resumed activities in 2006,

(mass of dust deposited on the filter until the pressure loss of the filter and in 2008, FDIS 21220 (final draft), which adopted the collection rate by particle

reaches a certain value) are indicators for selecting an appropriate filter. This is important
size, was information.
created as a compromise between EN 779 and ANSI/ASRAE. However,

In addition, classification of the filter is necessary to select the optimal filter it was rejected in the FDIS vote for ISO registration, and the FDIS standard was

that corresponds to the collection rate and pressure loss required by the user of issued as TS (Technical Specification) 21220.

the filter. However, the current situation is that it is difficult to classify filters

because it is difficult to evaluate their performance under dust load. In this situation,

in ISO/TC142 The background for this standard not being approved as ISO is as follows:

“Cleaning equipment for air and other gases” “Further than air gas regulation,” The same problem can be raised.

there is a big question as to whether the establishment of the “Filter Classification”

or the “Filter Performance Evaluation Act” takes priority. We are concentrating on 1) It is complicated because a different test method must be applied: the Fine

creating international standards for air filters. ah method for filters with an initial collection rate of 20% or more for particles

of 0.4ÿ, and the Coarse method for filters less than that.

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[Table 1] Comparison of standards for filter performance evaluation in the United States, Europe, and Japan

ANSI/ASH TS21220 JIS B9908 format

test method EN779
RAE52.2 Fine 2
Coarse

HE-11
DEHS or PAO
For measuring KCl (solid) KCl (solid) DEHS (liquid) (JIS Z8901) Solid
(liquid) 0.3~1.2
collection efficiency 0.3~10ÿ 1~5.5ÿ 0.2~3ÿ concentration
ÿ
3±2mg/ÿ
For measuring house efficiency

aerosol atomizer nebulizer nebulizer

atomizer Not stipulated
generator (spray dryer) (Raskin nozzle) (Raskin nozzle)

heavy weapons have none have none have

Paid load For ASHRAE

ISO fine dust ASHRAE dust ASHRAE dust
JIL-15

test dust loads dust (HE Z8901)

In the Fine method, the collection rate for each particle size of 0.3~1.2 3. Revision of JIS B9908
ÿ is measured using DEHS or PAO particles, as shown in Table 1. In Korea, the opinion that collection rates by particle size should be

Meanwhile, in the Coarse method, solid particles of KCl are used to introduced to be able to predict the collection rate for floating particles with

apply to filters with a low collection rate where rebound and re- various particle sizes is becoming stronger, and there is also a demand for

scattering of coarse particles from the fiber surface are problems, harmonization with overseas standards, so the JIS standard was revised. I

and the particle size is 1 to 5.5ÿ. There is a need to measure star decided to do it. In accordance with the revision, TS 21220 written in ISO/

capture rates. TC 142/WG 3: Particulate air filters for general

2) There are 4 types of test particles (for collection rate measurement: ventilation-Determination of the filtration

DEHS, KCl, for dust load: ASHRAE, ISO fine). For this reason, it is The decision was made to actively accept performance. In addition, the ISO/

necessary to prepare four types of particle generators to conduct all TC 142 domestic committee proposed working with JIS-11 type test powder

experiments. to resolve the fact that there are four types of test particles, which is one of

3) A method of de-charging of charged filters (alcohol immersion of the the reasons why FDIS 21220 was not approved as ISO. , one of the

material) was introduced. A charged filter is a filter that can achieve purposes of revising this JIS is to further build up our track record as a test

a high collection rate that cannot be achieved with mechanical particle for JIS-11 type test powders by appealing to each country to lead

collection mechanisms (inertia, blocking, diffusion, gravity) without the implementation of the Round Driving Test (RRT) to accumulate basic

increasing pressure loss using static electricity. In the United States, data.

there is an opinion that says that in order to minimize the impact of

suspended dust on people, filters should be evaluated based on the The main revisions of JIS are as follows.

minimum capture rate (Minimum Life Efficiency) during their lifespan.

In electrically charged filters, even if the amount of dust deposition a) We corrected the collection rate by the conventional colorimetric

generally increases, the fiber electric charge decreases and the method and introduced a collection rate measurement method by

collection rate decreases, so it is necessary to measure the filter's particle size using a light scattering type airborne particle counter

collection rate when the electrostatic effect disappears. specified in JIS B 9921. b) Test

aerosol and part used to measure capture rate

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The dust for the lower test was unified into JIS-11 type test powder, which is a It varies greatly depending on the type and characteristics of dust, such as

solid particle. power, charging characteristics, and uniformity of concentration upstream of

c) The static electricity removal treatment method of the filter is specified in order to demonstrate the filter. Therefore, the prediction of filter life requires a detailed review based

the collection performance of the charged filter by sources other than static electricity. on the feasibility of accelerated testing, and was considered a future task.

3.1 Amendments to the Performance Evaluation Act 3.2 Regarding scope of application

The issues raised in the revision stage of this JIS standard are as follows: JIS B 9908 specifies four types of test methods without categorizing filters.

same. Therefore, when conducting a filter test, the format of the test method is determined

through consultation between the user and the manufacturer. However, in order to

a) Since the dust retention capacity may be misunderstood with the allowable dust specify the filter to which the type of test method is applied to some extent, Type 1 is a

deposition amount when using the actual filter, the term dust retention capacity quasi-HEPA filter used for removal of low-concentration, very small particles, and Type

is not used, and the term test dust supply volume is adopted by imitating TS 2 is a used filter used for removal of particles of medium concentration and particle size.

21220. I did it. In the round roving test, it was pointed out that the difference (Medium high performance filter unit, type 3) is a filter panel and unit for coarse dust

between the values obtained in the test dust supply test and the tester and test used to remove high concentration, large particle size particles, and type 4 is an

equipment was not small. However, it can be seen that the JIS-15 type test electrostatic precipitator, representing a representative filter. The contents of each test

powder used in the conventional JIS gives almost the same test results, and format are summarized in Table 2. Figure 1 is the reporting format for Type 1 test

since the test dust supply amount is necessary information for relative evaluation results. Table 3 is the test record format for Format 2, and the collection rate by particle

of the life of the filter, the test method is It was also decided to leave it in the size (initial, average, and finished) and the relationship between dust supply, collection

new JIS standard. rate, and pressure loss are reported in the forms in Figure 2 and Figure 3, respectively.

Additionally, Table 4 is the test record format for Format 3.

b) Test dust supply test is generally performed when replacing the filter.

It is necessary when determining the period (life), and the life of the filter can

be calculated by the test dust supply amount and dust concentration up to the

end pressure loss. However, the test dust supply amount is determined by dust

particle size distribution, particle density, particle shape, and inter-particle adhesion.

[Table 2] Display of test results

Main Type
Test Test Collection dust for End
application Test Items Performance indication
Methods period rate test particle load pressure loss
filters identification and collection performance

Figure 1
initial pressure loss
Pressure loss
Initial collection
Quasi HEPA Not
format 1 rate (0.3ÿ)
Figure 2
filter unit stipulated
PAO or equivalent
over 90%
Initial particle collection rate Particle collection
particles
rate (0.3ÿ)

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Main Type
Test Test Collection dust for load End
application Test Items Performance indication
Methods period rate test particle pressure loss
filters identification and collection performance

Table 3, Figure 1
initial pressure loss
Pressure loss

Table 3, Figure 2

At the end Collection rate by particle

Used high- Particle collection rate
of the JIS-11 types size Table 3, Figure 3
performance filter (by particle size)
early and mid-term Average collection Initial collection
unit (glass fiber
format 2 rate (0.4/0.7ÿ) 375Pa rate (0.4ÿ)
filter,
less than 99%
organic fiber Test dust Table 3, Figure 2 Test
At the end JIS-11 type
filter) supply amount dust supply amount

Table 3
Particle collection rate PAO or
Early Particle collection rate before
before and after static
and after anti-static
elimination (material) equivalent particles
treatment (0.4ÿ)

Table 4
initial pressure loss
Pressure loss

At the end Table 4

Filter panel Particle collection rate Particle collection
of the JIS-11 types Average collection
format 3 and unit for (mass method) 250Pa rate (mass
early and mid-term rate (mass method)
filtering method) less than 98%

Table 4
Test dust
At the end JIS-11 types Test dust
supply amount
supply amount

[Figure 1] Collection rate and pressure loss test record

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[Table 3] Test records for test format 2

Exam date: Year Month Day Test conducted by: ABC Company

test filter Test location: ABC Company

Name: Temperature and humidity: 22ÿ, 50%

Model Test result

number: Dimensions (width, height and depth): 610610290 mm Initial pressure loss: 100Pa

Manufacturer: ABC Company Test end pressure loss: 375Pa

Initial collection rate (0.4ÿ): 50%±%

Material: Synthetic fiber (non-electret)
Initial collection rate (0.7ÿ): 68%±%

Average collection rate (0.4ÿ): 78%

Exam conditions
Average collection rate (0.7ÿ): 86%

Collection rate at the end of the test (0.4ÿ): 95%±%

Test air volume: 56ÿ/min
Collection rate at the end of the test (0.7ÿ): 96%±%

Collection rate test aerosol: Powder for JIS-11 type test Test dust supply amount: 250g

Dust for load: JIS-11 type test powder Antistatic (pre) material collection rate (0.4ÿ): 40%±%

Collection rate test after static elimination Aerosol: Material collection rate (after static elimination) (0.4ÿ): 35%±%

PAO Remarks:

[Figure 2] Collection rate by particle size (initial, average, and at the end of test)

[Figure 3] Relationship between dust supply amount, collection rate, and pressure dissipation

(0.4/0.7ÿ particle collection rate or mass method collection rate)

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[Table 4] Test records for test type 3

Exam date: Year Month Day Test conducted by: ABC Company

test filter Test location: ABC Company

Name: Temperature and humidity: 22ÿ,

Model number: 50% test result

Dimensions (width, height and depth): 610610290ÿ Initial pressure loss: 100Pa

Manufacturer: ABC Company Test end pressure loss: 250Pa Average

Material: synthetic fiber collection rate (0.4ÿ): 78% Test dust

Test supply amount: 250g

conditions Test air volume: 56ÿ/min (2.5m/

s) Collection rate test aerosol: Powder for JIS-11 type test

Dust for load: JIS-11 type test powder

note :

3.3 JIS-11 type The names are almost identical. What can be said about the aerodynamic

as test aerosol used to measure test particle collection rate diameter using a particle counter is that it can be measured.

The reasons for adopting the test powder are as follows. This can be said to be a major advantage of JIS-11 type test powder.

However, since the JIS-11 type test powder, which is a solid particle, is

a) Applicable to the test range of 0.3~5ÿ particles b) Re-scattering charged when an aerosol is generated, antistatic measures are required.

behavior of particles to remain solid (after dust loading)

It is possible to measure (decreased collection rate) a) The air filter has a minimum collection rate at a certain particle size, and

c) Compared to mixed dust (ASHRAE or JIS-15 type test powder), the that particle size is called the Most Penetrating Particle Size (MPPS).

composition is stable and relatively stable generation is possible.

MPPS is often 0.3ÿ or less in general filters, and indicating the collection

d) Since it is a test particle used in the measurement of the colorimetric rate is important in ensuring the lowest capture rate of the filter. On the

collection rate of JIS B 9908-2001, it can be easily correlated with the other hand, large particles tend to return because they have a large inertial

results of conventional performance tests. force, and the sedimented particles tend to scatter again because the

e) Possible to unify load dust f) Since the typical adhesion force per particle volume is small. Therefore, it is ideal to

particle density of powder for JIS-11 testing is about 3g/cm3, the aerodynamic measure filter performance from fine particles less than 0.3ÿ to large

diameter is larger than the geometric diameter. Meanwhile, the main particles of several tens ofÿ. However, particle counters that can measure

components of the powder for the JIS-11 type test are Al2O3, SiO2, and particles less than 0.3ÿ are difficult to obtain because they are expensive,

FeO2, which are brown particles, so the radius corresponding to light and large particles easily deposit in the sampling tube due to gravity and

scattering based on PSL particles with a small refractive index is measured inertia, so it is difficult to measure the collection rate for particles larger

to be larger than the geometric diameter. These two effects are canceled than 5ÿ. It's not easy. For this reason, in this JIS revision, the test particle

out and are equivalent to the aerodynamic diameter and light scattering of size range is

the JIS-11 test powder.

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It was set at 0.3~5ÿ. a) It is requested to indicate changes over time. The average collection

Since the particles deposited on the filter for coarse filters and medium- rate is the average value of the initial collection rate and each

high performance filters vary depending on the purpose and region, collection rate after the test dust load, but this value changes

it is ideal to conduct a dust load test using the particles actually depending on the load test dust. ISO Fine dust is prone to generating

collected. Load dust currently used in testing includes JIS-15 type, recurring dust, but ASHRAE dust has a strong cohesive force, so it

ASHRAE 52.1 and 52.2 load dust, ISO Fine (ISO 12103-1), etc., but tends to be difficult to generate recurring dust. Therefore, the average

the average collection rate and dust holding capacity vary depending collection rate by load test dust has the same aspect as the test dust

on the type of load dust. You may get different results. For this supply amount, and should be understood as being for relative

reason, it is difficult to simply determine the load characteristics comparison of test filters.

(change in pressure loss over time) and filter life during actual use.

Therefore, the load test does not reflect actual usage situations, but 3.4 Other explanations
should be considered as a comparison of the relative performance The interpretability of the revised JIS includes information on electret

of the test filters. In the future, it may be necessary to consider load filters (electret filters), particle re-scattering behavior, and filter performance

dust suitable for the usage conditions of the filter, but in this JIS for nanoparticles so that filter users can correctly interpret test results

standard, JIS-11 type test dust, which is considered to have a particle measured according to this test method. Further explanation was given

size distribution close to Japanese air dust, was adopted. below.

a) Electret filter: Electret filler semi-permanently electrifies the fiber,

a) As a load dust generator, a fluidized bed particle generator or a rotary acting as an organic force against uncharged particles and a

brush type particle generator that generates a test aerosol for Coulomb force against charged particles, Compared to filters using

measuring the collection rate can also be used, but since the dust an organic collection structure, a high collection rate can be achieved

concentration is as high as 70 ± 30 mg, it is generally used. A dust with the same pressure loss. However, when particles accumulate in

feeder is used. In the revised JIS, the conditions for load dust require the filter, the electric field is shielded by the particles, and in

that “stable distributed supply to primary borrowers is possible and particular, when oil particles adhere, the charge is neutralized in the

that dust does not re-agglomerate.” Although it is not easy to polarized fiber, and the collection rate decreases relatively quickly. .

completely disperse the JIS-11 type test powder down to the primary For this reason, in this standard, in order to determine to what extent

particles, it is necessary to check the dispersion state of the load the filter being tested uses electrostatic force to increase the

dust using an undersampler, etc. collection rate, the material is subjected to static elimination treatment

by immersing the material in IPA or exposing it to saturated vapor of

a) As a particle size consistent with the conventional atmospheric dust IPA for more than 24 hours. It stipulates measuring the collection

colorimetric method collection rate, EN 779:2002 adopts a collection rate before and after static electricity removal. Also, even for filters

rate of 0.4ÿ. In this regard, it was experimentally confirmed that the where the fibers are not electrically charged, there are cases where

colorimetric collection rate of JIS B 9908:2001 (JIS-11 type test the fibers are charged due to friction, etc. and the collection rate is

powder) was consistent with the collection rate of 0.7ÿ. For this measured to be high, so this measurement is performed on the

reason, in this standard, the collection rates for both particle sizes of 0.4ÿ and 0.7ÿ electret filter.

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It is not limited to and is performed for all filters. a) The Sedimentation occurs concentrated on the upstream side of the

collection rate after static electricity removal is the initial collection rate filter, and the scattered particles are agglomerated particles that are

of the filter using only the mechanical collection structure when all larger than primary particles and are easy to collect, so there is a

charges on the filter have been lost, and does not represent the high possibility that they will be collected again in the fiber layer

lowest collection rate during actual use. In actual use, the collection downstream of the filter. For this reason,

rate due to the dust load increases, so the collection rate of the ash scattering may not be confirmed downstream of the filter. c) Filter

electret filter decreases with usage time due to a balance between characteristics for nanoparticles: Regarding nanorisk, the capture

the increase in the collection rate due to the dust load and the rate of filters for nanoparticles is of great interest. In general, many

decrease in the collection rate due to the attenuation of the electric people have the mistaken belief that the smaller the particle, the

charge by the sediment particles. rises and falls. When collecting oil more difficult it is to capture. When the particle diameter becomes

particles such as oil mist, there is no increase in the collection rate smaller and reaches the same size as a gas molecule, the speed of

due to the dust load, so only a decrease in the collection rate due to the particle due to thermal motion increases, making it the same as

charge attenuation occurs. a gas molecule. This is because it is expected that the particles will

a) Furthermore, caution is required in electret filters because the bounce back from the fiber surface. Until now, there have been

maximum penetrating particle diameter is smaller than that in various attempts to confirm through experiments the rebound of

ordinary glass fiber filters. Organic force is an effective collection nanoparticles on the fiber surface (or wall), but the common

mechanism as the particle diameter is large, but in recent pellet perception is that no rebound occurs in particles larger than 2 nm. In

filters, by increasing the charge density of the fiber, capture by addition, even if particle bounce occurs on the fiber surface, the

organic force occurs even for fine particles of 0.1ÿ or less, and the nanoparticles are very active in Brownian diffusion and have an

maximum particle size is about 50nm. There are also filters that extremely high impact effect on the fiber surface, so it appears to

have a penetrating particle diameter. have no effect at all in reality. For example, in the case of a HEPA

b) Behavior of particle re-scattering: In a normal filter, the particle filter with a capture rate of 99.97% for 0.3ÿ particles, the predicted

diameter is 1 ÿ, the filtration speed is below several m/s, and re- theoretical particle transmittance for 2ÿ particles assuming no recoil

scattering becomes noticeable due to the rebound of particles on is an extremely low value of 10-20 ~ 10-30 . Even if particles collide

the fiber surface. This is because the momentum of the particles is with the fiber surface and half of them are bounced back, the

greater than the adhesion between fibers and particles due to van increase in transmittance is only about 10-10 to 10-15 , which is not

der Waals forces. Therefore, when collecting coarse particles enough to affect actual use.

(yellow dust, pollen, etc.), the filter must be impregnated with oil to

increase adhesion. Measures such as applying adhesive to the

fibers can be taken. 4. Conclusion

a) On the other hand, when particles are deposited on a fiber, a dendritic For ISO/TC 142, Japan is proposing the powder for the JIS-11 type test

deposit called a dendrite is formed, and a phenomenon in which as the test particle for air filters, but since the filter test particle reflects

part of the dendrite is broken and scattered due to the fluid resistance regional and seasonal conditions, it is expected to be difficult to unify it into

that moves the dendrite or the collision of newly incoming particles one. So, in TC142, among WG3, new test particles are introduced.

there is. In this case, within the filter

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ÿÿ PWI 15957 Challenge contaminants for testing It is truly a difficult task. Moreover, during dust loading, particles

Create air cleaning equipment and measure initial performance Since re-scattering occurs simultaneously with sedimentation, this problem will persist forever.

List of dusts that can be used as particles for constant use and dust loading. It can also be said to be one task.

It ended up being written.

In the study of air filters, the dust collection performance under dust load was evaluated. Source: Textiles and Industry Vol. 67, no. 3(2011)

The prediction is that dust collection performance depends only on the properties of the collected particles. Provided by: Min Moon-hong

No, it also changes depending on the filter’s collection structure.

Read Read Read Read Read Read Read Read, Uh Dung Dung Dung Dung Duk Doo Doo -Duk Doo.
kitchen
Sprinkle soda powder evenly on the sink, gently wipe it with a soft sponge soaked in water, and break it with water.

Rinse thoroughly. After spraying vinegar water and wiping again with a soft cloth, the dirt will be removed cleanly without scratches.

You can stay. Remove scale from the sink drain using the same method. The walls and

ceiling around the gas stove are exposed to smoke, food odors, and oil from cooking.

It often gets dirty. Mix baking soda and vinegar in warm water at a 1:1 ratio and use a sponge or scrubber.

Wiping it with is effective in removing oil stains.

livingroom & bedroom

Even if you wet mop the floor every day, there are some parts that cannot be cleaned well. Soda and water dissolved in a ratio of 2:1

Make a paste, apply it to the dirty part of the floor using a toothbrush, and leave it for a while to help the dirt rise. that

Spray vinegar water on top and if bubbles bubble up, wipe clean with a dry cloth.

Dirt is completely removed.

For household items that tend to collect dust, such as televisions and audio systems, use carbonated water cleaner.

Wipe with a damp rag. In particular, remote controls, one of the most frequently used items, are prone to dust and dirt.

Since it doesn't fall out, it's a good idea to wipe it thoroughly once a week with a cotton swab dipped in alcohol.

To remove hand stains on the keyboard, soak a soft cloth in soda water, wring it out, then gently wipe every nook and cranny, then wipe with a tissue or

Wipe clean again with a paper towel. However, it is not recommended to clean the computer monitor screen with soda water.

It is prohibited.

Rugs Rugs are one of the main culprits that cause dust in the house. Sprinkle soda powder evenly on the mat and use your hands to

Press it firmly so it is well absorbed into the mat. After about 10 minutes, the dust and odor on the rug will disappear due to the soda powder.

If it sticks, suck it up thoroughly with a vacuum cleaner. If the dirt is severe, you can stay overnight and wash it.

Good way. For stubborn stains on rugs, apply soda paste to a toothbrush and apply it to the dirty area.

Spray vinegar water and once foam forms, gently scrub with a toothbrush and then wipe with a clean rag.

bathroom
Most sinks and bathtubs made of enamel porcelain are made with vinegar and water in a 1:1 ratio.

If you mix it and rinse it with clear water after 30 minutes, the sterilization and disinfection effect will be perfect. Sprinkle

soda powder on the inside and outside of the toilet and leave it for about 20 minutes with the foam rising.

Scrub it with a toilet brush and then flush it. Spray a generous

amount of vinegar cleaner on the black mold on the bathroom floor and wait 20 minutes.

Scrub thoroughly with a sponge. Rinse with lukewarm water in the shower. Shower Hose To remove

limescale from your shower hose, spray soda cleaner on a damp sponge and scrub with one hand.

Hold the head of the hose and wrap the sponge around the hose. Wipe again with a clean damp cloth.

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