B LEVEL

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Table of Contents

A. Unit Materials ………………………….……………….……... 1 - 70

B. Vocabulary Revisions ……………………………….…….. 71 - 84

C. Listening Skill .……………………………………….......... 85 - 114

D. Video Induced Lesson .…....…………………….….... 115 - 120
E. Speaking Skill ………………………….…………….….... 121 - 148
F. Writing Skill ........………………...……………….…..... 149 - 181

G. Reading Tests .........…………………………………….. 182 - 202

H. Additional Grammar Activities ………………….... 203 - 210

I. Word Building .........……………………………….…... 211 - 236

J. Supplementary Classroom Materials ..………... 237 - 275
K. Useful Links ..………......................................... 276 - 279
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Unit
Materials

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EMPOWER UNIT 1A: SUBJECT & OBJECT QUESTIONS

SUBJECT & OBJECT QUESTIONS

Questions about the subject Questions about the object

» When we ask questions about the subject of a
sentence, the word order in the question is the
same as in a statement:
» Who did build this house? X
» Who built this house? ✓
» Questions about the object need an auxiliary
verb (do, have, be, etc.) before the subject:
» William designed this cathedral.
» Which cathedral Jack design? X
» Which cathedral did Jack design? ✓

» We often use what, who, which, whose and » We can use all question words in questions
how many in questions about the subject. about the object.

Here is a summary of question words with examples:

QUESTION WORD SUBJECT QUESTION OBJECT QUESTION

WHO Who is calling you? Who do you know here?

WHAT What caused the problem? What did you buy?
WHICH Which book sold most? Which picture do you like?
WHOSE Whose book won the prize? Whose book did you borrow?
HOW MANY How many pupils came to the How many people did you see?
lesson?
HOW MUCH How much money remained in the How much sugar do you need?
account?
HOW How do I get to your house?
WHY Why did you get up so late?
WHEN When did you go to England?
HOW FAR How far did you walk?
HOW LONG How long does it take to get there?
HOW OFTEN How often do you go swimming?

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EMPOWER UNIT 1A: SUBJECT & OBJECT QUESTIONS

A. Write a question about the underlined information in each sentence. Use question words.

e.g. Joe left the door open. Who left the door open?

1. We live in the old town. ?

2. An accident happened on the highway. ?

3. Michael lent me the money. ?

4. I got married twenty years ago. ?

5. I like the red dress. ?

6. I’d like the green pullover, please. ?

7. My mom likes big woolly pullovers. ?

8. Heather phoned Harry. ?

9. Heather phoned Harry. ?

10.She said nothing. ?

11.Martin goes to the cinema at least once a week. ?

12.The journey takes about six hours. ?

13.We usually get to work by bus. ?

14.He keeps the key in that box. ?

15.There’s a liter of milk left. ?

B. Read this magazine article and then write questions to match the answers below.

Top fashion model Charles Decker shocked his fans yesterday when he flew into London. He was on
holiday in the Caribbean and he was wearing old shorts and a T-shirt. 'I was on the island of Grenada,
but I had to come home suddenly because of a family emergency,' he explained. 'I was on the beach.
My secretary phoned from London. I jumped onto my motorbike and went straight to the local
airport. It took twenty minutes to get there. I'm going to visit my brother now. He's in hospital. I'll
change my clothes after I've seen him.'

1. ? To London.

2. ? In the Caribbean.

3. ? Old shorts and a T-shirt.

4. ? Grenada.

5. ? Because of a family emergency.

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6. ? His secretary.

7. ? By motorbike.

8. ? Twenty minutes.

9. ? In hospital.

10._ ? After he's seen him.

C. Read this text and write questions to match the answers given below.

Last night Brian Baines was celebrating his appointment as the manager of Manchester City Football
Club. He says he is particularly happy to be going back to Manchester, where he was born in 1978,
after playing for a number of European teams. Baines telephoned his wife Shirley as soon as he
signed the contract. He said that she is really pleased that their three children will be able to settle at
schools in the city. Their many old friends are looking forward to welcoming them back to
Manchester.

1. _____________________________________________________________ ?
His appointment as the manager of Farley City Football Club.
2. _____________________________________________________________ ?
In Manchester
3. _____________________________________________________________ ?
His wife Shirley.
4. _____________________________________________________________ ?
As soon as he had signed the contract.
5. _____________________________________________________________ ?
Three.
6. _____________________________________________________________ ?
Because their children will be able to settle at schools in Manchester.
7. _____________________________________________________________ ?
Their many old friends.

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EMPOWER UNIT 1B: PRESENT SIMPLE & PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

A. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Simple or Present Continuous.

1.
Lee: I _______________ (think) I've seen you before. _______________ you _______________ ENG101
this semester?
Rosa: No, but my twin sister, Linda, _______________ (study) English this year.
Lee: That _______________ (be) her! I _______________ (remember) her name now. You
_______________ exactly alike.

2.
Chris: _______________ you _______________ (know) that woman over there?
Felix: That's Mangena. She usually _______________ (teach) a speaking class, but she _______________
(work) in the computer lab this term.
Chris: That's an interesting name. What _______________ it _______________ (mean)?

3.
Taylor: This computer _______________ (have) all the features that you _______________ (look) for.
Amanda: Yes, but I can't afford it. It _______________ (cost) more than €3000, but the price
_______________ (not / include) tax.

4.
Ivy: Hi. Why _______________ you _______________ (sit) there with such a terrible look on your face?
You _______________ (not seem) happy.
Jacqueline: _______________ (try) to read these notes of my friend. He _______________ (not like) to
use a computer, so he _______________ (write) his notes by hand and his writing _______________
(be) awful. Therefore, It _______________ (begin) to get on my nerves.

5.
Connor: _______________ you _______________ (want) to hear something interesting? Justin
_______________ (study) to become a graphologist.
Dexter: What exactly _______________ a graphologist _______________ (do)?
Connor: A graphologist _______________ (analyze) people's handwriting. You can learn a lot about
people from the way they _______________ (write), especially from how they _______________ (sign)
their names.

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EMPOWER UNIT 1B: PRESENT SIMPLE & PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

B. Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use Simple Present or Present
Continuous.

Antarctica is an isolated place. There are no towns or cities. Apart from a few scientists, nobody (1)
_______________ (live) there permanently. They (2) _______________ work on climate and the
ecosystem. However, things (3) _______________ (begin) to change now. Since the 1980s, polar
tourism has grown rapidly. Polar cruises (4) _______________ (become) more popular day by day
because of the beauty of the landscape and the wildlife. Cruises (5) _______________ (cost) a lot
because the ships (6) _______________ (need) to be very strong to break the ice. However, more and
more tourists (7) _______________ (go) on them these days. Unfortunately, this tourism hasn't done
any good so far. Scientific studies show that tourists (8) _______________ (destroy) the ecosystem
now. For example, the number of some species of wildlife (9) _______________ (decrease) these days.
Many ecologists now (10) _______________ (believe) that we should leave this continent alone.

C. Complete the passage with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple or
Present Continuous.

If you (1) _______________(love) surfing and (2) _______________ (want) to get a university degree,
you should go to Plymouth University in Britain. Students who (3) _______________ (surf) three or
four times a week for fun can now do a degree in surfing and make a career of it. While surfing (4)
_______________ (look) easy when you watch from the beach, getting a degree is quite hard
to achieve. Jim and Helen are in their last year of school, and (5) _______________ (take) their A levels
this summer. They both (6) _______________ (own) surfboards, but they (7) _______________
(not surf) much these days. They (8) _______________ (study) very hard for their A levels. They
(9) _______________ (know) the academic requirements for acceptance to the surfing course are
high, and the course itself is also hard. It (10) _______________ (include) oceanography, marine
biology, ecology and the design of wet suits and surfboards, as well as actual surfing. But Jim and Helen
both (11) _______________ (think) it’s worth the effort. Let’s wish them luck.

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EMPOWER UNIT 1B: PRESENT SIMPLE & PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

D. Complete the sentences with the Present Simpler or Present Continuous.

1. Let's go out. It _______________ (not / rain) now.

2. Julia is very good at languages. She _______________ (speak) four languages very well.
3. Hurry up! Everybody _______________ (wait) for you.
4. "_______________ (you / listen) to the radio?" " No, you can turn it off."
5. "_______________ (you / listen) to the radio every day?" "No, just occasionally."
6. The River Nile _______________ (flow) into the Mediterranean.
7. The river _______________ (flow) very fast today - much faster than usual.
8. We usually _______________ (grow) vegetables in our garden, but this year _______________ (not /
grow) any.
9. Rachel is in London at the moment. She _______________ (stay) at the Park Hotel.
10. Can we stop walking soon? I _______________ (start) to feel tired.
11. A: Can you drive?
B: I _______________ (learn). My father _______________ (teach) me.
12. Normally I _______________ (finish) work at five, but this week I _______________ (work) until six to
earn a little more money.
13. My parents _______________ (live) in Manchester. They were born there and have never lived
anywhere else. Where _______________ (your parents / live)?
14. Sonia _______________ (look) for a place to live. She _______________ (stay) with her sister until
she finds somewhere.
15. I usually _______________ (enjoy) parties, but I _______________ (not / enjoy) this one very much.
(at a party right now)

E. Put in the right form of the verb in brackets. Use Present Simple or Present Continuous.

Laura: Hello, George! What _______________ (you / do) these days?

George: Hi, Laura. I _______________ (learn) French and Spanish at college. What about you?
Laura: Me? Oh, I _______________ (work) at a Travel Agency until August.
George: _______________ (you / like) it?
Laura: Yes, I do. I _______________ (work) in the office most mornings and three afternoons a week the
manager _______________ (tell) me about the business. I _______________ (work) quite long hours. I
_______________ (not / get) home until six, but I _______________ (prefer) that to not having enough
to do.
George: Yes, I _______________ (work) hard too at the moment. It _______________ (become) more
and more difficult to get a job using languages. They _______________ (ask) for higher and higher exam
grades all the time.
Laura: You can do it, George. You _______________ (be) clever.
George: Thanks, Laura.

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EMPOWER UNIT 1B: PRESENT SIMPLE & PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

F.Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Simple or Present Continuous.

1.A: 1 ____________________ (see) what you want to say.

B: Sorry, I can't. I ____________________ (see) an old friend from school tonight.
2.A: Why __________ you __________ (taste) the stew?
B: To see if it ____________________ (taste) good. I think it ____________________ (need) some more spices.
3.A: ____________________ (Peter / feel) OK? He ____________________ (look) really pale.
B: Yes, I ____________________ (know). I ____________________ (look) for the doctor's telephone now.
4.A: Why __________ you __________ (smell) the meat?
B: Because it ____________________ (smell) strange. I think it has gone off.
5.A: I ____________________ (think) about taking a week off to go on holiday.
B: I ____________________ (think) that's a good idea. You ____________________ (need) some rest.
6.A: How nice! You ____________________ (have) a new computer.
B: Yes, but I ____________________ (have) difficulty installing this new program.

G.Complete the conversations. Put in the correct form of each verb. Use the Present Continuous or the
Present Simple.

1.A: ____________________ (I / think) of buying a new computer.

B: But computers ____________________ (cost) so much money. What's wrong with the one we’ve got?
A: ____________________ (it / become) out of date now.
2.A: Your new trousers ____________________ (look) nice.
B: Thank you. The trouble is ____________________ (they / not / fit) properly. ____________________ (I / not /
know) why I bought them, really.
3.A: What ____________________ (you / do)?
B: ____________________ (I / weigh) this letter. ____________________ (I / need) to know how many stamps to put
on it.
4. A: ____________________ (I / think) this road is really dangerous. Look how fast that lorry
____________________ (go).
B: I ____________________ (agree). People shouldn't go so fast.
5.A: ____________________ (I / like) musicals. And this is a great show, isn't it? ____________________ (you /
enjoy) it?
B: Yes, I am. ____________________ (I / love) every minute of it.
6.A: ____________________ (I / always / fall) asleep. I just can't keep awake.
B: What time ____________________ (you / go) to bed?
A: About ten o’clock usually. But ____________________ (it / not / make) any difference.
7. A: Could you post the goods to me, please?
B: Yes, certainly.
A: ____________________ (I / live) in a guest house at the moment as ____________________ (I / look) for a flat.
So, could you send it to my work address?
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EMPOWER UNIT 1B: GRADABLE OR NON-GRADABLE ADJECTIVES

A. Fill in the table with the non-gradable form of the adjectives.

Big Good
Difficult Dirty
Tired Beautiful
Small Funny
Cold
Scary
Sad
Hungry
Angry
Bad
Tasty
Pleased
Hot

B. Fill in the blanks with the correct words.

funny tired boiling filthy fascinating cold

gorgeous freezing tiny dirty interesting pretty

1. It gets quite _______________ in London in the winter, but in Canada it is absolutely _______________.

2. I couldn't even put one foot into the bath, the water was absolutely _______________.

3. You should clean your shoes. They are very _______________.

4. Dave is going straight to bed. He is extremely _______________.

5. The film was not very _______________. I prefer the book.

6. Can Yılmaz is fairly _______________, but his brother is absolutely hilarious.

7. Her flat is absolutely _______________. It is only 40 square metres.

8. I find it absolutely _______________ to leave everything and start travelling. It is the perfect idea.

9. How can you see through this window? It is absolutely _______________.

10. She is always so _______________, but when she wears make up, she is absolutely _______________.

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EMPOWER UNIT 1B: GRADABLE OR NON-GRADABLE ADJECTIVES

Adverbs of Degree

Gradable Non-gradable Both

very, extremely, completely

rather, so, fairly, totally really
quite, a bit, pretty absolutely

C. Pick the correct adverbs of degree.

1. He has finished the day feeling absolutely / extremely exhausted.

2. Sezen Aksu isn’t just a good singer. She is very / really fantastic.

3. My dad is extremely / totally furious about it.

4. I was really / absolutely disappointed when she told me what happened.

5. Her contributions were fairly / absolutely vital for us.

6. The movie we watched last week was quite / really horrible. It is definitely overrated.

7. The roller-coaster was absolutely / quite scary.

8. The Eiffel Tower in Paris is totally / so high.

9. Scarlett Johansson looked absolutely / extremely gorgeous at the Golden Globe Awards.

10. Ecuador is a very / really great country.

11. I am absolutely / very terrified of spiders.

12. The service was rather / totally awful. We won’t ever come here again.

13. The landscape is absolutely / very huge.

14. His jokes are fairly / absolutely hilarious.

15. Her clothes are very / absolutely strange.

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EMPOWER UNIT 2A: PRESENT PERFECT vs SIMPLE PAST

A. Complete the conversation using just, already or yet and the words in brackets. Put the verbs into
present prefect.

A: Are you having a good time here?

B: Yes, I haven’t been here long, and I’ve already visited (I / visit) a lot of interesting places.

A: _____________________________________________ (you / visit / the Art Gallery)?

B: No, _____________________________________________ (I / not / do / that), but I’m going to do it.

A: What about the theatre? _____________________________________________ (you / see / a play)?

B: No, but _____________________________________________ (I / book / a ticket) for one. It’s called

The Friends. I rang the theatre five minutes ago. Would you like to come with me?

A: Thanks, but _____________________________________________ (I / see / that play). I saw it last

month.

B: _____________________________________________ ( I / read) in the newspaper that The

Adventures are giving a concert next week. Do you think it will be good?

A: Yes, _____________________________________________ (they / make) a really good, new record. It

came out a couple of days ago.

B: Will I be able to get a ticket?

A: Yes. _____________________________________________ (they / not/ sell all the tickets). But be

quick! They’re a very popular group.

B. Put the verbs into the correct form of the Past Simple or Present Perfect Simple.

Victoria: Hi, Sue. I (1) haven’t seen (not/see) you for ages!

Sue: Hi, Victoria, nice to see you again. No, you’re right, I (2) _______________ (not / be) in touch with

anyone recently.

Victoria: So what have you been up to?

Sue: You know I (3) _______________ (leave) my job in January so that I could go freelance as a graphic

designer.

Victoria: Yes, I remember you (4) _______________ (talk) a lot about that last year.

Sue: Well, it (5) _______________ (be) a really difficult year so far. I (6) _______________ (never / do)

anything like this before and it’s much harder than I (7) _______________ (imagine).

(8) _______________(you / ever / be) self-employed?

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Victoria: No, never, although I (9) _______________ (think) about it.

So why (10) _______________ (it / be) so difficult?
Sue: At the beginning I (11) _______________ (have) two or three good clients. These are people that I
(12) _______________ (know) for many years. They’re still with me. But that’s not enough. Victoria: What
about advertising on websites or magazines?
Sue: Yes, I (13) _______________ (already / do) that. I (14) _______________ (put) an advert in Design
Monthly a couple of months ago but there were only a few replies. But I have a new website. I (15)
_______________ (finish) it just last week. Therefore, people will be able to find me more easily on the
search engines. I (16) _______________ (have) quite a few hits today, so things might improve soon.

C. Circle the correct answer.

Have you (1) _______________ noticed that groups of cows all face the same way? Scientists have (2)
_______________ been able to explain this. Satellite photos have revealed a fact about cows (3)
_______________. They have shown that cows around the world all face either north or south.
(4) _______________ then there has been an ongoing debate among scientists. They haven’t learned why
cows do this (5) _______________. But, they have focused on one theory involving magnets (6)
_______________. The Earth is like a huge magnet, and magnets point to the north. Studies have
(7) _______________ shown that this helps some small animals, such as bats, find their way. In
addition, researchers have found that fish and whales have tiny magnetic particles in their brains (8)
_______________ they started to do research on this subject. Therefore, some researchers who have
worked in this field (9) _______________ many years have guessed that cows also have magnetic
particles in their brains. However, they haven’t found any proof (10) _______________. They have (11)
_______________ done a test to see if cows have magnetic particles in their brain.

1. a. never b. ever c. yet

2. a. never b. so far c. still

3. a. yet b. a few months ago c. recently

4. a. Until b. For c. Since

5. a. yet b. just c. last year

6. a. so far b. still c. lately

7. a. already b. never c. just

8. a. before b. when c. since

9. a. in b. for c. since

10. a. already b. till last week c. yet

11. a. just b. ever c. lately

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EMPOWER UNIT 2A: PRESENT PERFECT vs SIMPLE PAST

D. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one. Use the words

given, if any.

1. I bought my car last year.

I _____________________________________________________ (had) last year.

2. I’ve never driven such a fast car.

It’s the ___________________________________________ (ever) driven such a fast car.

3. I haven’t seen my uncle for 2 years.

The last ________________________________________ (time) two years ago.

4. I got this tattoo when I started university.

I ___________________________________________________ (have) university.

5. She lived in Istanbul from 2001 to 2005.

She _________________________________________________________ (for).

6. It’s the first time Susan has ever eaten lobster.

Susan ___________________________________________ (never) lobster before.

7. I met Ayşe in 2001.

I ___________________________________________________ (known) 2001.

8. Marco became a web designer five months ago.

Marco ___________________________________________ (has) five months.

9. We’ve never eaten in this restaurant before.

It’s _____________________________________________ (time) in this restaurant.

10. Her daughter still hasn’t turned up.

Her daughter _____________________________________________________ (yet).

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EMPOWER UNIT 2B: PRESENT PERFECT vs PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

A. Laura is at a party now. Write sentences about what she has done and what she has been doing.
1. It’s nearly midnight and Laura / dance / all evening.
_.
2. She / drink / white wine and lemonade / she / came.
_.
3. She / drink / about four glasses.
_.
4. Mark Foster / watch / her / all evening.
_.
5. He / ask / her / to dance several times.
_.
6. Laura / just/ say ‘No, thanks’ again.
_.
7. She /know / him / many years / and / she / never / like him.
_.
8. It’s late now and Laura / try / to phone for a taxi since 23:00.
_.
9. Mark / wait / for this moment all evening.
_.
‘I’ve got a car, Laura. Do you want a lift?’

B. Read this conversation between two people in a sports club. Use the correct form of the verbs to
complete it.
Emily: Excuse me. We (1) _________________________ (wait) to play tennis since 10:30. It must
be our turn now. How long (2) __________________________ (you / play)?

Tina: Since about 9:30. We (3) ________________________ (play) two matches so far and

we (4) _________________________ (finish) the third yet. You’ll have to wait or do something

else. (5) ___________________________ (you / try) the swimming pool?

Emily: We don’t want to swim. We want to play tennis. You (6) _______________ (play) for more
than two hours and it’s our turn. We’re tired of waiting and we haven’t got anything to
do. We (7) ________________ (read) the magazines we brought with us.

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Tina: I said you’ll have to wait. I always play on Saturday morning. Anyway, we (8)
(already / start) the third match.

Emily: Oh well, it looks we’ve got no choice, but we (9) (book) the court for next
Saturday so you’ll be unlucky then.

C. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use Present Perfect or Present Perfect
Continuous.

1. I _____________(work) on this project for a week but I still ________________ (not finish) it.
2. How long __________________(she / learn) Spanish?
3. Annie and John ________________ (never / quarrel) like this before.
4. He __________________ (try) to repair his bike for an hour now.
5. How many English exams _________________ (you / take) so far?
6. Jenny: What’s the problem?
Tomie: I ___________________ (feel) like my little brother is unhappy lately.
Jenny: Why?
Tomie: Well, he ____________________ (act) strange recently.

D. Fill in the gaps with the correct tense. Use either Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect
Continuous Tense.

Robin: I think the waiter (1) ____________ (forget) us. We (2) ______________ (wait) here for over half
an hour and nobody (3) _________________ (take) our order yet.
Michele: I think you're right. He (4) ________________ (walk)by us at least twenty times. He probably
thinks we (5) __________________ (order/ already).
Robin: Look at that couple over there, they (6) ____________________ (only / be) here for five or ten
minutes and they already have their food.
Michele: He must realize we (7) _______________( order / not) yet! We (8) ________________ (sit)
here for over half an hour staring at him.
Robin: I don't know if he (9) ________________ (even / notice ) us. He (10) _______________ (run)
from table to table taking orders and serving food.
Michele: That's true, and he (11) _________________ (look / not) in our direction once.

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EMPOWER UNIT 2B: PRESENT PERFECT vs PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

E. Put the verbs in the correct tense and form, Present Simple, Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous
tense.
Rose: Hi, Linda. You (1) ____________________ (look) hot and tired, what (2) ____________________ (you/do) all
morning?

Linda: I (3) ____________________(play) tennis with Paul.

Rose: Who (4) ____________________ (he/be)?

Linda: He (5) ____________________ (be) my new boyfriend. I (6) ____________________ (go out) with him for a
month.

Rose: (7) ____________________ (he / be) at this college?

Linda: Yes, he (8) ____________________ (be) here for a year now.

Rose: I (9) ____________________ (meet) him yet. Why is that?

Linda: Because he usually (10) ____________________ (get) to college late and (11) ____________________
(leave) early in the afternoon.
Rose: Why (12) ____________________ (he / do) that?

Linda: Because he (13) ____________________ (live) a long way away and he often (14) ____________________
(have) problems with buses.
Rose: I’d like to meet him sometime.

F. Choose the best option.

Mike (1) __________ to play the guitar since Christmas because his parents (2) __________ him one as a

present. He (3) __________ to be in a band but he can’t sing well. That’s why he (4) __________ a chance to do it
so far. Luckily, he had a very patient teacher. They (5) __________ with a few simple chords and now he can play

some songs. His fingers (6)__________ when he practises too long. Today, he (7)__________ since lunch and
his teacher thinks they will have to stop soon. His parents (8) __________ to his only song so far and they
are proud of their son because he (9) __________ to improve himself since the day he got his guitar and to
improve himself since the day he got his guitar and to achieve this he (10) __________ so hard.

1. a. learnt b. 's learnt c. has been learning d. learns

2. a. buy b. have bought c. is buying d. have been buying
3. a. always wanted b. 's always wanted c. 's always been wanting d. is wanting
4. a. never gets b. has never got c. has never been getting d. is never getting
5. a. started b. have started c. are starting d. have been starting
6. a. hurt b. have been hurting c. are hurting d. hurts
7. a. practised b. has practised c. has been practicing d. practices
8. a. listened b. have listened c. have been listening d. are listening
9. a. tried b. has tried c. has been trying d. is trying
10.a. worked b. has worked c. has been working d. is working
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EMPOWER UNIT 2B: PRESENT PERFECT vs PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

G. Fill in the gaps with “ Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous or Simple Past Tense”.

Everyone knows who Gigi and Bella Hadid are. These top supermodels (1) _______________ (grace)
the cover of just about every fashion magazine and (2) _______________ (walk) several
catwalks, including reuniting to walk in the 2018 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show.
The Hadid sisters (3) ____________________________ (be) extremely close since they were kids.
Their parents, Yolanda and Mohammed Hadid, (4) _______________ (raise) the women in California
mansions and (5) ______________(have) a silver-spoon upbringing. It’s noteworthy that all three
children, Anwar, Bella and Gigi Hadid, (6) _______________ (follow) in the footsteps of their mother
(7) ________________ (choose) the career in the model business. and (7) _______________ (choose)
the career in the model business.

Gigi Hadid has been modeling since she was two-years-old. However, she (8) _______________ (quit)
modeling to focus on school and be a normal teen.

Eventually, Gigi Hadid (9) _______________ (go) back into the modeling business and was named the
face of a Guess campaign in 2012, when she was 17. She (10) _______________ (sign) with IMG
models in 2013 and (11) _______________ (make) her New York Fashion Week debut a year later.

So far Gigi (12) _______________ (participate) many activist events. For instance; she (13)
_______________ (show) support for the Black Lives Matter movement, (14)
_______________ (march) for pro-Palestinian causes and (15) _______________ (work) with Unicef
to help children around the world.

Both Bella and Gigi Hadid have enjoyed riding horses and Bella is so talented that she even qualified
for the Olympics equestrian competition.

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However, the model was diagnosed Lyme disease along with her younger brother, Anwar years
ago. According to Bustle, it was extremely heartbreaking for Bella because she loves to ride and the
diseases' severe symptoms (16) _______________ (prevent) her from riding since then. Gigi hadid
has also been silently suffering from a deadly illness called Hashimoto’s disease. Gigi (17)
_______________ (face) immense body-shaming comments like being too skinny, but she (18)
_______________ (state) as an answer that she does not care if she is chubby or skinny as long as
she is healthy. Bella and Gigi Hadid are both naturally blond, but when Bella (19)
_______________ (find) a passion for modeling, just like her sister, she (20) _______________
(want) to stand out so she (21) _______________ (dye) her hair black. She (22) _______________
(tell) Allure that she "didn't want to be put in a box or seen as a carbon copy of her sister. I just
have a darker personality."
In one of the interviews Gigi’s sister, Bella said that she was proud to be Muslim. And what about
Gigi, once she spoke about her family religion and told that they were Catholics. The Hadid family is
extremely close and though both Bella and Gigi are in the modeling business, they (23)
_______________ (be) in competition with one another and always support each other's careers.

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 Student's Copy

EMPOWER UNIT 3A: NARRATIVE TENSES

1. Use the past simple for completed actions in the past which tell the main event in a story.

 I picked up the phone and ordered a pizza.

 When I saw the boy coming towards me, I said hello.
 She took a deep breath, tried to calm down and then spoke.
2. The things that happened in the past may be single, repeated or habitual actions.

 I saw John yesterday.

 We usually went by train.
 My parents lived in that house over there.

Ving

1. We use past continuous tense to set the general scene of the story.

• The music was playing softly, and the guests were arriving one by one.
• The wind was blowing gently and the birds were singing the best songs ever. He was
moving very fast, looking around and giving orders to the other police officers around.

2. For a past action which was in progress when another action interrupted it. It is used in
descriptions of the background situation, of what was going on, when some other action or
event took place.

• It was raining heavily ( = situation ) when we got to the bus-stop ( = action / event )
• While John was phoning the police (= situation), the burglar ran away. (= action / event).

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V3

1. Use the past perfect to talk about actions or situations that were completed before another
action in the story. Use the past perfect for the earlier event, the simple past for the later time or
event.

 When I got to the restaurant, all my friends had eaten and some of them had left.
 She went to bed and took a good night sleep after she had finished all the housework.
 As soon as the teacher had left the room, the students stopped working.

2. To show that something happened before a specific time

in the past.

By 1994, Jack had become successful.

3. The past perfect tense is often used to give reasons or background information for later past
events.

 She was late. She had forgotten to set her alarm clock.
Reason

 He had never taken the underground before he moved to New York.

background information later past event

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 Student's Copy

EMPOWER UNIT 3A: NARRATIVE TENSES

A. Complete the sentences with Past Perfect Tense.

John went back to his hometown after he had spent many years abroad and he found that many
things were different.

1. Most of his friends were no longer there. They _______________ (leave) to work in other
cities.

2. His best friend, Kevin, was no longer there. He _______________ (go) away.

3. The local cinema was no longer open. It _______________ (become) a shopping centre.

4. His neighbour, Mr. Johnson, was no longer alive. He _______________ (die).

5. He didn’t recognise Mrs. Johnson. She _______________ (change) a lot.

6. His childhood friend, Bill, no longer had a big house. He _______________ (sell) it.

7. His next door neighbour Kelly, no longer was a hairdresser. She _______________ (become) a secretary.

8. His cousin, Antony, was a famous writer. He _______________ (write) some novels.

9. His old girlfriend, Sally, was beautiful. She _______________ (have) plastic surgery.

B. Match the sentences 1-5 with the correct meaning, A or B.

1. The plane had landed when we heard the noise.
a. We heard the noise before the plane landed. b. We heard the noise after the plane landed.

2. The children were still preparing breakfast when I woke up.

a. Breakfast was ready. b. Breakfast wasn’t ready.

3. When Jeanette opened the door, I saw that she was crying.
a. She started to cry when she opened the door. b. She had already cried before she opened the door.

4. When Boris and Angela arrived, we’d already eaten dinner.

a. Dinner was still in progress. b. Dinner was over.

5. I’d already decided to leave the area when the new neighbours moved in.
a. I decided to leave before they came. b. I decided to leave after they came.

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 Student's Copy

C. Complete the sentences with Past Perfect Tense.

1. I wasn’t hungry because I

2. Tom wasn’t at home when I arrived. He

3. We arrived at the cinema late. The film

4. They weren’t eating when I went to see them. They

5. I invited Ann to dinner last night but she couldn’t come. She

6. I was very pleased to see Nora again after such a long time. She

7. I explained to my grandmother how to use e-mail. She

8. Margaret was sad because she

9. He was nervous on the plane because he

10. There was glass every where because

D. Circle the correct verb to complete the paragraph.

My most memorable experience (1) was / was being the solar eclipse of 2009. During the summer of
2009, I (2) travelled / was travelling around Turkey. One day when I (3) read / was reading the
newspaper, I (4) saw / was seeing an article about the eclipse. I (5) decided / was deciding to go to the
town of Amasya because the article (6) said / was saying it was the best place to see it. I (7) arrived / was
arriving in town on the day of the eclipse. I (8) walked / was walking down the street when I (9) saw /
was seeing a group of people in the town square. They (10) waited / were waiting for the eclipse to start.
I (11) didn’t know / wasn’t knowing any of them but I (12) decided / was deciding to join them. We (13)
hoped /were hoping to see every detail of this amazing natural phenomenon. Then the eclipse (14)
started / was starting at around 2:00 in the afternoon. The shadow of the moon moved across the sun,
and the sky started to get dark. By 3:00, the sun was completely covered. Everyone was quiet and
amazed. Unfortunately, while the eclipse (15) happened / was happening, my cell phone rang! I was so
embarrassed.

E. Read the story and complete the sentences with Simple past or Past Perfect.
Tom was very tired. He (1) _______________ (fall) asleep on the train home because he (2)
_______________ (work) hard all day. He (3) _______________ (not wake up) until the train (4)
_______________ (reach) Scotland. Tom (5) _______________ (get) off the train after Glasgow. He
_______________ (feel) hungry because he (7) _______________ (not eat) since breakfast so he (8)
_______________ (go) into a hamburger restaurant. After he (9) _______________ (finish) his meal, he
(10) _______________ (talk) to the waitress. Her name (11) _______________ (be) Sally. He (12)
_______________ (wait) at the restaurant until 8 p.m. And then they (13) _______________(go) to the
cinema. Sally was very shy because she (14) _______________ (never have) a boyfriend before. Tom was
very shy because he (15) _______________ (never see) such a beautiful girl in his life. But they (16)
_______________ (agree) to meet again. Tom (17) _______________ (decide) to stay in Glasgow
because he (18) _______________ (fall) in love with Sally. A year later, they (19) _______________ (get)
married. It was lucky that he (20) _________________ (miss) his station in Manchester.

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F. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Simple,
Past Continuous, or Past Perfect.

1. I was waiting (wait) to play tennis yesterday when my partner (call) me to say
that he (can not) come because his car (break down).

2. We were late. When we (arrive) everyone (finish) their lunch

and they (sit) in the garden having coffee.

3. I (run) to the station but the six o’clock train (already/leave).

There were only three people who ___________________ (wait) for the next train.

4. It _ start) raining when he (walk) to work. He (stop)

a taxi because he (not wear) a coat and (take) an umbrella.

5.They (drive) to the airport when they suddenly (remember)

that they (not turn off) the central heating.

6. The match (already/start) when we (turn on) the TV.

Turkey (score) a goal and they (play) very well.

G. Complete the sentences. Put in the correct form of each verb. Use the Past Simple, Past Continuous,

or Past Perfect.
1. Before Martin’s plane ______________ (take off), he ______________ (inform) Anne about his arrival

time. When he ______________ (arrive) home, Anna ______________ (talk) to someone on the phone and

she couldn’t open the door. Martin ______________ (have) the keys so he ______________ (wait) outside

for more than 10 minutes.

2. I ______________ (lie) in the bath when the phone ______________ (ring). It ______________ (stop)

after a few rings. I think there was a problem with the phone as I ______________ (turn) it off before I

______________ (go) to the bathroom.

3. Your friend who ______________ (come) here the other day ______________ (seem) very nice. I

______________ (enjoy) meeting her.

4. When I ______________ (see) the man, he ______________ (stand) outside the bank. He

______________ (have) a black baseball cap on.

5. When I ______________ (open) the cupboard door, a pile of books ______________ (fall) out.

6. I ______________ (walk) along the street when I suddenly ______________ (feel) something hit me in

the back. I ______________ (know) what it was so I got scared.

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 Student's Copy

EMPOWER UNIT 3A: NARRATIVE TENSES

H. Complete the text using appropriate linkers from the box. You can use each linker only once.

While Meanwhile (X2) When (X2) During Until After (X2)

The first thing I did ______________ (1) I woke up in my favourite house this morning was to admire
the fabulous view from my bedroom window. Then, I did an hour’s exercise with my personal fitness
trainer _____________ (2) my housekeeper was preparing my breakfast. _____________ (3) I had a
bath, I spent some time with my secretary and told her to send cheques to all the charities I support.
______________ (4), my personal assistant was dealing with my e-mails and arranging my
appointments. I didn’t get to the company _____________ (5) it was midday, so I instructed the driver
to use our fastest car. _______________ (6) the journey, I checked my Instagram and Twitter accounts
and replied to just a few of the messages. _________________ (7), my personal assistant was informing
me about the problem that I had to solve immediately at the company. So, just _____________ (8) I'd
got into my office, I had an urgent meeting with the department managers. Then I spent the rest of the
day doing what I love doing. _______________ (9) I met a friend for a dinner, I had already been
shopping and to the hairdresser. It was the perfect end to a perfect day.

I. Read the story about Mr. Johnson and circle the correct alternative.

1. Until / While / During Mr. Johnson was 40, he had already made an enormous fortune.

2. After / During / While he was sitting in his office, his secretary told him there was a strange man on
the phone.

3. After/ Before / When he had put the phone down, he went straight to the cafe.

4. He continued taking banknotes out of the safe while / when / until it was empty.

5. While / When / Before he was ready, he took the bag and set off for the meeting point.

6. After / While / Until he was leaving, he told his secretary that he had to go to the bank.

7. He was walking along the street. When / While / Meanwhile, he kept looking over his shoulder.

8. During / Meanwhile / While the walk to the meeting point, he thought about what had happened
to his daughter.

9. Before / After/ During his working hours, he is supposed to be in his office, but he was not.

10. When / While / Meanwhile; he thought he recognized the man. He was one of his old colleagues.

11. They had worked together after / until / during he set up his own company.

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EMPOWER UNIT 3A: NARRATIVE TENSES

J. Look at the table on the left to see what Martin did on Monday. Write complete sentences using
past tenses and the word in brackets.

8:05 = breakfast
1. He / have / breakfast / he / brush / his teeth (before)
8:05 = phone ____________________________________________________________ .

8:10 - 8:30 = brush teeth

2. He / have / breakfast / the / phone / ring (while)

_______________________________________________________ .

9:00 = start of the lesson 3. He / arrive / school / the / lesson / start (by the time)
.
9:10 = arrival _______________________________________________________
9:50 = end of the lesson
3. He / wait / in the canteen / the / lesson / finish (until)

_______________________________________________________ .

12:30 - 13:30= lunch break 5. He / play / basketball / the / lunch break / (during)

12:35 - 13:20= basketball _______________________________________________________ .

13:25 = a snack

13:30 = lesson 6. He / have / a snack / he / take / the / afternoon lesson (before)

_______________________________________________________ .

7. He / do / homework / he / have / dinner (after)

18:30 = dinner ____________________________________________________ .

19:00 - 20:00 = homework

8. He /finish /homework / he / watch/ a film (as soon as)
20:04 = finished homework
____________________________________________________.
20:05 - 22:00 = film

21:30 = fall asleep 9. He / watch / the film /he /fall / sleep / (while)

____________________________________________________ .

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 Student's Copy

EMPOWER UNIT 3A: NARRATIVE TENSES

K. Read the article and choose the correct option.

There haven’t been many female explorers and adventurers but one of the best known (1)
_______________ Mary Kingsley. She was born in London in 1862 and she (2) _______________ to
parts of Africa where few western women (3) _______________ before. Mary’s father was a doctor
who (4) _______________ travelling, studying the different customs of people around the
world. Her mother was an invalid, and much of Mary’s early life (5) _______________ spent nursing
her, until she died in 1892, only a few weeks after Mary’s father (6) _______________. As men in those
days (7) _______________ be responsible for the women in their family, Mary stayed with her young
brother until he (8) _______________ to travel to China in 1893. Now free, Mary travelled to West
Africa with the intention of completing the book her father (9) _______________ to write before his
death. From then to 1895, Mary travelled down the coast of West Africa. While she (10)
_______________, she (11) _______________ specimens of tropical fish for the British Museum, as
well as meeting the people and gathering material for her book. When she (12) _______________ to
England in 1895, she (13) _______________ her book “Travels in West Africa”, which immediately (14)
_______________ a best seller. Mary returned to Africa in 1899. This time, she (15) _______________
to South Africa, where the Boer War (16) _______________ many years ago. She volunteered as a
nurse, but after only a few months caring for Boer prisoners of war, she became ill herself and died in
1900, at the age of only thirty-seven.

1. a. was b. had been

2. a. travelled b. had travelled
3. a. were ever travelled b. had ever travelled was
4. a. enjoyed b. enjoying
5. a. was b. had
6. a. was passed away b. had passed away
7. a. were b. had been
8. a. decided b. had decided
9. a. already started b. had already started
10. a. travelled b. was travelling
11. a. collected b. had collected
12. a. had returned b. returned
13. a. was writing b. wrote
14. a. became b. had become
15. a. went b. had gone
16. a. broke out b. had broken out

26

EMPOWER 3B: USED TO & USUALLY
Now
and Then
Reading
A. Read the text. Choose if these events happened
in the past or present.
Past
1. Remote-controlled cars
2. Popularity of toystores
3. Gadgets like Ipad
4. Disappearance of some toy stores
5. Traditional toys sold in Us. Toy Pump It Up
6. Birthday organizations in Us. Toy Pump
It Up
B . Read the text again. Answer the questions.
1. What kinds of toys did children use to play with?
2. What do children prefer playing with now?
3. Why did some companies disappear?
4. Why is Us. Toy Pump It Up trying to change its
service?
5. What makes Us. Toy Pump It Up distinguishable?
Student's Copy
Good Old Days
Think about your favorite toys when you were a
little kid. Children in the past used to play with metal cars,
while children in the 2000s used to play with remote-
controlled cars. What about today’s children? They use
Pr. their tablets like a steering wheel to control their cars or
they use touchscreens to play games, which means
tablets have overtaken the toy chests full of dolls, cars
and construction sets.
Children prefer having a gadget like an Ipad or smart
watch, etc. than traditional toys, but before this,
parents used to go to toy stores with their kids. These
places used to be heaven for many children. However,
now toy stores are one of the emptiest stores in
shopping centers. Some big retailers and brands have gone
out of business already declaring bankruptcy because
they couldn’t meet the demands of the age and some
others are trying to survive.
Us. Toy Pump It Up, a third generation toy store in
the USA, used to sell traditional toys. While now it is trying
to change its services according to generational
preferences and requirements of children in order not to
share the same fate with other brands. It offers more
gadget-based, interactive and tech-oriented toys. It gives
online gift registries for birthday parties, preparing
costumes and magic shows for children in the store.
Additionally, it offers gyms for children even though
it is extremely busy with birthday organizations at the
weekend. The owner, Seth Freiden says “As we see retail’s
changing, we have to change, too. We host, organize and
clean. We do everything to keep your children active
while learning, having fun and communicating. They can
come, play and benefit from what the age holds. They
don’t isolate themselves and parents don’t have to worry
about the feeling of loneliness that new generation suffers
from most of the time.” 27
 Student's Copy

EMPOWER 3B: USED TO & USUALLY

C. Make an affirmative sentence, negative sentence or question using ‘used to + infinitive’.

1. I / live in a small town when I was a child.

___________________________________________________________________
2. Jane and her parents / go to the beach every summer when they lived in İzmir?
___________________________________________________________________
3. She / love eating chocolate, but now she hates it.
___________________________________________________________________
4. He / not / smoke when he was a teenager.
___________________________________________________________________
5. I / play rugby in a team at university.
___________________________________________________________________
6. She / be able to speak Italian, but she has forgotten it all.
___________________________________________________________________
7. He / play tennis every weekend?
___________________________________________________________________
8. We both / have short hair.
___________________________________________________________________
9. Alice / study Portuguese.
___________________________________________________________________
10. I / not / hate school when I was a small kid.
___________________________________________________________________

D. Spot the mistakes in the sentences below and correct them.

1. I used to short hair when I was a teenager.

2. We used to going to the same little café for lunch every day when I was a student.
3. She use to love playing badminton before she hurt her shoulder.
4. He didn’t used to walk along the beach every evening before bed.
5. Did you used to lose when you played chess with your father?
6. She didn’t used to be able to dance very well.
7. My family use to go to the countryside for the weekend when I was young.
8. As a little girl, Kim used to settle in Japan in 2005.
9. Did they use to travelled to Japan so often?
10. Seattle used to having a lot of job opportunities.
11. There use to be a lot of big companies hiring staff.
12. Kim used miss her friends and relatives in Japan.

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 Student's Copy
EMPOWER 3B: USED TO & USUALLY
E. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of used to.

1. I _______________ (eat) vegetables when I was little. However, I am a vegetarian now.

2. My friend Maria _______________ (smoke), but now she does.
3. She _______________ (be) a lot happier, but then she lost her job.
4. How many hours a day _______________ you _______________ (go) to school when you were ten?
5. Robert _______________ (play) in a band when he was at university.
6. There _______________ (be) a big green area here. Now, everywhere is full of buildings.
7. When the weather was bad, we _______________ (stay) at home and read.
8. On Sundays, my mum _______________ (wake) us up and cook pancakes.

F. Choose the correct option.

John Atkins, 93, explains why he has come to live in town.

Years ago, nobody in my village (1) used to lock / was locking their front doors. We (2) used to feel / felt safe
in those days. Last month, I (3) met / used to meet my neighbour in the street when I (4) was walking / used
to walk home from the shops and she (5) told/ used to tell me some bad news. Thieves (6) broke / used to
break into people’s houses while they (7) were sitting / used to sit in their back gardens. I (8) used to realize /
realized that I didn’t want to live there anymore. So last week I moved to this little flat. I (9) didn’t use to live /
didn’t live in a town before I moved . So, I didn't know much about people in towns, but people here are more
friendly than I (10) used to think / thought. Now, I feel much happier and safer.

G. Fill in the gaps with "used to" or "simple past tense".

I was born in 1936 and I lived with my family in a village near Bristol. My father was a fruit farm advisor and
my mother was a housewife. But when our teacher (1) _______________ (retire) from my school, my mother
asked for the school books and (2) _______________ (start) a small school at home. I think about nine
children (3) _______________ (come) to study with us. Mother taught us French and English, even though
she (4) _______________ (be) very deaf! Because it was the war, most people (5) _______________ (not
have) much food. We were lucky as we had lots of land so we (6) _______________ (grow) our own
vegetables and we had chickens, rabbits and a pig.
But mother (7) _______________ (feed) us lentils every day, which I hated! I still can’t stand them now. I
remember hiding lentils in my pockets and I (8) _______________ (sow) them in the garden. Luckily I didn’t
ever wait for them to grow! I think that was the beginning of my gardening career, because after I (9)
_______________ (leave) home that’s what I studied at college!
We didn’t have a television until I was about ten. Instead, we (10) _______________ (listen) to the radio a lot
after school, and we (11) _______________ (play) cards and board games, and play with friends outside. We
couldn’t really afford many holidays - people didn’t in those days. There wasn’t much petrol, and it was very
expensive. But when I (12) _______________ (be) a bit older we had a caravan and I remember it had a tin
bath that hung down under the floorboards. We (13) _______________ (love) bath time on holidays!
Nowadays people buy so many clothes, but when I was little, people (14) _______________ (make) them all.
My grandmother (15) _______________ (cut) up old clothes and make skirts and blouses from them. And
she used to give us a homemade jumper every year that she knitted from wool she took from old jumpers.
These jumpers were lovely – bright and stripy. And when we made holes in our socks grandmother would
always mend them for us. Mmm… we didn’t have a lot in those days, but I (16) _______________ (have) a
very happy childhood. 29
 Student's Copy

EMPOWER UNIT 4A: MODALS AND PHRASES OF ABILITY

A. Complete the sentences using “can, could or was able to”. Use negative forms where necessary.
Sometimes more than one form is possible.

1.
A: _______________ you speak Dutch?
B: No, not really. I _______________ speak it when I was a child, but then my family left the
Netherlands and I lost touch with the language.
2.
A: Did you go to the concert last night?
B: No, I _______________ get a ticket.
3.
A: Do you know if Sarah _______________ get home alright last night?
B: Yes, she caught the last train with just minutes to spare!
4.
A: Did you have difficulty in finding our house?
B: Not really, your directions were good and we _______________ find easily.
5.
A: I’m sorry I _______________ come to the meeting this afternoon. Something’s come up.
B: OK. Don’t worry. I’ll take notes for you.

B. Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets.

1. How long have you _________________________. (able / dance )

2. She finally _________________________ a job as a waitress. (manage / find)
3. My father’s going to give me some money so I _________________________ my first car. (able /
buy)
4. I hate _________________________ my family whenever I want. Moving to another city was not a
good idea for me. (not able / see)
5. She did as well as she could, but on this particular occasion she _________________________ the
exam on time. (not able / finish)
6. I like _________________________ a conversation in a foreign language. (able / have)
7. The cup fell off the table, but luckily he _________________________ it before it hit the floor.
(manage / catch)

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 Student's Copy

EMPOWER UNIT 4A: MODALS AND PHRASES OF ABILITY

C. Choose a suitable form of “can, could, be able to, manage to ” to complete the sentences below.
Sometimes more than one answer is possible.

1. The manager of the shop was a bit reluctant but in the end I _______________ get a refund.
2. It was really annoying. I _______________ get onto any of the websites you recommended.
3. What’s her phone number? I _______________ remember it.
4. Although Stephen Hawking _______________ speak because of his illness, he _______________
communicate with the help of a special computer.
5. Miranda should _______________ persuade her mother to follow her diet strictly as the doctor
requested.
6. They finish the new motorway next month so we _______________ get to the coast much more
quickly.
7. Most of the big hotels were full, but we prefer small guesthouses so don’t worry about
_______________ (not) find a room in one of those small guesthouses in the town centre.
8. Would you speak more slowly? I _______________ follow what you’re saying.
9. After I move to the USA, I _______________ visit you often.
10. I think you should _______________ do what you want to do.

D. Underline the correct options.

1. He loved the water and could / couldn’t / wasn’t able to swim when he was three.
2. She teaches French but she can’t / could / is able to speak Chinese as well.
3. He’s lost his driving licence so he can / couldn’t / isn’t able to drive for a year.
4. You can / couldn’t / were able to see the sea from here before they built those block of flats.
5. For me, Jack might be the most lovable man in the world so I can / could /couldn't understand why
Nancy’d left him.
6. I’m having laser treatment on my eyes, so I will can / could / be able to read without
glasses.
7. We’re a bit worried about Jake. He’s six years old, but he still can / can’t / couldn’t read.

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EMPOWER UNIT 4A: MODALS AND PHRASES OF ABILITY

E. Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use negative forms where necessary.

1. I am really sorry but we ____________________ to the party. (not able / come)

2. She finally ____________________ a job as a waitress. (manage / find).

3. My father’s going to give me some money so I ____________________ my first car. (able / buy)

4. We were only at home for a few days and unfortunately we ____________________ (not able / visit)
all the people we’d wanted to see.

5. I hate ____________________ at night. Insomnia is a serious problem. (not able / sleep)

6. Everyone should ____________________ a car. It might be a vital issue on some occasions.(able / drive)

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EMPOWER UNIT 4B: ARTICLES

A. Complete the text using a or the.

Sophie and Larry are looking for (1) _____ new house in (2) _____ town where they live. They like (3)
_____ house they’re living in, but (4) _____ rooms are too small, and it’s difficult to find (5) _____ parking-
place. (6) _____ street’s noisy too. Sophie wants (7) _____ bigger house away from the city centre. They both
want (8) _____ house in a quiet part of (9) _____ town. Yesterday they looked at (10) _____ nice house with
(11) _____ garage and (12) _____ garden. Larry liked (13) _____ garage, but Sophie thought (14) _____ garden
was too small. And there was only (15) _____ shower in (16) _____ bathroom. Was it really (17) _____ house
they wanted?

B. Complete the text, using the where necessary.

Jerry Walsh’s father is in (1) _____ prison. Jerry lives with his sister and his mother. They try to look after him,
but his mother’s at (2) _____ work all day and his sister’s at (3) _____ college. At the moment his mother’s ill in
(4) _____ hospital. He’s never been to (5) _____ hospital to see her. He’s supposed to be at (6) _____ school
every day, but he stays in (7) _____ bed a lot of the time. He goes to (8) _____ school at (9) _____ end of his
street, but he doesn’t go to (10) _____ school very often. He never goes to (11) _____ church on (12) _____
Sundays, but on (13) _____ Tuesday he sometimes goes to (14) _____ church near his house because there’s a
youth club there. Jerry’s only 12 but he’s often in trouble with the police and he’s already been in (15) _____
court three times.

C. Circle the correct alternatives.

Shopping - It's bad for men's health!

Have you ever wondered why men hate shopping so much? According to a / the new report, shopping trips
can be harmful for Ø / the men. A / The report suggests that Ø / the men become stressed when they have to
choose Ø / the clothes and cope with crowded shops. Ø / The men in our investigation suffered increases in
their blood pressure and heartbeat while in a / the shopping centre. However, only 25 % of Ø / the women
who were examined showed any significant change. The psychologist who carried out a / the research, was
surprised by Ø / the levels of stress found in men at Ø / the shopping centres. They were Ø / the same as
those found in police officers going into dangerous situations.

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EMPOWER UNIT 4B: ARTICLES

D. Complete the article. Use a, the or no article (- .

THE BEATLES

In 1957, (0) a young man called John Lennon from (1) ______ Liverpool decided to form (2) ______ pop
group called The Quarrymen. In (3) ______ same year, (4) ______ Lennon invited (5) ______.friend called
Paul McCartney, then only fifteen, to join the group as (6) ______ guitarist. McCartney, in turn, invited George
Harrison the following February. Ringo Starr became (7) ______ fourth band member. (8) ______ of the band
was changed to The Beatles and it became one of (9) ______ most commercially successful acts in (10) ______
history of (11) ______ popular music. They built their reputation playing clubs in (12) ______ Liverpool and
(13) ______ Hamburg in (14) ______ Germany over a three-year period from I960. They achieved (15) ______
success in (16) ______ United Kingdom with their first single, Love Me Do, and gained international popularity
over the next couple of years, touring extensively until 1966. Then they spent (17) ______ lot of time in the
recording studio until their end in 1970. Following (18) ______ break-up of the band, each member found
(19) ______ success independently in musical careers, though Lennon himself was sadly murdered outside
his home in (20) ______ New York in 1980. He was shot by (21) ______ man at the entrance of (22) ______
building where he lived. During The Beatles' studio years, they produced some of their finest music, including
(23) ______ album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967), widely regarded as (24) ______
masterpiece. The Beatles are the best-selling band in the history of (25) ______ popular music. They have had
more number one albums in (26) ______ charts than any other musical act. They have sold more albums in
(27) ______ USA than any other artist. Their influence on popular culture is (28) ______ unparalleled.

E. Choose the correct answer from the options below.

1. Many fans consider Lewis Hamilton to be a / the / – best racing driver in a / the / – world.
2. When I was younger I was in a / the / – school basketball team for my year, so my dream was to become
a / the / – professional player.

3. Most experts advise that a / the / – healthy lifestyle should involve plenty of an / the / – exercise.
4. The playing field is free to use, but they don’t provide equipment, so if you want to play a / the / – football,
you will need to bring a / the / – ball.

5. Unfortunately our team didn’t win a / the / – final, but at least it was an / the / – entertaining match!

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EMPOWER UNIT 4B: -ED & -ING ADJECTIVES

A. Choose the best option.

1. My nephew was amusing / amused by the clown.
2. It’s so frustrating / frustrated! No matter how much I study, I can’t seem to remember
this vocabulary.
3. Alice is such a bored / boring person! She keeps talking about uninteresting stuff all the time.
4. I’m feeling depressed / depressing , so I’m going to go home, eat some chocolate, and go to bed early
with a good book.
5. I thought her new idea was absolutely fascinating / fascinated.
6. This maths problem is so confused / confusing. Can you help me?
7. The teacher was a really amusing / amused person so the lesson passed quickly.
8. The journey was exhausting / exhausted! Twelve hours by bus.
9. The plane began to move in a rather alarmed /alarming way.
10. The trip was overwhelmed / overwhelming, with so many things to do and it was all so new.
11. She is never satisfying / satisfied with her work.
12. Cleaning is so tiring / tired ! I think I’ll have a rest!
13. She thought the ride on the rollercoaster was thrilled / thrilling.
14. I was really surprised / surprising when I saw you. I thought you were on holiday.
15. My grandmother was shocked / shocking by the man’s bad language.
16. My niece is terrifying / terrified of dogs.
17. Thank you so much for the prize! I’m thrilled /thrilling!
18. My job is very satisfied / satisfying. I love helping people.
19. The news was so shocking / shocked that she burst into tears.
20. My exam results were great! It’s really surprising / surprised but good, of course!

B. Fill in the gaps with the -ed or -ing form of the verbs.

1. He was __________________ when he saw the spider. (frighten)

2. I was really __________________ when I fell over in the street. (embarrass)
3. That film was so __________________ ! There was no happy ending for any of the characters. (depress)
4. I’m sorry, I can’t come tonight. I’m completely __________________. (exhaust)
5. We are going in a helicopter? How __________________ ! (excite)
6. Don’t show my baby photos to people, Mum! It’s so __________________ (embarrass)
7. It’s okay, it’s only me. Don’t be __________________. (alarm)
8. My sister is so __________________ because she is going on holiday tomorrow. (excite)
9. I hate long flights, I’m always __________________. (bore)
10. She looked very __________________ when I told her we had to change the plan. (confuse)
11. John was __________________ by Mandarin when he first started learning languages. He decided to
study more and now he can speak it fluently. (fascinate) 35
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EMPOWER UNIT 5A: FUTURE FORMS

A. Complete the text with the correct form of "will or be going to".

Jason: I just heard the weather report . It (1) __________________ (rain) tomorrow.
Ariel: Oh no ! I hate driving in the rain. And it’s a long drive to the conference.
Jason: Wait ! I have an idea. We (2) __________________ (take) the train instead! There’s a train at 7
a.m. Ariel: Good idea! What about lunch? Oh, I know . I (3) __________________ (make) some
sandwiches for us. Jason: OK. You know , it’s a long trip. What (4) __________________ (do) all that
time ?
Ariel: Maybe I (5) __________________ (bring) my laptop, and we can watch a film.
Jason: Great. Hey , Ariel, your cup (6) __________________ (fall) ! It’s right at the edge of the table.
Ariel: Got it ! You know, we have to get up really early. I think I (7) __________________ (go) home
now. Jason: OK, I (8) __________________ (see) you tomorrow. Goodnight.

B. Choose the best option to complete the sentences.

I have an appointment with a careers advisor. (1) I’ll meet / I’m going to meet her at 10 o’clock
tomorrow morning. I have prepared lots of questions to ask. (2) I’ll ask / I’m going to ask her how I
can get a job with the media and (3) I might enquire / I am going to enquire about the qualifications
required. Perhaps (4) I‘ll have / I’m going to have some sort of journalism course. Anyway, I think (5) I’ll
be / I’m going to be good at presenting programs on TV. My school has also organised a talk by a
journalist.
(6) He is going to give / he will give a presentation this evening, but I have to attend our traditional
family dinner tonight. If dinner takes too long, (7) I might not go / I am not going to go to the
presentation. Still, haven’t decided yet, but one thing is certain. (8) I am not going to stay / I won’t stay
late at the talk, because (9) I will be / I’m going to be up early tomorrow not to be late for the
appointment.

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EMPOWER UNIT 5A: FUTURE FORMS

C. Fill in gaps with “will, be going to or present continuous tense”.

1. Have you got any plans for tomorrow?

- Yes, I __________________ (visit) my grandparents.
2. Why is she learning Spanish?
- She __________________ (travel) to Spain.
3. We are thirsty.
- Wait here. I __________________ (get) some water.
4. Meat or fish?
- I __________________ (have) some fish, please.
5. Tom _________________ (see) a doctor at 9 am on Monday.
6. I think, if you don't take a taxi, you __________________ (not arrive) on time.
7. I have bought my ticket. I ________________ (take) 5 o'clock train tomorrow.
8. Oh! I haven't got enough money to pay!
- Don't worry. I __________________ (lend) you some.
9. Watch out! You __________________ (burn) yourself.
10. Why are you switching on the TV?
- I __________________ (watch) a football match.

D. Fill in the gaps with Be Going To or Present Continuous Tense. Both tenses may be correct for
some sentences.

1. It is absolutely certain. Tomorrow, my parents ________________________ (come) to Spain to visit us.

2. I really prepared myself and I'm ready now. I ________________________ (meet) David at the corner of the
street in thirty minutes.
3. We have decided to do it. We ________________________ (go) to Rome to visit the La Fondata Di Trevi next
Wednesday.
4. I suppose it ________________________ (to rain) in a couple of days.
5. We ________________________ (have) a meeting tomorrow at 9 am to discuss new projects.
6. In a few years, Duncan ________________________ (to become) the King of Scotland.
7. Everything is planned. Britney ________________________ (to sing) on the stage tonight.
8. Jennifer has been training for years about this. She ________________________ (to start) the Everest’s ascent
next week.

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EMPOWER UNIT 5B : ZERO & FIRST CONDITIONALS

A. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verbs in the brackets to form zero conditionals.

1. If the children __________________ (not eat) well, they __________________ (not become) healthy.
2. If she __________________ (not water) the plants, they __________________ (die).
3. What __________________ (happen) if you __________________ (not study).
4. You __________________ (get) water if you __________________ (mix) hydrogen and oxygen.
5. If a snake __________________ (get) scared, it __________________ (bite).
6. If it __________________ (not rain), plants __________________ (not / can / grow).
7. If you __________________ (smoke), your skin __________________ (age) more quickly.
8. Water __________________ (evaporate) if you __________________ (boil) it.
9. If you __________________ (lend) him money, he never __________________ (pay) it back.
10. Julia __________________ (have) sunstroke if she __________________ (not wear) a hat.

B. Complete the e-mail by using the correct positive or negative forms of the verbs in brackets and the first
conditional.

Dear Lisa,

Thanks for your message, it was great to hear your news. I’m very busy at the moment because my exams start
next week. If I (1) __________________ (get) the right grades, I (2) __________________ (finish) preparatory
school in January. But if I (3) __________________ (do) well enough in them, I (4) __________________ (be
able to) start my department next term. So I’m working very hard. Thanks for inviting me to come and stay with
you during the summer. I (5) __________________ (do) it if the flights (6) __________________ (be) too
expensive. I’m planning to get a job for a few weeks and (7) __________________ I (save) enough money to
come if I (8) __________________ (find) one. It (9) __________________ (be) a pity if we (10)
__________________ (not/see) each other, so I’ll do my best. Other news? Well, the weather’s terrible here at
the moment. If it (11) __________________
(improve), I think I (12) __________________ (go) mad! I hope you’re OK. If you (13) __________________
(write) to me again soon, I (14) __________________ (reply) as quickly as I can.

See you,
Best!

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EMPOWER UNIT 5B : ZERO & FIRST CONDITIONALS
C. Choose the best alternative.
1. If you __________________ to prepare the food for lunch, you __________________ the pantry
on the 2nd floor. Everything you need is in the fridge there.
a. don’t want / use
b. want/ won’t use
c. want / can use
d. don’t want / can’t use

2. Well, many thanks for your help, if I __________________ any further information, I
__________________ you.
a. will need / can just call you
b. need / will just call
c. can need / call
d. don’t need / can’t call

3. If she __________________ overtime, she __________________ extra pay.

a. will work / can claim
b. doesn’t work / claims
c. work / can claim
d. works / will claim

4. I __________________ you my laptop if you __________________ to be careful with it.

a. won’t lend / promise
b. lend / can promise
c. will lend / will promise
d. can lend / promise

5. if you __________________ more than 15 minutes late, it __________________ from your

salary.
a. are / will be cut
b. can be / isn’t cut
c. will be / is cut
d. won’t be / can be cut

6. If you __________________ , you __________________ yellow fingers.

a. can smoke / get
b. don’t smoke / get
c. smoke / get
d. will smoke / will get

7. The man on the phone demanded a ransom and said “If you __________________ the money,
you __________________ your child again!”
a. bring /see
b. don’t bring / can’t see
c. won’t bring / can’t see
d. bring / won’t see

8. What __________________ if you __________________ to take a day off? Just let my supervisor
know as early as possible.
a. do you do / will need
b. do you do / can need
c. can you do / will need
d. will you do / need 39
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EMPOWER UNIT 5B : ZERO & FIRST CONDITIONALS

D. Complete the sentences with IF or WHEN.

1. __________________ it rains tomorrow, we won’t have a picnic.

2. I am going to London. I’ll call you __________________ I get back.

3. My dad will buy me a car __________________ I am 18.

4. __________________ I am late to work, my boss gets very angry. That is why I am always on time.

5. I am leaving work now. I ‘ll finish this project __________________ I get home.

6. __________________ he eats, he tries to choose healthy foods.

7. She hates TV. She thinks television is a waste of time. __________________ she watches any
television at all, it is usually a documentary or a news programme.

8. He loves going to the movies. __________________ he goes to the movies, he always gets a large

popcorn with tons of butter.

E. Complete the sentences with IF or UNLESS.

1. We won’t go on holiday __________________ we can take our dog with us.

2. __________________ we don’t buy it now, we’ll have to get it later.

3. __________________ you go to bed late, you’ll be tired in the morning.

4. I can’t finish my homework __________________ you help me.

5. We'll have a picnic on Saturday __________________ the weather is bad.

6. You'll catch a cold __________________ you wear your coat.

7. I'll open the window __________________ I get too hot.

8. You won’t know what to do __________________ you listen.

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EMPOWER UNIT 6A: MODALS OF OBLIGATION

A. Choose the best option to complete the text.

There was a time when workers (1) could / couldn’t get out of their chairs. They (2) had to /
didn’t have to sit there for up to eight hours a day. They (3) could / couldn’t take a ten-minute coffee
break, but after that they (4) needed to / didn’t need to ask permission to leave their desks. Now,
all that has changed. In modern offices, people (5) can / must now leave their work stations without
having to ask for permission. Of course, they still (6) have to / don’t need to get on with their work,
but with wifi connections and cordless phones they (7) don’t have to /mustn’t be at their desks to be
at work. In fact, new office regulations state that workers (8) mustn’t / don’t need to sit at their
desks for more than forty minutes at a time, and that they (9) have to / don’t have to get up and
stretch their legs, even if it’s just for a few minutes.

B. Complete the text with ONE WORD in each gap. Contractions (e.g. isn’t) count as one word.
I work as a pharmacist and as part of the job we (1) ____________
to wear a uniform. When I first started, I hated the uniform. We
(2) ____________ wear a knee length skirt and tights all year round.
Unfortunately, we (3) ____________ wear high heels or jewelery,
although we (4) _____________ wear earrings as long as they were
small and simple. But things have changed in the ten years I‘ve been
working here. We (5) _____________ wear skirts anymore, we
(6) _____________ wear trousers if we want as long as they’re smart and clean. But there are two strict
rules regarding my job. First is we (7) _____________ wear heavy make-up and secondly any
tattoos (8) _____________ be covered up while working.

C. Rewrite the statements so that it has a similar meaning to the first.

e.g. It wasn’t necessary for Nancy to clean the flat.

She didn’t need to /didn’t have to clean the flat.

1. I was always allowed to stay up late as a child.

_____________________________________________________________________

2. I’m sure that it is a terrible experience for you.

_____________________________________________________________________

3. It’s against the rules for players to have a drink before the match.

_____________________________________________________________________

4. I need this report to be on my desk tomorrow morning.

_____________________________________________________________________

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5. Employees weren’t allowed to take leave without pay in the US until 1990s.

_____________________________________________________________________

6. Is it necessary for people to bring their own sleeping bags?

_____________________________________________________________________

7. It wasn’t necessary for him to finish the report.

_____________________________________________________________________

8. It is strictly prohibited to sell alcohol after 10 pm in Turkey.

_____________________________________________________________________

9. I wasn’t allowed to stay outside overnight when I was a kid.

_____________________________________________________________________

10. It was an obligation for citizens to pay a fee to the pool worker before voting.

_____________________________________________________________________

D. Read the sign at a swimming pool and complete the sentences with must not or don’t have to .

1. Children under age 12 must not swim without an adult.

2.You bring your own towel.

3.You play ball in or around the pool.

4.You dive into the pool.

5. Teenagers go swimming with an adult.

6. You leave the swimming pool at 8:00 p.m.

7. You stay in the pool after 10:00p.m.

8. You drink alcoholic beverages.

9. You wear a swimming hat.

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EMPOWER UNIT 6A: MODALS OF OBLIGATION

E. Circle the answer which has similar in meaning with the sentence.

1. We have to pay the electricity bill before Friday.

a. We can pay it if we want to.

b. We must pay it.
c. We have already paid it.

2. You don’t need to buy me a birthday present.

a. You must buy me a birthday present.

b. You mustn’t buy me a birthday present.
c. It’s not necessary to buy me a birthday present.

3. I have to do some work on my project this evening.

a. I haven’t got time to do the work.

b. I’ve already done the work.
c. I need to do the work.

4. It’s kind of you to offer to help, but you really don’t need to.
a. I don’t want you to help me.
b. Your help isn’t necessary.
c. You won’t be able to help me.

5. Lenny didn’t have to see the head teacher after all.

a. It wasn’t necessary for Lenny to see the head teacher.
b. Jason went to see the head teacher.
c. Jason is waiting to see the headteacher.

6. Students mustn’t run in school buildings.

a. They can run if they want to.

b. Students don’t like running.
c. Running isn’t allowed.

7. All passengers must fasten their seatbelts.

a. They have to fasten their seat belts now.

b. They don’t have to fasten their seat belts.
c. They can fasten their seat belts.

8. Mr. Reed had to go to the police station to answer some questions.

a. Mr. Reed was able to go to the police station.

b. Mr. Reed forgot to go to the police station.
c. Mr. Reed was obliged to go to the police station.

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EMPOWER UNIT 6A: MODALS OF OBLIGATION

F. Underline the words in conversation that express something “necessary, not necessary , or
prohibited”.

Ben: Hello I’m Australian, and I’m planning to spend several weeks in Europe with my family.
I have some questions. First, Do we have to get visas to visit Italy?

Clerk: Not for a short visit. But you can’t stay for longer than 90 days without a visa. Australians need
a Permit to Stay if they stay in Italy longer than 8 days. You must apply for the permit at a local police
station within 8 days of your arrival not to have any problem.

Ben: Can my wife and I use our Australian driver’s licences in Italy?

Clerk: You don’t have to carry your Australian licence, but you must have an
International Driver’s Permit to drive. And you have to be at least 18 years old.

Ben: When do we have to get the IDPs? Is it possible to apply for them when we get to Europe?

Clerk: No, you must apply before you leave Australia. The Australian Automobile Association can
help you. You will also have to get an International Insurance Certificate to show you have
insurance. But you will be able to get that at the car rental agency.

Ben: We will be in Italy in January. We haven’t made any reservations.

Clerk: Oh, you need to have reservations, even in January- especially in major cities like
Rome, Venice. Ben: OK. Thanks a lot. You’ve been very helpful.

Now tick (✓) the appropriate box for each instruction.

Necessary Not Necessary Prohibited

1. Get a Permit to Stay for a two-day visit. ________ ✓

________ ________

2. Get a Permit to Stay for visits longer than 8 days. ________ ________ ________

3. Apply for a Permit to Stay ten days after arrival. ________ ________ ________

4. Get a visa for one-month visit. ________ ________ ________

5. Bring Australian driver’s licence. ________ ________ ________

6. Get International Driver’s Permit. ________ ________ ________

7. Apply for International Driver’s Permit in Europe. ________ ________ ________

8. Make hotel reservations ________ ________ ________

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EMPOWER UNIT 6A: MODALS OF OBLIGATION

G. Read the text and circle the correct past modal and then match them with the meanings below.

Before I went to school, I was a happy and carefree child. I (1) didn’t have to / couldn’t do any homework or
sit on a chair for hours every day. I just (2) had to / must stay with my granny. I (3) could / had to do what I
wanted and she never complained about my behaviour. The only thing I (4) couldn’t / didn’t have to do was
to leave the garden. I learned a lot of things from my granny. By the time I was five, I (5) could / couldn’t
sing, play the piano a little and swim. Once, I (6) was able to / could come in first in the children’s swimming
race. However, before I went to school, I (7) couldn’t / mustn’t draw or paint very well. No matter how I
tried, I just (8) wasn’t able to / didn’t have to sketch even the most simple figures.

a. managed to a. lacked the ability to

b. was obliged to b. wasn’t allowed to

c. wasn’t obliged to (1) didn’t have to c. was allowed to

d. had the ability to

H. Rewrite the sentences so that they mean the same as the first.

1. It isn’t necessary for you to attend the seminar.

(have)

You _____________________________________________________________________ the seminar.

2. Ann managed to pass the driving test.
(able to)
_____________________________________________________________________ .
3. It was necessary for us to be at Dover at 8:15.
(to)
_____________________________________________________________________ at Dover at 8:15.
4. He was able to persuade them.
(to)
_____________________________________________________________________ .
5. It’s against the law to drive without wearing a seatbelt.
(not)
_____________________________________________________________________ .

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6. Every time I go to London I have to remind myself to drive on the left.

(need)

_____________________________________________________________________ .

7. It was unnecessary for me to finish the report yesterday.

(didn’t)

_____________________________________________________________________ .

8. It’s necessary not to forget it.

(mustn't)

_____________________________________________________________________ .

9. Students are not allowed to eat in the classroom.

Students _____________________________________________________________________ in the classroom.

10. It’s against the law to play loud music at night.
You _____________________________________________________________________ at night.
11. I don’t think you need to hurry.
You _____________________________________________________________________ .
12. It’s necessary to write in pencil.
You _____________________________________________________________________ .
13. By the time she was seven, she was already able to speak three languages.
_____________________________________________________________________ .

14. You don’t have permission to use the lab.

You _____________________________________________________________________ the lab.
15. It’s very necessary not to be late.

You _____________________________________________________________________ .

16. Tony was able to ride a horse when he was six.

Tony _____________________________________________________________________ when he was six.

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17. You have my permission to leave the meeting early.

You __________________________________________________________ the meeting early.

18. They were obliged to reply to the invitation.

They __________________________________________________________ to the invitation.

19. Our teacher told us that it is a good idea to revise our notes everyday.

a. Our teacher told us that __________________________________________________________ everyday.

b. Our teacher told us that __________________________________________________________ everyday.

20. If you are worried about getting fat, you shouldn’t eat at Mc Donald’s in the evenings.

(not to)

You __________________________________________________________ if you are worried about getting fat.

21. Our car's gas tank is almost empty. It would be a good idea to fill it up with gas soon or we will run out of gas!

a. Our car's gas tank is almost empty. We __________________________________________________________

or we will run out of gas.

b. Our car's gas tank is almost empty. We __________________________________________________________

or we will run out of gas.

22. It's really raining outside right now. I shouldn’t forget my umbrella or I'll get wet!

It's really raining outside right now. __________________________________________________________ .

23. Perhaps, you shouldn’t wear those pants to the interview.

Perhaps, __________________________________________________________ .

24. It is a bad idea to go to bed late if you have an exam next day.

a. You __________________________________________________________ .

b. You __________________________________________________________ .

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EMPOWER UNIT 6B: COMPARATIVE & SUPERLATIVE

A. Circle the correct answer.

Everyone loves excitement and people say there is nothing (1) _____________ exciting as a roller

coaster ride. For years, these rides were all very similar, with only small improvements, which make each

new ride (2) _____________ more exciting than the previous one.

But with the latest technological developments, new roller coaster rides are (3) _____________

exciting than ever before. People who are looking for extreme excitement are now unable to decide

between two rides on opposite sides of the world. By far the biggest ride, Steel Dragon 2000, is in

Nagashima Spaland theme park in Tokyo. The ride is over 2.500 km long, lasts four minutes and includes

a 68 degree drop.

At times, its speed reaches (4) _____________ 150 km per hour. The ride, which cost $55 million, was

also (5) _____________ expensive to build than most other rides. Its biggest rival, the Kingda Ka ride is at

Six Flags Great Adventure Park in the US. With its 950 m. length The Kingda Ka ride (6) _____________ as

long as its Japanese competitor, but it’s (7) _____________ faster and higher. In fact, with riders

travelling at up to 206 km per hour, there are (8) _____________ faster rollercoaster rides on Earth. It is
also the tallest, with a height of 139 metres. However, as it lasts less than one minute, it is (9)

_____________ than the four-minute experience of Steel Dragon 2000.

1. a. more b. as c. much more

2. a. as b. a bit c. very

3. a. far more b. a lot c. less

4. a. as faster as b. faster c. as fast as

5. a. far b. most c. a lot more

6. a. is b. isn't c. more

7. a. much more b. more c. much

8. a. no b. as c. much

9. a. much more shorter b. a lot more shorter c. very much shorter

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EMPOWER UNIT 6B: COMPARATIVE & SUPERLATIVE

B. Read the blog and complete it with the correct form of the adjectives.

CANADA vs. THE USA

I've just got back from a tour of the USA and Canada. I used to think they were very similar countries but I
now realise they are very different. I think Canadians are (0) more polite (polite) and (1) _______________
(gentle) than their southern neighbours. They are generally (2) _______________ (modest) in their
behaviour than the Americans who tend to be a bit (3) _______________ (loud). I used to think the USA
was a (4) _______________ (nice) place to live than Canada but I have changed my mind. Even though the
USA is a (5) _______________ (rich) nation than Canada, the standard of living appears to be (6)
_______________ (good) in Canada. The World Health Organization ranks Canada (7) _______________
(high) than the USA for its health service and Canadians have a (8) _______________ (long) life
expectancy than their American friends. However, things are much (9) _______________ (cheap) in the
USA.

The USA is one of (10) _______________ (violent) countries in the world and I felt (11) _______________
(safe) on the streets of Toronto than in New York. The USA has a much (12) _______________ (bad) crime
rate than Canada. I had a (13) _______________ (pleasant) time in Canada. The people genuinely seemed
to be (14) _______________ (happy) and (15) _______________ (relaxed). All in all, I think Canada is one
of (16) _______________ (beautiful) countries in the world to visit and probably one of (17)
_______________ (good) to live in, too.

C. Rewrite the sentences to have the same meaning with the given clues in the parenthesis.

e.g. My watch is less attractive than yours. (not as . . . as)

My watch isn’t as attractive as yours.

1. Sally’s dress isn’t as fancy as Jill’s. (less)

2. Denver exercises less frequently than he used to. (not as . . . as)

3. This supermarket isn’t as expensive as the one across the street. (than)

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4. The actor’s new movie isn’t as exciting as his last one. (less)

5. This sports centre is less convenient than the one near her flat. (not as . . . as)

6. This review of the hotel is more positive than that one. (not as . . . as)

7. The old computer doesn’t start up as quickly as the new one. (less)

8. I don’t run as fast as my brother. (than)

9. I've never had to wait this long for a bus before. (the)

This I have ever had to wait for a bus.

10. We were told that the show was not very entertaining but it was. (than)

The show we had been told.

11. The problem seems more complicated than I thought. (simple)

12. He speaks French more fluently than me. (as)

13. Istanbul is bigger than Ankara. (as & than)

a. Istanbul ________________________________________________________

b. Ankara
c. Ankara

14. I don't think I have ever had such a bad haircut. (worst)

This ______________________________________________________________

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EMPOWER UNIT 7A: MODALS OF DEDUCTION

A. Read the dialogue between Carlotta and George and circle the correct alternative.

Carlotta: I can't find my keys and I'm late. There (1) might / must be a lot of traffic in town so I need to
hurry. They're not in my bag so they (2) must / can't be in the flat somewhere.
George: Have you looked in the kitchen?
Carlotta: They (3) can't / could be there because I haven't been in the kitchen. They (4) must /
might be in the bedroom because I changed my clothes there or they (5) could / must be on the
table in the hall. I'll go and look. No, they're not there.
George: Did you leave them in the car?
Carlotta: They (6) could / can't be in the car because I opened the door with them.
They (7) can't / must be here somewhere.
George: I can't see them. Let's think. They (8) might / can't be in your coat pocket because you weren't
wearing one but they (9) can't / might be in your jeans pocket. Have you looked there?
Carlotta: Oh, thanks. I've found them. I (10) must / may be home a bit late
tonight. Bye.

B. Complete the blanks with must, can’t, or might.

1. Look at that guy's enormous muscles. He ___________________ work out a lot.

2. Jennifer ___________________ want to participate in the festival - it seems like the type of thing she'd
be interested in. Why don’t you ask her?
3. My little brother goes camping every weekend. He ___________________ really love the outdoors.
4. Dave worked hard on his report, but accidentally he deleted the file from his computer. I am sure he
___________________ be upset.
5. My mom ___________________ be right - but I'm going to check to make sure.
6. We're not sure if this painting is an original. If that's right, it ___________________ be worth
thousands of dollars.
7. We ___________________ not be able to go to the football game. It depends on whether we can get
the afternoon off from work.
8. Denis's working full-time and studying for his Ph.D. That ___________________ be easy.
9. Honey, you just ate a huge dinner half an hour ago! You ___________________ be hungry again
already!
10. Wow - look at her diamond necklace. It ___________________ cost a fortune.

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EMPOWER 7B: QUANTIFIERS

A. Complete the following exercise with correct quantifiers.

1. We are going to be late. There is so _________________ traffic. Yeah, it is terrible.

Too ___________________ people are driving. I have never seen this _________________ cars on the road.
a. much / many / many
b. a lot of / many / many
c. a lot / a lot of / a few

2. Can you bring soda to the picnic? I don't have _________________.

Yeah, I think I've got ________________ left over from the party.
a. no / no
b. any / some
c. any / little

3. How do you feel about your new job? Do you have as ______________ responsibilities as you
used to?
The job is great. I have about the same amount of work to do as before, but I have ______________
stress and _____________ problems.

a. much / some / no
b. many / no / no
c. plenty / no / no

4. A: How do you think you did on the test?

B: I think I did _______________ better than last time, maybe even ____________ better. What about you?
A: Well, I think I probably made ______________ mistakes, but I have the feeling that it was well
____________ to pass.

a. much / a lot / no / enough

b. much / no / a lot / enough
c. much / a lot / some / enough

5. A marathon is ________________ long. David’s _______________ old to run there, but Chris is
young ________________.
a. too / too / enough
b. very / enough / too
c. very / much / too

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EMPOWER 7B: QUANTIFIERS

B. Complete the sentences with the following quantifiers. There might be more than one answer.

some / little / few / much / a lot of / lots of / plenty of / several / any / a little /
a few / many / a / an / no / very

1. Very _______________ people can dare to say the reality to her face.

2. Tony is a keen golfer but unfortunately, he has _______________ skills.

3. The capital town of this island is very small and doesn't have important buildings. The islanders don't have

_______________ money, and they have _______________ contact with the outside world. The roads aren't

good. There are lots of bicycles but not _______________ cars. There are _______________ shops, and there is

cultural life.

4. Unfortunately, I haven't got _______________ time for watching TV.

5. I had never eaten _______________ kind of Thai food, so I was pretty excited about going to a Thai restaurant.
6. If you have _______________ problem, I'm ready to help.
7. We haven't got _______________ potatoes left. I'd better go to the supermarket and get _______________. We
need bread too.
8. The postman hardly ever comes here, that's why we receive _______________ Ietters.
9. There isn't _______________ point at all in getting upset about it.
10. I need _______________ help to finish the report by tomorrow.
11. He is an expert on languages, but he knows _______________ about mathematics.
12. There are _______________ biscuits left but there isn't cake.

13. Have you got _______________ idea about what time it is?

14. I know you speak _______________ French but do you speak _______________ German?
15. I don't think there will be a severe shortage of usable water because there was _______________ rain all
yesterday.

16. Unfortunately, I have _______________ talent for music although I have always wanted to be a famous rock

singer.
17. I didn't have _______________ trouble getting visas. I had only a problem with my photo for it was an old one.
18. I have _______________ apples in the garden. I had _______________ last year but I have none this year.

19. If you don't make a move, we'll miss our connection to Munich. There isn't _______________ time to waste.

20. _______________ vehicles have been recalled this year because of a design fault and this proves
the success of our company.

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EMPOWER UNIT 8B: GERUND & INFINITIVE

Part 1: Form and usage of gerund & infinitive

“Verb + -ing” “ To + infinitive”
• After prepositions • After question words

• After certain verbs (e.g. enjoy, admit, • After certain verbs (plan, want, seem,
recommend, suggest, keep, mind, etc.) decide, hope, agree, offer, promise, need,
refuse, etc.)
• After some expressions (e.g. it’s worth,
it’s no good, etc.) • After certain adjectives (e.g. difficult, good,
important)
• As the subject of a sentence
• To show purpose

Part 2: Common verbs that are usually followed by the gerund and infinitive.

Gerund Verb List Infinitive Verb List

admit involve agree manage
anticipate keep appear offer
appreciate look forward to arrange plan
avoid mention ask prepare
can't help mind can afford pretend
can't stand miss choose promise
complete postpone claim refuse
consider practice decide seem
delay recall demand wait
deny recommend deserve want
discuss risk expect
dislike suggest help
enjoy tolerate hope
imagine understand learn

Part 3: Tips on some specific verbs

a. Some verbs that can take both an infinitive or gerund are listed below.

begin, continue, hate, like, love, prefer, start

e.g. I like to go for long walks The waiters continued to clear the tables.

I like going for longwalks The waiters continued clearing the tables.

b. Make (= "force") and let (= "allow") are followed by an object and a bare infinitive.

e.g. My boss made me work late. He let me drive his car.

c. Notice that would hate / would like / would love / would prefer are always followed
by an infinitive with to.

e.g. I ‘d like to join your party.

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EMPOWER UNIT 8B: GERUND & INFINITIVE

A. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs.

1. She was so angry that she refused _______________ (practice) with her group mates for the concert.

2. I would prefer _______________ (have) a window seat on the plane for a better view.

3. She started a language course _______________ (communicate) more effectively during her business trips.

4. _______________ (teach) requires a lot of patience and communication skills.

5. The chef invited the food critic _______________ (taste)the restaurant's new menu.

6. The coach taught them how _______________ (improve) their basketball shooting technique.

7. He would love _______________ (try) the famous seafood restaurant by the beach.

8. He often finds comfort in _______________ (read) by the fireplace during winter.

9. The child promised _______________ (complete) his assignments on time with great care.

10. The parents threatened not _______________ (let) their children go outside if they did not finish their
homework.

11. My little daughter admitted _______________ (break) the rules at school and she was punished for what she
did.

12. He has a talent for _______________ (sing) in different languages.

13. The teacher made the students _______________ (do) their assignments again and again until they were
perfect.

14. She thought about what exercise routine _______________ (follow) for better fitness.

15. The puzzle was too challenging for him _______________ (solve) quickly.

16. He would like _______________ (try) the new restaurant downtown this weekend.

17. Would you mind _______________ (give) extra information because I think I didn’t understand the task very
well?

18. My mom always says that we should keep _______________ (study) until the last minute to succeed.

19. The dietician advises _______________ (do) sports regularly to become fit.

20. He was anxious _______________ (meet) his new colleagues and start working.

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B. Choose the correct option. In some sentences, both options can be correct.
1. My brother finally agreed helping / to help me with my homework.
2. My sister began to study / studying French before she moved to Paris.
3. My neighbor suggested to have / having a meeting with the whole neighborhood.
4. They saved money traveling / to travel around the world.
5. She continued to read / reading the book without considering the terrible noises coming from outside.
6. Despite the cold weather, they insisted on swimming / to swim in the lake.
7. The teacher let the students choose / choosing their own partners for the project.
8. She would hate to forget / forgetting her friend's birthday, so she set a reminder on her phone.
9. She likes to swim / swimming in the morning since she thinks it is the best time of the day.
10. Dancing / to dance is a great way to stay active and have fun.
11. Daniel started to play/playing the piano when he was only 4 years old.
12. They discussed how to approach / approaching the challenging problems.
13. Despite being busy, she made time for to catch up / catching up with old friends.
14. They prefer to go / going for a walk in this peaceful park with bird sounds.
15. My doctor highly recommended to quit / quitting smoking to improve my lung health.

C. Read the e-mail and circle the correct answer.

Dear Team,

As you all know, yesterday morning we had an important meeting. I hoped (1) to finish / finishing
at noon. However, the meeting didn’t end until 1:30 p.m. In addition, we didn’t finish (2) to
discuss / discussing everything on the agenda. I do not mind (3) to end / ending late. However, we
need (4) to cover / covering everything on the agenda.
At the end of the meeting, some of you suggested (5) to continue / continuing our discussion over
lunch. I usually avoid (6) to combine / combining work with meals, so I preferred (7) not to do / not
doing that. We also considered (8) to stop / stopping and to continue / continuing another day. In
the end, we decided (9) to arrange / arranging another meeting for next week.
I would like (10) to see / seeing you all in the meeting, so I hope you all agree (11) to come /coming
next Wednesday. I expect (12) to finish / finishing the meeting before lunch time. Please remember
(13) to bring / bringing your tablets with you.
Sincerely,
Joe

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EMPOWER UNIT 8B: GERUND & INFINITIVE

D. Complete the sentences with the correct tense and forms of the verbs given.

Matt: What are you (1) hoping to do (hope / do) after you leave school?
Claire: I’m (2) ____________________ (plan / spend) some time relaxing , but I’ve (3) ____________________
(promise / look) properly at whether I’d (4) ____________________ (like / do) a Master’s degree or whether I
(5) ____________________ (want / find) a job.
Matt: Don’t you have to (6) ____________________ (plan / study) a Master of Science before you finish
school ?
Claire: You can certainly (7) ____________________ (arrange / start) a Master’s degree straight after school,
but I’ve always (8) ____________________ (hope / work) abroad as an English teacher before continuing my
studies . My parents usually (9) ____________________ (seem/ encourage) me and my brother to be
independent. Actually , up until yesterday , I (10) ____________________ (intend / organize) something soon,
but then they talked to me and (11) ____________________ (suggest / take) some time off before taking my
decision.
Matt: That sounds amazing ! My parents said that I (12) ____________________ (need / decide) about my
plans before I finished school. They wanted me to (13) ____________________ (enjoy / work) in a job, so I
(14) ____________________ (agree / work) during the summer. Earning my own money was an amazing
thing. When the company offered me a full-time job, I accepted straight away!

E. Find and correct 10 mistakes in the e-mail.

Hi Virginia,
I’d like checking to check a few things with you about next week. I am really looking forward to see you here in
NY. The good news is that my flatmate has agreed to give you his room for the weekend. He is thinking of
stay at his girlfriend’s place because he can’t stand listening to us talking about university all night!
The other thing is that on Thursday I have been invited to go to dinner with a new colleague from work. I am
sure you can manage to entertain yourself for one night. There is a lot you can do around here if you don’t
mind to go on your own. You can either choose going to Time Square or Broadway. Time Square tends to
being too crowded so you must be careful with your belongings. If you are interested in to see a play, you
should try going to Broadway. If you can’t afford buying a ticket, you might prefer visiting the Art Museum.
Also, I know you love shopping. Maybe you should consider going to Prime Mall. We can arrange meeting
after dinner there. By the way, remember bring your camera because I’m sure you’ll take a lot of pictures. I
forgot asking you what time your plane arrives. Let me know and I will try to leave work early so I can meet
you. Speak soon.
Love,
Felipa
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EMPOWER UNIT 8B: GERUND & INFINITIVE

F. Chose the best option.

RAKU

Raku is a Japanese method of making pots which dates back to the 16th
century, and which people still go on (0) ________ today. The pots may
appear (1) _______ cracked or broken, but Raku potters expect their pots (2)
________ slight imperfections – these result from the Raku process. We need
(3) ________ Raku pots at very high temperatures – about 1000 C degree,
which creates slight cracks. These are then repaired by painting the pots. Of
course, with such high temperatures we must be careful (4) ________
extreme care in making the pots.

Raku is suitable for anyone who enjoys (5) ________ with their hands –we
don’t want you (6) ________ any experience in pottery making, as we teach
you how (7) ________ and create your pots. You can look forward to (8)
________ many creative hours on this course, and you will have a number
of beautiful pots to take home at the end. Due to increased demand,
we advise you (9) ________ for a place soon.

0. a. to do b. doing c. do

1. a. being b. be c. to be

2. a. have b. to have c. having

3. a. cooking b. cook c. to cook

4. a. take b. to take c. taking

5. a. working b. to work c. work

6. a. have b. having c. to have

7. a. to design b. design c. designing

8. a. to spend b. spend c. spending

9. a. apply b. to apply c. applying

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EMPOWER UNIT 9A: PASSIVE VS ACTIVE

A. Read the text and answer the questions as passives.

Doing the housework

At home, we all share the housework. My dad loves cooking, so he cooks all the food. Sometimes we help him,
though. Next weekend, for example, we’re having a party so I’m going to help him. In the past, my mum did all the
shopping. She started a new job last year though, so I’ve done most of the shopping since then. It’s easy, because I
shop online. That means I order everything on the Internet (my dad lets me use his credit card!) and someone from
the supermarket delivers it to our house.

My brother, Andy, cleans the bathroom nearly every day. He didn’t do it yesterday, so he might do it later today.
My sister Angelina sweeps the floors. She uses a really old brush. I think she should use a vacuum cleaner! You can
save time if you use electrical equipment.
by Lisa Porter, Class C3

1. Does only one person do the housework in Lisa’s house?

No, the housework ______________________________________________________________ .
2. Who cooks the food?
The food ______________________________________________________________ .
3. Who is going to help Lisa’s dad next weekend?
Lisa’s dad ______________________________________________________________ .
4. Who did all the shopping until about a year ago?
Until about a year ago, the shopping ___________________________________________________________ .
5. Who has done most of the shopping since her mother started a new job?
Since her mother started a new job , most of the shopping
______________________________________________________________ .
6. Does Lisa take the shopping home from the supermarket?
No, it ______________________________________________________________ .
7. How often does someone clean the bathroom?
It ______________________________________________________________ .
8. When might someone next clean the bathroom?
It ______________________________________________________________ .
9. How does Angelina sweep the floors?
The floors ______________________________________________________________ .
10. What does Lisa think Angelina should use?
Lisa thinks a vacuum cleaner ______________________________________________________________ .

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EMPOWER UNIT 9A: PASSIVE VS ACTIVE

B. Circle the correct alternative

Active service is a new film which (1) direct / was directed by Simon Carter. It shot / was shot on location in

France and it (2) tells / is told the story of two people during World War II and how their lives (3) change /

are changed by the tragic events around them. Miriam Leigh (4) plays / is played the part of Francoise,
the young mother and the part of John , the resistance fighter, (5) plays / is played by Ralph Neville.

The film (6) starts / is started in 1940 when France (7) occupied / was occupied by the Germans and (8)
ends / is ended in 1944 with the liberation of the country by the Allies. The film (9) based / is based

largely on the novel by Rubert Harvey. The superb soundtrack (10) composed / was composed by Ian

Williams who also (11) wrote/ was written the soundtrack for last year’s No Return which (12)
nominated / was nominated for an Oscar. The film (13) can see / can be seen at cinemas all over the
country from Saturday and it (14) shouldn’t miss / shouldn’t be missed.

C. Complete the paragraph using the correct form of the given verbs in the active or passive.
For more than ten years oil spills (1) ______________ (pollute) the seas surrounding Britain.
Oil (2) ______________ (spill) onto the coast by tankers and this (3) ______________ (harm)
many forms of wildlife. Environmentalists say that a lot of volunteers (4) ______________ (need)
to minimise the damage. The government has promised that it (5) ______________ (punish) the owners
of any tankers that pollute the North Sea in this way in the future. The government also hopes that such
incidents (6) ______________ (prevent) by building more lighthouses along the coastline.

D. Complete the sentences so that the second sentence has the same meaning as the first. Use the passive
form.

1 Bill Gates started the Microsoft Corporation in 1975.

The Microsoft Corporation Bill Gates in 1975.

2 People are setting up new independent cafés all the time.

New independent cafés all the time.

3 The bank must review all applications for loans.
All applications for loans .

4 The government has set up a website for people wanting to start a company.
A website for people wanting to start a company.

5 No one knows if the global crisis will affect any morecountries.

No one knows if any more countries .

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EMPOWER UNIT 9B: DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE

RELATIVE CLAUSES

• Relative clauses define, describe, identify or give more information about NOUNS. Like all clauses,
relative clauses have both a subject and a verb.

Relative Clause
She has a boy friend who subject plays verb in a band.

• We put the relative pronoun immediately after the noun. Relative clauses are often with a relative
pronoun.

noun
It’s a photo WHICH was taken in the 1980s.
Relative
pronoun

a. Using subject relative clauses

• In a subject relative clause the relative pronoun (WHO / WHICH / THAT) is the subject of the
clause.

b. Using object relative clauses

•In an Object relative clause, the relative pronoun (WHO / WHICH / THAT) is the object of the
clause.

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DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

• Defining relative clauses identify the person or thing that is being talked about. It makes it clear
who or what we are talking about.

The man who lives next door is a doctor.

(“The man is a doctor.” Which man? We don’t know. The meaning of the sentence is not clear
without the relative clause.)

a. Defining Relative Clauses With Subject Relative Pronoun

• In addition to "WHO” , “THAT” can be used as the subject of a relative clause.

Subject
I met a man WHO knows your parents.
THAT

•In addition to “WHICH”, “THAT” can be used as the subject of a relative pronoun.

Subject
This is the cinema WHICH opened last week.
THAT

A. Combine the sentences with who (that) or which (that ). Use the second sentence as a relative
clause.

e.g. The businessman gave a party. It cost $ 5,000.

The businessman gave a party which cost $ 5,000.

The man is good at his job. He repaired our roof.

The man who repaired our roof is good at his job.

1. The town is our favourite place. It will be full of tourists soon.

2. People aren’t trusted. They tell lies.

3. She gave me a book. It belonged to somebody else.

4. That’s the dog. It attacked me.

5. Man is a creature. He can think.

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6. The ship sank. It was carrying a cargo of buses.

7. I broke the vase. It was made of glass.

8. I talked to the woman. She was sitting next to me.

9. I paid the bills. They came yesterday.

10. Where is the tourist? He lost his passport.

b. Defining Relative Clauses With Object Relative Pronoun

* WHO, WHICH and THAT can be the object of the relative clause .We can also leave out the relative
pronoun if it is the object of the clause.

A. Combine the sentences. Give all possible forms.

e.g. The mistake was important. We discovered it.

The mistake which/that/Ø we discovered was important.

The man was friendly. I met him at the party.

The man I who/that/Ø I met at the party was friendly.

1. The film wasn’t very exciting. We saw it last night.

The film

2. That’s the girl. I met her in the park.

That’s the girl

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3. We ate the cake. My mother made it.

We ate the cake

4. The fish was too salty. We had it for dinner.

The fish

5. The boy is very handsome. Jane goes out with him.

The boy

6. The picture is beautiful. Tom is looking at it.

The picture

7. John told me a joke. It was very funny.

The joke

8. Can you remember the person? You took the pen from him/her.

Can you remember the person

9. The knife is sharp. We cut the bread with it.

The knife

10. The woman is my next door neighbour. Your mother was talking to her yesterday.

The woman

c. Using "where"

We use WHERE to refer to place.

That’s the cafe where I meet my friends ( there ).

in that cafe

!!! Be careful with the relative pronoun referring to the place. If it is in the subject or object
position of the relative clause we use WHICH.

That’s the cafe which it serves delicious food.

That’s the cafe which I saw it in the magazine.

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A. Complete the sentences with WHICH or WHERE.

1. Istanbul is a place you can meet people from all over the world.

2. Immediately I went back to the shop I had bought the magazine.

3. The house we bought last year is five years old.

4. I would like to show you the house I was born.

5. The USA is the country I would like to see most.

6. We are going to visit the town is situated on seven hills.

7. We enjoyed the city we spent our holiday.

8. She described the city she grew up.

9. Antalya is a city has beautiful beaches.

10. We need a club we can go and meet friends.

d. using "whose"

We use whose in relative clauses (in place of his, her, their, etc.) to show possession.

e.g. I have a neighbour. His dog barks all night.

I have a neighbour whose dog barks all night.

The girl is my friend. You gave her mother a lift to work.

The girl whose mother you gave a lift to work is my friend.

The house was sold yesterday. Its garden is full of beautiful flowers.

The house whose garden is full of beautiful flowers was sold yesterday.

A. Complete the sentences with WHOSE.

1. Do you know the man? His car is parked over there.

2. I know a skin doctor. His name is Dr. Skinner.

3. The people were very hospitable. We visited their home.

4. The teacher asked the parents to confer with her. Their child was failing.

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EMPOWER UNIT 10A: SECOND CONDITIONAL

A. A teen magazine asked readers to imagine a world that is different from the world they live in.
Complete the sentences by using correct positive and negative forms of the verbs in the
box and the second conditional. You will need to use one of the choices more than once.

eat suffer help be use start do like

1. If people _____________ wars, the world _____________ a better place.

2. If everyone _____________ their car less, there _____________ so much pollution.

3. If people _____________ more recycling, they _____________ the environment a lot.

4. People _____________ so unhealthy if they _____________ junk food.

5. People _____________ from stress if life _____________ so fast.

6. Celebrities _____________ popular if people _____________ reading about them.

B. Complete the conversation by crossing out the wrong alternative in each case.

1. Gwen: I hate my work. If I have / had a better job, I would be / was so much happier.

2. Gary: You need more qualifications: if you had / have another qualification, you can / could get
something better next time. If you have / had a perfectly free choice now, what would you
choose?
3. Gwen: Hmm, if I could / can choose anything, I think I’ll / I’d like to be an actress.

4. Gary: And if that is / was impossible, what would / will your next choice be?

5. Gwen: Oh, I don’t know. What do / would you do if you were / was me?

6. Gary: If I was / were you, I’ll / I’d stop thinking about acting for a start. I’d choose something
more realistic, like managing a shop. I’d / I’ll be confident enough to manage a sales team if I can /
could deal with people the way you do.

7. Gwen: But I don’t know much about business.

8. Gary: Exactly, but if you go / went to night school and take / took a business course, in a year’s
time you’ll have a diploma. I know a couple of people who’ve done that. If you like / liked, I’ll / I’d
introduce you to them next week.

9. Gwen: I suppose I’ll have a better idea if I talk / talked to them.

10. Gary: Of course, if you do a course like that, you’ll / you’d have to work as well and you
won’t /wouldn’t have much spare time.

11. Gwen: True, but if it’s / it will be only for a year, I can manage that. What’s certain is that if I
don’t / won’t make a move soon, it’ll be too late because I’ll lose my nerve.

12. Gary: Exactly! If you think / thought about it too long, you won’t do it.
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EMPOWER UNIT 10A: SECOND CONDITIONAL

C. Read the text and circle the correct answer.

What (1) ______________ life be like if we didn’t have paper books? Imagine if there (2)
______________ no bookshops or libraries. Some people think this is the future if the use of
electronic books (3) ______________ Paper is heavy, expensive and bad for the environment; you
need a lot of trees if you (4) ______________ to make all those books. Electronic books are also
more convenient, (5) ______________ you have the hardware. For example, (6) ______________
you don’t know a word, you can find the translation very quickly. Also, you can download new books
very easily. So, is this the end of paper books? Maybe not. Some people just prefer paper books. This
is not surprising. If your job (7) ______________ sitting in front of the computer, you (8)
______________ have to look at the screen for a long time. So, (9) ______________ you like to look
at another screen if you were relaxing at home? Also, paper books are probably better for your eyes.
(10) ______________ you want to get bad eyes, don’t spend too much time looking at computer
screens. The future will tell if this (11) ______________ right, but there will probably always be a
place for paper books like this one.

1. a. would b. does c. will d. can

2. a. were b. would be c. will be d. are

3. a. would continue b. will continue c. continues d. continue

4. a. would want b. want c. will want d. wanted

5. a. as long b. while c. unless d. if

6. a. unless b. would c. if d. provided

7. a. requires b. required c. would require d. will require

8. a. will b. don’t c. would d. could

9. a. will b. do c. would d. can

10. a. Unless b. If c. Suppose d. Imagine

11. a. were b. will be c. would be d. is

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EMPOWER UNIT 10A: SECOND CONDITIONAL

D. Write the questions using the words given in the parentheses and the conditional form
in brackets. Then answer your questions.

1. you / get married / what kind of person / you / marry? (first)

____________________________________________________________?
2. you / can change your appearance / what / you / change? (second)
____________________________________________________________?
3. you / watch TV tonight, what / you / watch? (first)
____________________________________________________________?
4. you / go out tonight / where / you / go? (first)
____________________________________________________________?
5. you / can live in another country / where / you / live? (second)
____________________________________________________________?
6. you / find a bag full of money / what/ you / do? (second)
____________________________________________________________?
7. you / learn to speak English well / how / you / use the language? (first)
____________________________________________________________?

E. Rewrite the sentences using the words in bold.

1. My advice is to get more swimming lessons. if

______________________________________________________________.

2. Maria won’t go to the theatre if Peter doesn’t go with her. unless

______________________________________________________________.

3. You don’t revise before exams so you don’t get good marks. would

______________________________________________________________.

4. Unless Harry phones, we’ll leave without him. not

______________________________________________________________.

5. You drink coffee after dinner and then you can’t sleep well. didn’t

______________________________________________________________.

6. I don’t sleep well if I’m worried about something. unless

______________________________________________________________.

7. You’re late every morning because you spend hours in the shower. if
______________________________________________________________.

8. I don’t think you should dive from that rock. were

______________________________________________________________.

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EMPOWER UNIT 10A: SECOND CONDITIONAL

F. Complete the conversation with first or second conditionals. Put the correct form of the verb
in brackets. Use negative forms where necessary.

Matthew: I haven’t forgotten your birthday. If you like, I (1) ________________ (book) a table for
Thursday at our favourite restaurant.

Emma: My birthday is on Wednesday, Matthew! You’re playing basketball on my birthday. If you

cared for me, you (2) ________________ (play) basketball on my birthday.

Matthew: What’s the difference? If we (3) ________________ (go out) on Thursday, it‘ll be just the
same. If I (4) ________________ (play), I’d let the team down and we’d lose.

Emma: Yes, I guess it (5) ________________ (be) a disaster if you missed one game. Well, if you (6)
________________ (think) more of your friends than you do of me, you can forget the whole thing.
Matthew: I just don’t understand you sometimes, Emma.

Emma: If you (7) ________________ (think) about it, you‘d understand. And I think it (8)
________________ (be) better if we forgot all about my birthday.

Matthew: Don’t be silly, Emma. If you (9) ________________ (get) into one of your bad moods, it
won’t do any good.

Emma: If you (10) ________________ (be) interested in my feelings, I wouldn’t get into a bad
mood.

G. Study each situation and complete the sentence below. Decide whether to use a first or
second conditional structure.

1. According to the weather forecast there is a chance of snow tomorrow.

If it _______________ (snow), I _______________ (need) to buy a pair of gloves.

2. John works 12 hours a day.

If John _______________ (not / be) so busy, he ______________ (have) more time for his family.

3. Kate is out of work, but she goes shopping every day.

If Kat _______________ (continue) to go shopping, she _______________ (run out) of money.

4. It is a sunny day with clear blue skies.

If it _______________ (rain), I _______________ (need) an umbrella.

5. Anne's boss is very demanding.

If Anne's boss _____________ (not / be) so demanding, she _____________ (not / be) so stressed.

6. Daniel studies regularly, and he has an exam tomorrow.

If Daniel _______________ (pass) his exam, he _______________ (celebrate) with his friends.

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7. Fabio and Carlo are best friends.

If Fabio and Carlo _______________ (not / be) best friends, they probably _______________
(not / be) living together.

8. Derek doesn't have a car. It takes him an hour to get to work.

If Derek _______________ (have) a car, it _______________ (not / take) him so long to get to

work. 9. The Olympic Games are held every four years.

If the Olympics _______________ (be) held every year, they _______________ (not / be) so
interesting.

H. Choose the correct ending for each sentence.

1. Will you lend me yours if I promise / promised to look after it?

2. If it cost about half as much, we’ll / we’d be able to buy it.

3. The programme will start automatically if you clicked / click on the document icon.

4. If I were you, I’ll / I’d get a smart phone instead of a tablet.

5. Would it be more comfortable if it has / had air conditioning?

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Vocabulary
Revisions

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EMPOWER UNIT 1 VOCABULARY

A. Fill in the gaps with the words from the box.

express feelings insist on complain share your ideas persuade

give a presentation interview encourage speak in public keep in touch

1. If you're dissatisfied with the service, why don't you ____________________ to the hotel

manager?

2. I finally managed to ____________________ her to go out for a drink with me.

3. Sometimes tears can ____________________ easier than words.

4. You always ____________________ being right even when we all know that you’re wrong.

You are so stubborn.

5. The school has a system of rewards and punishments to ____________________ good

behaviour.

6. I have got a job ____________________ tomorrow, so I am trying to choose my best suit.

7. During the quarantine, everyone tried to ____________________ with their friends and

relatives via Zoom.

8. Could you give your opinions on the new tax law and ____________________ with us?

9. The sales manager will ____________________ on the new products.

10. Paul always gets nervous whenever he has to give a presentation. He doesn’t want to

____________________.

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EMPOWER UNIT 2 VOCABULARY

a. Fill in the gaps with the words in the box.

knowledge in charge of display employees candidate career

apply for install look up looking forward to

1. He is the accountant of this company and ________________ all financial issues

here.

2. You are supposed to fill in this form to ________________ membership of the club.

3. The ________________ who can fulfill the criteria will be able to get the position.

4. My uncle has a good ________________ of French as he lived there more than 5 years.

5. They will ________________ a heating and lighting system in our house.

6. All the ________________ are required to wear a uniform here. We are very sensitive on

hygiene.

7. The teacher said that “You can ________________ the words in your dictionaries if they
are unknown for you.

8. The college prepares students for a successful ________________ business. That’s why it is

very popular among young entrepreneurs.

9. I am ________________ the new Avengers movie that will be released soon.

10. The exhibition gives local artists an opportunity to ________________ their work.

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EMPOWER UNIT 3 VOCABULARY

A. Choose the best option.

1. I ________________ in a small town called “Descent” by my grandparents.

a. grew b. grew up c. raised d. brought up

2. My sister chose to ________________ her kids in a green area so they moved to countryside.

a. grow b. grow up c. raise d. bring

3. I lost my parents in a car accident when I was little so my aunt ________________ me up.

a. raised b. grew c. raised d. brought

4. I have my dad’s eyes. Everyone says I ________________ him.

a. look up b. take after c. look similar d. look after

5. We have just moved here. We are having a party, and are inviting all the tenants of the apartment

building so that everyone can ________________ each other.

a. get on well b. have a go c. get to know d. have nothing in common

6. She has just graduated from university so she ________________ in teaching. However, I believe,

she will potentially be a great teacher a few years later.

a. has no experience b. have a look c. have a go d. has nothing to do

7. She has always wanted to ________________ at playing football, but everyone around her

criticised her wish by saying as a girl, "it doesn’t suit you."

a. have nothing b. have in common c. have a go d. have a look to do

8. I personally can’t __________________ people who treats children and animals badly.

a. get on with b. get to know c. have a go at d. have a lot in common

9. Since moving to London, he’s ___________________ from many of his friends.

a. cut off b. gotten together c. rung up d. grown apart

10. After his wife died, he _________ himself _________ completely from the rest of the world.

a. grew apart b. cut off c. ring up d. brought up

11. I've been trying to ___________________ them ___________________ all day and I couldn't get

through to anyone.

a. cut off b. have a go c. ring up d. bring up

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EMPOWER UNIT 4 VOCABULARY

A. Choose the best option.

1. Sezen Aksu ________________ in composing and singing.

a. has ability b. has an attitude c. is amusing d. is patient

2. Women are a lot more________________ than men. They generally follow their heart.

a. disappointed b. amused c. sensitive d. terrified

3. Sure, we will win! I am ________________ about our victory.

a. patient b. confident c. talented d. brilliant

4. The kid was speaking quietly and hiding behind his mom since he is so________________.

a. patient b. talented c. sociable d. shy

5. He has a positive ________________ towards his students. They all love their teacher.

a. attitude b. confidence c. patience d. achievement

6. Dad seemed more ________________ than angry. I broke his heart.

a. sensitive b. terrified c. disappointed d. shy

7. We were ________________ at his funny movements in doing morning exercises.

a. sociable b. amused c. terrified d. disappointed

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EMPOWER UNIT 5 VOCABULARY

A. Match the words with the photos.

petals leaf bay rainforest coast feathers fur valley branch cave desert
tail stream waterfall

1. 2. 3.

4. 5. 6.

7. 8. 9.

10. 11. 12.

14.
13.

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EMPOWER UNIT 5 VOCABULARY

B. Fill in the gaps with correct word.

destroy spread species pollution endangered

1. Unfortunately, cancer might ___________________ all over her body.

2. The test has shown a high level of ___________________ in the water.

3. Globalisation can ___________________ the diversity of languages.

4. The red katipo is ___________________ because its habitat is being destroyed by forestry.

5. Several new ___________________ of plants have recently been discovered.

C. Choose the best option.

1. Advanced students need to ___________________ of the importance of speaking practice to be more

fluent.

a. face the problem b. be aware c. tackle the problem d. deal with

2. We must ___________________ the problem with sympathy and understanding.

a. be aware b. face c. find d. tackle

3. This disease is a problem ___________________ by technology; thus, its solution will be technological.

a. created b. tackled c. dealt with d. ended

4. He tried hard to ___________________ an answer for the questions in his mind.

a. find b. create c. tackle d. aware

5. Most students ___________________ the problem of funding themselves while they are studying.

a. face b. create c. end d. find

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EMPOWER UNIT 6 VOCABULARY

A. Fill in the gaps with correct word.

chop creamy crunchy raw heat up sour add

fry mix serve stir tasty spicy healthy

1. The sauce should have a ___________________ and smooth texture.

2. You should ___________________ your tea until the sugar dissolves.

3. Mom asked me to ___________________ the onions into small pieces.

4. You can ___________________ it with plain boiled rice.

5. The Japanese eat ___________________ fish, I don’t like the taste of it, though.

6. Freshly baked apple pie makes a ___________________ dessert.

7. I always ___________________ potatoes in hot fat with a bit of onion.

8. Oil and water don’t ___________________.

9. If you are hungry, you can just ___________________ the food in the microwave.

10. Is it sweet or ___________________? Actually, the juice is made of lemon so it is not

sweet.

11. The carrots should be slightly ___________________, not soft.

12. The ginger gives the dish a wonderful ___________________ flavour.

13. A ___________________ diet creates a body resistant to disease.

14. Don’t forget to ___________________ a teaspoonful of mixed herbs. It is the secret of

this recipe.

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EMPOWER UNIT 7 VOCABULARY

A. Match the words with the photos.

accommodation terrace cottage property attic step basement

balcony ground floor

1. ______________________ 2. ______________________ 3. ______________________

4. ______________________ 5. ______________________ 6. ______________________

7. ______________________ 8. ______________________ 9. ______________________

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EMPOWER UNIT 7 VOCABULARY

B. Choose the best option.

1. Many working women ___________________ on relatives for childcare.

a. rely b. wait c. pay d. think

2. Hard work is the name of the game if you want to ___________________ in business.

a. belong b. believe c. succeed d. depend

3. People without insurance had to ___________________ for their own repairs.

a. rely b. pay c. worry d. complain

4. To ___________________ about tomorrow is to be unhappy today.

a. care b. plan c. depend d. worry

5. Miracles are for those who ___________________ in them.

a. succeed b. believe c. wait d. rely

6. Don't forget the things that ___________________ to you.

a. pay b. worry c. belong d. depend

7. We must ensure proper standards and ___________________ for the elderly people as

they deserve.

a. care b. complain c. pay d. wait

8. You can't ___________________ on your parents forever. You have to learn to earn your

living.

a. belong b. apologize c. argue d. depend

9. Don't ___________________ with me, every word that comes out of your mouth would be

the solid evidence of hurting me.

a. rely b. argue c. depend d. complain

10. We ___________________ for any inconvenience caused during the repairs.

a. complain b. apologize c. care d. wait

11. People ___________________ about how children spend so much time on computer

games.

a. depend b. belong c. rely d. complain

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EMPOWER UNIT 8 VOCABULARY

A. Fill the gaps with the words in the box.

current affairs can't afford bargain available involve in stock on sale

have a guarantee get a refund reasonably priced

1. We don't have the book ___________________ but we can order it.

2. If it is too small for you, take it back and ___________________.
3. We ___________________ to go abroad this summer. Euro is 7 times more expensive
than our currency.
4. The women in the market often ___________________ with the sellers for hours to
get a discount.
5. News and ___________________ programmes are the television equivalent of newspapers.
6. All video equipment is ___________________ today and tomorrow.
7. The makers ___________________ for this special glass against breakage!
8. The carpet is ___________________ in various widths.
9. If guests wish to eat out, there are several ___________________ local restaurants
which don’t cost a lot.
10. Nowadays, our products ___________________ stainless steel faucets, valves and fittings,
machine casting and so on.

spreads article breaking news headlines post a comment presenter

news feed gossip current affairs

1. You need to log in first to write something or ___________________.

2. Why do you think bad news ___________________ faster than good news?
3. She reads several newspapers so she can keep track of ______________.
4. An / A ___________________ in the newspaper caught my attention. It tells the reason for
Covid-19's appearance.
5. In the last few weeks she became a local radio ___________________.
6. Suddenly, all the channels stopped the broadcast to give the latest ___________________.
7. You will see your ___________________ is all about football in Twitter since this evening
there is an important match.
8. I always read the ___________________ of the news first to pick the one which will catch
my attention.
9. I love the news on celebrity ___________________ and scandals.

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EMPOWER UNIT 9 VOCABULARY

A. Match the words with their definitions.

1. animation
2. documentary
3. drama
4. game show
5. horror
6. romance
7. science fiction
8. soap opera
9. thriller
10. based on
11. character
12. set in

a. a film genre that depends mostly on in-depth development of realistic characters dealing with
emotional themes.
b. a film known to promote intense excitement, suspense, uncertainty, anxiety, and nerve- wracking
tension.
c. a television programme where people score points by answering questions or doing things.
d. a love story recorded in visual media for broadcast.
e. fictional literature whose content is imaginative but based on science.
f. to be in the time or the place where an incident in real life or fiction occurs or occurred.
g. a film in which very frightening or unnatural things happen such as dead people coming to life.
h. a film or television or radio programme that provides a factual report on a particular subject.
i. made to be like; similar to.
j. a television or radio drama serial dealing typically with daily events in the lives of the same group of
characters.
k. moving images created from drawings, models, etc. to cause an illusion of movement when the film is
shown as a sequence.
l. a person in a novel, play or film.

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EMPOWER UNIT 10 VOCABULARY

A. Use the listed words to fill in the gaps.

 workout  net
 score points  competitors
 missed  beat the opponent
 have a go at  referee
 training  compete
 win a prize

1. The ___________________ blew the final whistle.

2. I was going to ___________________ parachuting but lost my nerve at the last minute.

3. Animals in the wild have to ___________________ for food.

4. We began the ___________________ by swinging our arms.

5. The team is in the cup final, their aim is to ___________________ and win the cup.

6. The ______________ at half-time was 34 ___________________ to the opposing team. I was

sure they would win the match.

7. The ball rebounded from his racket into the ___________________.

8. He was trying to catch the ball but he swung and ___________________ it completely.

9. Both children couldn’t definitely ___________________. Their opponent got it and she has a
natural talent.

10. We're ___________________, not partners, you should behave accordingly, Dave! They
might abuse your helpful attitude.

11. His body was hard and muscular after a long ___________________.

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EMPOWER UNIT 10 VOCABULARY

B) Put the words into correct columns.

 a nap  advantage  a mistake

 your homework  progress  action
 badly  care of  a difference
 a break  a decision  well
 some research  money  a chance
 a risk  it easy  part in
 the most of something  sense

Take Do Make

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Listening
Skill

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LISTENING 1

Listening for the main idea and specific information

“NO ONE HAS A

GOOD ENOUGH
MEMORY TO BE A
SUCCESSFUL
LIAR”
Me? Of course,
No. I didn’t do it.

A. Warm Up

a. Work in pairs and discuss the questions below with your partners.
1. When do you think it is OK to lie?

2. What are the most common lies you tell or hear?

3. Do you think you are good at lying? Why? Why not?

4. How can you tell people are lying?

B. Pre Vocabulary

Responsible for (adj) Avoid (v) Muscles (n)

Imagination (n) Instinctive (adj) Tend to (v)

Fill in the blanks with the correct words.

1. He cannot be an artist without any _________________.

2. Tom wants to _________________ arguing with Mary so he is trying to
be calm while talking to her.
3. Breathing is _________________ because nobody has to teach you
how to do it.
4. The _________________ in her legs felt numb.
5. I _________________ talk a lot when I am nervous.
6. My mom says “You're _________________ cleaning your own clothes.”

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Helping Tips

KEYS TO IDENTIFY MAIN IDEAS

There are four keys to identifying main ideas in lectures and presentations:

1. A speaker may signal a main idea through discourse markers; that is, there are certain phrases
that tell you a main idea is coming. Here are some examples:

• The point I want to make/cover here is...

• The main point is...

• The important thing here is...

• What I’m trying to show is...

• What I’m going to talk about today is...

• The purpose of my remarks is...

• This afternoon I’d like to explain/focus on…

2. Repetition, or how many times a word or phrase is repeated. If something is repeated several
times, it suggests importance.

3. Pace. Pace is the speed of speech. Unimportant points or small details are usually spoken more
quickly. Important points, such as main ideas, are usually spoken more slowly and clearly.

4. A lecturer’s visual aids, such as outlines, lists or drawings, often provide obvious clues to a
speaker’s main points. These visual aids should be taken advantage of.

LISTENING FOR SPECIFIC INFORMATION

1. Use key words and phrases to help you find information.

2. Read the questions and underline the key words that you have to focus on more while you are
listening.

3. It is not necessary to understand every single word. Try to ignore those words that you think are
less important anyway.

4. Take notes to support your memory.

5. Since answers to questions are found in order in the passage, take notes in order of what you
hear.

6. Listen for signal expressions that identify details, such as for example, the reason is, on the other
hand, however, I would say, etc.

7. Detail questions do not require inference. Choose what speakers actually say.

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C. While Listening

a. Listen to an interview with Dr Miriam Richards, an expert in body language and answer the
questions below.

(Audio: Listening 1)
1. Dr. Richards gives information about ________________________________.

a. how important to be a good person.

b. how to avoid eye contact when we lie.

c. body language when we are happy.

d. the body language of people when they lie.

2. Body language is responsible for ________________ of communication.

a. 18 %

b. 88 %

c. 80 %

d. 68%

3. Most of the body language is ________________.

a. distinctive

b. instinctive

c. sensitive

d. affective

4. When someone is lying, they ________________ .

a. often avoid eye contact.

b. often enjoy eye contact.

c. never change their body language

d. never believe what they said.

5. How can we understand if the smile is real or fake?

a. Real smiles are not obvious

b. We should look at their mouth.

c. We should look at their eyes.

d. Fake smiles uses the muscles around the eyes.

6. What happens to our eyes when we tell the truth?

a. They move to the left.

b. They tend to be closed.

c. They get red.

d. They tend to move to the right.

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7. Right side of the brain __________________________________.

a. stores facts.

b. uses muscles.

c. controls what you say.

d. controls imagination.

8. People tend to look up when they are telling the truth, because _______________________________.

a. they start talking.

b. they don’t want to look into our eyes.

c. they are getting information from the brain.

d. they need time to think.

9. People tell white lies when __________________________________.

a. they don’t want to hurt our feelings.

b. they want to be expert liars.

c. they look down.

d. they look straight ahead.

10. PRODUCTION

a. Work in groups and discuss these questions.

1. Have you ever lied to your parents? Why? What was it about?

2. Can you forgive your best friend if s/he tells a big lie to you?

3. Do you think we need white lies life long?

4. Can you give us a body language example that reveals something?

E. SELF REFLECTION

WHAT I HAVE LEARNT IN THIS LESSON…

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LISTENING 2

Making inferences

Chatting about a series

A. Warm Up

a. Work in pairs and answer the questions below.

1. How often do you watch TV series?

2. Which one is your favorite? Why do you like it most?
3. Can you talk about the plot (story) of the series?
4. Who are your favorite and least favourite characters in it?

B. Pre Vocabulary

1. Revenge a. like a chapter in a book but for TV series

2. An episode b. easy to guess what will happen
3. To make it c. things that will happen in life and you can't change them
4. Key d. very important
5. Destiny e. to survive
6. To reckon f. to think; to have an opinion about
7. Predictable g. hurting someone because they hurt you

Inference Questions

Inference questions assess your ability to guess the implied meaning or to draw a conclusion
based on the main points of a lecture or conversation. Inference questions include the
words, infer, imply or suggest.

Try to guess the implied meaning of the given information. The correct answer is not
directly stated.
Pay attention to clues expressed by certain words, word stress, intonation, or pace of
what is said.

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C. While Listening

a. Match the characters with what the speakers say about them
(Audio: Listening 2)

a. The dragon 1. looked impressive

b. Jaime 2. is not the woman’s favorite character anymore
c. Bronn 3. did something that wasn’t very surprising
d. Tyrion 4. almost died
e. Cersei 5. never does anything we expect

b. Choose the best answer and take notes for implications that make you choose this option.

1. How often does the woman watch the show?

a. Always
b. Sometimes
c. We don’t know
d. Never

2. How has the woman's opinion of the show changed over time?
a. It's become more positive.
b. It's become less positive.
c. It hasn't changed.
d. She didn’t give a clue about it.

3. What does the man think of the story?

a. It's very well written.
b. Too many characters died.
c. He can't remember much about it.
d. It is badly written.

4. What is the one negative thing about the show for the man?
a. They spent too much money on the special effects.
b. The episodes were too short.
c. There weren't enough episodes.
d. They had bad actors in it.

5. Why does the man think the writers have fewer ideas for stories now?

a. Because they're saving their ideas to make a Hollywood film.

b. Because they aren't copying the books.
c. Because they're copying the books.
d. Because they're not doing their jobs.

6. Why does the woman like Cersei?

a. The character does unpredictable things.

b. The character learns from her mistakes.
c. She's a very intelligent character.
d. She does predictable things.

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D. Discussion
a. Work with a partner and state your opinions on the discussion topic below.
Do you agree with the statement that Turkish TV series are less successful than American ones? If yes, why?
If no, why?

Agree Disagree

Reasons Reasons

1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

4. 4.

5. 5.

6. 6.

7. 7.

E. SELF REFLECTION

WHAT I HAVE LEARNT IN THIS LESSON…

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LISTENING 3

Listening for the main idea and specific information

Do you find it hard to remember things?

A. Warm Up

a. Work with your partner and answer the questions below.

Memorisation

Do you think that you have got a good memory? Why?

Do you use memorisation as a technique to study your exams?

How difficult / easy is it for you to memorise new information?

What are your tips to keep things in your mind?

B. Pre Vocabulary

a. Match the words with the definitions.

1. association a. important
b. mathematical expressions are equal (indicated by the sign =)
2. equation
c. bring (a fact, event, or situation) back into one's mind;
3. vital remember.
4. recall d. strengthen or support (an object or substance), especially with
additional material.
5. distinct
e. clearly noticeable.
6. reinforce f. the fact of being involved with or connected to someone or
something.

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Helping tips on note taking

Write phrases, not full sentences. Only record the key words that you need to get the idea of the
• point. Skip words like “the” and “a” that don’t add additional meaning to the lecture content.

• Take notes in your own words. it helps you to understand and remember what you hear. Try to
paraphrase everything except where information needs to be noted exactly.
• Structure your notes with headings, subheadings and numbered lists. Use headings to indicate topic
areas or to include bibliographic details of the sources of information. Use outline form and/or a
numbering system and indenting to help you distinguish major from minor.
• Code your notes—use colour and symbols to mark structure and emphasis.

• Use colour to highlight major sections, main points and diagrams

• Underline, circle, star, etc. to identify key information, examples, definitions, or other important

materials. Devise your own marking code to indicate each type.

• If you miss something, write key words, skip a few spaces, and get the information later. Leave a space
on the page for your own notes and comments.

• Use symbols and abbreviations: etc. (etcetera), e.g. = for example, info = information, i.e. = that is,

n.b. =note well, important, p = page (pp = pages), para = paragraph, ch = chapter, no. = number

C. While Listening

a. Take your notes for the questions below.

(Audio: Listening 3)

Charles Long’s article is about how to ____________________________________________________

1.
___________________________________________________________________________________.
2. “We all use the memory in the same way.” The example about this statement is:
a. ___________________________________________________________________________.
b.
___________________________________________________________________________.
3. The period when we learn to use our memory: ____________________________________________.

4. The tips he is sharing are based on;_________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

2 distinct forms of memory

5.

1. ______________________________ 2. _____________________________

6. When we want to formulate our thoughts or recall information we should;

__________________________________________________________________________________

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b. Fill in the table according to the listening AND write AT LEAST 2 explanations about each tip.

TIPS FOR THE MEMORISATION

TIP 1: TIP 2:

Explanations of the tip: 1. ___________________ Explanations of the tip: 1__________________

_________________________________________ _______________________________________

_________________________________________ _______________________________________

2. ______________________________________ 2. _____________________________________

________________________________________ ________________________________________

________________________________________ ________________________________________

________________________________________ ________________________________________

TIPS FOR THE MEMORISATION

TIP 3: TIP 4:

Explanations of the tip: 1.____________________ Explanations of the tip: 1. _________________

_________________________________________ _______________________________________

_________________________________________ _______________________________________
2. _______________________________________ 2. _____________________________________

________________________________________ ________________________________________

3. ______________________________________ 3. _____________________________________

________________________________________ ________________________________________

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D. Discussion
a. State your opinions for the questions below.

1. Which tip is the most helpful one in the listening? Why?

2. Have you ever experienced a difficult situation caused by

memorisation problems?

3. Do you think it is easy for you to remember people’s names? Have you ever had a
problem about it?

E. What I have learnt in this lesson:

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

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LISTENING 4

Making inferences

A. Warm Up

a. Answer the questions with your partners.

1. How many brothers and sisters do you have?
2. Are you a first-born, middle, last-born, or only child?
3. Can you describe your character in three adjectives?

B. Pre Listening

Helping tips and information for inference questions

There are three main kinds of inference questions: deduction, speculation, and examination.
Type 1: Deduction

Deduction questions are very close to detail questions, except that you must make a logical deduction,
rather than relying only on information, you must deduce from the info given.

Type 2: Speculation

These inference questions ask you to speculate about the meaning (or "suggested" meaning) of a
statement, description, or something else in the passage or listening.
Sample questions for speculation

1. It can reasonab ly be inferred that

2. “the strong-minded” (line 32) was a term generally intended to The phrase “liquid gold” (line 71) mo st
directly sug gests tha t
3. What does the auth or suggest about the transgenic studies done in the 1980s and 1990s?

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Type 3: Examination

Inference questions which fall into the examination subcategory question you about the internal
life (thoughts, feelings, motivations) of the narrator, author, or someone mentioned in the
passage / listening. They can most- ly be summed up as asking "What would [this person] think
about [that thing]?" Examination questions are the most complicated type of inference
questions, because they ask you to get into the head of the speaker/ author/ narrator/
character/other person mentioned in the text or listening.

Sample questions for exa mination

1.It can most reasonably be inferred from…

2.It can be inferred that…
3.The passage, the man / woman, the professor in the listening
indicates that…
4.The “social psychologists” mentioned that ….

C. While Listening
a. Answer the questions below.
(Audio: Listening 4)

1. How does Dr. Sperling define the birth order?

_________________________________________________________________________________.

2. How does Dr. Sperling figure out that our position in the family influences our character?
a. Characteristics of children are always the same.
b. Because there are researches that prove it.
c. They are based on her personal experiences.
d. Certain characteristics cannot be changed.

3. Which one may NOT be a suitable job for the first born children according to the general characteristics of
them?
a. To become a politician
b. To work as an administrator
c. To become a freelance photographer.
d. To work as a doctor

4. Which one cannot be concluded about first born children?

a. They are expected to be the leader of the family.
b. They help their brothers and sisters.
c. They are naturally good at managing.
d. They tend to be untidy at times.

5. Which information is true about the presenter?

a. She tends to be less responsible.
b. She agrees with Dr. Sperling.
c. She isn’t likely to be a good leader.
d. Her family thinks she is serious.

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6. Middle children are keen on their friends because

a. their family members keep fighting.
b. they are peacemakers.
c. they are the most social ones in the family.
d. they don’t think they are favored in the family.

7. It can easily be concluded that

a. last born children don’t need to take responsibilities.
b. last born children are not touchy.
c. last born children tend to struggle a lot to get the interest in the family.
d. last born children are unlikely to be funny.

8. It can be inferred about only children that

a. they can easily communicate with adults.
b. they know a lot of words because they enjoy talking.
c. they are not quiet affectionate.
d. they are sweet and loving.

9. According to Dr. Sperling’s speech which one is not included as an effect of general characteristics of kids?
a. If you are a girl or boy.
b. The genes you received.
c. How many people you are in the family.
d. The traditions of the family.

D. Discussion

a. Answer the questions below with your partner.

1. Do you think your birth order has an influence on your personality? If yes, How?
2. Which birth order is the luckiest one you think? Why?
3. Do you think your birth order has an influence on your success or occupation?
4. Which feature of personality would you like to change most? Why?

D. What I have learnt in this lesson;

____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________

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LISTENING 5

Listening for specific information

is the hardest word!

Do you find it hard to apologize Or

is it easy for you?
A.Warm up

a. Work with a partner and answer the questions below.

1. Is it easy or difficult for you apologize to people? Why? Why not?

2. Who do you apologize to most often? What for?

B. Pre Listening
a. Study the highlighted words and match them with the definitions.

1. When I make a mistake, I always own up to it immediately.

2. Eric has fallen out with his best friend.
3. The employee had to come up with an excuse for not coming to work today.
4. Most of us live up to our parents’ expectations.
5. I am not good at putting up with naughty children so I don’t want to be a teacher one day.
6. If I have a homework, I get round to doing it straight away, but my brother leaves it until the night
before it’s due.
7. Some people can get away with telling lies more than others.
8. When she doesn’t do well at something, she puts it down to lack of experience.

a. To tolerate something that is unpleasant.

b. To admit you are responsible for something bad or wrong.
c. To understand something is caused by something else.
d. To do as well or as good as other people expect.

e. To do something wrong but not be punished for it.

f. To find time to do something.
g. To have and argument with someone and stop being friend.
h. To think of an idea or suggestion.
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b. Helping tips: Prediction

 Prediction is an activity learners carry out before reading or listening to a text, where they predict what
they are going to hear or read. This gives them a reason to listen or read, as they confirm or reject their
predictions.

For example;
Learners are going to listen to a presentation about a journey through Africa. They predict what vocabu-
lary they might hear, and also what kind of emotions the speaker might have felt. They listen to confirm
their ideas.
 In the classroom, prediction is a valuable stage in listening and reading activities. It mirrors L1 skills use,
where predictions form an important base for being able to process language in real time. Both content
and language can be predicted.

Why do we find it so hard to say we are sorry?

c. Before you listen, try to guess the information given by psychologist Dr. Andrew Linn to the
question below and tick the sentences according to your prediction.
1. It is a sign of weakness to apologize to people.
2. Saying sorry can be difficult for some people.
3. Men apologize more then women.
4. Some people are worried about apologizing in case the apology is not accepted.

5. Accepting an apology is difficult for someone.

C. While Listening
a. Listen to the introduction part of the radio program, tick the ones that are mentioned and
check if your guesses / predictions are correct. (Audio: Listening 5)
1. It is a sign of weakness to apologize to people.
2. Saying sorry can be difficult for some people.
3. Men apologize more then women.
4. Some people are worried about apologizing in case the apology is not accepted.

5. Accepting an apology is difficult for someone.

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b. Read the questions and detect the types, which are “main idea, specific information and inferences”. Then,
discuss the strategies that you need to apply while answering.

Part 1: write T/ F for the statements below according to listening.

1. The presenter believes that we are all imperfect.
2. Some people like to admit they are wrong.
3. People who don’t apologize prefer to suffer the situation because they don’t want to deal with it.

4. Accepting the apology is an impression of merit.

5. The concern of losing control has nothing to do with apologizing.
6. Children could learn to live up to your expectations in the future if you criticize them.

Part 2: Answer the questions below.

1. What are the 2 approaches that children take to avoid apologizing?
a. __________________________________________________________________.
b. __________________________________________________________________.
2. What is the best way to overcome the issue of not being able to apologize?
__________________________________________________________________.
3. What is the hardest thing for us to accept?
__________________________________________________________________.
4. What happens if people never take the responsibility of their mistakes?
__________________________________________________________________.
5. According to the Dr. Linn, what is more important than being right?
__________________________________________________________________.

D. DiscussionSTENING
a. Discuss the questions below.

1. If you make a mistake, do you always own up to it immediately?

2. Have you fallen out with anyone recently? Who? Why?

3. Have you ever had to come up with an excuse for not doing something?

4. Do you think you live up to your parents’ expectations?

5. Are you good at putting up with situations that you don’t like?

6. If you have a lot of homework, do you get round to doing it straight away or do you

postpone it?

7. Can some people get away with telling lies more than others?

8. If you don’t do well at something, do you put it down to lack of experience?

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LISTENING 6

Listening for the main idea and specific information

PRIVACY MATTERS

A. Warm Up

a. Work in pairs and discuss the questions with your partner.

1. How many different social media accounts have you got?

2. Have you ever had a hacking problem?
3. What security precautions do you take to avoid hacking problems?
4. How do you feel people have enough privacy in this century? Why? why not?

5. What is the safest way to keep our money?

B. Pre Vocabulary

a. Match the words with their definitions. You can use dictionary for the unknown words.

a. Invasion (n.) 1. an important topic or problem for debate or discussion.

b. Concerned (adj.) 2. to argue or promote an idea
c. Commit (v.) 3. design or destine something for a particular purpose
d. Issue (n.) 4. break the law or carry out (a mistake, crime, or immoral act).
e. Make a point (v.) 5. a matter of interest or importance to someone.
f. Intend (v.) 6. entering or taking over of a place, or being entered by force to
g. Threatening (adj) make understandable
7. causing someone to feel vulnerable or at risk

C. While Listening
a. Listen to the first part of the radio show and answer the following questions to get gist.
(Audio: Listening 6)

1. What kind of show is it?

2. What is the discussion about?

3. Who is going to take part in the discussion?

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b. Listen to the rest of the radio show, take notes. At least 3 information related with the opinions of the
callers and fill in the diagram accordingly. (Audio: Listening 6)

Barry talks about Maya talks about Sandra talks about

____________________________ __________________________ ____________________________

1……………………………………………………… 1……………………………………………………………
____________________________ 1…………………………………………………………
__________________________ ____________________________
………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………
____________________________ __________________________ ____________________________
………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………
____________________________
……………………………………………………….. __________________________
….. ____________________________
2………………………………………………………..
____________________________ __________________________ ____________________________
2……………………………………………………… 2………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………..
____________________________
………………………………………………………... __________________________ ____________________________
…………………………………………………………..
____________________________………………………………………………………... 3.
__________________________ ____________________________
…………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………...
____________________________
……………………………………………………….. __________________________ ____________________________
____________________________ 3. ……………………………………………………….
__________________________ ____________________________
3. …………………………………………………... …………………………………………………………….
____________________________
………………………………………………………. __________________________
…………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………... ____________________________

c. Listen to the radio show again. Decide whether Barry (B), Maya (M), Sandra (S) expressed each opinion.
(Audio: Listening 6)

1. I never contact on social media with someone I don’t know.

2. Probably no one is going to watch me on video.

3. The online privacy problem is the fault of social media companies.

4. People need to leave their lives without feeling like they are being watched.

5. Ordinary people don’t have to worry about being watched by video cameras.

6. The police can take video of anyone at any time.

d. Phrases for Clarification

When we are speaking, we often use phrases for clarification to help the listener understand what we mean.
Some common phrases wild be provided in the sentences that are extracted from the listening.

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e. Now, listen to the sentences below and write the clarifications that you hear.

1. I don’t see cameras as an invasion of privacy.

_________________________if I haven’t done anything wrong, why do I have to hide?
2. _______________________ there are plenty of people out there committing crimes, and the police have to
catch them.

3. _______________________ we must have the freedom to live our lives without feeling like we are being
moni- tored.
4. _______________________I want my privacy, and surely, I have a right to it, don’t I?

5. ______________________ I have a rule that I never connect with someone unless I know something about
them. That is my right, isn’t it?

E. Discussion

a. Work with a partner, talk about the the debate topics below and use the clarifications to make your
statements clear and understood by the listeners.

1. Is animal testing justified?

2. Are video games containing violence appropriate for children?

3. Do celebrities get away with more crime than non-celebrities?

4. Do school uniforms make school a more effective place to learn?

5. Are humans to blame for certain animal extinctions?

F. WHAT I HAVE LEARNT ;

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

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LISTENING 7

Listening for specific information

being a billionaire at the age of 21!

A. Warm up IN

a. What would you do with $1 billion and why? Complete this table and share what you wrote with your
partner.

what? why?

Travel

Family & Friends

Car
House
Food
Charity

B. Pre VocabularyLARY

a. Match the words with their definitions.

1. entrepreneur A. Roughly calculated or judged the value, number, quantity, or extent of.

2. influential B. The majority or greater part of something.

3. sibling C. A person who organizes and operates a business or businesses, taking on greater than
normal financial risks in order to do so.

4. bulk D. A large amount of money or assets.

5. fortune E. Produces something (ideas, money, energy, electricity, etc.).

6. generates F. A brother or sister.

7. estimated G. Started something for the first time

8. launched H. Having a great effect on someone or somebody.

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being a billionaire at the age of 21!

C. While Listening

a. Listen and choose if these sentences are True or False! If False, don’t forget to write why?

(Audio: Listening 7)

1. The magazine 'The Economist' listed Kylie Jenner as a billionaire. T / F

2. Mark Zuckerberg was a billionaire at a younger age. T / F
3. Kylie Jenner's company generates over $360 million a year. T / F
4. Kylie Jenner's company is said to be worth over a billion dollars. T / F
5. Ms. Jenner started her first company when she was just 12 years old. T / F

b. Answer the questions below.

1. What did Kylie help launch when she was 14?

2. What was the name of Kylie's first line of cosmetics?
3. What did the magazine called New York Post say about Kylie?
4. What did Kylie say she didn't expect?
5. What did Kylie say she did not foresee?

D. Discussion

a. Work in pairs. Discuss the questions with your partner and share your opinions with each other.

1. What do you know about Kylie Jenner?

2. Would you be a good entrepreneur?
3. What is the best way to get rich?
4. Why are Kylie Jenner's cosmetics so good?
5. What kind of business would you like to start?

E. WHAT I HAVE LEARNT ;

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

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LISTENING 8

Listening for details

Is listening a hard activity for you?

LEA. Warm upAD IN
a. Work with a partner and answer the questions below.

1. Why do you think listening is hard in foreign language?

2. What do you do / say when you don’t understand what people said in English?

3. Do you do anything special to improve your listening skills? If yes, what? If no, why?
B. Pre Vocabulary-VOCAB

a. Match the vocabulary (1–8) with the definitions (a-h).

Vocabulary Definitions
1. high stakes a. to admit
2. to break something down b. b. an action to achieve a result
3. a strategy c. to behave as if something is true
4. to pretend d. a situation where the result is very important
5. sweat e. the water that comes from your skin when you’re
very hot
6. to confess
f. to give the main points
7. to summarize
8. paperwork g. forms and documents
h. to make something into smaller parts
C. While Listening

a. Listen twice to answer the questions below.

1. The interviewer finds speaking the most difficult. T/F

2. Gabriella thinks, in some situations, people can find speaking easier than listening. T / F

3. According to the interviewer, asking for someone to say the same thing again is one way to solve the
problem. T / F

4. In real life, what are the 2 strategies that people generally do if they don’t understand the speaker?
a. __________________________________________________________________________________

b. ___________________________________________________________________________________

5. When do these 2 strategies NOT work?

6. What does Gabriella suggest doig when you have a trouble with listening?

7. How can you start the summary if you didn’t understand the speaker?

Adapted from : https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/skills/listening/intermediate -b1/an-interview-about-listening-skills

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b. listen again to match the expressions with their definitions.

Expressions Definitions

1. I came out in a cold sweat. a. I can’t think.

2. I’m still lost. b. I won’t be upset.

3. I can take it. c. I wanted to escape.

4. My brain shuts down. d. I was really nervous or afraid.

5. I get you! e. Still don’t understand.

6. I wanted to get out of it. f. I understand what you’re saying!

D. Discussion

a. Answer the questions with your partner and state your opinions to whole class.

1. In what way do you agree / disagree with the listening?

2. Do you think listening or speaking is more difficult one?

3. What do you generally do when you have a problem with listening?

4. What do you think is the best way to improve your listening and speaking skills?

E. WHAT I HAVE LEARNT ;

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

from : https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/skills/listening/intermediate-b1/an-interview-about-listening-skills

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LISTENING 9
Listening for the main idea and specific information

What is happiness?
A. Warm Up

a. Work in pair and discuss the questions below.

1. What is the definition of happiness to you?

2. What makes you happy?

3. Can money buy happiness?

4. Are you generally a positive person or not? Why?

B. Pre Vocabulary
a. Match the vocabulary (1–6) with the definitions (a–f).
1. perception a. so interested in something that you do not notice anything else
2. to lose track of b. the way you understand or think about something
3. a psychologist c. to forget about
4. a state d. the process of giving all of your attention to something
5. concentration e. someone who studies the human mind
6. absorbed f. the physical or mental condition of a person at a specific time

C. While Listening
a. Write a number (1–6) to put the topics in the order they are mentioned. (Audio: Listening 9)

1. What makes a happy life?

2. Csikszentmihalyi and his work
3. An outline of the rest of the lecture
4. The difference between psychology and positive psychology
5. Examples of flow
6. One definition of a happy life

b. Choose the best option.

1. Positive psychology focuses on _____________________________.

a. what’s good with us.

b. helping people become happier.
c. what’s wrong with us.
d. what problems we have.

2. What is the definition of a happy life?

a. how healthy psychology we have.

b. external events happen to us.
c. being into what we do.
d. doing what makes you happy.
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3. According to Csikszentmihalyi's theory, happiness is related with

a. how we see the events.
b. external events.
c. things that happen to us.
d. looking for it all the time

4. What is the theory of flow NOT about?

a. When we are totally involved in.
b. When we are focused on what we are doing.
c. When we deeply need it.
d. When we are in the state of flow.

5. When did Csikszentmihalyi get the inspiration for this theory?

a. When he lost track of time

b. When he didn’t notice he was hungry or tired
c. When he was in the river
d. When he discovered how artists work in studio.

6. For the rest of the lecture, which topics will they NOT explore?

a. How his education influenced his ideas.

b. Look at Csikszentmihalyi’s life,
c. What creates flow, exactly?
d. Activities that can help us achieve flow in our everyday lives.

7. What is the approach of the instructor towards Csikszentmihalyi’s ideas?

a. Supportive
b. Judgmental
c. Informative
d. Opposing

D. Discussion

a. Answer the questions below.

1. How much do you agree with Csikszentmihalyi’s ideas?

2. Was it close to your definition of happiness?
3. Have you ever been in a ‘state of flow’ while doing an activity?

E. WHAT I HAVE LEARNT ;

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

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LISTENING 10

Listening for specific information

Work & Life Balance

A. Warm Up

a. Read the questions and talk about them with your partner.

1. Do you think it is important to balance work and life? Why?

2. Do you spend too much time on working?

B. Pre Vocabulary

a. Match the definitions (a–h) with the vocabulary (1–8).

1. work–life balance a. a successful book

2. overtime b. giving the right amount of time to work and to the rest of your life
3. a best-selling book c. an idea
4. an advantage d. working more than your normal work hours
5. a concept e. the ability to work from different places
6. to fade f. a positive thing about something
7. freedom g. to become less clear or visible
8. mobility h. being free to do what you want

b. Helping tips on note taking

1. Write phrases, not full sentences. Only record the key words that you need to get the idea of the point.
Skip words like “the” and “a” that don’t add additional meaning to the lecture content.
2. Take notes in your own words. it helps you to understand and remember what you hear. Try to
paraphrase everything except where information needs to be noted exactly.
3. Structure your notes with headings, subheadings and numbered lists. Use headings to indicate topic
areas or to include bibliographic details of the sources of information. Use outline form and/or a
numbering system and indenting to help you distinguish major from minor.

4. Code your notes—use colour and symbols to mark structure and emphasis.
5. Use colour to highlight major sections, main points and diagrams.

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Work & Life Balance

b. Helping tips on note taking
6. Underline, circle, star, etc. to identify key information, examples, definitions, or other important
materials. Devise your own marking code to indicate each type.

7. If you miss something, write key words, skip a few spaces, and get the information later. Leave a space
on the page for your own notes and comments.

8. Use symbols and abbreviations: etc. (etcetera), e.g. = for example, info = information, i.e. = that is,
b. =note well, important, p = page (pp = pages), para = paragraph, ch = chapter, no. = number

While Listening

a. Listen to a radio interview about maintaining a good work–life balance and take notes about
traditional workplaces and modern workplaces in the table. Write at least three ideas for each category.
(Audio: Listening 10)
TRADITIONAL WORKPLACES MODERN WORKPLACES

 
 
 
 

b. Listen again and complete the gaps with the correct words according to the listening. (Audio: Listening 10)

Presenter: Good morning, everyone. On today’s show, we’ve got Chris Svensson with us, the ______________
of No More Nine to Five, the new best-selling book about ___________________ balance in the current
working world. Good morning, Chris. Thanks for coming.

Chris: Well, in the more __________________ workplaces, people’s working lives and their private lives are, or
were, clearly ______________ people often work from nine in the morning until five or six in the evening.
People sometimes stay late in the office and work in the evenings. This is called working
_____________________

Chris: Well, in these environments it isn’t common for people to work at the __________________ or while
they’re on holiday. They can clearly __________________ their working lives and their private lives.

Chris: Well, for a start, most people can now ________________ their work emails from their mobile phones.
So they are more likely to quickly reply to an important mail in the ________________ or at the weekend.

Presenter: That sounds good. So, what you’re saying is that although traditional ___________________
between work and life are fading, many __________________ now have more freedom to do their work from
different locations and at different ______________________.

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c. Circle the best answer according to listening. (Audio: Listening 10)

1. How popular is Chris Svensson’s book?

a. Not very popular
b. Very popular
c. It’s new. People don’t know it yet.

2. What is the work–life balance like in traditional workplaces?

a. Work lives and private lives are clearly divided.
b. People work too much overtime and so they have no private life.
c. People are free to manage the balance themselves.

3. How often do people do overtime?

a. Often
b. Sometimes
c. They don’t.

4. In traditional workplaces, do people work at weekends or when on holiday?

a. Yes, it’s normal.
b. No, never.
c. Usually, they don’t.

5. How has technology helped people work with more flexibility?

a. They can send and receive emails from their phones from home.
b. Their working hours can be easily tracked.
c. Robots can do their work for them.

6. Traditional divisions between work and life are fading. What does this mean for employees?
a. Everyone has to do overtime, all the time.
b. People have to work while they’re on holiday.
c. They can be flexible to work when and where it suits them.

D. Discussion

a. Work with a partner and answer the questions below.

1. How do you manage your school–life balance?

2. Do you agree with Chris? Why?
3. Do you think it will be hard for you to keep this balance?

E. WHAT I HAVE LEARNT ;

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
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Video
Induced
Lessons

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A. Look at the photos and say why these people might be having a bad day.

B. Complete the questions with the correct prepositions.

When was the last time:
a. you were late __________ work? Why?
b. you weren’t __________ time for an important meeting? What happened?
c. one of your personal devices was out __________ order (e.g. your phone, laptop,
etc.)? What did you do with it?

d. your car or bus broke _________? What did you do?

e. you were _________ a bad mood? What happened?

C. Discuss the questions from ex. B.

D. Match the phrasal verbs in bold to their meanings below.

a. As a clown she visits hospitals and cheers up sick children.
b. We just got in the car and went for a drive.
c. They loved each other very much and, thanks to that, they got through that difficult time.
d. I’m your best friend. Just let it out and you’ll feel better.

e. Just pick up the phone and call your father to tell him about it.

Meanings:
1. feel or make someone feel happier
2. deal with something difficult
3. lift something
4. enter a vehicle
5. say what is on your mind

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E. Discuss the questions.

1. What do you do to cheer yourself up when you are
having a bad day?

2. Do you ever pick up the phone and call your friends

or family to help you feel better?

F. Read the comments below and guess who knows best what to do when we are having a bad
day. Then, watch a video (via QR code) to check your ideas.

G. Watch the video again and mark which phrasal verbs you hear.
• break up • give up
• break down • let it out
• get in • pick up
• get through • wake up

H. Watch the video again and complete the sentences with one word each.
a. Never think that you're gonna _________________.
b. I don't feel they’re bad days. They’re only ______________ in life.
c. You start _______________ yourself, you can love everybody else.
d. Chocolate ________________ everybody happy.
e. If you are some grandma's ________________, then pick up the phone and call her.

I. Discuss the sentences from ex. H. Do you agree or disagree with them?

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A. Look at the photos and describe what you can see.

B. Discuss the questions.

1. What kind of music do you enjoy listening to?
2. Do you prefer going to live concerts or watching concerts online/on TV?
3. Do you play or have you ever wanted to play an instrument?
4. How often do you listen to music? Is music just a pastime for you, or more than that?

C. Read the adjectives in the box. Do you know any of them?

calming distracting energising entertaining

entrancing moving relaxing saddening

unsettling uplifting

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D. Match the adjectives in the box in ex. C to their meanings below. MEANINGS:

1. making someone feel more relaxed and less emotional: calming

2. causing worry or anxiety:
3. making someone feel full of energy or enthusiasm:
4. making someone feel better:
5. making someone feel emotional:
6. preventing someone from concentrating on something:
7. pleasant and making someone feel less stressed:
8. funny and enjoyable:
9. making someone feel sad:
beautiful or impressive in a way that it takes all of someone’s attention and they can’t
10.
stop listening to or watching it:

E. Choose the most suitable adjectives in these sentences.

1. One of the documentary's many unsettling / calming images is of a child playing with his
father's gun.

2. People love charming and energizing / uplifting love stories with happy endings.
3. Everyone went silent when the room filled with the distracting / entrancing music.

4. The actors could feel that it was a deeply moving / relaxing experience for the audience.

5. Taking long, deep breaths can have a calming / unsettling effect and reduce stress.

F. Read the quote below and answer the questions.

“Music is a language that doesn’t speak in particular words.

It speaks in emotions.” Keith Richards

1. Do you agree with the quote?
2. How does music make you feel?
3. What kind of music do you find
(a) calming, (b) energising, (c) entertaining?

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G. Watch a short video via QR code below and answer the questions.

GLOSSARY
1. Who are the people in the video? unfathomable: impossible to
understand
2. Where are they?
3. What are they talking about? solace: help and comfort when
you are feeling sad or worried

H. Watch the video again and write down four effects that music
has, according to the speakers.

1. __________________________________________________________________________

2. __________________________________________________________________________

3. __________________________________________________________________________

4. __________________________________________________________________________

I. Discuss the questions.

• Can you imagine the world without music?
• What role does music play in your life?
• Does any particular piece of music bring back memories of certain events, experiences
or periods in your life to you?

• What emotions may watching a live concert in a concert hall evoke in people, compared to
watching it at home alone?

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Speaking
Skill

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 tense review & if clauses

SPEAKING 1 Suggested functions:
 stating opinions

CRIME & PUNISHMENT

blackmail bribery fraud hijacking

death penalty(sentence) traffic ticket
rape mugging murder kidnapping
smuggling vandalism arson license suspension house arrest
drug dealing theft shoplifting
community service fine life in prison

A. Look at the photos and match them with the words in box.

A B C D

E F G

B. Answer the questions and state your ideas with reasons or explanations.

1. Is it ever O.K. to break the law?

2. If so, when? Do you think graffiti is vandalism or art?
3. Why do people become criminals? Are they born that way or does society make them criminals?
4. Do you think criminals can change or be rehabilitated?
5. What should be done to decrease the crime rate?

6. If your friend has committed a serious crime, how would you act?
Would you report him / her to the police or not?

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C. Work in pairs and get one of the cases to report the situation, give the fair punishment and support
your adjustment with reasonable details.
CASE 1
Dave and Trevor are in the pub drinking. Trevor thinks Dave is looking at his girlfriend and starts a fight. They go
outside and Dave draws a knife. In the fight which follows, Dave stabs Trevor. Trevor loses a lot of blood and is tak-
en to hospital where he is told he needs a blood transfusion. However, Trevor refuses because his religion does not
allow blood transfusions. As a result, he later dies.
What sentence should Dave get?

CASE 2
Molly Deaking is driving her car along the road in the country at 60 kph. Suddenly, a dog runs out in front of her.
She brakes hard to avoid it. Terry Davey is driving his Mercedes behind her. He crashes into the back of her car do-
ing extensive damage to both vehicles.
Who is to blame for the accident?
What penalties should each person get?

CASE 3

Tony Martin is drunk and driving his car home after a party. He knocks Mike Smith off his bicycle. Mike suffers cuts
and bruises and his bicycle is destroyed. Martin does not stop, but Mike remembers his license number and
reports the case to the police. The police go to Martin's house but there is no one at home.
They visit his house again in the morning and find some slight damage to Martin’s car but Martin denies all
knowledge of the accident. The police decide there is nothing they can do. The next day Mike goes to Martin's
house to ask him for compensation but Martin, who is large and aggressive, threatens to beat him up. The following
week Mike goes to Martin's house again and sets his car on fire. Martin calls the police and Mike is arrested.
What should happen to Mike?

CASE 4

Farmer Palmer, 67, lives alone in an isolated house in the countryside. Late one night he hears a noise in his hall,
so he gets his gun and goes to investigate. He has a license for his gun which he uses to shoot birds and small
animals on his farm. He sees somebody standing in the dark and shouts to him to stand still. The person starts to
run away and Palmer fires his gun and seriously injures him. The intruder is a 22-year-old man. He later claims he
was lost in the dark and looking for a place to sleep. It is revealed in court that he has a previous conviction for
breaking and entering.
What sentence should be given to Parmer?

CASE 5

A young teenager called Josh, 17. He is getting psychological help after his mom’s death and his father is an
alcoholic. He has continuously been beaten by his dad when he is drunk. After a serious argument with his teacher
caused by his bully behaviors, he started to walk on the way home. People saw him kicking a stray dog and called
the police. He was arrested immediately. However, animal abuse is not a crime that he can be sent to jail for in
Turkey yet.
What sentence should be given to Josh?

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SPEAKING 2
NARRATING PAST EVENTS

1. Did you have a happy childhood?

2. What did you like to do when you were a child?
3. What did you hate to do when you were a child?
4. What did you look like?

B. Look at the photos below and put them into order to complete Alice’s story from her childhood. Use the
words in box.

storm unconscious fence blind damage

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NARRATING PAST EVENTS

C. Discuss following questions with your partner.

1. What is the first memory that you remember from your childhood?
2. Why do you think you remember it?
3. Is it a good or bad story?
4. When and where did it happen? Who were you with?

5. How did you feel at that moment?

D. Answer the questions below and pick AT LEAST 3 questions to ask your classmates.

1. Who was your best friend? How did you meet this friend? What did you do together? Do you still do things
with this childhood friend?
2. How old were you when you learned to ride a bicycle?

3. Do you remember anything about your personality when a child?

4. What were some embarrassing situations when you were a child?

5. At what age could you go to places by yourself?

6. What was your favorite toy when you were a child? Who gave you this toy? Did it have a name? Do you
still have it?

7. What was your worst punishment as a child?

8. Did you have any nickname? Tell us about it.

9. Were you afraid of anything? If yes, what?

10. What were your favorite cartoons and TV shows?

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SPEAKING 3 • Suggested Function: Stating Opinions

NATURAL DISASTERS
A. Work in pairs and discuss the questions below.
1. Do you think climate change is real?
2. What do you think causes global warming?
3. What are the disasters that we generally face on our planet?
4. What was the last disaster you experienced in your country?

B. Look at the photos and match them with the words in the box.

crop damage drought landslide earthquake flood tsunami volcanic eruption

avalanche forest fire severe storm virus

2. 3. 4.
1.

5. 6. 7. 8.

9. 10. 11.

C. Work in pairs and discuss which disasters above are caused by human effects and which ones are not?

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NATURAL DISASTERS
D. Read the diagram and notice the ways we agree, disagree and state the opinions.

AGREEING DISAGREEING STATING OPINIONS

I am with you/ this idea entirely
I totally agree with it
I have no objection
I feel the same
I simply must agree with that
That’s exactly what I think
There is no doubt about it
 I am afraid I can’t agree with you /
it
 I have the feeling that
 This may be true but on the oth-er
 I have no doubt that
hand…
 From my point of view / my per-
 I am not convinced
spective
 I am of a different opinion be-
 It seems obvious (that)
cause...
 Personally I believe (that)
 I agree up to a point but...
 As far as I know
 I find that very difficult to accept
 As far as I am convinced
 The way I see it is (that)
 It seems to me (that)
 The point is (that)

E. Read the sentences and use tick or cross whether you agree or not.
1. It is impossible to be prepared for natural disasters
2. Natural disasters are an act of God
3. Natural disasters always affect poor people most.
4. Technology can lessen the damage caused by natural disasters
5. I wouldn't donate money to help the victims of a natural disaster because it is not my responsibility.
6. Manmade disasters are more dangerous than natural disasters.
7. I know some people who could be called a “natural disaster”.
8. If I could, I would save my kid from a disaster, not my wife/husband.

F. Work in pairs and say if you agree or disagree with the sentences above and then state your ideas with
your reasons & further details. DO NOT forget to use the phrases in Part D.
e.g. “ It was wrong to give only female names to the tornados.”
∗ I simply must agree with that because personally I believe…. etc.

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NATURAL DISASTERS
G. HOT AIR BALLOON DEBATE
Work in groups of 4. imagine you are in a hot air balloon which is losing height rapidly. It is going to crash into the
side of a mountain due to the weight inside. To prevent the death of EVERYBODY on board, only one person will be
allowed to stay in the balloon!
Rules!
• Before starting the game, spend some time for preparation.
• Each student has to pick a name of an important person from history or now and consider the reasons why
they have to be alive!
• While the first group is talking, other groups are going to listen and rate their speech from 1-5 to decide
which person should be alive and survive.
• Each student is given max 3 minutes to explain themselves.

RATING TABLE

Groups 1st speaker 2nd speaker 3rd speaker 4th speaker

Group 1

Group 2

Group 3

Group 4

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SPEAKING 4 • Suggested Function : If Clause Second Type

If I cou ld...
A. Read the text about a woman who is 85 years old talking about her
life and the changes she would like to make if she could.

If I Could Live My Life All Over

If I had to live my life all over again, I would dare to make more
mistakes next time. I would relax, limber up and I would be sillier
than I have been on this trip. I would take fewer things seriously.
And I would definitely use the opportunities better.
I would take more trips, climb mountains and swim in the rivers.
I’d eat more ice cream and fewer beans. In fact, I’d try to have
nothing else, just MOMENTS one after another, instead of wasting
my free time and living so many years ahead of each day.
I have always been one of those people who is easily worried about
stu- pid things, staying home alone and waiting for others to visit
me, spend- ing money on unnecessary household goods… etc.
However, If I could have the chance to live it over again, I wouldn’t
let the same mistakes happen again.
I would just walk in my garden barefoot earlier in the spring. I
would chase my dreams, dance more, ride more merry-go-rounds
and I would pick more daisies...

B. Answer the questions below with your partner.

1. Does the woman have a chance to live her life again?

2. If she had to live her life again what would she do differently?
3. What would you change in your life if you had the chance?

C. Discuss the questions below and state your opinions.

1. What would you do if you didn’t have money to get the bus home?
2. If you could be another person, who would you be? Why?
3. If you were the president of your country, what would you change first?
4. If your life was a movie, what would its name be?
5. What would you do if you saw a small kid shoplifting?

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If I could...
D. Work in pairs and complete the statements according to your partner. Then listen to your friend’s answers and
tell him/her if (s)he is right or wrong. Take turns and see who knows the other more.

STUDENT A
1. If you could meet a famous person, I think you ______________________________________________________
2. If you could learn a new language, you _____________________________________________________________
3. If you could go to any country in the world, you ______________________________________________________
4. If you were an animal, you ‘d like to be a/an _________________________________________________________
5. If you were given unlimited money to buy only one object, _____________________________________________
6. If you learnt your best friend told a big lie, you ______________________________________________________

STUDENT B
1. If you decided to learn something new, I think you ____________________________________________________
2. If a robber asked for all the money you had, you ______________________________________________________
3. If your best friend forgot your birthday, you _________________________________________________________
4. If you had a cat, its name _________________________________________________________________________
5. If you were invisible for one day, you ______________________________________________________________
6. If you learnt you best friend was a criminal, you ______________________________________________________

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If I could...
F. Choose one of the cards and say what would you do in such a situation.

Imagine you were the boss of a company and

you caught an employee stealing money. Imagine you saw a man beating a dog on the

street, what would you do?

What would you do?

Suppose you were a teacher and you saw If you were trapped on an island what
would be the three things that you would
your student cheating in the exam. What would
take with you?
you do?

Let’s say that you had a daughter and she Just imagine your son started smoking. What
wanted to get married at the age of 16. What would you do?
would you do?

Suppose that you could have a super power? Imagine today was the last day of your life. How
What would it be? Why? would you spend it?

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SPEAKING 5
• Suggested Function: Active & Passive Forms

Works of art
A. Look at the photos below and say what branches of art you see in each photo.
1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7. 8.

9. 10. 11. 12.

B. Discuss the questi ns below with your partner.

1. What is art?
2. Are you into any types of art? Or are you in any way artistic?
3. What do you think is the purpose of art? Is art for art’s sake or for the public?
4. Do you own any interesting pieces of art or would you like to? What sort of art would you buy/collect?

C. Use the prompts to talk about the photos below by making passive sentences.

1. 2.

Eiffel Tower (1887-1889) Mona Lisa (1503 -

1507)
Design – Gustave Eiffel
Paint—Leonardo Da
Build – Stephen Vinci
Sauvesrtere Exhibit—Louvre
Made– Iron Museum , Paris
Made—oil colours

Adapted from : https://www.eslprintables.com/games_worksheets/board_games/passive_voice_cards/Passive_Voice_Speaking_Cards_398956/

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Suggested Function: Active & Passive Forms

Works of art
3. 4.
Crime and Punishment
Romeo & Juliet
Write — Dostoyevski
Write – W. Shakespeare
Translate — many
Publish —1597
languages
Perform on stage —
Publish—1866
many times

Film – many times

5. 6.
Casablanca
Symphony No 9 (1817)
Direct — Micheal Curtiz
Compose — Beethoven
Write — Murray Burnett
It’s lyrics — take —
Act – Ingrid Bergman
from “ Ode to Joy ”
& Humphrey Bogart
poem

7. 8.
Eurovision Song
Statue of Liberty (1886)
Contest
Sculpt – F. Auguste
First hold — 1950
Bartholdi
Hold — every year
Locate — Liberty
Island, N.Y Last one — win
— Norway

9. 10.

Taj Mahal Statue of Christ Locate

Locate – India at the peak of Mount

Corcovado
Build — Shah Jahan
Design — H. Silvia
Choose — one of the
Costa
seven wonders of the
world Sculpt — P. Landowski

Made – concrete

Adapted from : https://www.eslprintables.com/games_worksheets/board_games/passive_voice_cards/Passive_Voice_Speaking_Cards_398956/

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Suggested Function: Active & Passive Forms

Works of art
D. Read the text that tells about a film called Harry Potter.

The film is called “Harry Potter”. It is based on 7 novels, which

were written by J.K. Rowling. The first film of the series, Harry
Potter and the Philosophers’ Stone, was released in 2001 and
was directed by Chris Columbus. It was shot in England. The
movie was a huge success and was nominated for 3 Oscars.

The plot of the film is about an orphan boy who was brought up
by his unfriendly aunt and uncle. Harry finds out that he is actu-
ally a wizard and his parents were killed by an evil wizard called
Lord Voldemort.

He starts his first year of school at Hogwarts School for Wizards

where he learns about magic and skills which will help him in
future battles against the evil Lord Voldemort.

E. Work in groups of 4. Imagine you are going to make a film. Think of the plot & actresses /actors
that will be in the film. Don’t forget to use the promts below. Your film will be rated by the other
groups out of 5 and the Oscar winner will be chosen.

Name: Writer:
Director: Place:
Actor &
Actress:
Release Time
The plot:
Soundtrack:
Based on:
Nomination:

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• Suggested functions: Deductions

SPEAKING 6 Describing people’s appearance

A. Discuss the questions below with your partners.

1. What makes a person beautiful?

2. Do you think the concept of beauty is the same today as it was 100 years ago? If not, how has it changed?
3. There is an English proverb: “Beauty is only skin deep”.
What do you think it means and do you agree with the concept?
4. How important is it to you that your partner is good-looking?
5. Do you think women care more about their appearance than men? What is the reason behind this?

B . Look the words in the box and put them into correct category. You can use your dictionaries for the
unknown words.

Height Build Age Looks

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C. Look at the photos below and describe the people’s appearance.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

D. Use modals to make deductions for the each person in part C.

Example: S/he must be over 50.
He can’t be married.

She could feel sad…. etc.

• She / he must ________

• She / he could / might _________
• She / he can’t _________

Picture Dictation Game

E. Work in pairs and sit back to back. One of the student is going to be a police artist and draw the burglar who
who has the picture on the back page. The other student will be the eye witness and will describe the burglar as
much as possible . When the sketches are done teacher will collect all the drawings and put them on the wall.
Students will walk around and rate all the photos out of 5. Before starting, read the rules!

*Rule 1: The students who is the a police artist is NOT allowed to see the back page.
*Rule 2: NO ONE can rate their own group.

The good one Examples : The bad one

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Stephen Irwin
Drug addict Stephen Irwin, who already had 18 house burglaries on his record, broke into homes in the dead
of night last autumn and stole property and cars including one man’s Motability vehicle from his home in Fars-
ley. PS : He is a real criminal and all the information is correct.

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SPEAKING 7
A. Discuss the questions with your partner and state your opinions, later.
1. Have you ever given a presentation?
2. Do you have to talk in front of people at school?

3. Do you think you will have to give a presentation at work in the

future?
4. What do you think are ways to overcome the fear/ stress of talking in front of others?
B. Work in pairs and fill in the chart below.

Write at least 5 tips that we should do or not do to give a successful presentation?

Do Don’t

 

 

 

 

 

 

C. Read the text and match the numbers with structure of a basic presen tation in part D.

1. Hi, everyone. Thanks for coming to this short presentation on our new product design. As you know,
we've already redeveloped our 'Adventure' shampoo to make it more modern and appealing. And we've
renamed it. 'Adventure Tech’. So, today, I'm happy to give information about our new bottle design. As you
can see, it's designed to look like a black metal drinking flask, with some digital features printed on it.
2. In this presentation; the issues I want to discuss are the following three points: the key features, sizing
and our timeline for production.
3. Firstly, you'll notice it has an ergonomic design. That means it fits smoothly into your hand and can be
easily opened and squeezed using one hand. And, it looks like a flask you might use when hiking outdoors.
Additionally, I would like to talk about the size. It comes in two sizes: regular size and a small travel size. The
travel size is the same type of design – a flask, also with imitation digital displays on the bottle. We were
thinking of starting with one and following with the travel-size in a few months, but we've worked hard and
both are ready now. Finally, I'm going to mention our timeline for production. You've probably heard that
we're launching in two months. In preparation for that, we're starting the marketing campaign next month.
4. In summary, the bottle's been designed for men who like adventure and technology, and it comes in two
sizes. The marketing campaign is starting next month and we're launching the product in two months.
5. Thank you for your attention, I’d be glad to answer any questions you might have.

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D. Structure of a basic presentation

a. Questions – ask the audience if they have any questions.

b. Overview – give a general outline of your presentation
c. State points in a logical order – give your points in logical sequence, giving explanations and
exceptions. Make a clear transition between each point.
d. Introduction – introduce what you will be presenting, let the audience know what they will listen about.
e. Summarize — make a short revision of the speech.

E. Check the useful phrases.

1. Introduce the topic 2. Overview 3. Ordering information

• Today, I will be talking
about ...
• As you all know …
• I’m going to take a look
at/examine …
• Today, I will be
concentrating on ...
4. Adding more points
• In addition, ……
• What is more, ……
• Another point to consider is ..
• I’d like to move on to …….
• The issues I want to
mention / discuss …..
• It is important to begin by
saying ...
• My aim today is (to give
information about ...
• It makes sense to start by ...
5. Conclusion
• Before I finish I'd like to...
• Let's recap, shall we?
• I'd like to sum up now...
• Let me summarize
briefly.
• So, in conclusion/
summary…
Firstly... secondly...
•
thirdly... Lastly
• First of all... then... next...
after that... Finally
• To start with... later... To
finish
6. Questions
• Thank you for your
attention, I’d be glad to
answer any questions you
might have.
• Do you have any questions?
• I’d be happy to answer your
questions.

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Time to Speak
F. Work in groups! Each group will talk about the topics below. You will have 5 mins. to get prepared and
organize your presentation about the topics.
Group 1:
It is better/worse to have children at a young age.

Group 2:

Families should get a pet for their children.

Group 3:

Friends are the chosen family, or not?

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SPEAKING 8

Empathy

A. Work in pairs and discuss.

1. How do you feel when you look at the photos above?
2. What would you do if you were the one in the photo?
3. How do you define empathy?

B. Work in small groups and discuss the questions together. Then share your opinions with other groups.
Part 1
1. Do you think, having too much empathy is a problem? If yes, give a clear example, if no, why?
2. What is the evolutionary purpose to empathy? Speculate.
3. What jobs might need to have empathy?
4. Is it possible to physically feel the pain of others?
5. Can animals empathize? Speculate with examples.

Part 2

1. Can empathy be taught / developed in people or does it simply come naturally?

2. Are children cruel because they lack empathy? If yes, is it their families' fault not to help them develop it?

3. What criminals have no sense of empathy?

4. In what jobs is empathy really important?

5. In what jobs is it not good to feel empathic?

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Empathy

C. Answer the questions personally.

1. How much empathy do you feel towards other people?

2. What does the idiom “I feel your pain.” mean? Have you ever felt someelse’s pain? Give an example.
3. If you see a homeless person on the street asking for money, what is the first thing you think about them?

4. Are you good at knowing when something is wrong with a friend or family member?

5. Who is the most empathetic person you know? Why?

D. Read the quotes above. Which quote do you think is the best?

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SPEAKING 9
PRESENTATION
REVISION:
A. Read the structures of a basic presentation and put them into
order.
a. Questions – ask the audience if they have any questions.
b. Overview – give a general outline of your presentation
c. State points in a logical order – give your points in logical sequence, giving explanations and
exceptions. Make a clear transition between each point.
d. Introduction – introduce what you will be presenting, let the audience know what they will listen about.
e. Summarize — make a short revision of the speech.

B. Check the useful phrases of a presentation.

1 Introduce the topic 2. Overview 3. Ordering information

• Today, I will be talking
about ...
• As you all know …
• I’m going to take a look
at/examine …
• Today, I will be
concentrating on ...
4. Adding more points
• In addition, ……
• What is more, ……
• Another point to consider
is ..
• I’d like to move on to …….
• The issues I want to
mention / discuss …..
• It is important to begin by
saying ...
• My aim today is (to give
information about ...
• It makes sense to start by ...
5. Conclusion
• Before I finish I'd like to...
• Let's recap, shall we?
• I'd like to sum up now...
• Let me summarize
briefly.
• So, in conclusion/
summary…
Firstly... secondly...
•
thirdly... Lastly
• First of all... then... next...
after that... Finally
• To start with... later... To
finish
6. Questions
• Thank you for your
attention, I’d be glad to
answer any questions you
might have.
• Do you have any questions?
• I’d be happy to answer your
questions.

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Time to Speak
C. Work in groups! Each group will talk about one of the topics below. You will have 10 mins to get
prepared and organize your presentation about the topics.

Topics

1. Why is it important to learn a second language?

2. How English can help you for your future life?

3. What qualities do you need to have for good communication?

4. What are the reasons and solutions for internet addiction?

5. Why is it wrong for the media to promote a certain beauty standard?

6. Is the media responsible for the moral degradation of teens?

7. What are the disadvantages of technology?

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Addi.tional Topics

D. Work in groups and pick one of the topics below. Each group will have 7 mins to get prepared and then
present their speech.

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SPEAKING 10 & 11

DEBATE
A. What is a debate?

A debate is a formal discussion about a topic where two sides present opposing viewpoints.
•

Debates follow a specific structure: each side is given time to speak either for or against the
topic at hand.

B. Revise the key points before starting your debate.

1. How to express your opinion; 2. How to express agreement;

• I think... • I agree...
• I strongly believe... • I totally agree...
• I feel... • Definitely...
• I suppose... • I couldn't agree more....
• I guess... • Absolutely...
• According to me... • I see your point...
• In my view... • I see what you are getting at...
• In my opinion... • Sure, that's one way of looking at it...
• In my eyes... • I have to side with you on this point...
• It seems to me that... • I can't agree more...
• From my perspective...
• From my point of view...
3. How to express disagreement;
• From my viewpoint...
• I see your point, but...
• I don't think so...
• No, I'm not sure about that because...
• I see what you are getting at, but...
• That's one way of looking at it, however...
• I'm afraid, I disagree..
• I completely disagree...
• Well, I see things rather differently...
• Umm, I'm not sure about that...
• I'm not sure I agree with that view...
• I don't really agree with that idea...

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SPEAKING 10 & 11

DEBATE

4. How to interrupt someone;

• Sorry to interrupt, but….

• Can I add something here….
• Is it ok if I jump in for a moment….
• May I add something….
• May I interrupt here?….
• Do you mind if I add something….
• Excuse me, but in my opinion….
• Excuse me for a second, but….
• May I say something here….
• Excuse me for interrupting, but….
• Sorry to cut you off, but….
• Before you go on, I’d like to say something….
• Before you move on, I’d like to say something...
• Just a moment, I like to add something here….

Topic 1: MEN vs WOMEN

A. Work in groups and get prepared to debate on the following topic.

"if being a woman or man is more advantageous."

• Advantageous of being a woman

• Disadvantageous of being a woman
• Advantageous of being a man
• Disadvantageous of being a man

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SPEAKING 10 & 11

DEBATE
B. Answer the further questions.

1. Which gender is more complicated? Why?

2. Which gender is more emotional? Why?
3. Which gender is more likely to cheat? Why?
4. Are men or women bigger risk takers?Why?
5. Do you think men or women are happier?Why?
6. Are their different barriers for men and women at
work? Why?
7. Are gender roles changing in your country?Why?

Topic 2: Animals

A. Work in groups and get prepared to debate on the following topic.

“Animals need their own nature, looking after them at home is no good for them.”

B. Answer the further questions.

1. Should bullfighting be banned? Why?

2. Is factory farm treatment of animals inhuman? Why?
3. Are pitbulls too dangerous to be a pet? Why?
4. Are companion animals efficient for lonely or disabled people? Why?
5. Should veterinary care be free? Why?

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Writing
Skill

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The Steps for Essay Writing

Essays have totally 5 steps to complete which are

1. BRAINSTORMING
2. OUTLINING
3. WRITING
4. PROOFREADING
5. EDITING

Let’s start with the first step:

1. BRAINSTORMING

What is brainstorming?
Brainstorming refers to the practice of generating ideas and putting them down in concrete form, such as on a
piece of paper or in a computer program. You can use brainstorming to force your brain to come up with new
ideas about your essay topic.

Why it is important to do brainstorming for essay writing?

Brainstorming gets ideas out early. You should only get a plain
paper and throw every idea you can think of onto the paper
about your essay topic and then select only the best & most
relevant ones for your essay, and eliminate off-topic ideas or
make weaker ideas stronger.
By doing so, brainstorming will naturally develop your organiza-
tion! As you can see, the ability to pick and choose which idea is
more important or which should go before another is an enor-
mous helping hand before starting to write your essay.

E.g: your essay topic is “What do you think the reasons are
behind committing crime?”
When do your brainstorming about this topic in order to generate
your ideas and connect ideas together to form a cohesive whole,
they result might be as you see below.

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The Steps for Essay Writing

Practice A. Work in pairs to do brainstorming about the topic below.

“Do you agree with the statement that there are many benefits of learning English?”

Benefits of
Learning English

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The Steps for Essay Writing

When we are done with brain storming, the next step is outlining.

2. OUTLINING

An essay outline is a plan of your academic paper, where you structurize it and organize the main points into
paragraphs so it would be easier for you to write an essay. You can’t write an essay without outlining if a low grade is
not okay for you to get.

Here is the outline template for an essay:

Introduction

– Grab readers’ attention

– Introduce the main topic
– Include a thesis statement

First body paragraph

– Write a topic sentence with the first reason

– Include supporting facts, examples, and statements

Second body paragraph

– Write a topic sentence with the second reason

– Include supporting facts, examples, and statements to support the second reason

Third body paragraph

– Write a topic sentence with the third reason

– Include supporting facts, examples, and statements to support the third reason

Conclusion

– Restate what you have said in the introduction

– Summarize
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The Steps for Essay Writing

Now, it is time to fill our outline for the essay topic “What do you think the reasons are behind
committing crime?”. We need to decide 3 main ideas and examples to support them by getting help from
our brain-storming.

Introduction

– (Grab readers’ attention) the rate of crime in past and now

– (Introduce the main topic) the reasons of committing crime
– (thesis statement) your opinion for what they are (unemployment – weak law system
– lack of moral & religious values)

First body paragraph

– (Main idea) unemployment

– (Supporting facts, examples, and statements)
 economic crisis
 no regular monthly income
 poverty
 hunger
 bad life conditions

Second body paragraph

– (Main idea) weak law system

– (Supporting facts, examples, and statements)
 general amnesty
 not being afraid of punishments
 insufficient punishments

Third body paragraph

– (Main idea) lack of moral & religious values

– (Supporting facts, examples, and statements)
 many parents cannot spend enough time with the kids
 too much work and lots of responsibilities outside
 negative effects of their environment
 TV, internet or people
 getting bad habits

Conclusion

– restate introduction
– restate the main 3 reasons (unemployment – inefficient law system – lack of moral & religious values) 153
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The Steps for Essay Writing
Practice A

Work in pairs and fill in the outlining parts about the same topic to organize the ideas in your brainstorming.

“Do you agree with the statement that there are many benefits of learning English?”

Introduction
– (Grab readers’ attention)
– (Introduce the main topic)
– (Thesis statement)

First body paragraph

– (Main idea)
– (Supporting facts, examples, and statements)






Second body paragraph

– (Main idea)
– (Supporting facts, examples, and statements)





Third body paragraph

– (Main idea)
– (Supporting facts, examples, and statements)






Conclusion

– restate introduction
– restate the main 3 reasons

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The Steps for Essay Writing

3. WRITING THE ESSAY

Now that you prepared your organization, you are ready to write the essay!

REASONS BEHIND CRIMES

In the past few years, society has changed quite a lot, and people today have a greater tendency towards
committing crimes compared to the past. As a result, the crime rate has significantly increased over the last few
decades. Several factors contribute to this trend. It seems to me that the main reasons people commit crimes are
unemployment, weak laws, and a lack of moral or religious values.
To begin with, when someone doesn't have a job, they may turn to crime because they don't have any other
way to make money. This is especially true after an economic crisis when many people lose their jobs. Without a
steady income, they live in poverty and face tough challenges such as hunger and bad life standards. They don't
see any better options, so this situation may lead them to steal money or valuable things from others, even
though it's against the law and morally wrong.
Another reason is the weak law systems of countries. If laws aren't strict enough to stop people from committing
crimes, potential criminals do not fear the consequences of their actions. For İnstance, sometimes the government
announces amnesties or pardons, which means they forgive the crimes of some people. This makes criminals think
they can keep doing bad things without getting in trouble. They don't feel scared of going to jail for a long time,
so they don't try to change their behavior.
The last and most important factor behind committing crime is the lack of moral and religious values. Today,
many parents cannot spend enough time with their kids because of too much work and lots of responsibilities
outside the home. As a result of this situation, children are exposed to all the negative effects of their
environment such as friends, TV, the internet, or people around them. In brief, many of these children could not
learn the rules of their religion or the moral values of society. Therefore, they surely cannot avoid such bad
habits.
In conclusion, crime has become a big problem in people's lives today. When crime rates are high, it creates
an unsettled and unsafe atmosphere in society. However, the main reasons behind these crimes in our country
are unemployment, insufficient laws, and a lack of moral or religious values.

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4. PROOFREADING

When you complete your essay, evaluate different aspects to make sure that your work is just excellent:

 Grammar – make sure you use the same tense throughout the essay.
 Vocabulary – check whether you use linking words and avoid slang.
 Spelling and capitalization – check if all the words are written correctly.

5. EDITING

In this step you are almost done with your essay.

It is time to correct the mistakes you have noticed in your writing and your writing and send it to reader(s).

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How to write an essay

1. Writing the Introduction

An introduction should
 start with a general statement
 be interesting enough to make reader want to continue reading
 narrow it down to the topic of the essay
 contain a thesis statement
 indicate generally how the topic is going to develop Generalstatement(s)

Introduction Introducing the topic

1. General statement
2. Introducing the topic (narrowing down) Thesis
3. Thesis statement statement

A. How to write general statement(s)

While writing the general statement(s), it would be a good idea to think about more general / broader concept or
category the topic belongs to.
e.g:
1. Topic: learning English
More general category: learning languages
2. Topic: swimming
More general category: sports
3: Topic: internet
More general category: technological inventions
The general statement(s) is/are like a door to the whole essay. It must get the attention of the readers. You should
start with an attention-getter sentence or statement. We call this a hook because the first sentence of your
introduction is the first chance a writer has to capture the attention of the reader.

There are many different ways of writing a good general statement(s) or attention getter.
1. Asking a question: An interesting question is a good hook as long as it relates to your essay.
e.g: Your topic is about holiday and you ask “where would you go if you could go anywhere for a holiday?
Or it is about succeeding in a college and your question is “What is the difference between successful
college students and unsuccessful college students?”
2. Making a claim: A strong statement makes an assertive claim about your topic and it is a great technique to
get the attention of the reader.
e.g: If your topic is why unemployment is a big problem, you can start by saying “One of the most
pressing problems young people in Turkey face today is unemployment.”
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How to write an essay

3. Statistics / Facts: Facts and statistics hook your reader and grab their attention if they are accurate, interesting
and reliable.
e.g: Fifty percent of marriages end in divorce.

People lie in 1 out of 5 conversations lasting more than 10 minutes.

Almost two-thirds of American adults at some point in their lives lived in a home with at least once

4. A quotation or paraphrase: If you use a quote, make sure that it is relevant to your topic, background
information or your thesis in some way.
e.g: “A healthy mind in a healthy body” Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
“There cannot be true democracy unless women’s voices are heard.” Hillary Rodham Clinton

TASK 1. Match the topics with the general statements and discuss what type of general statements they are.

General statements

Topics A. According to the World Health Organization, consumption of

tobacco kills many people every year, which makes it more than
1. Climate change the death rate from HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria altogether.
2. Educating yourself B. On average each year, humans release 38.2 billion tons of carbon
3. Smoking zones dioxide approximately into the air.

4. Stress before exams C. Benjamin Franklin once said, “An investment in knowledge pays
is negative. the best interest.” He knew the value of constantly becoming
more knowledgeable.

D. What is exam anxiety? It is a feeling of being under abnormal

pressure before the texts or exams.

TASK 2. Work in pairs and write general statements for the given topic.
“Do you agree with the statement that there are many benefits of learning English?”
1: Asking a question

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2: Making a claim
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3: Statistics / Facts
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
4. A quotation or paraphrase
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………….

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How to write an essay

TASK 3. Write general statements to complete the introduction parts.

e.g. 1. "Which is more important: knowledge from books or from life experiences?"
In the journey of learning, we have two powerful teachers: books and life experiences. Each has its own special way
to teach us. It also promotes a better understanding of the subjects. This situation helps people integrate the
knowledge they learn from one source with the other one. However, I believe that reading is the best way to truly
understand the world because it provides us different, reliable and easily accessible sources.

2. “Is technology making us more or less creative?”

A long time ago, people didn't have the amazing tools and fast machines we have today. They did things with their
hands and talked directly to each other. But in today’s world, we have incredible technology. People use technology
for different purposes such as communicating with others, accessing information quickly, and doing their work faster.
However, I think that while technology helps us with many things and makes our lives easier, it also makes us less
creative since people are addicted to technology, lack of originality, and waste their time with unnecessary things
because of technology.

Practice 1

1. "Should we trust Instagram and TikTok influencers?"

________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Deciding whether to trust these influencers is important at a time when reliability and transparency are highly
important. While influencers can offer useful advice, it's important to be careful. I believe that they can be unreliable
because they can have advertising collaborations, they may not be experts in their fields, or they may just lie to
deceive people to earn money.

2. "Is Online learning as good as face-to-face learning?"

________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Both ways have their good points, but face-to-face learning can be more advantageous for the students for many
reasons. I believe that being in a real classroom with other students and a teacher is a better option since teachers
have a chance to monitor their students, students can develop social skills, and teamwork can be increased easily
while having a face-to-face education environment.

3. “Success is measured by the amount of money you have in the bank.” Do you agree or disagree with this
sentence?
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Although money is important to continue our lives, it is only a small part of the larger picture of success. Success is a
multi-dimensional concept that includes personal fulfillment, growth, and contributions to society, in addition to
financial well-being. Therefore, I disagree with the statement that success is solely measured by the amount of money
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How to write an essay

B. How to narrow down to the topic

After writing the general statement(s), it is time to narrow them down and introduce the topic of the essay that you
are supposed to write. Here are some examples;
1. According to the World Health Organization consumption of tobacco kills many people every year, which
makes it more than the death rate from HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria altogether. Therefore; we must strictly prohibit
smoking in open areas whose damage is so great.

2. On average each year, humans release 38.2 billion tons of carbon dioxide approximately into the air. Due to
this, the level of carbon dioxide has increased significantly, more than it has in centuries. If you think
climate change is nothing to worry about then you are highly mistaken.

3. Benjamin Franklin once said, “An investment in knowledge pays the best interest.” He knew the value of
constantly becoming more knowledgeable. You should always be educating yourself through books, biographies,
articles, audios, experience, etc. Your education should be a work in progress until the day you die.

4. What is exam anxiety? It is a feeling of being under abnormal pressure before the texts or exams. This anxiety
and worry causes us to perform below our potential and negatively affects our success.

TASK 1. Work in pairs, narrow down the general statement that you wrote earlier to introduce the topic of your es-
say.
“Do you agree with the statement that there are many benefits of learning English?”
Introduce the topic:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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How to write an essay

C. How to write the thesis statement

In the essay, the sentence containing the central idea is called the thesis statement.

A thesis statement …
a. is typically the last sentence of the introductory paragraph
b. includes the topic and the controlling idea of the essay
c. should be expressed in one sentence
d. should express an opinion not a fact
e. should express only one idea about one topic
As the thesis statement presents the writer’s opinion, it should start with certain expressions such as;

 In my opinion,...  In my eyes,...
 To my mind,...  As far as I am concerned,...
 From my point of view,...  As for me / As to me,...
 My view / opinion / belief is that...  I strongly believe that…
 I agree / disagree that…  I am against the idea that…
 It seems to me that...  I am for the idea that…
 I have the feeling that...  My own feeling on the subject is that…
 I have no doubt that...  I am sure / I am certain that...
 I think / consider / find / feel / believe that...  I guess / suppose / presume / assume that...

e.g:
1. According to the World Health Organization consumption of tobacco kills many people every year, which
makes it more than the death rate from HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria altogether. Therefore; we must strictly prohibit
smoking in open areas whose damage is so great. I am for the idea that all public places should be turned into no
smoking zones in order not to risk the health of people who do not smoke.
2. On average each year, humans release 38.2 billion tons of carbon dioxide approximately into the air. Due to
this, the level of carbon dioxide has increased significantly, more than it has in centuries. If you think climate
change is nothing to worry about then you are highly mistaken. From my point of view, climate change is one of
the most serious threats affecting all of us and our future.

3. Benjamin Franklin once said, “An investment in knowledge pays the best interest.” He knew the value of con-
stantly becoming more knowledgeable. You should always be educating yourself through books, biographies, arti-
cles, audios, experience, etc. Your education should be a work in progress until the day you die. Hence, I strongly
believe that self-training and development are essential in every sense to lead a better quality of life.
4. What is exam anxiety? It is a feeling of being under abnormal pressure before the tests or exams. This
anxiety and worry causes us to perform below our potential and negatively affects our success. Therefore, I
have no doubt that overcoming the stress of exams is not only necessary in our school and educational life,
but also in our business life and career.
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Sample Thesis Statements With and Without Main Ideas
Sample 1:

a. Having a healthy lifestyle is critical for our overall well-being. Regular exercise is a key aspect of
living a healthy lifestyle. Exercise not only keeps us physically healthy, but it also provides several
advantages for our mental and emotional health. Therefore, I strongly agree that exercise may
help us in terms of reducing stress, improving our physical fitness and overall quality of life.

b. Having a healthy lifestyle is critical for our overall well-being. Regular exercise is a key aspect of
living a healthy lifestyle. Exercise not only keeps us physically healthy, but it also provides several
advantages for our mental and emotional health. Therefore, I strongly agree that exercise may be
helpful for our lives in many different ways.

Sample 2:

a. School uniforms have been a big topic for a long time. Some people think uniforms are a good idea
because they make everyone look the same and help with a peaceful environment. Others don't
like them because they feel they take away our individuality. As for me, wearing uniforms can
be a good idea for feeling equality in school, supplying discipline, and getting along with each
other.

b. School uniforms have been a big topic for a long time. Some people think uniforms are a good idea
because they make everyone look the same and help with a peaceful environment. Others don't
like them because they feel they take away our individuality. As for me, wearing uniforms at
school can be a good idea for several reasons.

Sample 3:

a. Having a pet at home is a decision that millions of individuals and families around the world
contemplate. Pets can bring joy, companionship, and a sense of responsibility into our lives.
However, bringing a pet into our homes is not an easy decision to make because owning a pet
entails a range of responsibilities. In this essay, I will try to explain that having a pet at home can
be a fulfilling and enriching experience, as it provides companionship, teaches valuable life
lessons, and promotes physical and emotional well-being.

b. Having a pet at home is a decision that millions of individuals and families around the world
contemplate. Pets can bring joy, companionship, and a sense of responsibility into our lives.
However, bringing a pet into our homes is not an easy decision to make because owning a pet
entails a range of responsibilities. In this essay, I will try to explain why having a pet at home is a
good idea in detail.

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PRACTICE PART 1

1: Do you agree with the idea that knowing English has many opportunities?

a. The ability to communicate in multiple/other languages is becoming increasingly valuable and

popular in today's 21st century. Since English is the most commonly spoken language around the
world,__________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________.

b. The ability to communicate in multiple/other languages is becoming increasingly valuable and

popular in today's 21st century. Since English is the most commonly spoken language around the
world, _________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________.

2: Do you agree or disagree with the statement that money is the key for happiness?

a. People have been searching for happiness since the beginning of the humanity and they have
tried different methods to find it throughout history. One common belief is that money is the
key to happiness, because it may satisfy our desires and give us a sense of pleasure.
However, one question still stands: Can money actually buy happiness?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

b. People have been searching for happiness since the beginning of the humanity and they have tried
different methods to find it throughout history. One common belief is that money is the key to
happiness, because it may satisfy our desires and give us a sense of pleasure. However, one
question still stands: Can money actually buy happiness?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
3: What do you think about using technology too much?
a. Technology is all around us in today's world. We use smartphones, social media, and many other
gadgets every day. Some people think technology is great, but I believe _____________________
_______________________________________________________________________________.

b. Technology is all around us in today's world. We use smartphones, social media, and many other
gadgets every day. Some people think technology is great, but I believe ______________________
_______________________________________________________________________________.

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PRACTICE PART 2
A. Order the sentences to form a meaningful introduction paragraph.

1. (1) However, every year, thousands of people are injured or killed in dangerous sports. (2) Sports are really
important to keep the body and mind healthy. (3) In my opinion, these kinds of sports should be banned for
several reasons.

2. (1) Most players and spectators accept the risk. (2) They have their own reasons for that. (3) Why do you think
some people are attracted to dangerous sports or other dangerous activities or should they be banned? (4)
How- ever, some people would like to see dangerous sports, such as boxing, banned. (5) Millions around the
world play sports every day and inevitably, some suffer injury or pain.

3. (1) I agree that coming to Turkey as a tourist is a quite good decision for many reasons. (2) They can enjoy the
differences and new experiences abroad. (3) Among many countries, Turkey is one of the most preferred
ones to visit as every year thousands of tourists come to Turkey (4) Travelling to a foreign country is always in-
teresting, especially if it is a country that is completely different from the travelers’ own country.
4. (1) Actually, people experience it when they perceive a threat or a challenge (2) Hans Selye says “It is not stress
that kills us, it is our reaction to it.” (3) However, (4) that they are supposed to take responsibility to achieve a
goal. (5) it is certain that dealing with stress or being successful despite this pressure is not impossible.

5. (1) These days, more and more people are making the choice to go to university. (2) I believe that although the
main aim of university education is to get the best job, there are clearly further benefits. (3), others think that
society and the individual benefit in much broader ways. (4) While some people are of the opinion that the
only purpose of a university education is to improve job prospects.

TASK 1
A. Work in pairs and write the thesis statement for the given topic.
“Do you agree with the statement that there are many benefits of learning English?”
Thesis statement: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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 For the full introduction parts (general statement- introducing the topic- thesis statement), do the
proofreading and write your full introduction paragraph on the next page.

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B. Read the question and write an introduction paragraph for the given topic. (80-100 words)
1. Do you think Turkey is one of the best holiday destinations for foreigners? Why? / Why not?
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2. Does technology make us more alone? Why / Why not?

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3. What are the ways of overcoming exam anxiety?

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2. Writing the body paragraphs

There are 3 body paragraphs in a 5 paragraph essay.

Remember just like an independent paragraph, a body paragraph should have;

• topic sentence
• supporting details

Keep these in mind!

• each body paragraph discusses one aspect of the main topic.

• the body paragraphs should have coherence (linking ideas) and unity (relevant information or ideas).

A. How to generate ideas in body paragraphs

Without a well planned organisation, we fail to write a good essay! Hence, we need to learn how to generate
ideas and order them properly in our body paragraphs.
In order to do this, before starting writing, we should ask questions to the thesis statement such as “why, how, in
what way” and note down the answers!

For instance:
1. Thesis statement: Watching television is not a waste of time for some reasons.
Question: why is it not a waste of time?
Answer 1. because it is a valuable educational tool.
Answer 2. because it entertains us.
Answer 3. it is a common free time activity for families.

2. Thesis statement: I strongly believe that mobile phones are very useful for several reasons.

Question: Why are mobile phones very useful?

Answer 1. because mobile phones help us get in touch with other people easily.
Answer 2. because they can connect to the internet.
Answer 3. because they have good facilities such as camera, maps, radio, flashlight, etc.

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TASK 1. Generate ideas for the thesis statements below.

1. Thesis statement: It seems to me that wearing a school uniform is a good idea in several ways.
Question:
Answer 1.
Answer 2.
Answer 3.

2. Thesis statement: I personally belive that social media is harmful for children for several reasons.
Question:
Answer 1.
Answer 2.
Answer 3.

The List of Useful Linker & Phrases for Coherence

First supports Further supports Last supports

To begin with, Second/ secondly / second of all, Lastly,

To start with, The second reason is (that) Finally,
First / firstly / first of all, Another reason is (that) Last of all,
In the first place, Also, Last but not least,
For one thing, In addition, One final reason why
Most importantly, Additionally,

The most important reason is (that) Moreover,

The first reason why What’s more,

Furthermore,
Another reason why
In second place,

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TASK 2.

A. Write the topic sentences for the body paragraphs below and underline the linkers and useful phrases
in the paragraph that helps coherence.

1. Thesis statement: I personally believe that money cannot buy happiness for some reasons.

.......................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... It means true happiness often
comes from experiences, relationships, and personal growth, which cannot be bought with money. For example,
people can have many things thanks to their money, but they cannot have good friendships only because of their
money. Moreover, people generally learn from their mistakes and experiences. To illustrate, if they spend all
their money to get their work done, they cannot experience anything and learn new things. In short, money may
cause people to lose the intrinsic value of the other things in life.

2. Thesis statement: I think that working from home make people less productive because of some negative
effects of home environment.
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..................................................................................................................................... Ranging from household
chores to family members, everything can be a reason for that. For example, they can suddenly remember that
they should do the laundry or wash the dishes so they may stop working to do these works. In this way, they can
give extra breaks to meet their personal needs that they cannot do if they are at a workplace. Furthermore,
when people work one of their family members can enter the room and start talking about unimportant things.
So, the employer can be distracted and lose extra time. That is to say, without having a real office, continuing
focus and discipline can be more challenging.

B. Write the possible linkers or phrases to fill in the blanks in the first body paragraph of an opinion essay
about endangered animals.

________________________________ animals are in danger because their homes are destroyed.

________________________________ people are cutting down forests, building cities, and using land for
farming. ________________________________ these human activities are leading to the loss of natural
habitats for many animals. ________________________________ the places where animals live are
disappearing, and they have nowhere to go. ________________________________ when animals lose their
homes, it's hard for them to find food, stay safe, and survive.

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C. Write the first body paragraph of an opinion essay.

Thesis statement: I deeply believe that having a pet is really beneficial for child development.

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TASK 3.

Introduction:
Have you ever thought why people like watching TV? Since there are all types of genres ranging from in-
formative cooking shows to reality-based programs, even when a person's schedule is full, he or she will
always have time for a little television. However, many people claim that watching television is a waste of
time. I personally believe watching television is not a waste of time as it serves us with many purposes.
A. Read the first body paragraphs and match the numbers with the list below

The topic sentence:

Supporting sentences:
Explanations / Examples:
Concluding sentence:

(1) To begin with, television is a valuable educational tool. (2)That is, the variety of TV programs
such as the news and documentaries provide TV viewers with information in almost all fields. (3) For
instance; those who regularly watch documentaries can learn a lot easily due to its audio-visual
features. (4) Moreover, many children can benefit from learning something new from the programs
while they are having a good time. (5) For example; small children can learn good manners from
cartoons. (6) In short, if appropriate programs are chosen, watching television can be useful.
B. Write linkers and useful phrases in the paragraph that helps coherence.

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C. Read the second body paragraphs and match the numbers with the list below.

The topic sentence:

Supporting sentences:
Explanations / Examples:
Concluding sentence:

(1) Another reason why watching TV is not useless is that it entertains us. (2) You can relax and be
entertained after a long day by watching a good film that makes you laugh and moves you away from
negative thoughts. (3) You can either watch a game show and have a good laugh which will help you
forget about your worries or tiredness at least for a few hours. (4) In some cases, TV can actually enhance
your real life conversations. (5) You might have hilarious chats with your friends or family about a comical
scene in a movie or TV series. (6) As you can see, watching television can be fun unless you spend too
much time on useless stuff.

D. Useful Linkers & Phrases for Coherence: ……………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………….......………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

E. Read the third body paragraph and match the numbers with the list below.

The topic sentence:

Supporting sentences:
Explanations / Examples
Concluding sentence:

(1) Finally, watching television provides a common free time activity with our families. (2) Psychologists says
that watching TV for an hour or two a few times a week can be the most beneficial time to gather the
family and strengthen the bonds among family members. (3) In today’s busy lifestyle, television creates a
common ground for the family to communicate with each other and discuss the current issues. (4) This can
be the ultimate opportunity for them to increase their bonds. (5) Therefore; watching a good TV program
together with family members can become a leisure activity which strengthens relations among them.

F. Useful Linkers & Phrases for Coherence: ………………………………………………………………………...………………....

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………..……

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TASK 4.
Remember the first essay topic you wrote earlier. “Do you agree with the statement that there are many benefits
of learning English?”

Before starting writing the body paragraphs, ask questions to your thesis statement such as “why, how,
in what way” and note down the answers!
Question: Why....................................................................................................................................
Answer 1: ..........................................................................................................................................
Answer 2: ...........................................................................................................................................
Answer 3: ...........................................................................................................................................

TASK 5. Write your body paragraphs with your main ideas and supporting sentences.

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3. Writing the concluding paragraph

The concluding paragraph is the last paragraph which wraps up the essay.

The concluding paragraph can be written in two ways

1. by summing up the main points (in the body paragraphs)
2. by restating the thesis statement
WARNING: The concluding paragraph cannot bring up a new topic!
Here are the examples:

1. Concluding the paragraph by summing up the main points

In conclusion, objectors to television will continue to criticize it harshly. However, because of its educational
value, entertainment value and the topics it provides which we can talk about, families will continue watching
television for a long time. Indeed, watching TV is a good way of spending one’s time.

2. Concluding the paragraph by restating the thesis statement

Thesis statement: I personally believe watching television is not a waste of time as it serves us with many
purposes.

To conclude, as long as it is used for good aims, watching TV is beneficial for several reasons. Therefore,
I am certain that to have a good time, people will continue watching TV for a long time.

A. Useful Linkers & Phrases for the concluding paragraph

In brief, All in all, In conclusion,

Briefly, All things considered, To conclude,
In short, Taking everything into account, To sum up,
Shortly, As you (can) see,

Task 1: Remember the first essay topic you wrote earlier. “Do you agree with the statement that there are
many benefits of learning English?”
Write the concluding paragraph in order to finish your first essay to the page :200.

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FIRST ESSAY TASK: Do you agree with the statement that “there are many benefits of learning English?”
Title __________________

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Sample Opinion Essay
1. SOCIAL MEDIA’S EFFECTS ON CHILDREN

According to research, 8 out of 10 people have a social media account. Those with social media accounts
spend an average of 4 hours a day here. Social media plays an important role in today’s world. People of all ages
spend a considerable amount of time using social media sites. Many people use social media regularly and the use
of social media is increasing especially among children. I personally believe that it is harmful for children for
several reasons.

First of all, social media is harmful for children because it might lead to a lot of health problems. Many chil-
dren who use social media spend a lot of time in front of a screen and this causes severe eye problems in chil-
dren. What is more, children who use social media regularly tend to be inactive. They do not go out a lot and they
stay away from physical activities that keep them fit. As a result, they develop problems such as obesity.
Secondly, social media is dangerous for children because it has a lot of inappropriate images and texts.
People share all kinds of images and texts on social media. These images or texts may contain nudity or rude lan-
guage. Children who are exposed to such kinds of content may be negatively affected by this. Unfortunately, this
might change their manners.
Last of all, some bad people can get contact with the children on social media platforms. These people may
get close to them like a friend and try to deceive children. Such a risk may result in some psychological
problems and affect the future of the children who experience such things.

In conclusion, although it is really hard for many children to stay away from social media, I believe that so-
cial media is very harmful for children because it might damage their health and it might expose them to
inappropriate images or materials and let lots of bad people reach them. In order to prevent such problems, it is
important to limit the time children spend on social media.

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Opinion essay revision 1:
2. MOBILE PHONES ARE USEFUL

"I do not fear computers. I fear lack of them" As Isaac Asimov remarked in his speech, technology has
been an inseparable part of our lives lately. With advanced technology, mobiles phones have also become
really common and they are getting handier day by day. I strongly believe that mobile phones are very
useful for several reasons.
First of all, mobile phones make getting in touch quite easy. You can call or send a text message to the
people you know whenever you need and you can keep in touch with the friends who live in other cities or
countries anytime. Also, mobiles offer a lot of communication possibilities other than messages and calls
such as apps called skype and zoom that will let us have video calls with others. Indeed, this smart gadget
provides us with an endless network of communication.

In addition, it seems to me that when you have your mobile with you, you don't have to carry lots of
stuff in your bag. To illustrate, as they can take photos in high quality, there is no point carrying a heavy
camera with you. Apart from that, they can function as a flashlight if there is an electricity cut or you need to
see in the dark. Therefore, by the help of the other functions of mobiles, we can reduce the load in our bags.

Last but not least, mobile phones offer lots of leisure time activities. For example, you can listen to
some music or play mobile games when you are travelling. Besides, through internet access, you are likely
to read the news, watch videos or simply check your social media interactions. Thus, we might spend time
on the phone without getting bored.
When all these points are considered, I am for the idea that mobile phones are highly functional.
This is because they make contact easy, they might be used for various purposes and they provide a lot of
entertaining activities and platforms in our free time.

A. Read the essay and answer the following questions.

1. In an essay, which sentence states the opinion of the writer?

2. In this essay, which sentence is the thesis statement?
3. Underline the topic sentences of the essay.
4. Circle the linkers in the essay and explain why we need them.
5. How many points are wrapped up in conclusion?

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B. In some countries, teenagers have jobs while they are still students. Do you think this is a good idea?
Support your opinion by using specific reasons and details.

Agree Disagree

 Self-reliance  Too many responsibilities

 Work experience  Not enough free time for school duties
 Money management  Not enough time for socializing
Title ______________________

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Opinion essay revision 2:

A. Read the essay and fill in the outline behind.

Do Children Need To Be Vaccinated?

Since Edward Jenner introduced the first successful smallpox vaccine by injecting an eight-year-old boy with
cowpox pus in 1796, vaccines have been an important part of public health care around the world (Edward Jenner.
Yet today, many parents choose not to vaccinate their children. Because vaccines are widely supported by
research, have few side effects, and have proven successful in halting the spread of disease, I believe it is important
that all parents continue to vaccinate their children for these reasons.

First of all, all major health organizations, including the Centres for Disease Control and the World Health
Organization, recommend vaccination. The value of vaccination is supported by research from around the world,
and researchers are constantly working to improve the safety and effectiveness of vaccines. Epidemiologists, the
scientists whose job is to study the outbreak of disease, all recommend vaccination.

Secondly, most vaccines have been proven to be safe. Although many parents worry about the safety of
vaccines, they are mostly minor like redness or swelling around the site of an injection. Moreover, when the benefit
of the vaccines is compared to the side effects, side effects are nothing to think about. In Canada, only about one in
a million doses of vaccine leads to serious side effects. The most famous study linking vaccines to autism, one
which got many parents worried about vaccination, has been proven false and the doctor who conducted the study
has had his medical license taken away.

Finally, around the world, increased vaccination leads to better public health. Diseases like smallpox and
polio which once killed and disabled millions of people are virtually unknown today thanks to
immunization programs. Yet in some countries where most people discourage immunization, rates of polio are
on the rise again.

In conclusion, if and when you have children, please get them vaccinated. The risks are minimal and you’ll
not only be following the best advice of medical science and protecting your own child from disease; but also you’ll
be helping in the fight to eradicate infectious diseases in your community and around the world.

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How to write an essay

Introduction

(Grab readers’ attention)

(Introduce the main topic)

(Thesis statement)

First body paragraph

(Main idea)

(Supporting facts, examples, and statements)

Second body paragraph

(Main idea)

(Supporting facts, examples, and statements)

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Third body paragraph

(Main idea)

(Supporting facts, examples, and statements)







Conclusion

(Restate introduction)

(Restate the main 3 reasons)

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How to write an essay

B. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? “Parents are the best teachers for us”.
Write an opinion essay of 230 words and use specific reasons and examples to explain your ideas.

Agree Disagree

 They are our first teachers with great  They come from a different generation
patience and experience
 Friends or teachers are better teachers
 They are our role model for our characters
 They might have bad habits or characters
 They warn or advise us for our good

Title: ____________________________

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How to write an essay

Writing Task 1:
Zoos are hugely popular places for both adults and children nowadays. Do you think zoos are good or bad for
animals? Write an essay to state your opinions. You can use the ideas below or come up with your own ideas.
Zoos are good for animals Zoos are bad for animals
1. Many zoos support international breeding 1. Imprisoning animals for our own entertainment is
programs for endangered species. unacceptable.
2. By bringing people and animals together zoos 2. Animals often suffer both physically and mentally
inspire people to protect animal. by being enclosed.
3. For some species captivity is the only chance to 3. A zoo cannot provide the perfect environment for
survive. every type of animals.
Title: _______________________
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How to write an essay

Writing Task 2:
“Friendship is a divine relationship, which is defined by neither blood nor any other similarity.” Do you agree
with this statement?

Write an essay to explain the importance of real friendship.

Title: _______________________

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Reading
Tests

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READING 1

The Frozen Man

On a September day in 1991, two Germans were climbing the

mountains between Austria and ltaly. High up on a mountain
pass, they found the body of a man lying on the ice. At that
height (3,2OO meters), the ice is usually permanent. But 1991
had been an especially warm year. The mountain ice had
melted more than usual and so the body had come to the
surface. It was lying face downward. The skeleton was in
perfect condition, except for a large wound in the head. There
was still skin on the bones and the remains of some clothes.
The hands were still holding the wooden handle of an axe.
On the feet there were very simple leather and cloth boots.
Nearby was a pair of gloves made of tree bark and a holder for arrows.

Who was this man? How and when had he died? Everybody had a different answer to these questions. The
mountain climbers who had found the body said it seemed thousands of years old. But others thought that it might
be from this century. Perhaps it was the body of a soldier who died in World War I. In fact, several World War I
soldiers had already been found in that area of the mountains. On the other hand, a Swiss woman believed it might
be her father. He had died in those mountains 20 years before and his body had never been found.

When Italian and Austrian scientists heard about the discovery they rushed to the mountaintop. The body couldn't
possibly be the Swiss woman's father, they said. The boots, the gloves, and the ax were clearly from further back in
the past. For the same reason, they said it couldn't be a World War I soldier. It had to be at least several centuries
old, they said, maybe even five centuries. It could have been one of the soldiers in the army of Frederick, Duke of
Austria.

Before they could be sure about this guess, however, the scientists needed more data. They needed to bring the
body down the mountain so they could study it in their laboratories. The question was, whom did it belong to? It
was lying almost exactly on the border between Italy and Austria. Naturally, both countries wanted the frozen man
for their laboratories and their museums. For two days, the body lay there in the mountains while diplomats argued.
Finally, they decided that it lay on Austrian ground. By that time the body was partly unfrozen and somewhat
damaged.

When the Austrian scientists examined the body more closely, they changed their minds. They did not know yet how
he had died, but they did know when: in about 2,7OO b.c. This was a very important discovery, they said. It would
teach them a great deal about this very distant period of European history. From the clothes and tools they could
learn about how men lived in those times.

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 Student's Copy

A. Chose the best option for the questions below.

1. This passage is about

a. a soldier who died in World War I.

b. mountaintop discoveries.
c. how men lived in the distant past.
d. a frozen body found in the mountains.

2. The body was found by

a. some Austrian scientists.

b. a Swiss woman.
c. two German mountain climbers.
d. soldiers in the army of Frederick of Austria.

3. The body was in good condition because

a. it had always been frozen.

b. the scientists took good care of it.
c. the air was very dry.
d. it had just fallen there.

4. When the body was first found

a. everyone thought it must be 20 years old.

b. there were various theories about it.
c. no one had any idea about where it came from.
d. scientists were sure it was thousands of years old.

5. When the scientists saw the body, they said it

a. might be five centuries old.

b. must be from this century.
c. was probably the Swiss woman's father.
d. probably was a soldier from World War I.

6. The body lay on the mountain for two days because

a. the Swiss woman didn't want anyone to touch it.

b. no one could find it.
c. the Austrian and Italian governments were fighting over it.
d. neither the Austrians nor the Italians wanted it.

7. After examining the body, the scientists said

a. the frozen man had died in war.

b. it was partly unfrozen.
c. the frozen man was almost 5,000 years old.
d. they did not know the cause of his death.

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 Student's Copy
READING 2 Natural Disasters
The Hawaiian Islands are a tropical paradise most of the �me. But even there, nature can some�mes show its more
violent side. The islands have been hit by numerous natural disasters in the recent past. These disasters have caused
deaths and great damage.

Through all of Hawaii's history, volcanoes have played an important part.

The islands were formed by the erup�on of volcanoes under the ocean.
On the big island of Hawaii, the volcanoes con�nue to erupt. During an
erup�on, hot lava pours out of the top of a volcano and down the side.
The red, hot lava covers everything in its path. The air is filled with smoke
and horrible-smelling gas that is some�mes poisonous. Once, in 1790,
poisonous gas blew down into a populated valley and killed 80 people. In
1950, a volcano on Hawaii erupted and lava poured out for 23 days. The lava covered 35 miles and closed off the
main coastal road.

Na�ve Hawaiians believe that volcanoes are a natural part of life. In their tradi�onal religion, volcanoes are ruled by
the goddess, Pele. When Pele is angry, the volcanoes erupt. Before an erup�on she takes a human form. If you
meet her and are kind to her, you will not be hurt by the lava. Today, Hawaiians have forgot en most of the ancient
gods, but not Pele. They con�nue to honor her and her volcanoes.

Another kind of natural disaster that has hit Hawaii is the �dal wave, or tsunami. Unlike volcanoes, tsunamis come
from far away under the ocean. When an earthquake occurs underwater, it creates huge waves. If these waves hit
land, they destroy everything along the coast. Two terrible tsunamis have hit the big island of Hawaii in modern
�mes. One enormous wave washed away a whole school with the children and their teacher. Another killed 61
people.

These days, all of the Hawaiian Islands have special signals to warn of
tsunamis. When the signal sounds, everyone knows it is �me to run. They
must try to get as far from the seashore as possible. Anyone who stays
near the coast will be washed away, along with cars, trees, and houses.

Hurricanes have also caused much trouble for Hawalians recently with
high frequencies.When a hurricane passes over an island, the wind may

be very strong, over 80 miles an hour. It can blow away windows, roofs, and even whole buildings. The shore line
may be changed, as the large waves wash over beaches and break up cliffs.

In the past, people in Hawaii did not worry about these storms. They rarely occurred in that area. Scien�sts believed
that the water around the islands was too warm for hurricanes. However, that has changed, for some reason.
Dangerous hurricanes have hit the island of Kauai twice in the past ten years. In 1982, Hurricane Iwa caused $200
million dollars worth of damage. The people of the island rebuilt their homes. New hotels and vaca�on resorts were
built. And then, in 1992, they were hit by Hurricane Iniki, which caused even more damage! 185
 Student's Copy

A. Chose the best option for the questions below.

1. This passage is about

a. three types of natural disasters in Hawaii.

b. Hawaii's volcanoes.
c. the damage caused by natural disasters.
d. Hawaii's natural history.

2. Volcanoes were the cause of

a. the formation of the Hawaiian Islands.

b. the warm climate of the islands.
c. many tsunamis in the Pacific Ocean.
d. Hawaii's recent hurricanes.

3. During a volcanic eruption

a. the goddess Pele is angry.

b. the air is full of hot smoke and terrible smells.
c. houses and cars are safe from the lava.
d. only small areas of the island are in danger.

4. You can infer from this that most Hawaiians today

a. follow their traditional religion.

b. still remember the goddess of volcanoes.
c. do not understand volcanoes.
d. do not worry about storms.

5. Tsunamis are caused by

a. volcanic eruptions.
b. strong winds far out at sea.
c. rain storms in the Pacific Ocean.
d. underwater earthquakes.

6. If you hear a tsunami signal, you should

a. close all your windows.

b. stay away from trees.
c. go down to the beach.
d. hurry away from the seashore.

7. You can infer from this passage that hurricanes

a. have caused the most damage on Kaual.

b. are very common today.
c. are caused by warm ocean water.
d. can be predicted.

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READING 3

Why So Many Children?

The rapid population growth in less-developed countries is a result of high birth rates. Women in these countries
have many children on average. Why do they have such large families, when feeding and caring for them can be a
problem? The answer may often be that they have no choice. Many factors make it difficult for women to limit the
size of their families.

Economics undoubtedly plays an important role. In poor countries, a large family is necessary for economic survival.
More children mean more hands for work. They also mean someone to take care of the parents in old age. In
industrialized countries, on the other hand, children do not increase family income. Instead, they are an expense.
Furthermore, people in these countries usually do not depend on their children in their old age.

However, economics cannot entirely explain birth rates. Saudi Arabia, for example, has one of the highest per-
capital income in the world, but it also has a very high birth rate (7.0). Mexico and Indonesia also do not follow the
general rule. Though they are poor countries, they have reduced their population growth from 53 percent to 25
percent in recent years.

Clearly, other factors are involved. These factors may relate to the economic situation, but not necessarily.
Population experts now believe that the most important of these factors is the condition of women. A high birth
rate almost always goes together with lack of education and low status for women.

This would explain the high birth rate of Saudi Arabia. Traditional Arab culture gives women little education or
independence and few possibilities outside the home. It also explains the decline in birth rates in Mexico, Thailand,
and Indonesia. Their governments took measures to improve education for women and opportunities for them
outside the home.

Another key factor in the birth rate is the availability of birth control. Women may want to limit their families, but
have no way to do so. In lreland, for example, birth control is illegal. Not surprisingly, Ireland has the highest birth
rate in Europe. Where governments have made birth control easily available, on the other hand, birth rates have
gone down. This is the case in Singapore, Sri Lanka, and India, as well as in Indonesia, Thailand, and Mexico. In these
countries women have also been provided with health care and help in planning their families.

Yet another factor to influence birth rate is infant mortality. Infant mortality is the percentage of babies who die in
their first year. In industrialized countries, infant mortality is around 1.5 percent. In less-developed countries,
however, it can be 20 percent or more. Fearing the loss of some children, women are encouraged to have more.
Thus, an effective program to reduce population growth must work in many areas. But above all it must be aimed
at women and their needs. Only then does it have any chance of success.

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 Student's Copy

A. Choose the best option for the questions below.

1. This passage is about

a. women in less-developed countries.

b. how economics can influence the birth rate.
c. population growth.
d. the main factors that influence birth rate.

2. In poor countries,

a. the birth rate is usually high.

b. the birth rate is usually low.
c. the per capita income is usually high.
d. children are an expense for the family.

3. In industrialized countries, children

a. are necessary for economic survival.

b. help to care for their parents in old age.
c. do not usually depend on their parents.
d. are an expense for the family.

4. According to this passage, Saudi Arabia is a

a. rich country with a low birth rate.

b. poor country with a high birth rate.
c. rich country with a high birth rate.
d. poor country with a low birth rate.

5. One reason for the high birth rate in Ireland is that

a. birth control is easily available.

b. many women work outside the home.
c. birth control is not easily available.
d. infant mortality is high.

6. A high infant mortality usually goes together with

a. easily available birth control.

b. traditional cultures.
c. education for women.
d. a high birth rate.

7. Governments are successful in slowing down population growth when

a. infant mortality is eliminated.

b. they focus on the needs of women.
c. parents are provided with old age pensions.
d. they help women to take care of their families.
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READING 4
The Power of Perfume
A Promise in a Bottle

An expert perfumer Sophia Grojsman says, "Perfume is a promise in a bottle." That promise might be
reflected in a perfume's name: Joy or Pleasure. For example, millions of dollars are spent on the
marketing of a perfume so that customers connect luxury, attraction or a certain attitude to a fragrance.

Fragrances can have power over our thoughts and emotions. Scientists believe memory and smell are
closely connected in our brains, and that certain aromas have the power to call up deep memories.
6 Perfume makers are especially aware of this and use aromas that touch us deeply.
In the perfume world, an essence is a material with its own special aroma. For instance, some are
natural, and derived from flowers and plants. Others are synthetic copies of rare or difficult-to-obtain
essences. Perfume authority Harry Fremont says a good fragrance "is a balance between naturals and
synthetics. Naturals give richness and roundness; synthetics give backbone and sparkle." Hundreds of
new perfumes are put on the market every year. Of these, few become successful. It's a risky business. A
12 company introducing a new scent can easily run through a budget of 20 million dollars. However, profits
can also be very high. One successful fragrance, CK One from designer Calvin Klein, made 250 million
dollars in its first year.

Image and Marketing

In a Paris perfume store, a building of shining stone, metal, and glass, famous perfumes are displayed
and guarded like the works of art in the nearby Louvre Museum.Salespeople are dressed smartly in
black, and each type of perfume is sold in a distinctively shaped bottle. In perfume sales, the emphasis is
on presentation at least as much as on the product.
So, naturally, France's main competitor in the global perfume market is the United States, where image
is all-important. Celebrity-branded scents fill the market, each preceded by floods of print ads and TV
appearances designed to create hype. Even sports celebrities, like baseball star Derek Jeter, are creating
189
their own fragrance brands. It is easy to be confused about which perfume to buy. Perfumer Annie
Buzantian offers this advice: You really can't get an idea whether a perfume works or not until you wear
it. "It's like the difference between a dress on the hanger a dress on your body," says Buzantian. Though
Fremont adds, "Your first impression is often the right one".

Do you know?

To sell perfumes, companies often try to

connect their products with ideas of
wealth, style. or well-being. Even the shape
of the bottle is carefully considered in
hopes of attracting customers to the brand.

189
A. Choose the best answer for each question.
1. What is the main idea of the first paragraph?

a. The perfume industry uses marketing to sell ideas.

b. The name is the most important feature of a perfume.
c. Perfume provides joy and pleasure to customers.
d. The perfume industry makes promises it can rarely keep.

2. In line 6, the word this refers to __________.

a. how memories are made.

b. the way smells affect how we feel.
c. the connection between memories and emotions.
d. the idea that people are good at remembering smells.

3. According to Harry Fremont, a good fragrance is a balance between ___________.

a. flower and wood essences.

b. plant and animal essences.
c. rare and very common essences.
d. natural and man-made essences.

4. In line 12, the phrase run through is closest in meaning to __________.

a. use up. b. move into.

c. produce. d. earn.
5. According to the author, in perfume sales, __________.

a. presentation is everything
b. presentation should be simple
c. presentation is as important as the product
d. presentation is less important than the product

6. What is probably the main reason the perfumes in the Paris store are so well guarded?

a. Each bottle is worth over $1,000.

b. The store has been robbed many times.
c. It is a way to impress customers.
d. French stores are normally well guarded.

7. What does Annie Buzantian suggest people do when buying a perfume?

a. Try it on before you buy it.

b. Wear it out at night before you buy it.
c. Buy different perfumes for different days.
d. Buy the best perfume that you can afford.

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READING 5
The Cobra Effect

The British colonized India from 1858 to 1947. That

means that they ruled the country. They governed
the Indian people. They used India to make wealth
for the British Empire. But they also developed
India. They built canals and railroads. They tried to
make India more like the United Kingdom.

Yet India was different from the UK. It was more

rustic. The ecology was different too. Some British
colonists had a hard time adapting. The snakes were
particularly troubling. The capital area of Delhi was
overrun with venomous cobras.
The British plan seemed like a good idea at first.
In practice though, it made things much worse.
Encountering a cobra is quite frightening. It's even
This is the cobra effect. The cobra effect is when
worse getting bit by one. The cobras killed many
a solution worsens a problem.
colonists. Enough died that the British government
took action. They paid a bounty for every dead
Many well-intentioned programs backfire. In
cobra.
2014 the City of Chicago banned lightweight
plastic bags. Single use bags are bad for the
The program was a success at first. Many people
environment. They end up in the water. They
hunted and killed the cobras for the rewards. The
pollute the land. City officials wanted people to
number of cobras dropped. The colonists felt safer.
reuse bags. So they put a tax on lightweight bags.
But then it became harder to catch cobras. So
enterprising people started breeding them. After all,
Retailers did not want to anger customers with
it is easier to catch a pet cobra than a wild one.
the new tax. So they made their bags much
thicker. The new bags were 150 times thicker
News of this scheme got back to the British
than the old bags. The thicker bags were no
government. They learned that people were
longer lightweight, so they weren't taxed. But
breeding cobras to earn rewards. This is not what
most customers did not reuse these bags. They
the British wanted to happen. They felt foolish. They
just threw away the really thick plastic bags.
scrapped the program.

This is another example of the cobra effect. The

Now the breeders were angry. Raising cobras can be
city intended to reduce plastic waste, yet the tax
challenging. They were doing it for the money.
worsened it 150 fold. Our actions do not always
When the program ended, the snakes were
have the consequences that we expect.
worthless. So the breeders released them into the
wild. Now there were more wild cobras than when
the program started.

191
A. Choose the best option for the questions below.

1. Which best defines the word colonize ?

a. To destroy or ruin a foreign land.

b. To trade or do business with other people.
c. To inhabit and rule a foreign land.
d. To do battle or fight with another group of people.

2. Which event happened last in India?

a. The number of snakes decreased.

b. The government began paying a bounty for dead snakes.
c. The snake breeders released their cobras into the wild.
d. People started breeding snakes.

3. What was the overall effect of the bounty program on the cobra population in Delhi?

a. The number of snakes decreased.

b. The number of snakes increased.
c. The number of snakes stayed about the same.
d. The snakes were completely wiped out.

4. Which best defines the term cobra effect as described in the text?

a. A response to a problem that has no effect.

b. A response to a problem that makes it better.
c. A response to a problem that completely solves it.
d. A response to a problem that makes it worse.

5. How did retailers respond to the tax on lightweight plastic bags?

a. They gave thick plastic bags to customers.

b. They gave paper bags to customers.
c. They stopped giving bags to customers.
d. They passed the tax on to the customers.

6. With which statement would the author most likely agree?

a. There's no point in trying to fix anything.

b. There is no such thing as a bad idea.
c. The fastest solution to a problem is always the best solution.
d. Think through solutions carefully before trying them.

7. What lesson can readers learn from this text?

a. Outcomes don't matter as long as you try your best.

b. Our actions cans have unexpected consequences.
c. Things will always work out in the end.
d. Intentions are more important then consequences.

192
 READING 6
The Teenage Brain
Parents, teachers, and others who deal closely with teenagers know how difficult the adolescent years can
be. Adolescents have always been known to do wild,' even dangerous. things. This was thought to be due
to the "foolishness' of youth." Now, brain-imaging technology allows scientists to study the physical
development of the brain in more detail than ever before. Their discoveries have led to a new theory of
why teens act this way.

A Work in Progress
Recently, scientists discovered that though our brains are almost at their full size by the age of six, they
are far from fully developed. Only during adolescence do our brains truly "grow up." During this time, they
go through great changes, like a computer system being upgraded. This "upgrade" was once thought to be
finished by about age 12. Now, scientists have concluded that our brains continue to change until age 25.
Such changes make us better at balancing impulses with following rules. But a still-developing brain does
this clumsily. The result, scientists claim, is the unpredictable behavior seen in teenagers.

Pleasure Seekers
The studies confirm that teens are more likely to take risks and behave in extreme ways. Fortunately,
13 the news isn't all negative. As brain scientist B. J. Casey points out, the teen brain inspires such behavior
in order to help teens prepare for adult life.

One way the brain does this is by changing the way teens measure risk and reward. Researchers found
that when teens think about rewards, their brains release more of the chemicals that create pleasure than
an adult brain would. Researchers believe this makes the rewards seem more important than the risks,
18 and makes teens feel the excitement of new experiences more keenly than adults do.

Research into the structure of the teen brain also found that it makes social connections seem especially
rewarding. As such, teens have an intense need to meet new people. Scientists suggest this is because as
teens, we begin to realize our peers may one day control the world we live in. Because it is still
developing, a teen brain can change to deal with new situations. So, it connects social rewards with even
more pleasure. In this way, the brain encourages teens to have a wide circle of friends, which is believed
to make us more successful in life.

Unfortunately, this hunt for greater rewards can sometimes lead teens to make bad decisions. However, it
also means that teens are more likely, and less afraid, to try new things or to be independent. The
scientists' findings suggest that in the long run, the impulses of the teen brain are what help teens leave
their parents' care and live their own lives successfully.

193
 Student's Copy
A. Choose the best option for the questions below.

1. The following sentence would best be placed at the end of which paragraph? "So teens are
always searching for an experience that is more exciting than the last."

a. paragraph 1.
b. paragraph 2.
c. paragraph 4.
d. paragraph 5.

2. Which of these statements about an adolescent's brain is NOT true?

a. It is almost at its full size.

b. It is going through a lot of changes.
c. It does some things in a clumsy way.
d. It is better than an adult brain at following rules.

3. What does the author mean by the phrase the news isn't all negative (line 13)?

a. Many teenagers are able to change their behavior.

b. The negative side of the research is not understood.
c. The way the teen brain works has some advantages.
d. The impulses of a teenage brain should be controlled.

4. What do the words more keenly mean in line 18?

a. more strongly.
b. more loudly.
c. more slowly.
d. more strangely.

5. What leads teens to meet new people?

a. the fear of being alone.

b. the need to control others for their wishes.
c. the desire to leave home sooner.
d. the idea of being in need of other people in the future.

6. What could happen if a teenager doesn't socialize?

a. The teen's brain may stop developing.

b. The teen's brain may develop badly.
c. The teen may not take as many risks.
d. The teen may miss contacts needed for future success.

7. Which of the following would be the best heading for the last paragraph?

a. Teen Impulses.
b. The Rewards of Friendship.
c. The Parents' Role.
d. How a Teen Makes Friends.

194
READING 7
Success at the University

As a woman student at the university, Maria had to follow many special rules. Young women could
never be alone in public in ltaly. That meant she always had to find someone to walk with her to classes.
She was not supposed to have very close contact with the male students so she had to wait to enter the
lecture hall until they were all in their seats. And finally, she couldn't work on the dead bodies in the
anatomy lab together with male students. Instead, she had separate sessions alone in the evenings.

As the only woman, Maria was inevitably very visible. Before long, however, she began to attract a
different kind of attention. Her professors began to be impressed by her seriousness and her ability, so
at the end of her second year she won a large scholarship, the Rolli Prize. The scholarship gave Maria
financial independence. This was important because her father had threatened to cut off all financial
support. He still opposed her choice of careers, though her mother continued to support her.

After her first success, Maria went on to others. The next year she won a tough competition for a
position as an assistant in a hospital in Rome. Then, in her fourth and final year, she gave a lecture that
was received with great applause. All the audience stood up to congratulate her. Among the people
who attended the lecture was her father. He had decided to go only at the last minute, and he, too,
was impressed by Maria. That was the beginning of a change in his attitude towards his daughter's
career.
Maria's final assignment at the university was to write a thesis on an original topic. She completed her
thesis on a psychiatric subject in the spring of 1896. After discussing it with the examiners, she was given
her degree with high honors on July 10, 1896. Since Maria was the first woman graduate, a special
diploma had to be written out for her. The traditional wording had to be changed so that it no longer
referred only to the male sex.

The new doctor was much talked about in Rome. She couldn't go for a walk in a park without being
noticed. People would stop her mother and ask about her extraordinary daughter. They were surprised
to see that Maria was an attractive young woman, quite modest and feminine. They probably had
expected an older, more severe kind of person. And they must have wondered how such a delicate-
looking woman could work with naked, dead bodies. Or how she could have the courage to speak in
public about such difficult scientific matters!

Maria was famous, but sometimes she wondered about this fame. Were people really interested in her
ability and intelligence? Or were they simply curious because she was different? However, she was sure
about one thing. It had taken a great deal of courage and effort to succeed.

195
A. Choose the best option for the questions below.
1. This passage is about

a. the years Maria attended the university.

b. universities in Italy.
c. women medical students.
d. how Maria was awarded high honors with her degree.

2. At the university Maria

a. was free to do what she wanted.

b. was treated like all the other students.
c. had to work together with the other students.
d. was much less free than the other students.

3. Maria won the Rolli Prize because

a. she was a woman.

b. of her ability.
c. of her father.
d. she needed money.

4. Maria's final lecture was

a. much applauded.
b. not applauded.
c. poorly attended.
d. about the economy.

5. Maria's father

a. didn't care about her career.

b. was always proud of his daughter.
c. began to change his mind about her career.
d. didn't want her to have a career.

6. Maria's diploma had to be rewritten because

a. she had won high honors.

b. she was a woman.
c. it was too traditional.
d. it didn't mention her family.

7. People in Rome probably thought a woman doctor

a. should be especially attractive.

b. would be much younger than Maria was.
c. should be able to discuss scientific matters.
d. would not be attractive.

196
 READING 8
Dream of Flight

For thousands of years, humans have dreamed of flying. The ancient Greeks told the legend of Icarus, a boy
who flies so high that the sun melts his man-made wings and he comes crashing down to Earth. Across
history, many more people have died after jumping from a tower or cliff with man-made wings that didn't
quite work. Flying, for humans, seemed an impossible feat.

Yet, many continued to dream of flying as free as birds. One such dreamer was the great 15th-century artist
and inventor Leonardo da Vinci. He studied the flight of birds and even designed his own flying machines, but
they and he never left the ground. Five hundred years later, standing on a windy hill in North Carolina in the
United States, I was about to make the dream come true.
Unlike Leonardo, I had the help of a hang glider which is a light and modern machine that makes flying simple
and safe enough even for tourist entertainment. I held on to the hang glider as tightly as I could. Terrified, I
ran down the hill. Suddenly, I was running in the air. I was flying! What a thrill! Now I wanted more.
A friend in my hang gliding class suggested I next try a "tandem flight." She explained that it's flying in a hang
13 glider for two people. A small airplane tows you up 600 meters into the air and lets you go. I decided to try it
with my instructor, Jon Thompson. Up we went. When the airplane released us, it felt like falling from a
building, headfirst. "You can fly lnow," Jon said. After a few moments, I found the courage to turn the glider a
little to the left, and then a little to the right. I was more like a pigeon than an eagle, but I was flying!
Of course, hang gliding is not the only way mankind has learned to enjoy the freedom of flight. Today, some
people skydive, while others-known as BASE jumpers-enjoy the excitement of jumping off buildings, cliffs, and
bridges, often illegally. They free-fall for a few exciting moments, and then open a parachute before hitting
the ground. "It's as close as human beings can get to flying like a bird," says BASE jumper J. T. Holmes.
Switzerland's Yves Rossy might disagree. The wings he has invented for personal flight have four small
engines. He steers them just by moving his shoulders. For ten minutes at a time, Rossy does seem to fly as
free as a bird, having both power and control. One of his longest flights was across the water from France to
24 England. "It's awesome, it's great, it's fantastic!" says Rossy. Since then, he has continued to improve his wing
design, and hopes he can "motivate the next generation of thinkers to do something different even if it seems
impossible."
197
 Student's Copy
A. Choose the best option for the questions below.

1. What is the first paragraph mainly about?

a. Leonardo da Vinci's dream of flying.

b. why some people continue to try to fly.
c. how the Greeks were the first to try to fly.
d. how people have always dreamed offlying.

2. How does the author describe her first hang gliding

experience?

a. interesting.
b. terrible.
c. exciting.
d. dangerous.

3. What is true about a "tandem flight"?

a. You control a small airplane.

b. You are able to fly above 700 meters.
c. You fly together with another person.
d. You take off from the top ofa building.

4. What can the words lets you go in line 13 be replaced with?

a. allows you.
b. releases you.
c. connects you.
d. guides you.

5. What is NOT true about BASEjumping?

a. Parachutes are used.

b. People land on the ground.
c. People jump from airplanes.
d. BASE jumps are often illegal.

6. What does the word it's refer to in line 24?

a. free-falling.
b. flying like a bird.
c. opening a parachute.
d. doing something illegal.

7. What did Yves Rossy accomplish?

a. He BASE jumped many times.

b. He invented flying without wings.
c. He invented wings that have engines.
d. He flew a plane from Prance to England.

198
READING 9
Disappearing Species

Two hundred years ago, passenger pigeons were the most numerous birds in the world. A flock of
passenger pigeons might include over two million birds. When they flew overhead, they darkened the
sky for hundreds of miles. Today, not a single one of these birds exists. Incredible as it may seem, all
those millions of birds were hunted down for food, feathers, and sport.

The story of the passenger pigeon is just one of many sad stories about animals that have disappeared.
At least 461 species of birds and mammals have become extinct in the past 400 years. Many more
species about 555 mammals and 1,073 birds are now at risk of extinction. Among reptiles, fish, and at
least 2,961 invertebrates are at risk. And among plant species the number at risk reaches 25,000.

The cause of this terrible destruction is always the same: humankind. Sometimes people have killed off
species directly by hunting them, as with the passenger pigeon. In other cases, people have caused
extinction indirectly, as with the dodo bird of Mauritius (an island in the Indian Ocean). Though brutally
hunted by the first European settlers, some dodos managed to survive in the interior forests. However,
these were soon eliminated by the cats, dogs, pigs, and rats the Europeans brought with them.

The most frequent cause of extinction, however, is the human destruction of the environment. On the
Hawaiian Islands, for instance, European and American settlers cut down the forests for farmland. This
killed off many of Hawaii's unique species of birds and plants. Even more dramatic, today, is the
situation in the Amazon rain forest. Here, each square mile of the forest contains thousands of plant and
animal species. These species depend on each other and on their special environment. When the trees
are cut down, the environment changes or is destroyed altogether and many species disappear forever.

Scientists are very concerned about the many species that are disappearing around the world. The loss
of our fellow creatures is a loss for us as well. Not only do we lose the chance to learn more about
ourselves and our environment. We also lose valuable economic or scientific resources. Many wild
plants, such as the wild tomato and the wild sunflower, are useful in genetically improving food crops.
Other plants or animals are useful in medical research. In this way, medicines have been found to help
fight leukemia, cancer, and many other diseases.

Aside from the uses that research has already discovered, there may be countless more. Who knows
what we are losing in the forests that are being cut down? Every year, as more plants and animals
disappear, we lose opportunities for science and medicine. That means opportunities to improve our
lives. The loss of species also means a narrower range of genetic possibilities in the world. Scientists do
not know what that will mean, but they are worried.

199
A. Choose the best option for the questions below.
1. This passage is about

a. many kinds of plants and animals.

b. the extinction of plants and animals.
c. how Europeans destroyed species on Mauritius.
d. how hunting causes animals to become extinct.

2. The passenger pigeon became extinct because

a. there were too many of them.

b. people destroyed its environment.
c. there was not enough food for it.
d. people killed them all.

3. The importation of animals by humans may cause

a. some native species to become extinct.

b. those animals to die.
c. some native species to increase in number.
d. hunters to kill native species.

4. The Hawaiian Islands are a good example of how

a. cutting down forests causes extinction.

b. people have taken care to save plants and animals.
c. native plants and animals can be killed by imported
species.
d. islands make good farmland.

5. When people cut down large areas of rain forest, they

a. are likely to kill the Dodo birds.

b. help many species of plants and animals.
c. discover useful species of plants and animals.
d. eliminate many species of plants and animals.

6. We can infer from this passage that people

a. have often been concerned about the survival of species.

b. have rarely been concerned about saving species.
c. have eliminated species whenever possible.
d. do not like wild animals very much.

7. Scientists believe that many species

a. are useless for humans.

b. are genetically unable to survive.
c. could be useful to humans.
d. are useful only after they are extinct.

200
 READING 10
Where Do All Those Tires Go?

Around the world, billions of tires from trucks and cars are replaced every year. In the United States, about 260
million used truck and auto tires are thrown away every year. Where do the old tires go? Quite often, they go into
large dumps where they remain for many years.

The mountains of worn-out tires in these dumps present a number of health and environmental dangers. First,
they attract mosquitoes and rats, which then spread disease among humans. The tires can also catch on fire, and
these fires are very difficult to put out. They may burn from a few days to a few months. While the tires burn, they
release cancer-causing gases into the air. These gases spread over nearby towns and cause health problems for
people who live there.

After a tire dump fire is put out, pieces of burned tires

remain on the ground. When it rains, chemicals from the
burned parts wash into the soil and into the ground
water. This pollutes the soil and the drinking water in the
area.

Aside from these problems, the tire dumps represent a terrible waste of resources. So, in order to avoid the
problems and the waste, people are looking for ways to reuse or recycle tires. Recycling is common for other
materials, such as paper, glass, and alu-minum. Now tires are also being recycled in a number of creative ways.

One solution is to burn the tires to create energy. An energy company with plants in Connecticut and California burns
tires to produce steam for generating electricity.

When the tires are burned properly, the fire does not pollute the air. Every day, workers check to make sure that no
dangerous gases are allowed out of the energy plant's chimneys. A total of about 15 million tires are burned every
year in the company's two plants. This produces enough electricity to supply about 42,000 houses.

Another solution is to find a new use for the tires. Tires are now being used to make various products, from
doormats to fishing supplies. Several shoe companies have started using tires to make the soles of tennis shoes. This
is not a new idea, in fact. During the Great Depression, shoes with tire soles were very common in the United States.

The state of Maine has found yet another use for old tires. The climate in Maine is very cold, and in the winter the
ground freezes solid. Large bumps are formed in the roads, and then in the spring, the bumps may turn into holes.
Roads must be rebuilt often, at great expense to the state. To prevent this, road workers have started to use old tires
broken into small pieces. These tire pieces are spread in a thick layer underneath the surface of a new road. The tires
then act as a blanket, keeping the ground below the road from freezing. This way the road surface remains smooth.

Up to now, only a small percentage of used tires are being recycled in the United States. But there are plans and new
ideas about ways to reuse more of the tires that end up in tire dumps.

201
A. Choose the best option for the questions below.

1. The passage is mainly about the

a. effects of burning tires.

b. dangers of tire dumps.
c. problem of what to do with old tires.
d. ways old tires can be recycled.

2. A fire at a tire dump is

a. a good source of electricity.

b. a good way to get rid of old tires.
c. a source of dangerous pollution.
d. quickly put out.

3. When tires are burned at the energy plants,

a. air pollution is a big problem.

b. air pollution is not a problem.
c. only a few tires are burned.
d. workers are exposed to dangerous gases.

4. You may infer from this passage that

a. the number of tire dumps will greatly increase.

b. very few uses can be found for old tires.
c. only western countries can recycle tires.
d. tire recycling methods could be used anywhere.

5. Recycling tires is

a. a way of saving resources.

b. a very complicated process.
c. dangerous to human health.
d. a major source of water and soil pollution.

6. When workers use tires to build roads they

a. spread a layer of tire pieces first.

b. fill all the holes with tire pieces.
c. often work in freezing weather.
d. check carefully to be sure that no dangerous gases are formed.

7. Using old tires for building roads in the state of Maine can result in

a. colder roads.
b. more expense to the state.
c. less expense to the state.
d. bumps and holes in some roads.

202
Additional
Grammar
Activities

203
 Passive Voice
A. Imagine that you have just bought a shoe manufacturing company and you are learning
about how things are done. Put the words in order to make present simple passive
sentences by writing the bold verbs in passive form.

e.g. Friday / pay / every / employees / other

Employees are paid every other Friday.

1. Italy / in / shoes / design

______________________________________________________________________________

2. make / athletic / China / in / shoes

______________________________________________________________________________

3. produce / a lot of / need / shoes / machinery / to

______________________________________________________________________________

4. leather / for / carefully / select / shoes

______________________________________________________________________________

B. As the new owner you are looking at the business records for the last month. Order the
words to make past simple passive sentences by changing the bold verbs in passive form.

e.g. percent / give / rise / workers / factory / of / a / two / pay

Factory workers were given a pay rise of two percent.

1. United / send / pairs / states / shoes / of / to / a million

______________________________________________________________________________

2. machines /the / to / 4.000 $ / in factory / spend / repair

______________________________________________________________________________

3. 2 new / shoes / the / complete / design / of

______________________________________________________________________________

4. month / bonuses / not give / last / employees / the / for

______________________________________________________________________________

204
 C. Work in pairs. Imagine you are working as a presenter for a national channel and you are
expected to report the news given below in the passive form.

CRIMINALS

“Good evening everybody! Welcome to the NTV world news. I am ___________ (name). Today, we
will start with 2 sad stories on crime.” Here is the first one.

• Police arrested two young criminals called Jake & Brown yesterday. They broke into 12 different
houses in the city centre in last 4 months and police were looking for them everywhere. But
unfortunately, they couldn’t catch the burglars for a long time because these young men left no
evidence behind. Detective Richardson says “Finally, we found their fingerprints and identities
at the airport as they were trying to escape. The jury will give them at least 10 - year
imprisonment.”

“Next story is about a woman called Jessie Enderson. She was 34 and divorced 3 months ago.”

• Her husband murdered Jessie brutally last week. Police arrested the notorious killer at the crime
scene and send him to court. The judge asked him why he murdered his ex-wife. But, he didn’t
give any answers. The judge sentenced him to life imprisonment. He will spend the rest of his
life alone behind bars. However, this case caused a big reaction in public. People say that we
must stop femicide in this country. Therefore, they prepared banners and organised a large
protest march.

205
 Relative Clauses - Taboo Game
Work in groups and the one knows most words will win the game! start with the phrases like;

It is a person who ______________________________

It is a thing / animal which _______________________

It is a place where ______________________________

e.g. (library) : It is a place where people read books.

WARNING: There is no banned word but you can’t tell the word in the vocabulary. For instance; the
word is taxi driver, you can’t say either Taxi or Driver!!!

A. Define the words with a relative pronoun like who, which, where, that… etc

Group 1

Giraffe Journalist Japan Novel Furious

Group 2

Dinosaurs Scientist Africa Brad Pitt Plastic surgeon

Group 3

Sun cream Politician Thief Rubbish Smart phone

Group 4

Washing
Lawyer Jonny Depp Mars nervous
machine

Group 5

Vet Sushi Snake Obama Accident

206
Relative Clauses

B. Describe the photos with the given prompts.

a. This is the house which

____________________________
b. This is the house whose
____________________________
c. The house is in a town where
____________________________

1.

d. Angelina is an actress who

____________________________
e. She is a woman whose 3 children
____________________________
f. It was 2019 when_______
____________________. (divorce)

2.

3.

g. Green mile is a film which

____________________________
h. It was adapted from a book that
____________________________ by
Stephen King.
i. It was 1919 when____________
____________________________

4.

j. It is the book that

__________________by Jane Austen.
k. Joe Wright directed a film that
____________________________
l. It was 1883 when
_____________________________

207
Relative Clauses

C. Answer the questions below and give reasons to support your statement as you answer them.

LIFE CHANGING MOMENTS

Can you remember ...

1. A big decision which you made?

2. A lie that you told your family?

3. A person who had a big influence on you? Why?

4. A place where you have learnt something very important?

5. A reason why you live in Ankara?

6. A holiday place which is your favourite?

7. A book which you like most? Why?

8. An actor / actress that you admire? Why?

9. News that you have recently heard?

10. A film whose story / plot grab your attention a lot?

208
Relative Clauses
E. Real taboo game with banned words!!!

209
210
 Word
Building

211
 MODULE 0 – INTRODUCTION TO WORD FORMATION

HOW CAN WE BUILD WORDS IN ENGLISH?

In this module, we will …

• learn some basic concepts about word formation

(parts of speech, prefixes & suffixes).

• do some practice.
• fill in a checklist.

1 DISCOVER
PART A: Match the words in Part A with their definitions in Part B.

PART A PART B
1 reader a. look at a written piece and understand
what it means
2 read b. the person who reads

3 misread c. easy to read

4 proofread d. difficult to read

5 readable e. read something to correct the mistakes

in it
6 unreadable f. read incorrectly

PART B: Have a look at the words above and answer the questions in
the thought bubbles.

1 What is the
smallest part of
each word
above?

2 Why do the
words above have
3 What do we call
different
the parts of a word
meanings?
that change their
meanings?

212
 PART C: Read the information below. If you have any questions, make a
note of them and ask them to your teacher.

WHY AND HOW DO WE BUILD WORDS IN ENGLISH?

1 WHY?
When you see a word you do not know, or you are unsure
of what the word means, you can look it up in a dictionary
OR you can analyze the word by diving it into its small
parts. Learning these basic parts will help you build up
your vocabulary skills. For example, while you are reading
a text, you may see an unknown word and you may not
have a dictionary with you. In this case, analyze the word
and its parts and try to guess the meaning of the word.

There are different word forms in English and we call these word types “parts of speech”. In
this module, we will have a look at some basic word forms.

PARTS OF SPEECH
1 Verb: an action or a state Example: jump, read, am/is/are, go, see
2 Noun: a person or a thing Example: reader, reading, table, book
3 Adjective: describes a noun Example: comfortable, hot, cold, difficult
4 Adverb: describes a verb, adjective or an adverb Example: well, quickly, beautifully
HOW?
There are different ways to build new words in English. In this module, we will have a look at
TWO of them.

Prefixes and Suffixes

A prefix is attached to the beginning of a word to form a new word. Prefixes can change the
form and meaning of a word completely.

Example: happy – unhappy

A suffix is attached to the end of the word. Suffixes also change the form and meaning of a
word.

Example: hope – hopeless.

213
2 PRACTISE
Exercise A: Have a look at the words below and answer the question. 1st
one is an example.
➢ What are the smallest parts of these words?

1 autobiography ………biography…… 4 interviewee ………………………..

2 illegal ……………………………… 5 leadership …………………………

3 misunderstand …………………………... 6 waterproof …………………………

Exercise B: Have a look at the words in bold and circle the correct option.
1st one is an example.
1 Sarah likes bright colors.
a. adjective b. verb c. noun d. adverb

2 John plays the piano beautifully.

a. adjective b. verb c. noun d. adverb

3 Reading is one of my hobbies.

a. adjective b. verb c. noun d. adverb

4 Are you energetic today?

a. adjective b. verb c. noun d. adverb

5 I will watch a film.

a. adjective b. verb c. noun d. adverb

6 Jimmy is an optimistic person.

a. adjective b. verb c. noun d. adverb

NOW I
UNDERSTAND!

214
Exercise C: Underline the prefixes and/or suffixes in the words below. 1st

one is an example.

1 disappear 8 careful

2 rethink 9 action

3 unlearn 10 teacher

4 shorten 11 happiness

5 impossible 12 illness

6 hourly 13 thankful

7 overtime 14 excitement

3 THINK
Think about your performance in this module and put a
tick in the suitable box/es.

WORD FORMATION CHECKLIST

Question I can answer this I can’t answer this question.
question.
Why do we build words in

English?

What do we mean by

“parts of speech?”

How can we build

different words in

English?

215
 A LEVEL MODULE 1 – SUFFIXES “-EN, -ATE, -
ITY, - E E”
HOW CAN WE MAKE NEW WORDS WITH SUFFIXES?
In this module, we will …

• learn FOUR suffixes.

• do some practice.
• fill in a checklist.

1 DISCOVER
PART A: Did you know?
Read the statements below and answer the questions about the
underlined words.

1 Brad Pitt’s face is 91% close to the golden ratio.

2 Jessica Biel is passionate about playing football.
She loves playing football.
3 Albert Einstein said, “two things are infinite: the
universe and human stupidity; and I'm not sure about the
universe.”
4 Taller employees are paid more than shorter employees.

QUESTIONS
1 Is ‘golden’ a noun or an adjective? How do you know?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

2 Is ‘passionate’ a noun or an adjective? How do you know?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

3 Is ‘stupidity’ a noun or an adjective? How do you know?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

4 Is ‘employee’ a noun or an adjective? How do you know?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

216
PART B: Read the information below. If you have any questions, make a
note of them and ask them to your teacher.

HOW CAN WE MAKE NEW WORDS WITH SUFFIXES?

There are different ways to make new words. In this module, we will have a look at the
following suffixes: “-en, -ate, -ity, - e e”.

217
2 PRACTISE
Exercise A: Fill in the table with the correct suffixes.

218
Exercise B: Write the part of speech that you need
for the gaps. (v: verb / n: noun /adj: adjective &
adv: adverb)

1. My uncle was ____________ in the civil war; he lost his left

arm.

2. _________________ is a very real problem for

graduates in Turkey.

3. Children need to be ____________ about the dangers of

drug use.

4. We can easily see the ____________ between you and your

mother.

5. It is _____________ to sell tobacco to someone under 16.

6. Yoga gives me a _____________ of inner calm.
7. The disease is potentially _____________.
8. You have to ____________ what to do next.
9. The unicorn is a fabulous ___________.
10. The figures (numbers) ___________ to our sales in
Europe.

Exercise C: Read the sentences and fill in the gaps with the correct form
of the words.
1. My uncle was ____________ in the civil war; he lost his left arm. (ABLE)

2. _________________ is a very real problem for graduates in Turkey. (EMPLOY)

3. Children need to be ____________ about the dangers of drug use. (EDUCATE)

4. We can easily see the ____________ between you and your mother. (SIMILAR)

5. It is _____________ to sell tobacco to someone under 16. (LEGAL)

6. Yoga gives me a _____________of inner calm. (SENSE)

7. The disease is potentially _____________. (FATALITY)

8. You have to ____________ what to do next. (CONSIDER)

9. The unicorn is a fabulous ___________. (CREATE)

10. The figures (numbers) ___________ to our sales in Europe. (REFER)

219
Exercise D: Read the sentences and fill in the gaps with the correct form
of the word given.

1. Equal

a. Women do not have true _______________ in many companies compared. to

men.

b. We have tried to _______________ the workload between the different

teachers.

c. In the grave the rich and poor are _______________.

2. Appreciate

a. It's nice to have an _______________ audience.

b. I _______________ John's helping in time.

c. He accepted my offer _______________.

3. Create

a. She's very _______________ and always coming up with new ideas.

b. I admired the _______________ which prevailed among the young writers.

c. We're trying to _______________ our own computerized database.

4. Employ

a. I'm not a permanent _______________. I'm working here on a fixed-

term contract.

b. The _______________ decided to increase his workers’ pay.

c. We want to _______________ friendly and knowledgeable staff.

5. Sense

a. The _______________ of the detector can be increased to get an

exact result.

b. She has a strong _______________ of justice and fairness.

c. The investigation needed to be handled _______________.

220
3 THINK
Think about your performance in this module and put a
tick in the suitable box/es.

WORD FORMATION CHECKLIST

Question I can answer this I can’t answer this question.
question.
How does the meaning

change when we add “-

en, -ate, -ity, - e e” to

words?

How does the form

change when we add “-

en, -ate, -ity, - e e” to

words?

221
 A LEVEL MODULE 2 – SUFFIXES
“-HOOD / -AGE / -URE / -ANCE & -ENCE”

HOW CAN WE MAKE NEW WORDS WITH SUFFIXES?

In this module, we will …

• learn FIVE suffixes.

• do some practice.
• fill in a checklist.

1 DISCOVER
PART A: Did you know?
Read the statements below and answer the
questions about the underlined words.

1 People in happy marriages become more productive

at work.
2 Childhood cancer is the number one disease killer in
the USA.
3 Peer pressure is most common in adolescents.
4 Charlie Chaplin said, “Failure is unimportant. It takes
courage to make a fool of yourself.”.
5 Thomas Gray said, “Ignorance is bliss.”.

QUESTIONS
1 Is ‘marriage’ a noun or an adjective? How do you know?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

2 Is ‘childhood’ a noun or an adjective? How do you know?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

3 Is ‘pressure’ a noun or a verb? How do you know?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

4 Is ‘failure’ a noun or a verb? How do you know?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

5 Is ‘ignorance’ a noun or a verb? How do you know?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

222
PART B: Read the information below. If you have any questions, make a
note of them and ask them to your teacher.

HOW CAN WE MAKE NEW WORDS WITH SUFFIXES?

There are different ways to make new words. In this module, we will learn the
following suffixes.

223
2 PRACTISE
Exercise A: Complete the table with the correct forms of the words.

Reminder:

For the adjective forms try to remember the former suffixes that you
learnt such as; ‘-al, -sive, -able, -ant& -ent’.

224
Exercise B: Read the sentences and choose the correct option.
1. The brothers _______________ widely in their characters.

a. different b. differently c. differ d. difference

2. He was causing _______________ to the other guests in

the party.

a. annoy b. annoyance c. annoying d. annoyingly

3. I received an encouraging _______________ to

my advertisement.

a. response b. respond c. responsive d. responsively

4. Joan felt she could only _______________ in his mother.

a. confident b. confide c. confidence d. confidently

5. It is an _______________ fact that natural disasters causes huge

damages.

a. avoid b. avoidable c. avoidance d. unavoidable

Exercise C: Read the sentences and fill in the gaps.

1. The _______________ of new members for the

business club is strictly controlled. ( ACCEPT )

2. He is not _______________ of those who disagree with

him. (TOLERATE)

3. Unfortunately, the _______________ is not fully

efficient: improvements could be made. (PROCEED)

225
4. It is such an upsetting fact the rain forest may _______________ forever.

(APPEAR)

5. He got a new job and he was freed from financial _______________ on his

parents.

(DEPEND)

6. She was found _______________ of any crime that she was accused of.

(INNOCENCE)

7. The _______________ at work continued till the time she resigned.

(PRESS)

8. We sat waiting _______________ for the film to start.

(PATIENCE)

Exercise D: Read the sentences and fill in the blanks with the correct

forms of the words.

1. Appear

a. She will _______________ in court tomorrow.

b. Her unhappiness was _______________ to everyone.

c. _______________ it's going to rain today.

2. Confide

a. _______________ in yourself is the first step on the road to success.

b. There is no one here I can _______________ in.

c. I am _______________ that everything will come out right in time.

226
3. Ignore

a. _______________ is the mother of suspicions.

b. An _______________ man is the only enemy of science.

c. I made a suggestion but they chose to _______________ it.

3 THINK
Think about your performance in this module and put a
tick in the suitable box/es.

WORD FORMATION CHECKLIST

Question I can answer this I can’t answer this
question. question.
How does the meaning

change when we add “-

hood / -age / -ure / -ance

& -ence” to the words?

How does the form

change when we add “-

hood / -age / -ure / -ance

& -ence” to the words?

227
 A LEVEL MODULE 3 – NOUNS WITH
“-ANT/-ENT, -TH, -ISH, -IZE/-ISE”

HOW CAN WE MAKE NEW WORDS WITH SUFFIXES?

In this module, we will …

• learn FOUR suffixes.

• do some practice.
• fill in a checklist.

1 DISCOVER
PART A: Did you know?
Read the statements below and answer the questions about the
underlined words.

1 Some schools provide mentors for chronically absent

students.
2 Bob Marley said, “I don’t believe in death, neither in
flesh nor in spirit.”.
3 Bullying and telling lies are two characteristics of childish
adults.
4 Women apologize more than men do.

QUESTIONS
1 Is ‘absent’ a noun or an adjective? How do you know?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

2 Is ‘death’ a noun or a verb? How do you know?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

3 Is ‘childish’ a noun or an adjective? How do you know?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

4 Is ‘apologize’ a noun or a verb? How do you know?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

228
PART B: Read the information below. If you have any questions, make a
note of them and ask them to your teacher.

HOW CAN WE MAKE NEW WORDS WITH SUFFIXES?

There are different ways to make new words. In this module, we will learn about FOUR
of them.

1. –ant/-ent: This suffix is used to change words into adjectives.

2. –th: This suffix forms nouns.

3. –ish: This suffix forms adjectives.

229
 2 PRACTISE
Exercise A: Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words.

Exercise B: Read the sentences and choose the

best option.

1. What annoyed him most was that he had received no

_______________ after being treated badly.

a. apologize b. apology c. apologetic d. apologetically

2. It took several months for his wounds to

_______________.

a. health b. healthy c. healthily d. heal

3. We want to make this a truly _______________ day for my son. Today is

his birthday.

a. memorable b. memory c. memorize d. memo

230
4. Surviving tough times can really _______________ your relationship with

the person next to you.

a. depth b. deep c. deepen d. deeply

5. He stepped off the length and _______________ of the room.

a. width b. wide c. widen d. widely

Exercise C: Read the sentences and fill in the blanks with the correct

form of the words.

1. We have a so limited budget so we're going to have to _______________

from now on. (ECONOMY)

2. One cannot do a _______________ thing once in one's life, but one must

hear of it a hundred times. (FOOL)

3. I don't try to _______________ speeches word for word. (MEMORY)

4. They should _______________ the road to cope with the increase in traffic.

(WIDE)

5. Only later could she _______________ her mistake. (REAL)

Exercise D: Read the sentences and fill in the blanks with the correct

form of the words.

1. visual

a. I could _______________ the scene in the office.

b. I have a very good _______________ memory.

c. _______________, Hollywood special effects are better than Turkish

ones.

231
2. Heal

a. The ground-work of all happiness is _______________.

b. His mental scars will take time to _______________.

c. Congratulations, you have a _______________ baby

girl.

3. Legal

a. Its products met all ______________ requirements.

b. They wanted to ______________ gambling in their city.

c. The auditor has questioned the _______________ of the

contracts.

3 THINK

Think about your performance in this module and put a tick in the
suitable box/es.

WORD FORMATION CHECKLIST

Question I can answer this I can’t answer this
question. question.
When we add “-ant/-ent, -

th, -ish, -ize/-ise” to a

word, how does the

meaning change?

When we add “-ant/-ent, -

th, -ish, -ize/-ise” to a

word, how does the form

change?

232
 A LEVEL MODULE 4 – PREFIXES
“MID-, SEMI-, SUB-,TRANS-, INTER-, UNDER"

HOW CAN WE MAKE NEW WORDS WITH PREFIXES?

In this module, we will …

• both revise some prefixes and learn new ones.

• do some practice.
• fill in a checklist.

1 DISCOVER
PART A: Did you know?
Read the statements below and answer the
questions about the underlined words.

1 In the north of the Arctic Circle, the sun is visible at

midnights in summers. It is called the midnight sun.

2 Russia's Maria Sharapova reacts during the semi-final match

against Kristina Mladenovic at the WTA Tennis Grand Prix in Stuttgart.
3 In 2016, 5.7 million people–the highest since 1948–rode the New York subway on the
average weekday.
4 One out of every seven jobs in the United States is transportation related.
5 Jan 3 is celebrated as the International Sleep Day all around the world.
6 Bill Gates said, “We always overestimate the change that will occur in the next two years
and underestimate the change that will occur in the next ten.”
QUESTIONS
1 Is ‘midnight’ a noun or an adjective? How do you know?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
2 Is ‘semi-final’ a noun or an adjective? How do you know?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
3 Is ‘subway’ a noun or an adjective? How do you know?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
4 Is ‘transportation’ a noun or a verb? How do you know?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
5 Is ‘international’ a noun or an adjective? How do you know?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
6 Is ‘underestimate’ a noun or a verb? How do you know?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

233
 PART B: Read the information below. If you have any questions, make a
note of them and ask them to your teacher.

HOW CAN WE MAKE NEW WORDS WITH PREFIXES?

There are different ways to make new words. In the previous modules, we learnt how to
make new words with the following prefixes.

In this module, we will learn about how to make new words with the following prefixes.

234
2 PRACTISE
Exercise A: Write the correct prefix to fill in the chart.

Exercise B: Match the prefixes with the words and

put them into the correct places in the gaps.

1. He was recovering from a heart _______________ operation.

2. Monday's a bit _______________ for me. I have to visit my parents. How

about Wednesday?

3. We're focusing too much on _______________ details. That’s why it takes

too much time to finish.

4. As an actor, he's seriously _______________. He deserves more praise

and awards for his performances.

235
5. We arranged the chairs in a/n _______________ to help people see each
other better.

6. The memory from my childhood was buried deep within my

_______________.

7. Social _______________ and collaboration among children in school are

essential for the development and learning of children.

8. Government is creating public service ad to _______________ people

from smoking.

9. The new design will eventually _______________ all existing models.

10. According to the reports; sales improved by _______________.

3 THINK
Think about your performance in this module and put a
tick in the suitable box/es.

WORD FORMATION CHECKLIST

Question I can answer this I can’t answer this
question. question.
How does the meaning

change when we add

‘mid-, semi-, sub-, under-

, trans-, inter-‘ to a

word?

How does the form

change when we add

‘mid-, semi-, sub-, under-

, trans-, inter-‘ to a word?

236
Supplementary
Classroom
Materials

237
UNIT 1A READING

PRODUCTION

A.Think about the people of different generations that you know. Do you agree or disagree with the
way they communicate? Why / why not?

B. Work in groups and write the advantages and disadvantages for the generations mentioned in the
text.

TASK GROUP 1 GROUP 2 GROUP 3 GROUP 4

VETERANS BABY BOOMERS GENERATION X MILLENNIALS
ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES

UNIT 1B READING

PRODUCTION

A. Discuss the questions below with your partner.

1. What is the main aim of the app called “Memrise”.
2. How important is vocabulary in a new language you are trying to learn?
3. What is your favorite word in English? Why?
4. How do you study vocabulary?
5. What technological tools or apps helps you to improve your English?

UNIT 1C FUNCTION

PRODUCTION

A. Work in pairs. Each pair should scan the code and read the roles. Then, choose a role from the
card and write a dialogue.

238
https://telegra.ph/B1-1C-03-09 (the code leads you here)
UNIT 1D WRITING SKILLS

A. Rewrite the sentences by using “in order to”

1. I got up early because I needed to catch the plane.

__________________________________________________________________________.

2. George wants to improve his English, so he decided to go to England.

__________________________________________________________________________.

3. We had to take a cab so that we wouldn't be late for my appointment.

__________________________________________________________________________.

4. I need to take out a loan from the bank because I want to buy a new car.

__________________________________________________________________________.

5. Jenny needs to study hard if she wants to pass the exam.

__________________________________________________________________________.

6. She called Mike because she wanted to invite him to her birthday party.

__________________________________________________________________________.

7. Malcolm must apply for a visa because he needs to travel abroad in a few months.

__________________________________________________________________________.

8. He has shaved off his beard and mustache so that he won't be recognized.

__________________________________________________________________________.

B. Fill in the gaps with “in order to” or “so that”.

1. I have started an English course _________________ improve my English.

2. I'm studying very hard nowadays _________________ I can pass my class.

3. I went to bed early ________________ wake up early.

4. We all put on our jackets ______________keep warm.

5. Make sure your bags are tagged ________________ you can find them easily.

6. I had to take a cab ________________ I wouldn't be late for my appointment.

7. One should exercise regularly ________________ keep their body in shape.

239
UNIT 2A READING

A. A role play activity. Write and act

Work in pairs and write a write a dialogue together.
One of you is A and the other one is B. you need to read the prompts to learn your roles.

Role Card A:
• Your Name: Jack Andrew
• Age: 34
• University: University of Manchester
• Job: Mathematics Teacher
• Work Experience: 2 years in Africa 4
years in France
• Just married to an Italian girl so you
moved here to look for a new job.

Africa
• Cute students
• Poverty
• Lovely people
• Nice feelings
• Volunteer job
• No money/salary
• Valuable experience

France
• Boarding school
• Polite & ambitious high school students
• Well paid salary
• Expensive city
• Beautiful sights
• Taking up a hobby (Photography)

240
Role Card B:

• Your name: Anita

• Age: 38
• Job: Manager at Rhinelander
High School
• Experience: 18 years
• Your school's first language is
English. Therefore, you need an
experienced native Mathematics teacher

• to be sure that this teacher has enough

experience and a nice person, you will ask
some questions:

•Which university / finish?

•What hobbies / have?
•How long / work as a teacher?
•What schools / work before?
•Why / quit?
•Why / want to work here?

241
UNIT 2A VOCABULARY

Go to the link below.

A. Work in pairs and fill in the gaps with the words in the box.

https://www.wordwall.net/resource/12003323/complete-sentences-correct-words

UNIT 2B VOCABULARY

A. Fill in the gaps with the correct word.

type share install press browse upload download

1. I'd like you to quickly through these documents.

2. Alice, can you help me this software?
3. She will the pictures from her digital camera to her computer.

242
 4. If you want to talk in Zoom meeting, you need to the microphone icon to turn
on your voice.
5. My grand mom is so old and she keeps making mistakes when she needs to to
send a message via her mobile.
6. To a copy of our full timetable booklet, you need to click on the link at the
bottom of the page.
7. In the meantime, please this link about this project with everyone you know.

UNIT 2B READING

A. Work in pairs. Look at the photo and answer the questions below.

1. Which of these apps do you know?

2. What are they used for?
3. Which one is your favorite? Why?
4. Which one do you find useless? Why?
5. What other apps do you use often?

243
UNIT 2B READING

A. Discuss the questions with your partners.

1. How much time do you spend online each week? Is it too much time, or a reasonable amount?
2. How do you feel if you forget your mobile phone and leave it somewhere?
3. Some people dislike or fear technology. What can be the reason for this?
4. Which social networking services do you use? What do you like or dislike about them?
5. Some people prefer to live with less technology in their lives. Can you understand the desire
to live a simpler life?
6. Many science fiction movies present a dark vision of the future. Are you optimistic or the
future of humanity?

UNIT 2C FUNCTION

A. Read the problems below and make suggestions by using the phrases that you have just learnt.

1. John can’t sleep at night. He has tried to go to bed earlier and wake up earlier, but he can’t. He
often has trouble sleeping at night. When he finally can sleep, it is usually very late, so he feels
tired the next day.

2. Susan doesn’t have enough free time to be with her boyfriend. She and her boyfriend both work
at the hospital. The problem is, they both work different shifts at different times. This makes it
hard for them to find time to be together.

3. Gary wants a promotion and a raise at work. Gary has worked at the same company for ten
years. He likes his job but he feels he is ready for more responsibility.

4. Barbara wants to get better grades in school. She gets B’s right now in most of her classes at high
school. She would like to get A’s.

5. Peter wants to learn how to drive. All his friends learned how to drive at driving school. Now,
they all have their driver’s license, and he feels a little jealous.

6. Kathy wants more privacy at home. She lives with her parents and her younger brother and
sister. She has to share a bedroom with her sister, and she feels like she doesn’t have enough
privacy.

7. Michael wants to quit smoking. He is thirty-two years old and has smoked for fifteen years. He
usually only smokes when he goes out with his friends and after he has dinner. He likes to have a
cigarette at these times.

8. Jerry wants to lose weight. He is one hundred and eighty centimeters tall. He weighs one
hundred and ten kilograms. He would like to weigh ninety kilograms.

(taken from https://www.stickyball.net/adultesl/intermediate-lessons/problems-advice-and-suggestions.html )

244
B. Work in pairs. Look at the problems below and make suggestions by using the phrases that you
have just learnt.

245
UNIT 2D WRITING SKILLS

A. Rewrite the sentences with the linkers in parentheses.

1. Smart watches are forbidden, and cell phones are strictly forbidden during the exam as well.
(Apart from) :

2. Facebook encourages teens to express themselves freely. It helps them to keep in touch with
their friends.
(In addition to) :
3. Modern technology has improved health services. It has updated means of transportation, too.
(Besides) :

4. Social media increases online communication. It strengthens people’s relationships as well.

(In addition) :

5. I play basketball very well. In addition, I'm also good at volleyball.

(In addition to) :
(Besides) :

6. Our new director can speak three languages. In addition, he has six years of
experience.

(In addition to) :

(Besides) :

7. Our new house is so close to the city center. In addition, it has four large bedrooms.
(In addition to) :
(Besides) :

8. I have paid a lot of money for the car. In addition, I have paid for the insurance.
(Apart from) :
(Besides) :

9. Adam is so funny. In addition, he is also smart and handsome.

(Apart from) :
(Besides) :

10. Fernando can speak English and French in addition to Spanish.

(In addition) :
(Apart from) :
246
UNIT 3A VOCABULARY

B. Discuss the questions below with your pairs.

1. What is the description of a best friend to you?

2. How can you get to better know a person?

3. Which one is better in friendship? "Having a lot in common or sharing different interests."

4. What factors may result in the breakdown of a good friendship?

UNIT 3B VOCABULARY

A. fill in the gaps with correct word from the box.

raise a child hang out with get together cut off

ring me up grow apart childhood grow up

took after brought up

1. We regularly to watch movies with my best friends from high school.

2. True friends never , they might only lose touch and find a way to
come together.
3. A parent should with deep love, regardless of poverty or difficulties.

4. Alice is a fun person and spend time with.

to
his father in everything that he did.
5. He
memories are plain and factual.
6. My early
7. I need to find a job and I send my CV to anywhere I can, but they just
and say “they don’t have any empty position for me”.

247
8. All communications have been because of the severe storm.
9. The children and move away to live their own lives.
10. Children in this country are with different standards and
conditions.

B. Work in pairs and answer the following questions to make your own sentences with the
words above.

1. Who rang you up lastly? Why?

2. Where did you grow up?
3. What important morals you were taught by your family while you were brought up?
4. Who do you take after in your family? How?
5. Can you name a friend that you got apart from? And why?
6. While you were raised, who did you see as a role model?

UNIT 3C FUNCTION

A. Work in pairs. Give a reaction for the statements below and ask for more information for each.

1. I have got a terrible headache.

2. My mom has just decided to retire and move to a small city by the sea.
3. Sorry! We can’t go on holiday with you. My husband is planning to buy a new house so we
need to save up some money.
4. Oh! Welcome! Come in and make yourself home please!
5. I have to take my son to the hospital today.
6. Then, I couldn’t stop myself and yelled at my boss.
7. Finally, I could get a new job. It took 3 months to find it.
8. I broke up with my girlfriend.
9. I will take up a new hobby but I can’t decide what to do.
10. I am really busy nowadays with work. I should take care of my family more.

248
UNIT 3C FUNCTION

B. Pick one of the situations below and write a dialogue with your pair. You need to;

• explain the situation

• give a reaction
• ask for more information

You work as an You had a terrible Recently, you have You are feeling bad
accountant in a big argument with your got a new car after a today because you
company. Today, you mom. That’s why you long time saving. failed in the exam.
have heard that they feel so upset and Share your feelings You know that it is
are planning to give planning to give an and describe your car. your fault because you
you a promotion and apology. Tell what the didn’t study hard
a rise in your salary. argument was about enough. Share your
Share your feelings and your plan. feelings and what to
and explain why you do next to overcome
deserve this. this situation.

UNIT 4B VOCABULARY (-ED / -ING ADJECTIVES)

A. Work in pairs and answer the following questions.

1. When was the last time you felt really frustrated? Why?
2. What is the name of the most frightening film that you’ve ever watched?
3. Which do you find more challenging English or Maths? Why?
4. What is the description of a relaxing holiday to you?
5. Are you satisfied with your life? Why? Why not?
6. Can you name a film which has a surprising end?
7. Who is more confusing to understand, men or women? Why?

249
UNIT 4C FUNCTION (ASKING FOR HELP – OFFERING HELP

Role play game:

Scan the qr code and work in pairs.

Pick one of the situations (that you’ll see when you scan the code and make a dialogue that includes;

• Explaining the situation

• Asking for help / Making offers

• Accepting / Rejecting the offer

• Showing a reaction

UNIT 5A VOCABULARY

A. Work in pairs. Discuss the questions below with your partner.

1. Is air pollution a problem where you live? If yes, how can we prevent it?

2. What wildlife or natural environments are endangered in your country?

3. Are there any conservation projects to help protect these animals and plants or save these places?

250
UNIT 5A VOCABULARY
B. Match the words with the photos.

protect pollution species wildlife endangered animals survive

habitat recycling destroy conservation projects

1. 2. 3.

4. 5. 6.

7 8. 9. 10.

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UNIT 5B GRAMMAR

A. Work in pairs and discuss the questions below.

What will/can/might/ happen…

… if you get into a fight?

… if you get arrested?

… if the world’s population keeps increasing?

… if computers become more intelligent than humans?

… if you learn to speak English perfectly?

… if you can’t get to sleep tonight?

… if your computer dies?

… if you don’t graduate?

… if a burglar breaks into your house while you are sleeping?

… if a beautiful girl/handsome guy gives you their number?

What happens …

… if you hit a police officer?

… if you mix red and blue paint?

… if you smoke in a non-smoking zone?

… if you drop a glass on the floor?

… if you forget your umbrella on a rainy day?

… if you study for the exam?

Taken and adapted from https://www.eslconversationquestions.com/real-conditional-future/

252
UNIT 5B READING
Part 1

A. Look at the photos and tell which animals you see in each picture.

https://prezi.com/p/8wug14gtdgdm/empower-5b/?present=1

B. Work in pairs and discuss the questions below.

1. Why is it hard to recognize these animals in the pictures?

2. Why do you think they hide themselves?
3. Do you know other animals which can hide themselves?

Part 2

A. Read the text and answer the questions.

1. Which animal can mix with the environment whenever it wants?

Indian Leaf Butterfly

2. It can be inferred from the passage that

3. A Ptarmigan need to mix with the background to protect itself from enemies.
a. True
b. False
c. No information

253
4. Amazon jungle spiders aim to hide from other animals behind its web.
a. True
b. False
c. No information

5. Animals don’t want to be seen by other animals, so they have different ways of
their surroundings.

6. Animals and plants blend with the environment to attract other animals,

___________________________ and ________________________.

7. Polar bears can keep their body temperature high thanks to _______________________________.

8. Furs and feathers of wild animals are mostly _______________________________ because they can
easily camouflage themselves in cold climates.

9. Which in line 2 refers to .

10. Them in line 4 refers to .

11. Its in line 11 refers to .

254
UNIT 5B READING

WRITING

A. Work in pairs.

“We have found out that every living creature needs to blend with the environment, which means that
they need to be similar to the surroundings, to survive in nature. How can we relate this to human beings
and the society they live in.”

Write about what it’s like if someone doesn’t match with their environment / society in 120 words. Support
your ideas with true stories which you have experienced, seen or heard.

https://prezi.com/p/8wug14gtdgdm/empower-5b/?present=1

255
UNIT 5B VOCABULARY

A. Try to describe the appearance of the animals in the photos.

1. 2.

3. 4.

5. 6.

256
UNIT 5D LISTENING

A. Work in groups and generate ideas on the problems that sea animals face such as pollution,
global warming or wrong hunting and find solutions for these issues.

SEA ANIMALS

PROBLEMS THEY SUFFER SOLUTIONS

• •
• •
• •
• •
• •
• •
• •

UNIT 6A VOCABULARY (COMPOUND NOUNS)

A. Discuss the questions with your partner.

1. Do you like driving a car?

2. Do you think is it safe to drive in your city?
3. What traffic problems do you have in your country?

257
B. Work in pairs.

Here is India. Look at the photos below and describe the traffic by using the words that you have
just learnt and compare the situation in your own country.

258
UNIT 6A VOCABULARY (MULTI WORD VERBS)

A. Fill in the gaps with the correct word.

get around pick up show around turn up

look around go away go back

1. I started to watch a TV series called “la case de papel” which helped me

some Spanish.
2. Dave gave a party for his 18th birthday during quarantine (Covid-19) so no one could
.
3. The subway makes it easy to New York City.
4. Once, he needed to for the weekend and forgot to lock his door &
nothing happened.
5. They sent someone to me the new offices.
6. I actually had time to and enjoy the city and its sights.
7. He'll to school in September, but miss the spring semester,
and not graduate.

259
UNIT 6A VOCABULARY (MULTI WORD VERBS)

B. Discuss the questions in groups of 3-4 and take notes of what the other people in your group say
to report back to the class and to have a class debate later.

Discussion Questions

• Eating out is very dangerous during the pandemic. Agree/Disagree? Why?

• Getting around by a taxi should be banned if the journey takes less than 5 minutes.
Agree/Disagree?Why?

• Translation is the best way to pick up new words in English. Agree/Disagree? Why?

• Going away to university has more cons than pros. Do you agree or disagree? Why?

For each discussion question, one of the groups starts the discussion and report back to class then T
nominates some students from the other groups to share what his/her own group think.

UNIT 6B GRAMMAR (COMPARATIVES & SUPERLATIVES)

A. Answer the questions below.

Comparatives

1. Which is worse for your health, smoking or drinking?

2. Is it better to be rich and dumb or poor and smart?

3. Is it better to be rich and ugly or poor and beautiful/handsome?

4. Does technology make the world better or worse? Why?

5. Which game is more entertaining, Tetris or Angry Birds? Why?

6. Are you more creative now or when you were in elementary school?

7. Is it better to study English in class or online?

260
 9. If you own a business, is it more important to be good with numbers or be creative?

10. Which is harder, Maths or English?

11. Do you want the development of new technology to go faster or slower?

12. Are you smarter than your parents?

13. Are some people luckier than others or do people make their own luck?

14. Is it better to go on a blind date with someone who is older or younger than you?

Superlatives

1. Who is the best-looking celebrity in your country? How about the worst looking celebrity?

2. Who is the craziest famous person you know about?

3. What restaurant has the most delicious food you have ever eaten?

4. What is the best song ever?

5. Who is the most creative celebrity in your country? Why?

6. What is the most difficult thing about studying English?

7. What is the strangest product you have ever seen?

8. Who is the most creative person you know?

9. Where is the best place to go in your country for a vacation?

10. Who was the most important inventor in history?

11. When is the happiest time of a person’s life?

12. What is the most disgusting food you have ever eaten?

13. What is the saddest movie you have seen?

14. What country is the best to live in? Why?

Taken from https://www.eslconversationquestions.com/

261
UNIT 6C FUNCTION (ASKING FOR & GIVING RECOMMENDATIONS)

A. Fill in the blanks in the exercise below.

Riley: I am going to Turkey next week with my fiancée. 1. ?

Paula: 2. , I’d take her to the İstanbul.

Riley: You have been to İstanbul many times, haven’t you? Where 3. __ taking
her?

Paula: Well, you 4. definitely go to Sultan Ahmet – There are many historical
places.

Riley: That’s a good idea, she loves visiting historical places. What about food? 5.
eating Turkish kebab?

Paula: 6. _________________ trying it. I believe you’ll love it!

Riley: Thanks a lot!

Paula: You’re welcome, I hope you enjoy your time there.

262
UNIT 6C FUNCTION (ASKING FOR & GIVING RECOMMENDATIONS)

B. Give recommendations for the situations below by using the phrases from 2a. and record
your answers on https://gosynth.com/.

1. My car keeps breaking down.

2. I can’t remember English vocabulary easily.
3. I’ve lost my purse/wallet.
4. I don’t know what to get my friends for their wedding.
5. I keep getting colds.

C. Make recommendations for the issues below.

a. You are in trouble at school because some students treat you badly and it has started to
scare you. They stare at you all the time and even want money from you. You tried to talk to
them, but it didn’t work. (Of course, you cannot stop them using physical force either
because it is obviously against the law). Ask for a recommendation from a dear friend.

b. You have been smoking for 5 years and it affects your health badly. You want to quit, but
you cannot. Your friends also smoke, so it is harder to avoid it around them. You don’t want
to take pills either. Ask for a recommendation from a friend who stopped smoking 2 years
ago.

c. Your girlfriend/boyfriend’s birthday is coming. You want to give her / him something
special because she/he doesn’t like classic gifts like clothes, flowers or electronic devices. Ask
his/her best friend for a recommendation.

263
UNIT 7B VOCABULARY

A. Look at the photos and try to describe them with one verb.

1. 2. 3.

4. 5. 6.

7. 8.

264
UNIT 7C FUNCTION

A. Make requests for the situations below.

1. Ask someone the way to the nearest pharmacy.

2. Ask a friend to lend you some money.
3. Ask a police officer to give you direction.
4. Ask your teacher to re tell the part you couldn’t understand.
5. Ask your mom to cook your favorite dish this evening.
6. Ask the waiter to bring the bill.
7. Ask your boss to leave early today.
8. Make an offer to your best friend who has just broken up with his/her girlfriend.
9. Make an offer to your father who is going to wash the car.
10. Make an offer to a customer who asks for a discount.
11. Make an offer to a customer in the restaurant where the soup she wanted came cold.
12. Make an offer to your sister who can’t solve her Math’s problem.

B. Role play the dialogue.

Work with a partner and imagine one of you is an exchange student staying in a flat and the other one
is the landlord. Write a dialogue between the student and the landlord using the phrases that you have learnt.

265
UNIT 8B GRAMMAR (VERB PATTERNS)

A. Take a look at the tape-script (pg. 170 and underline gerunds and infinitive structures
that you have seen.

B. Write a review of a restaurant in Ankara you have recently been to. The word limit is to 100
words and time limit is 10 minutes. You can use the review on page 397 as a model. Use at least 5
or 6 verb patterns they have just practiced.

After the writing part, swap your papers with your friends to discuss the restaurants while the
teacher monitors the class.

266
UNIT 8C FUNCTION

A. Complete the sentences with your own ideas by using the given generalizing phrases in the box.

on the whole as a rule typically normally tend to generally

a. When I go to a city for the first time,

b. If I eat in an expensive restaurant,

c. When I see an animal in need,

d. If I don’t like someone’s manner,

e. If I’ve heard someone criticized me behind my back,

f. When my teacher ignores me,

B. Work in groups. Choose 3 statements and discuss them with your partners and report back
to the rest of the class.

• Married people are boring.

• Footballers are not intelligent.

• You can't be friends with your boss.

• Old people have no fun.

• Men are bad at languages.

• Young girls are brighter than young boys.

• Engineers and accountants are very rational

people.

267
• Mathematics is for intelligent people.
• All politicians are corrupt.
• Rich people have a great life.
• Top sports stars have fewer worries than most other workers.
• City people are more cultured than those from the country.
• People who talk a lot don't say much.
• People who act are basically exhibitionists.
• Artists are different from most people.
• Poor people are happy in their own way.

UNIT 9A READING

A. Read the text "FILM-MAKING HAS CHANGED A LOT IN THE LAST 100 YEARS – OR HAS IT …?" in
unit 9A reading part and answer the questions.

1. What is the opinion of people about old movies?

2. Why did the film called “The Pirates” take 5 years to complete?
3. How many people worked in this film?
4. What is the similarity between “The Pirates” & “Snow White and 7 Dwarfs”?
5. What is the difference between “The Pirates” & “Snow White and 7 Dwarfs”?
6. Did Disney predict correctly the budget of “Snow White and 7 Dwarfs?
7. What does the writer think about the films used modern technology and hand-made ones?

268
 UNIT 9B GRAMMAR

A. Combine the sentences. Use who, which, whose, where or when.

e.g.
Ivan is very good-looking. He’s Helen’s brother.
Ivan, who is Helen’s brother, is very good-looking.

1. The book is about a murder on the Nile. It was written by Agatha Christie.
___________________________________________________________

2. The diamond necklace has been found by the police. It was stolen last week.
___________________________________________________________

3. Steven Spielberg lives in Hollywood. He is a famous film director.

___________________________________________________________
4. My friend Isabel wants to do media studies. Her father is a TV presenter.
___________________________________________________________

5. The new club plays great music. Jamie works there.

___________________________________________________________

6. My holiday in Ibiza was wonderful. I first met Jenny then.

___________________________________________________________

7. The new band is very good. It was formed last year.

___________________________________________________________

B. Omit the relative pronoun of the sentences where possible.

1. He's the man that I told you about.
2. That's the car which I am thinking about buying
3. She was the person who saw it first.
4. The email that I sent didn't reach everybody.
5. He's the one that took it.
6. There is no one whom I trust more.
7. He's not the sort of person that everyone likes.
8. We want to book the hotel which we saw in the advert the other day.
9. We saw someone that looks like you.
10. I've borrowed the book which you recommended.
11. The man whose wife you saw in the street is my new neighbor.
12. Would you recognize the person who stopped you?

269
UNIT 9B GRAMMAR

C. Description game!

• Works in groups of 3 or 4.
• Get a set of cards from your teacher.
• Shuffle the cards and place face down on the desk. Take turn and pick one card to describe
without using the words written on the card. Use who-which -where etc. to define the
words such as
It is a person who _____________________.
This is a food which _______________________.

270
UNIT 9B GRAMMAR
D. Work in threes and fours. Take turns expanding true sentences about one of the people in
the group, e.g. “Eduardo, who is our classmate, comes from Oviedo”, “Eduardo, who is our
classmate, comes from Oviedo, which is in Spain” etc. The person being spoken about tells
will tell you when someone says something that isn’t true, then you can start again with
someone else in the group.

UNIT 9B READING

A. Read the text to answer the questions below.

Fuji Rock Festival Roskilde Festival Coachella Festival

1. How often is the 1. What music can you
festival held? listen to in this
2. Why do you think it is festival?
environmentally 2. What is done with
friendly? the money that
3. What feeling(s) do organizers get?
people get there? 3. What should visitors
know about timing?
1. How often is the
festival held?
2. How long does it
take?
3. What music can you
listen to there?

271
UNIT 9C FUNCTION

https://www.docdroid.net/zu9n0GS/b1-9c-extra-material-student-docx

UNIT 9D READING

Step 1

Student A: You will talk about the last activity you had with friends at home

Student B: You will tell the last activity you had out with friends.

Step 2

You need to find at least 2 friends from the opposite group to share your experiences.

272
UNIT 9D VOCABULARY
CONTRASTING IDEAS

although despite however in spite of while

A. Read the sentences below and try to elicit the meaning of the linkers above.

1. Although it was raining, we decided to walk.

2. Despite the bad weather, we had a picnic outside.
3. Despite working hard, she failed in the exam.
4. In spite of the serious risks, he enjoys working as a firefighter.
5. In spite of having a lot of money, he feels alone and miserable.
6. Tourists are good for the economy of the country. However, hotel constructions are bad
for our environment.
7. While I love football, my best friend prefers basketball.

B. Read the sentences again, and tell which ones are followed by Nouun / V+ -ing, which
ones are followed by full sentences.

Although

Despite

However

In spite of

While

273
UNIT 10A VOCABULARY

A. Fill in the gaps with correct words in the box.

win lose attacking opponent compete for

score a point beat competitive track referee

1. In nature, many animals limited resources.

2. He wants to attend and several major sports car racing events.

3. Each team will for each correct answer.

4. The blew his whistle ending the game shortly thereafter.

5. Both players from different cities are highly and focused.

6. We must stop biological life forms

7. Everyone knew that professional teams amateur ones.

8. The original was 61 kilometers long.

9. They didn’t expect to the game 2–0.

10. The boxer knocked his to the ground with hard punches and
kicks.

274
UNIT 10 A GRAMMAR

PROCEDURE

Step 1
Read the example sentences below.
Teacher: If I weren’t here in school now, ….. Can you complete this sentence?
Student A: If I weren’t here in school now, I would still be in bed.
Student B: If I were still in bed now, I would have a headache because of sleeping too much.
Student C: If I had a headache because of sleeping too much, I would ….

Step 2
You will be divided into groups of three and given 5 minutes to work together and come up
with as many sentences as possible.

UNIT 10B VOCABULARY

https://onedrive.live.com/view.aspx?resid=CA25A8A8FA78C462!304&ithint=file%
2cpptx&aut hkey=! AISFgHoep7Hs6mw

275
USEFUL LINKS

Vocabulary

http://dictionary.reference.com/

http://eslflow.com/

http://wordsteps.com/

http://www.agendaweb.org/

http://www.englishpage.com/vocabulary/vocabulary.html

http://www.idiomsite.com/

http://www.learn-english-today.com

http://www.wordreference.com

https://en.bab.la/games/

https://www.thesaurus.com/

https://www.vocabulix.com/

Speaking

http://iteslj.org/questions/

http://www.english-at-home.com/

http://www.focusenglish.com/

https://eslgold.com/

Grammar

http://www.agendaweb.org/

http://www.better-english.com/exerciselist.html

276
http://www.chompchomp.com/terms.htm

http://www.dailygrammar.com/

http://www.englishgrammar101.com/

http://www.englishtenses.com

http://www.grammaring.com

http://www.grammar-quizzes.com

http://www.grammarbook.com

http://www.allthingsgrammar.com

Listening

http://focusenglish.com/

http://www.agendaweb.org/

http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/index.shtml

http://www.brainpop.com/

http://www.elllo.org/

http://www.esl-lab.com/

http://www.eslnotes.com/

http://www.eslpod.com/eslpod_blog/

http://www.real-english.com/

277
 Student's Copy

Writing

http://eslcafe.com/search/Writing/

http://iteslj.org/links/ESL/Writing/

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/

http://www.powa.org/

http://www.writingprogram.wsu.edu/units/writingcenter/etutoring/

Speaking

http://eslcafe.com/search/Pronunciation/

http://evaeaston.com/pr/home.html

http://howjsay.com

http://www.learn-english-today.com

http://www.soundsofenglish.org/

Reading

http://eslflow.com/

http://www.agendaweb.org/

http://www.awesomelibrary.org/

http://www.bibliomania.com/

http://www.breakingnewsenglish.com/

http://www.edhelper.com/ReadingComprehension.htm

http://www.esl-lab.com/

278
http://www.onlinenewspapers.com/

http://www.rhlschool.com/reading.htm

http://www.umass.edu/aesop/contents.html

http://www.usatodayeducate.com/wordpress/

https://www.storynory.com/

General

http://english-zone.com/index.php

http://esl.about.com/

http://fonetiks.org/

http://www.academicvocabularyexercises.com/

http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningenglish/

http://www.englishgrammarconnection.com/

http://www.englishpage.com/

http://www.english-the-easy-way.com/

http://www.english-to-go.com/

http://www.eslcafe.com/

http://www.esl-lab.com/

http://www.esl-lounge.com

http://www.parapal-online.co.uk/

http://www.uefap.com/

https://jeopardylabs.com

https://www.usingenglish.com/

279