ENG 208: Engineering Thermodynamics

ENG 208 - Engineering Thermodynamics

Chapter 1
Sections 1.4 – 1.8

Prof. Esam M Alawadhi

 ENG 208: Engineering Thermodynamics

1-4 Properties of a system

A property is any characteristic of a system, such as pressure (P),

temperature (T), volume (), and mass (m).

→ It can be extended to viscosity, thermal conductivity, modulus of elasticity,

thermal expansion coefficient, electric resistivity, velocity, and elevation.

Prof. Esam M Alawadhi

 ENG 208: Engineering Thermodynamics

Intensive versus extensive properties

Properties are either intensive or extensive. Intensive properties are those

that are independent of the mass of a system, such as temperature,
pressure, and density. Extensive properties are those whose values depend
on the size of the system.

Mass (m) (m/2) (m/2)

Volume () Extensive
(/2) (/2)
Temperature (T) (T) (T)
Pressure (P) (P) (P) Intensive
Density () () ()

Prof. Esam M Alawadhi

 ENG 208: Engineering Thermodynamics

1-5 density and specific gravity

Density is defined as mass per unit volume.

m kg
ρ=
 m3

Specific volume is defined as volume per unit mass, which is the reciprocal
of density.

 1 m3
v= =
m ρ kg

Specific weight is weight of a unit volume of a substance.

kg m
γ = ρg ∙
m3 s 2

Prof. Esam M Alawadhi

 ENG 208: Engineering Thermodynamics

Specific gravity (SG)

The specific gravity is also called relative density. It is defined as the ratio of
the density of a substance to the density of water at 4°C (ρH2O = 1000
kg/m3).

ρ
SG =
ρH2O at 4oC

Prof. Esam M Alawadhi

 ENG 208: Engineering Thermodynamics

1-6 State and equilibrium

The state is defined as a set of properties that completely describes the

condition of a system.

→ The state: mass=2 kg, temperature=20oC, and volume=2.5 m3.

Prof. Esam M Alawadhi

 ENG 208: Engineering Thermodynamics

In equilibrium all the properties of a system have fixed values. The word
equilibrium implies a state of balance.

time time

→ A system in equilibrium experiences no changes when it is isolated from

its surroundings.

Prof. Esam M Alawadhi

 ENG 208: Engineering Thermodynamics

Thermal: if only the temperature is in equilibrium.

Mechanical: if only the pressure is in equilibrium.
Equilibrium:
Phase: if only the phase is in equilibrium.
Chemical: if t only the chemical composition is in equilibrium.

20oC 20oC
24oC 20oC
35oC 20oC

40oC 20oC
25oC 20oC

Not in thermal equilibrium In thermal equilibrium

Prof. Esam M Alawadhi

 ENG 208: Engineering Thermodynamics

1-7 Processes and cycles

A process is any change that a system undergoes from one equilibrium state
to another one.

State 1 State 2

Prof. Esam M Alawadhi

 ENG 208: Engineering Thermodynamics

Isothermal: if the temperature is constant during the process.

Isobaric: if the pressure is constant during the process.

Process:
Isometric (Isochoric): if the volume is constant during the
process.

Isothermal process

Prof. Esam M Alawadhi

 ENG 208: Engineering Thermodynamics

A quasi-equilibrium process:

When a process remains close to an equilibrium state at all times is called it

is in equilibrium. A quasi-equilibrium process is a slow process that allows the
system to adjust itself internally so that properties in one part of the system
do not change any faster than those at other parts.

Prof. Esam M Alawadhi

 ENG 208: Engineering Thermodynamics

A cycle

A system is said to have undergone a cycle if it returns to its initial state at

the end of the process.

Starting point
End point

→ For a cycle, the initial and final states are identical.

Prof. Esam M Alawadhi

 ENG 208: Engineering Thermodynamics

The Steady-Flow Process

The steady-flow process is defined as a process during which a fluid flow

through a control volume steadily.

→ The term steady implies no change with time. The opposite of steady is
unsteady, or transient.

Prof. Esam M Alawadhi

 ENG 208: Engineering Thermodynamics

1–8 Temperature and the zeroth law of thermodynamics

→ The temperature is a measure of “hotness” or “coldness,”

Temperature Scales

All temperature scales are based on states of freezing and boiling points of
water, which are also called the ice point and the steam point.

Prof. Esam M Alawadhi

 ENG 208: Engineering Thermodynamics
Celsius versus Fahrenheit scales
The temperature scales used in the SI and in the English system. The Celsius
scale (named after the Swedish astronomer A. Celsius, 1702–1744), and the
Fahrenheit scale (named after the German instrument maker G. Fahrenheit,
1686–1736).

Boiling point
of pure water

Human body
temperature
Freezing point
Freezing
of pure water
temperature of
sea water

Prof. Esam M Alawadhi

 ENG 208: Engineering Thermodynamics

Kelvin scale

The thermodynamic temperature scale in the SI is the Kelvin, which is

designated by K. The lowest temperature on the Kelvin scale is absolute zero.

Minimum
possible
temperature

CELSIUS FAHRENHEIT KELVIN

Prof. Esam M Alawadhi

 ENG 208: Engineering Thermodynamics

-273.15 oC ?

The temperatures on this scale are measured using a constant-volume gas

thermometer, which is basically a rigid vessel filled with a gas, usually
hydrogen or helium, at low pressure.

T(K) = T(oC) + 273.15

Prof. Esam M Alawadhi

 ENG 208: Engineering Thermodynamics

Problem 1.1

Water at 25oC, what is the temperature in Kelvin scale?

T(K) = 25 + 273.15 = 298.15 K

Problem 1.2

Air temperature is increased from T1=25oC to T2=30oC, what is the

temperature increase in Kelvin scale?

T1(K) = 25 + 273.15 = 298.15 K

T2(K) = 30 + 273.15 =303.15 K

→ ΔT(K)=T2(K) - T1(K) = 303.15 - 298.15 = 5 K

ΔT(K) = ΔT(oC)

Prof. Esam M Alawadhi

 ENG 208: Engineering Thermodynamics

The zeroth law of thermodynamics

If two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body, they are also in
thermal equilibrium with each other.

T2 T3 If T1 = T2 and T1 = T3

T1
T 2 = T3

→ The two bodies are in thermal equilibrium if both have the same
temperature reading even if they are not in contact.

Prof. Esam M Alawadhi

 ENG 208: Engineering Thermodynamics

Prof. Esam M Alawadhi