A PRELIMENERY REPORT ON

“KIDNEY DISEASE DETECTION USING ML”

SUBMITTED TO THE SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY, PUNE

IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE
OF

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (COMPUTER ENGINEERING)

SUBMITTED BY

Rutik Erole Exam No: 72028892E

Pratik Fulse Exam No: 72028893C
Abhishek Shelke Exam No: 71824761C

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

STES’S SINHGAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

KUSGAON (BK), LONAVALA, PUNE- 410401

SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY

2022-2023

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 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitles

“KIDNEY DISEASE DETECTION USING ML”

Submitted by

Rutik Erole Exam No: 72028892E

Pratik Fulse Exam No: 72028893C
Abhishek Shelke Exam No: 71824761C

is a bonafide student of this institute and the work has been carried out by him/her under the
supervision of Dr. S.D. Babar and it is approved for the partial fulfillment of the requirement of
Savitribai Phule Pune University, for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering
(Computer Engineering).

(Dr. S.D. Babar) ( Dr. S.D. Babar)

Guide Head,
Department of Computer Engineering Department of Computer Engineering

(Dr. M.S. Gaikwad)

Principal,
Sinhgad Institute of Technology, Lonavala, Pune – 410401

Place: Lonavala
Date:

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives us great pleasure in presenting the preliminary project report on ‘Kidney Disease
Detection’. I would like to take this opportunity to thank my internal guide Prof. Guide Name for
giving me all the help and guidance I needed. I am really grateful to them for their kind support.
Their valuable suggestions were very helpful. I am also grateful to Prof. HOD Name, Head of
Computer Engineering Department, College Name for his indispensable support, suggestions. In
the end our special thanks to Other Person Name for providing various resources such as
laboratory with all needed software platforms, continuous Internet connection for Our Project.

Project Associates:
Mr. Rutik Erole
Mr. Pratik Fulse
Mr. Abhishek Shelke

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 ABSTRACT

Chronic kidney disease (CKD), also known as chronic renal disease. Chronic kidney
disease involves conditions that damage your kidney and decrease their ability to keep you
healthy. You may develop complications like high blood pressure, anemia (low blood count),
weak bones, poor nutritional health and nerve damage. Early dedication and treatment can often
keep chronic kidney disease from getting worse. Data Mining is the term used for knowledge
discover from large databases. The task of data mining is to make use of historical data, to
discover regular patterns and improve future decisions, follows from the convergence of several
recent trends: the lessening cost of large data storage devices and the ever-increasing ease of
collecting data over networks; the expansion of robust and efficient machine learning algorithms
to process this data; and the lessening cost of computational power, enabling use of
computationally intensive methods for data analysis. Machine learning, has already created
practical applications in such areas as analyzing medical science outcomes, detecting fraud,
detecting fake users etc. Various data mining classification approaches and machine learning
algorithms are applied for prediction of chronic diseases. The objective of this research work is
to introduce a new decision support system to predict chronic kidney disease. The aim of this
work is to compare the performance of Support vector machine (SVM) and K-Nearest Neighbor
(KNN) classifier on the basis of its accuracy, precision and execution time for CKD prediction

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CERTIFICATE I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT II
ABSTRACT III

CHAPTER

No. TITLE PAGE NO.

01 Introduction 08

1.1 Motivation 10
1.2 Problem Definition 10
1.3 Objective 11
1.4 Project Scope 12
1.5 Methodologies of Problem solving 12
02 Literature Survey 13

Software Requirements Specification 18

03
3.1 Functional Requirements 19
3.1.1 Performance Requirement 19
3.2 External Interface Requirements 19
3.2.1 User Interfaces 19
3.2.2 Hardware Interfaces 20
3.2.3 Software Requirements 20
3.3 Nonfunctional Requirements 21
3.3.1 Performance Requirements 21
3.3.2 Software Quality Attributes 21
3.4 System Requirements 22
3.4.1 Dataset Requirements 22
3.4.2 Software Requirements 23
04 System Design 24
4.1 System Architecture 25
4.2 Data Flow Diagrams 26
4.3 UML Diagrams 27

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CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO
NO.

05 OTHER SPECIFICATION 32
5.1 Advantages 32
5.2 Limitations 32
5.3 Limitations 32

06 Results 33
6.1 Screen Shots 34
07 Conclusions 37
7.1 Conclusions 38
7.2 Future Work 38
7.3 Applications 38

08 References 39

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 LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE ILLUSTRATION PAGE NO.

4.1 System Architecture 25

4.2 UML Diagram 25
4.3 Flowchart 27

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

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 INTRODUCTION

We all knows, that Kidney is essential organ in human body. Which has main
functionalities like excretion and osmoregulation. In simple words we can say that all the toxic
and unnecessary material from the body is collected and thrown out by kidney and excretion
system. It is a dangerous disease of the kidney which produces gradual loss in kidney
functionality. CKD is a slow and periodical loss of kidney function over a period of several
years. If CKD is not detected and cured in early stage then patient can show following
Symptoms: Blood Pressure, anemia, week bones poor nutrition health and nerve damage,
decreased immune response because at advanced stages dangerous levels of fluids, electrolytes,
and wastes can build up in your blood and body. Hence it is essential to detect CKD at its early
stage but it is unpredictable as its Symptoms develop slowly and aren’t specific to the disease.
Some people have no symptoms at all so machine learning can be helpful in this problem to
predict that the patient has CKD or not. Machine learning does it by using old CKD patient data
to train predicting model. and determine the chronic kidney disease.

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 1.1 MOTIVATION

Motivation for change often depends on the existence of a discrepancy between the
patients’ current behavior and important values or goals.

Empowering Patients: Machine learning algorithms can assist patients in monitoring their health
by analyzing real-time data from wearable devices, such as smartwatches or fitness trackers. This
empowers individuals to actively participate in their own care and make informed decisions to
manage their kidney health effectively.
Research Advancements: By utilizing machine learning techniques, researchers can uncover
hidden patterns and insights in large datasets, leading to a better understanding of kidney disease
progression, risk factors, and potential new treatment avenues. This can drive further scientific
advancements and contribute to the development of more effective therapies.
Global Impact: Kidney disease affects millions of people worldwide, causing significant
morbidity and mortality. Machine learning-based detection and prediction models can be easily
implemented across different healthcare settings, including resource-limited areas, making them
a valuable tool to combat kidney disease on a global scale.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a slowly progressive problem in the kidneys which takes time
to advance to later stage. The condition in which there is a damage on the filtering units of the
kidneys which leads to the excessive loss of proteins from the body. The sudden failure of
kidneys to perform the functions. It is a serious condition and mainly occurs during the last stage
of the disease or in time of treatment. It has become common for the people of all ages to
develop one or the other kidney problems, particularly in their middle and old age. If the kidneys
get damaged, it leads to an increase in the toxicity in the body. If such a condition is not treated
on time, it can eventually lead to kidney failure and may also harm the other organs of the body.

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1.3 OBJECTIVE

1. Early Detection: Build a model that can identify early signs and symptoms of kidney
disease, allowing for timely intervention and treatment to prevent or slow down the
progression of the disease.
2. Accurate Classification: Develop a classifier that can accurately differentiate between
individuals with kidney disease and those without, based on relevant medical features such
as patient demographics, medical history, laboratory test results, and imaging data.
3. Risk Stratification: Create a predictive model that can assess the risk of kidney disease
progression or complications, enabling healthcare professionals to prioritize high-risk
patients for further evaluation and personalized care.
4. Feature Importance: Identify the most important features contributing to kidney disease
development or progression, providing insights into the underlying factors and potential
interventions.
5. Automation and Efficiency: Build an automated system that can quickly process and
analyze large volumes of patient data, facilitating early detection and reducing the burden
on healthcare professionals.

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1.4 Project Scope

1.4.1 Project scope

The scope projects are highly experienced in the management of older multi-morbidity
subjects at risk for renal impairment and related clinical complications, including changes in
functional status.

1.4.2 User Classes and characteristics

In this system, the user must first login and register. If registration is successful, the user
can use the SVM algorithm to determine whether the cyber thread or not. machine learning,
Artificial Intelligence domains.

1.4.3 Assumptions and Dependencies

Dependencies: Python is commonly used for developing websites and software, task automation,
data analysis, and data visualization. Since it’s relatively easy to learn, Python has been adopted
by many non-programmers such as accountants and scientists, for a variety of everyday tasks,
like organizing finances.

Python is a general-purpose programming language, so it can be used for many things. Python is
used for web development, AI, machine learning, operating systems, mobile application
development, and video games. Python is a relatively easy programming language to learn and
follows an organized structure.

Python is a general purpose and high level programming language. You can use Python for
developing desktop GUI applications, websites and web applications. The simple syntax rules of
the programming language further make it easier for you to keep the code base readable and
application maintainable.

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 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

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 2. LITERATURE SURVEY

A research paper is a document of a scientific article that contains relevant ex- per tise,
including substantive observations, and also references to a specific subject of philosophy and
technique. Use-secondary references are reviewed in literature and no current or initial
experimental work is published.

1.Paper Name: Prediction of Chronic Kidney Disease using Adaptive Hybridized Deep
Convolutional Neural Network on the Internet of Medical Things Platform.

Author: Wujun Xue

Abstract: Chronic Kidney disease is a severe lifelong condition caused either by renal disease
or by impaired functions of the kidneys. In the present area of research, Kidney cancer is one of
the deadliest and crucial importance for the survival of the patients’ diagnosis and classification.
Early diagnosis and proper therapy can stop or delay the development of this chronic disease into
the final stage where dialysis or renal transplantation is the only way of saving the life of the
patient. The development of automated tools to accurately identify subtypes of kidney cancer is,
therefore, an urgent challenge in the recent past. In this paper, to examine the ability of various
deep learning methods an Adaptive Hybridized Deep Convolutional Neural Network
(AHDCNN) has been proposed for the early detection of Kidney disease efficiently and
effectively. Classification technology efficiency depends on the role of the data set. To enhance
the accuracy of the classification system by reducing the feature dimension an algorithm model
has been developed using CNN. These high-level properties help to build a supervised tissue
classifier that discriminates between the two types of tissue. The experimental process on the
Internet of medical things platform (IoMT)concludes, with the aid of predictive analytics, that
advances in machine learning which provides a promising framework for the recognition of
intelligent solutions to prove their predictive capability beyond the field of kidney disease.

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2.Paper Name: Diagnostic Decision Support System of Chronic Kidney Disease Using Support
Vector Machine.

Author: Mubarik Ahmad, Vitri Tundjungsari

Abstract: Kidney disease or commonly known as kidney failure is a condition when the renal
function is declining that could result in the inability of the kidneys to perform their duties.
Kidney disease patients have the potential to get into the chronic phase. Chronic kidney disease
is a decrease in kidney function gradually during the three months which resulted in the cessation
of kidney function in total. The purpose of this development is a decision support system for a
doctor in diagnosing of the kidney disease patients. The system displays the results of predicting
whether patients with renal disease have entered a phase of chronic kidney disease or not. The
methodology of this study consists of two main phases: classification modeling and system
development. Classification modeling consists of data collection, data preparation, data
grouping, classification, rules extraction. System development was based on the extracted rules
before. This study resulted in a system that can detect a chronic condition of kidney disease
based on several factors with an accuracy of 98.34%

3.Paper Name: Early Prediction of Chronic Kidney Disease Using Machine Learning Supported
by Predictive Analytics.

Author name: Ahmed J. Aljaaf, Dhiya Al-Jumeily.

Abstract: Chronic Kidney Disease is a serious lifelong condition that induced by either kidney
pathology or reduced kidney functions. Early prediction and proper treatments can possibly stop,
or slow the progression of this chronic disease to end stage, where dialysis or kidney
transplantation is the only way to save patient’s life. In this study, we examine the ability of
several machine-learning methods for early prediction of Chronic Kidney Disease. This matter
has been studied widely; however, we are supporting our methodology by the use of predictive
analytics, in which we examine the relationship in between data parameters as well as with the
target class attribute. Predictive analytics enables us to introduce the optimal subset of

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parameters to feed machine learning to build a set of predictive models. This study starts with 24
parameters in addition to the class attribute, and ends up by 30% of them as ideal sub set to
predict Chronic Kidney Disease. A total of 4 machine learning based classifiers have been
evaluated within a supervised learning setting, achieving highest performance outcomes of AUC
0.995, sensitivity 0.9897, and specificity 1. The experimental procedure concludes that advances
in machine learning, with assist of predictive analytics, represent a promising setting by which to
recognize intelligent solutions, which in turn prove the ability of predication in the kidney
dis ease domain and beyond.

4.Paper Name:Analysis of Chronic Kidney Disease Dataset by Applying Machine Learning

Methods.

Author: Yedilkhan Amirgaliyev, Shahriar Shamiluulu.

abstract: Currently, there are many people in the world suffering from chronic kidney diseases
worldwide. Due to the several risk factors like food, environment and living standards many
people get diseases suddenly without understanding of their condition. Diagnosing of chronic
kidney diseases is generally invasive, costly, time consuming and often risky. That is why many
patients reach late stages of it without treatment, especially in those countries where the
resources are limited. Therefore, the early detection strategy of the disease remains important,
particularly in developing countries, where the diseases are generally diagnosed in late stages.
Finding a solution for above-mentioned problems and riding out from disadvantages became a
strong motive to conduct this study. In this research study, the effects of using clinical features to
classify patients with chronic kidney disease by using support vector machines algorithm is
investigated. The chronic kidney disease dataset is based on clinical history, physical
examinations, and laboratory tests. Experimental results showed over 93% of success rate in
classifying the patients with kidney diseases based on three performance metrics i.e., accuracy,
sensitivity and specificity.

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5.Paper Name: Extraction of Action Rules for Chronic Kidney Disease using Naive Bayes
Classifier.

Author: Dr. Uma N Dulhare, Mohammad Ayesha.

Abstract: Chronic kidney disease (CKD), also known as chronic renal disease, which is
progressive loss in kidney function over a period of months or years. It is defined by the presence
of kidney damage or decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The estimated prevalence of
CKD is about 9-13% in the general adult population. Individuals with CKD have a far greater
likelihood of cardiovascular death than progression to end-stage renal disease. CKD is more
prevalent in patients with CVD or with CVD related risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes
mellitus, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome in proposed Reaction rules based on stages but
also predicting CKD by using naive Bayes with One attribute selector which helps to prevent the
advancing of chronic renal disease to further stages

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 CHAPTER 3

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT
SPECIFICATION

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 3.1 Functional Requirements:

3.1.1 System Feature (Functional Requirement)

In order to find a solution which can be used as a part of the Rag SOC system, it is
necessary to allow its integration with other modules. Research on anomaly-based intrusion
detection systems is the most often carried out on the preexisting data sets or in laboratory
environments in which simplification concerning infrastructure, data collection or services have
been applied. Due to legal and technical limitations, our solution will detect threats through the
analysis of Net Flow data and headers from network protocols. In addition, in the real
environment it is not possible to obtain labeled teaching and validation datasets, which forces the
introduction of adaptation mechanisms already at the deployment stage. In our approach we will
try to prepare a suitably scaled model on the basis of the available datasets and then to adjust it in
the following steps to the existing network. The models prepared and tuned this way will later
become reference models during the implementation of the anomaly detection module in the
subsequent networks

3.2 External Interface Requirements:

3.2.1 User Interfaces

When interacting with user interfaces, do users always get what they expect? For each
user interface element in thousands of Desktop App, we extracted the desktop application they
invoke as well as the text shown on their screen. This association allows us to detect outliers: User
interface elements whose text, context or icon suggests one action, but which actually are tied to
other actions.

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3.2.2 Hardware Interfaces:

Kidney disease is a serious threat to network-connected embedded systems, as evidenced

by the continued and rapid growth of such devices, commonly referred to as the Internet of
Things. Their ubiquitous use in critical applications require robust protection to ensure user
safety and privacy. That protection must be applied to all system aspects, extending beyond
protecting the network and external interfaces. Anomaly detection is one of the last lines of
defense against malware, in which data driven approaches that require the least domain
knowledge are popular. However, embedded systems, particularly edge devices, face several
challenges in applying data-driven anomaly detection, including unpredictability of malware,
limited tolerance to long data collection windows, and limited computing/energy resources. In
this article, we utilize sub component timing information of software execution, including
intrinsic software execution, instruction cache misses, and data cache misses as features, to
detect anomalies based on ranges, multi-dimensional Euclidean distance, and classification at run
time. Detection methods based on lumped timing range are also evaluated and compared

3.2.3 Software Requirements:

 Language: Python

 Programming Tool: Jupyter Notebook

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3.4 Non-Functional Requirements:

3.4.1 Performance Requirements:

In order to meet stringent performance requirements, system administrators must

effectively detect undesirable performance behaviors, identify potential root causes, and take
adequate corrective measures. The problem of uncovering and understanding performance
anomalies and their causes (bottlenecks) in different system and application domains is well
studied. In order to assess progress, research trends, and identify open challenges, we have
reviewed major contributions in the area and present our findings in this survey. Our approach
provides an overview of anomaly detection and bottleneck identification research as it relates to
the performance of computing systems. By identifying fundamental elements of the problem, we
are able to categorize existing solutions based on multiple factors such as the detection goals,
nature of applications and systems, system observability, and detection method.

3.4.2 Software Quality Attributes:

A cumbersome task and practically infeasible in many applications. Therefore, an

automated monitoring system is of both fundamental and practical interest.an intelligent solution
that uses live camera images to detect workers who breach safety rules by not wearing high-
visibility vests. The proposed solution is formulated in the form of an anomaly detection
algorithm developed in the random finite set (RFS) framework.

3.4.3 Security Requirements

Kidney disease detection is the process of finding outliers in a given dataset. Outliers are
the data objects that stand out amongst other objects in the dataset and do not conform to the
normal behavior in a dataset. Anomaly detection is a data science application that combines
multiple data science tasks like classification, regression, and clustering. The target variable to be

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predicted is whether a transaction is an outlier or not. Since clustering tasks identify outliers as a
cluster, distance-based and density-based clustering techniques can be used in anomaly detection
tasks

3.4.4 Software Quality Attributes

software has many quality attribute that are given below: -

• Adaptability: This software is adaptable by all users.

• Availability: This software is freely available to all users. The availability of the software is
easy for everyone.

• Maintainability: After the deployment of the project if any error occurs then it can be easily
maintained by the software developer.

• Reliability: The performance of the software is better which will increase the reliabilityof the
Software.

• User Friendliness: Since, the software is a GUI application; the output gener ated is much user
friendly in its behavior.

• Integrity: Integrity refers to the extent to which access to software or data by unauthorized
persons can be controlled.

• Security: Users are authenticated using many security phases so reliable secu- rity is provided.

• Testability: The software will be tested considering all the aspects.

3.5 System Requirements:

3.5.1 Dataset Requirements:

The Database Requirements involves the use of a lot of information, some which will be
needed several times and the most appropriate form of storage of this data is in a database. This

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will allow data to be saved from input to the Database Requirements and retrieved to be used by
the Database Requirements. As an important aspect of this project is use of Time Control
System. In this section several databases are reviewed for their suitability to this project

3.5.2 Software Requirements:

 RAM: 8 GB
 Processor: Intel i5 Processor
 IDE: Spider Coding
 Language: Python Version 3.8
 Operating System: Windows 10

3.5.3 Hardware Requirements

 Speed: 1.1 GHz

 Hard Disk: 40 GB
 Key Board: Standard Windows Keyboard
 Mouse: Two or Three Button Mouse
 Monitor: LCD/LED

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 CHAPTER 4

SYSTEM DESIGN

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4. System Design:

4.1 System Architecture:

Figure 4.1: system Architecture

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4.2 Data Flow Diagram:

4.2.1 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM

In Data Flow Diagram, we Show that flow of data in our system in DFD0 we show
that base DFD in which rectangle present input as well as output and circle show our
system, In DFD1 we show actual input and actual output of system input of our system is
text or image and output is rumor detected likewise in DFD 2 we present operation of user
as well as admin.

Figure 4.2: Data Flow diagram

Figure 4.3: Data Flow diagram

Figure 4.4: Data Flow diagram

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4.3 UML Diagram:

Unified Modeling Language is a standard language for writing software blueprints. The
UML may be used to visualize, specify, construct and document the artifacts of a soft- ware
intensive system UML is process independent, although optimally it should be used in
process that is use case driven, architecture-centric, iterative, and incremental The Number of
UML Diagram is available.

Figure 4.5: Use case Diagram

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 Figure 4.6: Activity Diagram

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 Figure 4.7: Class Diagram

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 Figure 4.8: sequence Diagram

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 CHAPTER 5
OTHER SPECIFICATION

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5.1 ADVANTAGES

 Improved security from cyberspace to the real world.

 Provide more security.

 Easy to handle.

5.2 LIMITATIONS

 If the training not get successful or get interrupt because of any reason, then
system cannot work proper.

 If the accuracy of training less, then system cannot work properly.

5.3 APPLICATIONS

 In Hospital

 In Office

 In Banking

 All User

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 CHAPTER 6

RESULTS

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6.1Screenshots:

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 CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSIONS

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7.1 Conclusion:

As we have already seen the applications of data mining and machine learning in
medical sector. In this project, a SVM is implemented for prediction of CKD. Al- though
the classifiers worked efficiently in prediction of other diseases also. In this project,
Chronic Kidney Disease is predicted using SVM Algorithm and a comparative study of
their performance is done. From the analysis we found that, out of one classifiers. SVM
classifier performed better than the other. The rate of prediction ofCKD is improved.

7.2 Future work:

The future scope of kidney disease detection using machine learning (ML) holds great promise.
ML algorithms can be further enhanced to improve accuracy and achieve early detection of
kidney dysfunction. Personalized medicine can be enabled through ML models that analyze
individual characteristics and provide tailored risk assessments and treatment recommendations.
Integration with wearable devices allows for continuous monitoring of kidney health, while
predictive analytics tools forecast disease progression. ML algorithms can also assist clinicians
through decision support systems, facilitate telemedicine and remote monitoring, and enable data
integration and collaboration. Furthermore, ML can contribute to public health planning, drug
discovery, and treatment optimization.

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References:

[1] Madhura Rambhajani, Wyomesh Deepanker, Neelam Pathak (2015), “A Survey On

Implementation of Machine Learning Techniques for Dermatology Diseases
Classification”, International Journal of Advances in Engineering Technology.

[2] Manish Kumar (2016), “Prediction of Chronic Kidney Disease Using Random Forest
Machine Learning Algorithm”, International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile
Computing, Vol. 5, Issue.

[3] Mohammed Siyad B and Manoj M, “Fused Features Classification for the Effec- tive
Prediction of Chronic Kidney Disease”, International March 2016.

[4] Naganna Chetty, Kunwar Singh Vaisla and Sithu D Sudarsan, “Role of attributes
selection in classification of Chronic Kidney Disease patients”, International Con-
ference on Computing, Communication and Security (ICCCS), 4-5 Dec, 2015.

[5] Uma N. Dulhare and Mohammad Ayesha, “A Review on Prediction of Chronic

Kidney Disease using Classification Techniques”, 4th International Conference on
Innovations in Computer Science Engineering,2016.

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