Statistics

15-09-2020

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Example 1:

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Record the data into the frequency table.

1) 1,1,1,1,1,1,1,5,5,5,5,9,9,9,9

2) 6,6,6,4,4,4,2,2,2,2,2

3 ) 9,9,9,9,4,4,4,4,5,5,5,1,1,1

4) 2,2,1,1,2,1,1,1,2,1,1,2,1,1,2,1,2,1,2,2,2,2,1,1,1

5) 3,4,7,7,8,7,8,7,3,3,4

6) 21,25,25,25,21,22,21,21,22,22

7) 48,47,47,49,49,49,49,47,48

8) 2,5,4,4,5,5,5,2,4,4,5

9) 1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,6,6,6,6,8,8,8,8,1,1,1,1,1,1

10 ) 2,2,2,2,2,11,11,11,2,2,2,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,2,2,2,2
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Example: Newspapers
These are the numbers of newspapers sold at a local shop over the last 10
days:
22, 20, 18, 23, 20, 25, 22, 20, 18, 20
Let us count how many of each number there is:

It is also possible to group the values. Here they are grouped in 5s:

It is very useful when the scores have many different values.

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Example: Leaves
Alex measured the lengths of leaves on the oak tree (to the nearest cm):
9,16,13,7,8,4,18,10,17,18,9,12,5,9,9,16,1,8,17,1,
10,5,9,11,15,6,14,9,1,12,5,16,4,16,8,15,14,17

Let's try to group them, but what groups should we use?

To get started, put the numbers in order, then find the smallest and largest values in your
data, and calculate the range (range = largest - smallest).

In order the lengths are:

1,1,1,4,4,5,5,5,6,7,8,8,8,9,9,9,9,9,9,10,10,11,12,12,
13,14,14,15,15,16,16,16,16,17,17,17,18,18
The smallest value (the "minimum") is 1 cm
The largest value (the "maximum") is 18 cm
The range is 18−1 = 17 cm

Group Size
Now calculate an approximate group size, by dividing the range by how many groups you
would like.
Then round that group size up to some simple value
Let us say we want about 5 groups.
Divide the range by 5:
17/5 = 3.4
Then round that up to 4

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Starting at 0 and with a group size of 4 we get: 0, 4, 8, 12, 16
Write down the groups.
Include the end value of each group that must be less than the next group:

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Upper and Lower Values For Each Group
Even though Alex only measured in whole numbers, the data is continuous, so
"4 cm" means the actual value could have been anywhere from 3.5 cm to 4.5
cm. Alex just rounded the numbers to whole centimeters.
Here are the groups with the Lower and Upper limits shown:

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Class Intervals (or Groups) example

Note instead of choosing how

many group we want, we can
choose the size of the group
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Review Steps

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Group the data set and make a Frequency Table.

1. ) 2, 4, 5, 3, 5, 3, 5, 5, 6, 4, 5, 6, 6, 3

2.) 4, 4, 5, 6, 3, 5, 7, 6, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 7, 1, 3, 2

3.) 6, 8, 7, 8, 5, 7, 8, 5, 5, 6, 4, 3, 2, 1, 1, 8, 5,4

4.) 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 2, 11, 7, 7,3, 4, 5

5.) 3, 4, 5, 4, 5, 4, 6, 6, 1, 1, 3, 4, 1, 3, 2,

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Pictographs
A Pictograph is a way of showing data using images. Each image stands for a
certain number of things.

Each box represent I unit

Information gathered from the above table:
(i) Number of red boxes sold:
Monday – 4, Tuesday – 2, Wednesday – 3, Thursday – 5, Friday – 8, Saturday – 1
Therefore, sale during the week = 4+2+3+5+8+1=23
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Example: Apples Sold
Here is a pictograph of how many apples were sold at the local shop over 4
months:

Note that each picture of an apple means 10 apples (and the half-apple
picture means 5 apples).
So the pictograph is showing:
In January 10 apples were sold
In February 40 apples were sold
In March 25 apples were sold
In April 20 apples were sold

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Pictographs can also be vertical, like this:

Example: Games Played

Four friends play a lot of tennis. Here is how many games they played this year:

Each tennis ball means 20 games played. A tennis ball can be cut to show part of 20.
So the pictograph is showing:
John played 40 games
Sam played 45 games
Mary played 90 games
Alex played 55 games
Can you see that Alex played 55 games?
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Block Graph
A Block Graph is a simple chart which displays units of data with blocks. Block Graphs have
two axes and are a common method of recording information in Maths.
Block Graphs are characterised by:
•An X axis and a Y axis
•Blocks representing units of data
•Scales of Measurement to show how much each block represents
•Clear Labels to show what each axis is measuring

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For example, The following shows a tally of all the cars, bikes, lorries, buses and
motorbikes that students see on the road going past the school.

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Bar Graphs
A Bar Graph (also called Bar Chart) is a graphical display of data using bars of
different heights.

Imagine you just did a survey of your friends to find which kind of movie they
liked best:
Table: Favorite Type of Movie

We can show that on a bar graph like this:

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Example: Nicest Fruit
A survey of 145 people asked them "Which is the nicest fruit?":
Fruit:

And here is the bar graph:

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Bar Graphs can also be Horizontal, like this:

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Example: Student Grades
In a recent test, this many students got these grades:

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