Presenting Data in Tables and Charts

Learning Objectives

In this chapter you learn:

 To develop tables and charts for categorical
data
 To develop tables and charts for numerical
data
 The principles of properly presenting graphs
 Organizing and Presenting
Data Graphically
 Data in raw form are usually not easy to use for
decision making as it will be simply a mass of
numerical valuese.It need to organize properly for
analysis
 Following are some standard type of organization
 Table
 Graph
 Techniques reviewed here:
 Bar charts and pie charts
 Ordered array
 Stem-and-leaf display
 Frequency distributions, histograms and polygons
 Cumulative distributions and ogive curve
 Contingency tables
 Scatter diagrams
 Tables and Charts for
Numerical Data
Numerical Data

Frequency Distributions
Ordered Array and
Cumulative Distributions

Stem-and-Leaf
Histogram Polygon Ogive
Display
 The Ordered Array

A sequence of data in rank order:

 Shows range (min to max)
 Provides some signals about variability
within the range
 May help identify outliers (unusual observations)
 If the data set is large, the ordered array is
less useful
 The Ordered Array
(continued)

 Data in raw form (as collected):

24, 26, 24, 21, 27, 27, 30, 41, 32, 38

 Data in ordered array from smallest to largest:

21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 38, 41

 Stem-and-Leaf Diagram

 A simple way to see distribution details in a

data set

METHOD: Separate the sorted data series

into leading digits (the stem) and
the trailing digits (the leaves)
Different cases that arose during our problem
are as given below:
 Case I;When
one and two
digit numbers (continued)

are mixed
Example;kilos of rice consumed by 12
families in a week
24, 23, 9, 22, 26, 25, 23, 29, 30, 31,8,3
Unordered stem-and-leaf diagram ordered stem-and-leaf diagram

Stem Leaves(1 unit) Stem Leaves(1 unit)

2 4 3 2 6 5 3 9 0 3 8 9
0 9 8 3 2 2 3 3 4 5 6 9
3 0 1 3 0 1
 Case II;When
two and three
digit numbers (continued)

are mixed
Example;Number of persons who have visited
Uniglobe college from last 12 days.

89,112,123,94,64,93,43,105,93,69,111,82
 Unordered stem and leaf:
Stem Leaves(1 unit)

8 9 2
11 2 1
12 3
9 4 3 3
6 4 9
4 3
10 5
 Ordered stem and leaf:
Stem Leaves(1 unit)

4 3
6 4 9
8 2 9
9 3 3 4
10 5
11 1 2
12 3
 Case III;When three and four
digit numbers are mixed

Example; Number of plates of momo sold in a

resturant of thamel per day in two weeks
period
1565,1461,1362,1269,1133,652,956,1213,1962,
1203,1619,1150,1469,1229
At first round up the data as below;
1570,1460,1360,1270,1130,650,960,1210,1960,
1200,1620,1150,1470,1230
Unordered stem and leaf: Ordered stem and leaf:
Stem Leaves(10 unit) Stem Leaves(10 unit)

15 7 6 5
14 6 7 9 6
13 6 11 3 5
12 7 1 0 3 12 0 1 3 7
11 3 5 13 6
6 5 14 6 7
9 6 15 7
19 6 16 2
16 2 19 6
b) there is one digit before point

Example; The following data represent the

monthly expenses(in thousands of rupees)
on fashion for you.
3.53, 2.29, 1.56, 3.69, 6.26, 9.39, 5.33, 6.36,
7.63, 8.51, 7.30, 6.58

At first round up the data as below;

3.50, 2.30, 1.60, 3.70, 6.30, 9.40, 5.30, 6.40,
7.60, 8.50, 7.30, 6.60
Unordered stem and leaf: Ordered stem and leaf:
Stem Leaves(0.1 unit) Stem Leaves(0.1 unit)
3 5 7 1 6
2 3 2 3
1 6 3 5 7
6 3 4 6 5 3
9 4 6 3 4 6
5 3 7 3 6
7 6 3 8 5
8 5 9 4
b) there is two digit before point

Example; The following data represent the

amount of gasoline purchased by 12
different cars from a particular service
station.

12.5, 13.6, 11.3, 15.2, 17.5, 18.9, 19.4, 10.4, 14.6,

15.5, 15.3, 15.9
Unordered stem and leaf: Ordered stem and leaf:
Stem Leaves(0.1 unit) Stem Leaves(0.1 unit)
12 5 10 4
13 6 11 3
11 3 12 5
15 2 5 9 3 13 6
17 5 14 6
18 9 15 2 3 5 9
19 4 17 5
10 4 18 9
14 6 19 4
 Whitner, owner of Whitner
Company, is interested in
collecting information on the
selling price of apple per kg sold
from the shop under his
ownership. What is the typical
selling price? What is the highest
selling price? What is the lowest
selling price? Around what value
do the selling prices tend to
cluster?
To answer these questions, he
need to collect data. According to
sales records otained from 100
affiliated shop . The price paid by
the customer for a kilo is shown in
Table. Summarize the selling
prices of the apple sold last
month. Around what value do the
selling prices tend to cluster?
 Table
14 38 44 51 59 71 28 29 46
20 39 44 52 59 72 54 62 40
23 39 45 52 60 73 28 54 62
25 39 45 52 61 73 47 54 63
28 39 46 52 61 74 30 40 46
30 40 47 55 64 30 40 47 65
33 40 47 55 65 33 40 55 56
48 56 66 33 40 48 56 66 69
37 41 49 56 67 37 41 50 59
38 41 50 57 68 41 50 50 58
38 38 42 50 58 70 43 68 42
71
Construct stem and leaf to solve the above
problems.
  Unordered stem and leaf:
Stem Leaves(1 unit)

1 4 =1
3 8999900033377888 =16
4 4 6 4 0 5 5 7 6 0 6 0 7 0 7 0 7 0 8 0 8 1 9 1 1 1 2 3 2=28
5 19294242425556666090700808 =26
7 1233401 =7
2 8038958 =7
6 202131455669788 =15
Ordered stem and leaf:
Stem Leaves(1 unit)
1 4 =1
2 0358889 =7
3 0003337788889999 =16
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 9=28

5 00000122224445556666788999 =26

6 011223455667889 =15
 Tabulating Numerical Data:
Frequency Distributions

What is a Frequency Distribution?

 A frequency distribution is a list or a table …
 containing class groupings (ranges within which
the data fall) ...
 and the corresponding frequencies with which
data fall within each grouping or category
Why use a Frequency Distribution?

 It is a way to summarize numerical data

 It condenses the raw data into a more
useful form...
 It allows for a quick visual interpretation of
the data
Decide how many classes you wish to
use(k).
Enough groupings or classes to reveal
the shape of the distribution.

Too many classes or too few classes

might not reveal the basic shape of the
set of data.

Using Struges rule, k=1+3.322logN.

(this is not strict but use it as guide only)
There were 100 samples of kg of apples
sold in our example. So N = 100. If we
use strugus rule,
k=1+3.322logN
=1+3.322log100
=7.64
 Determine the class width(w).
Generally, the class width should be
the same for all classes.
All classes taken together must cover
at least the distance from the lowest
value in the raw data up to the highest
value. H L
Class width = K
where H is the highest observed
value, L is the lowest observed value,
and k is the number of classes.(this is
also not strict, use it as guide only)
In our above example
We can get ,
74  14
Class width,w= 7.64
 7.8510
 Types of class intervals:

 Exclusive Type of class interval: if the upper

limit of each interval is excluded, then class
intervals are known as exclusive type of class
interval. For example:
Marks 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90
No. of students 10 20 5 2

Here, width of class interval=Upper limit-Lower

limit=60-50=10 (note: unless and until revealed
in the question one should use this type of class
interval)
 Inclusive Type of class interval: if the upper
limit as well as the lower limit of each class
interval is included in that class interval, then
class intervals are known as inclusive type of
class interval . For example:
Marks 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89
No. of 10 20 5 2
students
Here, width of class interval=Lower limit of next
C.I-Lower limit of previous C.I=60-50=10
 Open-ended Classes: If the lower limit of the
first class interval or the upper limit of the last
class interval or both is not specified, then it is
called open-ended class .For example
Marks Below 60 60-70 70-80 80-90
No. of students 10 15 8 5

Marks 50-60 60-70 70-80 Above 80

No. of students 10 15 8 5

Marks Below 60 60-70 70-80 Above 80

No. of students 10 15 8 5
 Closed ended classes: Above discussed
inclusive and exclusive type of class is closed
ended type of classes.
Marks 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90
No. of students 10 20 5 2

Marks 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89

No. of students 10 20 5 2
For above example :if we
exclusive types of class

Class intervals Frequency

10-20 1
20-30 7
30-40 16
40-50 28
50-60 26
60-70 15
70-80 7
N=100
For above example :if we
Inclusive types of class

Class intervals Frequency

10-19 1
20-29 7
30-39 16
40-49 28
50-59 26
60-69 15
70-79 7
N=100
 Conversion of inclusive class to
exclusive class interval

 For this we need Correction Factor(C.F)

C.F=

Now, Real lower limit=Lower limit –C.F

Real upper limit=Upper limit +C.F

Example, convert the following inclusive type of class

intervals into exclusive type of class intervals.
C.I 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-99
Frequency 10 15 35 25 12
Solution=
Here, Correction factor(C.F)=
=0.5
Real lower limit=Lower limit-C.F
Real upper limit=Upper limit+C.F
For the first C.I
Real lower limit=50-0.5=49.5
Real upper limit=59+0.5=59.5
Accordingly the given inclusive type class is
converted into the following exclusive type class
as given below:

C.I 49.5-59.5 59.5-69.5 69.5-79.5 79.5-89.5 89.5-99.5

Frequency 10 15 35 25 12

(Generally while making histogram we need to

convert inclusive to exclusive one.)