INTERNATIONAL

RELATIONS
Amelia Yuliana Abd Wahab
Department of Political Science
AbdulHamid AbuSulayman Kulliyyah Of Islamic Revealed
Knowledge and Human Science (AHAS KIRKHS)
International Islamic University Malaysia
 • With the beginning of Sumerian civilisation, the very
sense of belonging to a nation began to spread all
over the world.
• Gradually Egyptian, Indian, Chinese, Hebrew,
Phoenician, Greek, Maya, and Aztec civilisations were
born.

History of • During these civilisations, there were no systematic

rules for conducting the behaviour of international
relations.

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• The Greek world was geographically more extensive
than the Indians or Chinese. While India and China are
isolated from the world, the Greeks travelled and

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explore.
• The Greeks brought three ingredients of international
relations:
• recognition to the indipendence and sovereignty of
other states.
• standard procedure for declaring war.
• arbitration and conciliation through third parties.
• After the collapse of Greek civilisation, the vigorous
Roman civilisation was born and continued until 436
A.D.
 • With the decline of Roman Empire, the territories were
divided into two clear units-the Western and Eastern.
• The Western part was divided into two clear units and
dominated by Christianity.
• The Eastern unit was passed into Byzantine (ruled by
the Greeks) and the Arabs.

History of • After many centuries, both were taken over by

Ottoman Turks and at the end of the first World War,
the Ottoman Turks gave way to a new state Turkey in

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1923.
• In Western Part, the five dynasties signed the Treaty
of Westphalia and certain rules of international

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relations were developed.
• The balance of power developed through the Treaty
of Westphalia, continued until French Revolution in
1789.
• Napoleon violated the agreement of the Treaty and
wanted to conquer the whole of Europe. The other
European powers able to defeat Napoleon at the War
of Waterloo.
 • In the 19th century, the political unification of Germany
and Italy took place.
• All the small countries swallowed by five dynasties
began to get ready for revenge.
• Europe was clearly divided into two clear blocs: Triple
Alliance under Germany and Triple Entente under

History of Britain.
• After 1920, three new forces appeared in the
international scene-Fascism, Nazism, and

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Communism, So the peace did not come.
• In 1939, after World War II, countries of Asia became
independent , and the rules of diplomacy, foreign

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policy, began to emerge in international relations.
National Interest
Nations pursue what is good for their nations as a whole
in the world affairs. This makes the role of a state in
global politics selfish. A country may provide foreign aid
to another country, but beneath the aid, there is a motive
of self interest.
Key
National Power
National power is defined as being an attribute. In
Concepts in
modern times, it is defined in terms of relationship rather
than an attribute.
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Relations
Elements of National Power
• Two kinds of elements: tangible and intangible
• Tangible elements are: geography, population, natural
resources, industrial capacity, and military organisation.
• Intangible elements are: leadership, political stability,
economic plan, social cohesiveness, strategic position,
and diplomatic efficiency.
• The larger the territory, the more likely the power of the Key
Concepts in
state will be greater.
• International politics is also concerned with people. It is
essential to have a healthy, well-fed, well-trained, and well
informed population than badly nourished, illiterate,

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unskilled, and diseased population.
• The possession of resources such as coal, iron, uranium,
oil, rubber, bauxite, etc, is essential to industrial

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production.
• The country must have the industrial capacity to utilise
those minerals or resources.
• The size, organisation, quality, and leadership of the
military contribute to the possession of national power of a
country.
• The intangible elements also contribute to the possession
of national power of a state.
Foreign Policy
According to Roseanau, "foreign policy is a set of
administrative decisions taken in the name of the state
that are intended to achieve certain goals in international
area.

Key
Objectives and Goals of Foreign
• In the primitive days, extension of territory and survival was
the primary goal.

Concepts in
• In Middle Ages, religious expansion also became the
foreign policy.
• During the Roman Empire, the objective was to create
unified Christian Community.

International
• In the 18th century, there were three goals: dynastic,
commercial, and colonial expansion.
• In contemporary times, foreign policy goals fall into three

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categories: core, middle range, and long range objectives.
• Core objectives are: a) self-preservation of political unit, b)
to defend the neighbouring countries, c) to defend
strategic and vitally important areas and d) to support own
ethnic, linguistic, and religious.
• Middle range includes: a) improvement of economic
situations, b) increasing national prestige, c) self-extension
achieved through occupying territory or seeking entry into
procurement of raw materials of another country.
• Long range are: a) to maintain ideological solidarity, b) to
support arms control; and c) to establish a New Economic
Order
Factors of Foreign Policy
• In contemporary international relations, usually states
follow either 3 types of foreign policy: isolation, non-
alignment, or coalition/alliances.
• The choices of the above policies depend on five factors:
a) structure of the international system; b) the economic

Key
needs of the state in terms of raw materials; c) a perceived
threat; d) geographic location of the country; and e)
leadership.

Concepts in
Formulation and Execution of Foreign Policy
• Three types of foreign policy made by a state: a) pragmatic
decisions which are the results of long range detailed information;

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b) crisis decisions made during the times of great threat; c)tactical
decisions which lead to a change in pragmatic decisions.
• Five variable which determine foreign policy decisions:
⚬ idiosyncratic

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⚬ role
⚬ bureaucratic
⚬ national
⚬ systemic variables
• Once foreign policy is made, it is usually executed through four
methods:
⚬ political
⚬ economic
⚬ propaganda
⚬ military
 Diplomacy
In modern days, diplomacy is an important instrument of
international politics. Diplomacy is the medium through
which foreign policy is implemented.

Origins of Diplomacy

• The history can be traced back to ancient China, India, and

Egypt when it primarily involved the delivery of messages
Key
and warnings, the pleading of cases, and the transfer of
gift from one tribal chief to another.
• Diplomacy has gone through four stages.
Concepts in
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• Th first stage, "bilateral" diplomacy where diplomats were
mainly agents of the king.
• The second stage, "multilateral" diplomacy where in that
system the exchanges involve more than two states.
• Conference diplomacy helped the establishment of certain
organisation such as the International Red Cross,
International Postal Union, and International Tourist
Association.
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• The growth of international communication and telephone
link has led to the development of "personal diplomacy"
Diplomatic Missions

• The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations(1961)

divided the heads of diplomatic missions into three general
categories.

Key
• The first two comprise ambassadors/high commissioners
and ministers respectively.
• The third category is made up of charges d affairs.

Concepts in
• All diplomats enjoy certain privileges and immunities
because of two reasons:
⚬ Diplomats are considered as if they are on their native
soil.

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⚬ The privileges offer the diplomats freedom to perform
their responsibilities
• Duly accredited diplomats usually receive four kinds of

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immunities and privileges:
⚬ prosecution
⚬ host state's police officials cannot arrest them
⚬ local law-enforcing agents cannot enforce the
premises and residences of an embassy
⚬ local taxes.
Functions of Diplomats

• Diplomats usually perform four types of functions;

• protection of nationals, representation, reporting, and

Key
negotiation.
• Protecting the lives and properties of citizens of sending
state in the host country is a routine function. Routine
function include registering births, deaths, and marriages,

Concepts in
besides issuing, validating, and replacing passports of
citizens.
• The substantive functions of diplomats are reporting and

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negotiating.
• Diplomats collect information through three channels: local
journals and newspaper, entertainment parties, and direct
meeting with ministers.

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• Th final and major substantive functions of diplomats is
negotiation.
• Negotiation involves the transmission of messages
between the foreign ministries of the sending and host
states.
 Propaganda
• With the growth of mass communication, media
propaganda has become a very useful instruments in
influencing world opinion.
• Propaganda involves a process of persuasion.It relies
more on the selection of facts, partial explanations,
and predetermined answers.
Key
Concepts in
• Propagandist use a variety of specific techniques in
delivering the messages:
⚬ Name-Calling

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⚬ Glittering Generality
⚬ Transfer
⚬ Plain Folks
⚬ Selection
⚬ Bandwagon
⚬ Scapegoat
⚬ Fear
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 National Security and War

• National security means the guarantee of territorial

integrity and sovereignty of a state.

Key
• The government must counter any external pressure
on its sovereignty.
• A review of literature on the causes of war reveals

Concepts in
seven primary factors for the outbreak of war:
⚬ Human Aggression
⚬ Elite and Popular Fatalism and Misperceptions
⚬ Small Group Conspiracy
⚬ Economic Imperialism
⚬ Nationalist Expansionism and Irredentism
⚬ Systemic Inadequacy
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⚬ General Cycles of History
 • The keystone of modern international politics is the
urge for the establishment of international peace.
• The keystone of the formula for avoiding international

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violence is to strengthen the commitment to, and the
machinery for, peaceful settlement of disputes.
• The traditional means of peaceful settlement of

Peace
disputes are negotiations, good offices, mediation,
inquiry, conciliation, arbitration, and adjudication.
• All these peaceful means of settlement of disputes
may fail.
• When all peaceful means are exhausted, any party
can bring the matter to the attention of the Security
Council.
• If the Council determines that a threat to the peace,
breach of the peace, or acts of aggression exists,
then it decides on a course of action to maintain or
restore peace.
• First, it applies economic, communicatory, and
diplomatic sanctions. If fail, the Security Council uses
military means to restore peace
 • Th coercion techniques of economic instruments are
many. The main ones among them are the following ;

Tariffs Embargo

Economic Quotas Blacklists

Instruments Boycott Licensing

of National
Freezing Assets Dumping

Pre-emptive Suspending Aid

Policy Buying
 The Islamic framework of world order has been explained by
AbdulHamid AbuSulayman as follows:

Pax Islamica
• In Islamic World Order, every state has to disband its army, destroy its weapons,
or surrender them to the world government except those used in maintaining
domestic law and order
• The Charter of Peace of the world government is Islam requires every International
disputes to be settled through negotiation or adjudication and arbitration.
• Millah or religious society is the basis of membership of the Islamic world order.
• Islam believes that Allah created all humans equally.
• The main goal is to establish peace and order and for people to live in harmony.
• Thus, Islamic constitution of Madinah in 1 A.H./622 A.C. recognised the Jews,
Christians, and Sabaeans as members of the Islamic state.

Islamic Framework of
International Relations
 Liberty

• Liberty is an inherent right of an individual.

• According to Islam, human beings are born free and remain free until their death.
• It is only during war that soldiers may be captures and controlled but protected by
Islamic law.
• The prisoners of war must be treated humanly and released through the due
process of law.
• Islam does not consider any law, which gives power to any government to arrest
or detain any person without legal charge before a court of law as legitimate.

Openness
• There should not be any restrictions in the movement of humans.
• It is up the individuals to choose where they want to live.

Islamic Framework of
International Relations
 Egalitarianism
• People are free to join any association irrespective of groups or classes.
• Islam regard any kinds of apartheid built on race or biology, language or culture,
geography or age as an offense against humanity.

Universalism

• Universalism is essential in order to eliminate parochial nationalism based on race

or ethnicity.
• All human should be regarded equally and judged on the basis of their personal
merit and excellence.

Islamic Framework of
International Relations
 Basic Principles in Islamic Framework

Tawhid
• Tawhid means the existence, openness, and uniqueness of Allah.
• Muslim believe in One, Unique, Incomparable God; in the Angels created by Him; in
the Prophets through whom His revelations were brought to mankind; in the Day of
Judgement and individual accountability for actions; in God's complete authority
over human destiny and in life after death.
Justice
• Justice is a basic principle in Islam, which extends the responsibility and
commitment of all Muslims towards fairness and justice in all relationships.

Islamic Framework of
International Relations
 Basic Principles in Islamic Framework

Peace and Cooperation

• Islam directs Muslims to use all possible means for a peaceful settlement.
• Islam demands that Muslims should, if necessary, form a collective security pact
against these elements that are disruptive to peace.

Al-jihad (Self Exertion)

• For Muslims, the term jihad applied to all form of striving.
• Every individual should struggle within oneself to keep oneself in the right path.
That is the jihad or striving to remain in the honest path of life.

Basic Islamic in Values in International Relations

• Islam emphasises some basic values in both internal and external affairs :
• No aggression
• No tyranny
• No corruption
• No excesses

Islamic Framework of
International Relations
INTERNATIONAL
ORGANISATION
A M E L I A Y U L I A N A B I N T I A B D WA H A B
D E PA R T M E N T O F P O L I T I C A L S C I E N C E
A B D U L H A M I D A B U S U LY M A N
K U L L I Y YA H O F I S L A M I C R E V E A L E D K N O W L E D G E A N D H U M A N S C I E N C E s ( A H A S
KIRKHS)
I N T E R N AT I O N A L I S L A M I C U N I V E R S I T Y M A L AY S I A
• From the point of view of purposes, organisations are called international
organisations following purposes when they have the following purposes:
⚬ Regulation or resolution.
⚬ Minimisation of conflict or war.
⚬ Promotion of cooperation and development activities.
⚬ Collective defence against any threats.
• From the point of view of the nature of the institution, international organisations
can be divided into two kinds
• Inter-governmental organisation (IGO)
• non-governmental organisation (NGO)
• Four kinds of inter-governmental organisation:
⚬ Global membership with general purposes
⚬ Global membership with limited purposes
⚬ Limited membership with general purposes
⚬ Limited membership with limited purposes WHAT IS INTERNATIONAL
ORGANISATION?
 Charter of Madinah
• Written by Prophet Muhammad for the multireligious ten thousand
strong citizens of Madinah in 622 A.D.
• The first document prescribing the major principles of an
international organisations.
• The Charter consists of 47 clauses.

European Attempts
• During Middle Ages, political thinkers like St. Augustine and St. Thomas
DEVELOPMENT OF
INTERNATIONAL
Acquinas thought of building a Universal Christian Community.
• At the beginning of the Renaissance, the church loses its supremacy and
separation of politics from religion took place. Small city-states were swallowed

ORGANISATION
or merged by larger political units.
• Five dynasties developed: Great Britain, France, Spain, Russia, and Austria.
• in 1789, Napoleon of France began to expand his territory by breaking the
Treaty of Westphalia.
• After the defeat of Napoleon in the War of Waterloo, the great powers
convened the Congress of Vienna in 1815 and established the Concert of
Europe.
• At the beginning of the 20th century, Europe was divided into two clear blocs:
Triple Alliance and Triple Entente.
The League of Nations
• League of Nations was formally established on January 10, 1920.
• The league had four purposes:
• Nations will follow a policy of cooperation instead of war and
conflict
• Nation-states will settle their disputes through the League and
not by themselves
• Nation states may engage in war only three months after a
League's decision.
DEVELOPMENT OF
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• Sanctions will be employed, both economic and military, if
League's decision is not obeyed.
• The League consisted of three major organs: The Assembly, the
Council, and the Secretariat.
ORGANISATION
The Assembly
• The primary function of the Assembly was to discuss any matters of common
concern, to pass the annual budget of the League, and to elect the non-
permanent members of the Council
• The largest organ.
The Council
• Had two kinds of members- permanent and non-permanent.
• The permanent members were Britain, France, Japan, Italy, and the USA.
• Since USA did not join the League, that seat was all along empty.
• Initially, there were eight non-permanent members, but gradually the number
was raised to 12.
• The primary function of the Council were to discuss and settle any international
dispute and to implement sanctions against any member who violated the
decision of the League.

DEVELOPMENT OF
INTERNATIONAL
The Secretariat
• The primary functions of the Secretariat were to organise meetings and
seminars and to look after the administrative matters of the League.
• The first decade, 1920-1930, was a period of success because at least 60 issues
were brought before the League and many of them were resolved.
• However, in September 1931, Japan attacked Manchuria on the initial pretext
ORGANISATION
that they were protecting their rights involving railway property.
• The Second World War broke out in 1939, and the League failed to prevent the
War.
The Secretariat
• The general causes are the following:
• The idea of suppressing Germany was not good.
• In the 1930s, none of the states was interested in giving up their own
interests.
• The League had a weak beginning.
• The League had no military of its own to implement its decision.
• The League was not independently born. It was a part of Treaty of Versailles
• Besides the above general causes, there were other reasons for the failure;
⚬ Constitutional - war was not prohibited, decisions must be unanimous, The
League could interfere in the affairs of any state even if that state is not a DEVELOPMENT OF
member of the League.
⚬ Political - There was a classification of members: first class (primary) and
second class (secondary) INTERNATIONAL
⚬ Organisational - The League was not really an international institution in the
sense that none of the countries outside Europe, except Japan, was a
member of the League ORGANISATION

The United Nations Organisation (U.N.O)

• Dozens of organisations from Europe and the United States
generated ideas and plans for a peace-maintaining organisation.
OBJECTIVES AND PRINCIPLES OF
UNITED NATIONS ORGANISATION
OBJECTIVES
• To maintain international peace and security
• To guarantee the right of self-determination
• To maintain socio-economic cooperation among states.
• To promote respect for human rights for all peoples.
PRINCIPLES
• Sovereign equality of all members
• Settlement of international disputes through peaceful means.
• Collective responsibility in the enforcement of UN actions.
• Non-interference in the internal affairs of any state.
• Equal rights of men and women.
• 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SGDs)to transform the World.
• The Sustainable Development Goals are a call for action by all
countries – poor, rich and middle-income – to promote prosperity
while protecting the planet. They recognize that ending poverty
must go hand-in-hand with strategies that build economic growth
and address a range of social needs including education, health,
social protection, and job opportunities, while tackling climate
change and environmental protection.
 The Organisation of the Islamic Cooperation (OIC)

• OIC operates through its various organs, but it has two main bodies: The Conference of Kings and Heads of State and
Government, and Conference of Foreign Ministers.

Objectives
To strengthen:
• Islamic solidarity among member states
• Cooperation in the political, economic, social, cultural, an scientific fields.
• The struggle of all Muslims to safeguard their dignity, independence, and national rights
To coordinate:
• Safeguard the Holy Places
• Support the struggle of the Palestinian people an assist them in receiving their rights and liberating their occupied territories.

To work:
• Eliminate racial discrimination and all forms of colonialism
• Create a favourable atmosphere for the promotion of cooperation an understanding between member states and other countries.

The OIC is based on three principles

• Total equality among member states
• Respect for the right of self-determination
• Respect for the sovereignty, independence, and territorial integrity of each member state.
 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

Objectives
The ASEAN Declaration states that the aims and purposes of the Association are:
• To accelerate the economic growth, social progress, and cultural development.
• To promote regional peace and stability through abiding respect for justice and the rule of law in relationship among countries.
• Established on 31 July 1961 , first known as Association of Southeast Asia (ASA) consists The Philippines, Thailand and the Federation of Malaya.
Then ASEAN replaced ASA on 8 August 1967 when the Foreign Ministers (Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand and Singapore) signed
the ASEAN Declaration.

Principles
• Mutual respect for the independence, sovereignty, equality, territorial integrity, and national identity of all nations.
• The right of every state to lead its national existence free from external interference, subversion, or coercion.
• Non-interference in the internal affairs of one another
• Settlement differences or disputes by a peaceful manner.
• Renunciation of the threat or use of force
• Effective cooperation among themselves.
 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

Structures

• The Highest decision-making organ of ASEAN is the Meeting of the ASEAN Heads of State and Government.
• The ASEAN Ministerial Meeting is held on an annual basis.
• To support the conduct of ASEAN's external relations, ASEAN has established committees composed of heads of diplomatic
missions in the following capitals: Brussels, London, Paris, Washington DC, Tokyo, Canberra, Ottawa, Wellington, Geneva,
Seoul, New York, Beijing, Moscow, and Islamabad.
• The Secretary-General of ASEAN is appointed on merit and accorded ministerial status.
• The Secretary-General , who has a five-year term, is mandated to initiate, advise, coordinate, and implement ASEAN
activities
Thank you!