Name ___________________________________________ Chapter 13: Gases

Pressure Units
(1 atm = 1.01325x105 Pa = 101.325 kPa = 760 mm Hg = 760 torr = 1.01325 bar = 14.7 psi)

Temperature Conversion: K=ºC+273.15

I. Introduction
A. Avogadro’s Principle and the Gas Laws (Boyle’s, Charles’, Gay-Lussac’s,
Combined and Ideal) work best for gases that obey the assumptions of the
Kinetic Molecular Theory (________)
B. The KMT’s _____________ gas is called an _________________ gas.
1. _______________ particles ______________ the kinetic molecular theory assumptions.
a. Ideal gas is one whose particles take up ________________________.
b. Ideal gases experience no intermolecular attractive forces, nor are they
_________________ or ________________ by the walls of their _________________.
c. Ideal gas particles are in _________________ and __________________ motion,
moving in ____________________ lines until they __________________ with each
other or with the ___________ of the container.
d. Ideal gas particle’s collisions are perfectly ________________, which means that
the _______________ energy of the system does ____________________________.
e. Ideal gas particles follow the gas laws under all conditions of ________________
and _____________________.
2. _______________ particles ___________ follow the kinetic molecular theory assumptions.
a. Real gas particles have some _________________
b. Real gas particles are subject to ________________________ interactions.
c. Real gas particles collisions are NOT perfectly ________________________
3. Real gases can behave close to ideally by ___________________ the intermolecular forces.
a. _____________________ the temperature makes the particles go _________________
b. _____________________ the pressure makes the particles be ____________________
c. use ______________________ molecules or __________________ gases which are
naturally not attracted to each other
d. use ______________ molecules as there will be more space between them.

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II. What is Described by the Gas Laws?
A. Gas Laws show the ____________________________________________________________
1. P= _______________________________________________________________________
2. V = ______________________________________________________________________
3. T = ______________________________________________________________________
4. n = _______________________________________________________________________
B. Boyle’s Law: ___-___ Relationship
* Robert Boyle (1627-1691) Irish Chemist

1. (13.1) states that the volume ___________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________
2. Decrease the volume of a container of gas; the ______________ of the gas will
__________________, providing the _________________ doesn’t change.

3. P1 V1 =P2 V2
a. P1 = initial pressure
b. P2 = ____________________________
c. V1 = ____________________________
d. V2 = new volume
4. A sample of O2 collected in the laboratory occupies a volume of 150. mL when its pressure
is 720 mm Hg. What volume will it occupy, at a pressure of 750 mm Hg?

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D. Charles’s Law: _____________________ - ____________________ Relationship
* Jacques Charles (1746-1823) French Physicist
1. (13.1) states that the volume of a given ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2.
The _____________________ of a gas increases with
_________________________ temperature, provided the
______________________ doesn’t change.

3. Volume and ___________ temperature have a ___________________,

not directly proportional, relationship. It’s ____________________
proportional because it does not pass through the ________________.
Doubling from 300 mL to 600 mL __________ double the temperature.

4. Volume and ____________ temperature is a ____________________

proportional relationship. It passes through the __________________.
Doubling from 300 mL to 600 mL _______________ the temperature.

5. O Kelvin = -273.15ºC = Absolute Zero

a. (13.1) Absolute Zero represents the _______________ possible theoretical temperature.

b. (13.1) At absolute zero, the atoms are all in the _______________ possible energy state.
V V
6. T1 = T2
1 2

a. _____ = initial volume b. _____ = final (new) volume

c. _____ = initial temperature d. _____= final (new) temperature
7. A sample of neon gas occupies a volume of 252 mL @ 25˙C. What volume will the gas
occupy at 50.0 ˙C if the pressure remains constant?

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E. Gay-Lussac’s Law: ___________________ - ____________________ Relationship
* Joseph Gay-Lussac (1778-1850) French Chemist & Physicist
1. (13.1) states that the pressure of a _______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2. An increase in ______________ increases collision __________________ and energy.
Raising the temperature will ______________ the pressure if the __________________ is
not changed.

P P
3. T1 = T2
1 2

a. _____ = initial pressure b. _____ = final (new) pressure

c. _____ = initial temperature d. _____= final (new) temperature
4. The gaseous contents in an aerosol can are under a pressure of 3.00 atm at 25.0°C.
Directions on the can caution the user to keep the can in a place where the temperature does
not exceed 52.0°C. What would be the pressure of the gas if it reaches that temperature?

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 F. The Combined Gas Law
1. (13.1) states that the relationships ______________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
2. A helium filled balloon has a volume of 50.0 L at 25°C and 820. mm Hg. What Kelvin
temperature is required to increase the volume to 59.9 L and a pressure of 650.mmHg?

3. A gas at 110 kPa and 30.0°C fills a flexible container with an initial volume of 2.00 L. If the
temperature is raised to 80.0°C and the pressure increases to 440 kPa, what is the new
volume.

III. Number of Particles, n

A. Avogadro’s Law
1. When the ________________ of a gas in a sample
____________________ at constant temperature and
pressure, its __________________________ in direct
proportion because the greater number of gas particles
fill ________ space.
!! !
2. = ""
"! "
a. _____ = initial volume b. _____ = final (new) volume
c. _____ = initial # of mols d. _____= final (new) # of mols

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 3. A male athlete in a kinesiology research study has a lung volume of 6.15 L during a deep
inhalation. At this volume, his lungs contain 0.254 mol of air. During exhalation, his lung
volume decreases to 2.55 L. How many moles of gas did the athlete exhale? Assume
constant temperature and pressure.

B. Avogadro’s Principle (proposed by Amadeo Avogadro in 1811)

1. (13.2) states that equal ________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2. Molar volume is the volume that _________ of a gas occupies at STP (____˙C & ____atm)
a. One mole of any gas will occupy a volume of _________ @ STP
b. Calculate the volume that 2.0 kg of methane gas (CH4) will occupy @ STP

C. Ideal Gas Law

1. (13.2) describes the physical ___________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2. PV=nRT
a. _____ = pressure, measured in _________
b. _____ = volume, measured in _________
c. _____ = amount of substance, measured in __________
d. _____ = temperature, measured in _________
e. _____ = Ideal Gas Constant = 0.0821 L • atm
mol• K

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 3. A sample of ethane, C2H6, with a mass of 0.22 g was placed in a 60. mL container at 351 K.
What is the pressure exerted by the gas?

D. Density of Gases using the Ideal Gas Law

1. Finding molar mass of a gas
a. m m = ______________________________________
M M = ______________________________________

b. Replace n in PV=nRT with m ; solve for M

M

c. new formula is

1. _____ = molar mass, measured in ________

2. _____ = mass, measured in _____
3. _____ = Ideal Gas Constant = _________________________________
4. _____ = temperature, measured in _____
5. _____ = pressure, measured in ________
6. _____ = volume, measured in _____

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 d. A 2.00 L flask is filled with ethane gas (C2H6) from a small
cylinder as shown. What is the mass of the ethane in the flask?

2. Finding density of a gas

a. Formula is ….
1. D = ________________ measured in ______
2. m = ________________ measured in _____
3. V = ________________ measured in _____
mRT
b. Substitute into M = ; solve for D
PV

c. new formula is
1. _____ = density, measured in _________
2. _____ = molar mass, measured in ________
3. _____ = pressure, measured in ________
4. _____ = Ideal Gas Constant = ________________________
5. _____ = temperature, measured in _____
d. The mean molar mass of the atmosphere at the surface of Titan, Saturn’s largest moon,
is 28.6 g/mol. Titan’s surface temperature is 95 K and its pressure is 1.6 atm.
Assuming ideal behavior, calculate the density of Titan’s atmosphere.

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IV. Gas Stoichiometry
A. Volume to Volume Problems
1. In these types of problems, the __________ and __________
are constant as well as the the substances being compared are
both _______________
2. Coefficients = ______________________ = ____________________
3. Examples:
a. How many liters of propane (C3H8) undergoes complete combustion with 34.0 L of O2?
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) à 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)

b. Zinc blende, ZnS, is the most important zinc ore. Roasting (strong heating) of ZnS in
oxygen is the first step in the commercial production of zinc. What volume of SO2 can
be obtained from 1.00 L O2 and excess ZnS? Both gases are measured at 25ºC and 745
mmHg. 2 ZnS(s) + 3 O2(g) à 2 ZnO(s) + 2 SO2(g)

B. Problems with Mass and STP

1. In these types of problems, _____________ is either given or asked for and the conditions
are at ___________________.
2. Will need to use the conversion _________ L = __________ mol
3. Examples
a. Hydrogen peroxide decomposes to form water and oxygen gas. Calculate the mass of
hydrogen peroxide needed to obtain 0.460 L of oxygen gas @ STP.
2H2O2(aq) à 2H2O(l) + O2(g)

b. Iron reacts with excess sulfuric acid in a single replacement reaction to produce
hydrogen gas and ferrous sulfate. If 0.50 grams of iron reacts, how many milliliters of
hydrogen gas are formed while at STP?
Fe(s) + H2SO4(aq) à H2(g) + FeSO4(aq)

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 c. When carbon dioxide was added to lime water (calcium hydroxide in solution) 10.00
grams of calcium carbonate was produced. What volume of carbon dioxide @ STP was
needed? CO2(g) + Ca(OH)2(s) à CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)

C. Problems with Mass and NOT at STP

1. Use __________________ and _________________________________
2. Examples
a. What volume of chlorine gas at 38.0˙C and 1.63 atm is needed to react completely with
10.4 g of sodium to form sodium chloride?
Cl2(g) + 2Na(s) à 2NaCl(aq)

b. Sodium reacts vigorously with water to produce an aqueous solution of sodium

hydroxide and hydrogen gas. What mass of sodium is required to produce 0.98 L of
hydrogen gas at 0.987 atm and 20.3°C?
2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) à 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)

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