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Mahmoud
Voigt (1894) assumed that the transfer of interac-
tion between two neighborhood microstructure ele-
ments of a body is not only by means of cohesive force
vectors, but also by the effects of face-moment and
body moment vectors. Rotation degrees of freedom of
a microstructure element in a continuum, can be
divided into two terms, the first one is an independent
variable which denotes the micro-local rotation. The
second, is a macro-rotation term and is represented by
the anti-symmetric part of the displacement gradient
field. From the fundamentals of classical elasticity,
this part depends implicitly on the displacements
degrees of freedom. The modified couple-stress theory
assumes that the two terms are equal. This assumption
is considered as a constraint on the displacements of
the point particle and induces an additional couple
stress, which adds a new contribution to the strain
energy density function of the continuum, Mindlin
(1965), Mindlin and Eshel (1968) and Chen et al.
(2004).
In the other side, the nonlocal continuum theory
takes basically the long-range interatomic cohesive
force into account, which is not considered as a
microstructure effect. In nonlocal elasticity, similar to
the classical continuum theory, the particles are taken
as mass points without any microstructure details,
Chen et al. (2004). Therefore, it is not considered as a
theory for a continuum embedded with microstructure,
but only for continuum involving long-range
interaction.
Unfortunately, very few papers have been pub-
lished and investigating the microstructure effects in
the framework of nonlocal elasticity, such as Gao and
Lin (1993); Gao (1999); Shakouri et al. (2013); Li
et al. (2016); Attia and Mahmoud (2016).
Regarding the memory dependency aspect, many
papers which are dealing with the viscoelastic
behavior of beams and plates have been published
in the literature. Different models have been
exploited to express the constitutive relations of
the homogeneous viscoelastic materials such as the
differential models, Chen et al. (2007), Boltzmann
superposition integral model, Hamed (2012) and Lei
et al. (2013a, b) or fractional viscoelasticity models,
Ezzat et al. (2013) and Ansari et al. (2015, 2016).
On the other side, many papers adopted the
correspondence principle and Laplace transforma-
tion methods such as Kiasat et al. (2014) and
Khazanovich (2008).
123
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M. A. Attia, F. F.
Regarding the investigation of non-classical effects
on the response of viscoelastic micro/nano structures,
Gonzalez-Lopez and Fernandez-Saez (2012) investi-
gated the bending vibrations of nonlocal Euler–
Bernoulli beams, resting on viscoelastic damping
patches. The damping behavior of the patch is
represented by spatial kernel and relaxation functions.
Lei et al. (2006) studied the dynamic analysis of
nonlocal Euler–Bernoulli beams and Kirchhoff plates
along with the external damping comprising time and
hysteresis effects. Friswell et al. (2007) investigated
the dynamics of nonlocal viscoelastic beams with
different boundary conditions using finite element
method. This work was extended by Lei et al. (2013a,
b) to investigate the influence of the nonlocality effect
on the free vibration of damped viscoelastic Euler–
Bernoulli and Timoshenko nanobeams, by employing
velocity-dependent external damping. Zhang and Fu
(2012) developed a non-classical model for Euler–
Bernoulli viscoelastic microbeam based on the mod-
ified couple-stress theory. Their model has been used
to predict the dynamic and quasi-static responses of an
electrically actuated microbeam-based MEMS struc-
ture. Ansari et al. (2015, 2016) studied the linear and
nonlinear free vibration of a fractional viscoelastic
Timoshenko nanobeam using the concept of fractional
derivative and nonlocal elasticity theory.
Few papers have been published and deal with the non-
classical quasistatic and dynamic analyses of the vis-
coelastic behavior of micro/nanostructures. Even though,
those few papers did not include more than one non-
classical factor, such as, the nonlocal elasticity parameter,
Lei et al. (2013a, b) and Ansari et al. (2015, 2016). In the
present paper, a nonlocal couple-stress viscoelastic con-
tinuum model is proposed, based on Eringen’s nonlocal
elasticity theory, Eringen (1983, 2002) and modified
couple-stress theory, Yang et al. (2002). The constitutive
equations of the viscoelastic material are expressed by a
Boltzmann superposition integral model, Williams (1964)
and Mahmoud et al. (2008). The governing equations and
boundary conditions of the quasistatic viscoelastic
Bernoulli–Euler nanobeam have been derived, using the
extended Hamilton’s principle. Thereafter, a new analyt-
ical solution for the quasistatic bending response of the
non-classical nanobeam is presented, for different bound-
ary conditions. The results are verified against the
elastostatic behavior. Finally, a detailed parametric study
shows a profound effect of the material-length scale
parameter, nonlocal parameter, viscoelastic relaxation