Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AJ Sadler Specialist Unit 3 CH 2 Worked Solutions
AJ Sadler Specialist Unit 3 CH 2 Worked Solutions
METHODS
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Chapter 2: Complex numbers, a reminder.
Exercise 2A
Question 1
a z 4 2 ( 3) 2 16 9 25 5
b z 12 2 52 144 25 169 13
c z 32 2 2 9 4 13
d z 32 ( 2) 2 9 4 13
e z 12 52 1 25 26
f z 0 2 52 25 5
Question 2
a z 2 2i
2
tan θ 1
2
θ
4
arg z
4
1
© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
b z 2 2i
2
tan θ 1
2
θ
4
arg z
4
c z 2 2i
2
tan θ 1
2
3
θ
4
3
arg z
4
d z 2 2i
2
tan θ 1
2
3
θ
4
3
arg z
4
e z 2 2 3i
2 3
tan θ 3
2
2
θ
3
2
arg z
3
f 3 3
tan θ 3
3
θ
3
arg z
3
2
© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Question 3
13 12
z1 has an angle of which is 2 , this is equivalent to
6 6 6 6 6
z1 3 cos i sin
6 6
z2 has an angle of 3 which is 2 , this is equivalent to
z2 3(cos i sin )
5 3
z3 has an angle of which is equivalent to
4 4
3 3
z3 4 cos i sin
4 4
z4 has an angle of which is not in the domain but is equivalent to , which is in the domain.
z4 2 cos () i sin ()
z5 6(cos1 i sin1)
3
z6 has a length of 5 units and angle 180 45=135 ( in radians)
4
3 3
z6 5 cos i sin
4 4
5
z7 has a length of 8 units and angle of 150 ( in radians)
6
5 5
z7 8 cos i sin
6 6
z8 5 cos i sin
2 2
z9 6(cos 2 i sin 2)
z10 4(cos i sin )
3
z11 is 5 units in length and
4 4
3 3
z11 5 cos i sin
4 4
z12 is 7 units in length and
2 3 6
z12 7 cos i sin
6 6
3
© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Question 4
5
z13 has r 52 52 50 5 2, tan θ 1 so θ=
5 4
z13 5 2 cos i sin
4 4
4
z14 has r 32 42 9 16 25 5, tan θ so θ = 0.9273 2.2143
3
z14 5 cos ( 2.2143) i sin (2.2143)
5
z15 has r (4) 2 (5) 2 16 25 41, tan θ so θ = ( 0.8961) 2.2455
4
z15 41 cos ( 2.2455) i sin (2.2455)
5
z16 has r 52 52 50 5 2, tan θ 1 so θ=
5 4
z16 5 2 cos i sin
4 4
4
© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
z20 5 2 cos (2.9997) i sin (2.9997)
For z22 no calculation required as line would be straight up at an angle of with a length of 4.
2
z22 4 cos i sin
2 2
5
© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Question 5
For z27 , a 2 cos 2
4
b 2sin 2
4
z27 2 2i
5
For z28 , a 4 cos 2 3
6
5
b 4sin 2
6
z28 2 3 2i
For z29 , a 4 cos 2
3
b 4sin 2 3
3
z29 2 2 3i
2
For z30 , a 6 cos 3
3
2
b 6sin 3 3
3
z30 3 3 3i
7
For z32 the angle is which is equivalent to
2 2
a 0, b 1 (no calculation required)
z32 0 i
6
© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Exercise 2B
Question 1
For z1 , r 3and θ 60, which is equivalent to radians.
3
z1 3cis
3
2
For z2 , r 5and θ 120, which is equivalent to radians.
3
2
z2 5cis
3
5
For z3 , r 4 and θ 150, which is equivalent to radians.
6
5
z3 4cis
6
For z4 , r 5and θ 90, which is equivalent to radians.
2
z4 5cis
2
For z6 , r 5and θ 90, which is equivalent to radians.
2
z6 5cis
2
3
For z7 , r 5and θ 135, which is equivalent to radians.
4
3
z7 5cis
4
3
For z8 , r 3and θ 135, which is equivalent to radians.
4
3
z8 3cis
4
7
© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Question 2
2 cos i sin 2cis
10 10 10
Question 3
5 5 5
7 cos i sin 7cis
8 8 8
Question 4
9(cos 30 i sin 30) 9 cis (as 30 is equivalent to in radians)
6 6
Question 5
330 is not in the domain but is equivalent to 30 or and in the domain.
6
3(cos 330 i sin 330) 3cis
6
Question 6
3
is not in the domain but is equivalent to in the domain.
2 2
3 3
5 cos i sin 5cis
2 2 2
Question 7
8 2
is not in the domain but is equivalent to in the domain.
3 3
8 8 2
4 cos i sin 4cis
3 3 3
8
© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Question 8
5
is not in the domain but is equivalent to in the domain.
3 3
5 5
2 cos i sin 2cis
3 3 3
Question 9
Question 10
7cis 7 cos i sin 7 0 i 7i
2 2 2
Question 11
5cis 5 cos i sin 5(0 i ) 5i
2 2 2
Question 12
Question 13
Question 14
2 2
10 cis 10 cos i sin 10 10 i 5 2 5 2i
4 4 4 2 2
9
© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Question 15
2 2 2
4cis 4 cos i sin 2 2 3 i
3 3 3
Question 16
2 2 2
4cis 4 cos i sin 2 2 3 i
3 3 3
Question 17
4 4 4
12 cis 12 cos i sin 6 6 3 i
3 3 3
Question 18
Question 19
Question 20
r 12 22 1 4 5
2
tan θ
1
θ 1.1071
1 2i 5 cis (1.1071)
10
© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Question 21
r 02 52 25 5
θ
2
5i 5cis
2
Question 22
b z r1 cis ( ) , w r2 cis ( )
Question 23
Question 24
Question 25
11
© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Question 26
Question 27
The conjugate of 2 cis is 2 cis .
2 2
Question 28
3 3
The conjugate of 5 cis is 5cis .
4 4
Question 29
Question 30
7
5cis 5cis
2 2
The conjugate of 5cis is 5cis .
2 2
12
© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Exercise 2C
Question 1
zw (2 3i)(5 2i ) 10 4i 15i 6i 2
10 11i 6(1) 16 11i
Question 2
zw (3 2i )(1 2i) 3 6i 2i 4i 2
3 4i 4(1) 7 4i
Question 3
Question 4
z 3cis120, w 3cis150
zw 3 cis (120+150) 9 cis 270 9 cis ( 90)
Question 5
Question 6
z 5cis , w 2 cis
3 4
7
zw 5 cis + 10 cis
3 4 12
13
© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Question 7
3
z 4 cis , w 2 cis
4 4
3
zw 4 cis 8cis
4 4 2
Question 8
Question 9
Question 10
z 6 3i, w 3 4i
z 6 3i 6 3i 3 4i 18 24i 9i 12i 2
w 3 4i 3 4i 3 4i 9 12i 12i 16i 2
30 15i 6 3i
1.2 0.6i
25 5
Question 11
z 6 3i, w 3 4i
z 6 3i 6 3i 3 4i 18 24i 9i 12i 2
w 3 4i 3 4i 3 4i 9 12i 12i 16i 2
30 15i 6 3i
1.2 0.6i
25 5
Question 12
z 8cis 60
4 cis (60 40) 4 cis 20
w 2 cis 40
14
© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Question 13
z 5cis120
5cis ( 30)
w cis150
Question 14
z 3cis ( 150)
cis ( 150 80) cis ( 230) cis130
w 3cis 80
Question 15
3
2cis
z
5 cis 3 2 cis
w 2cis 2 5 5 5
5
Question 16
4cis
z
4 2cis 3 2 cis
3 4 4
w
2cis
4
Question 17
3 3
5 cos i sin
4 4
z
2.5 cos i sin
w 4 4
2 cos i sin
2 2
Question 18
15
© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Question 19
Question 20
Question 21
Question 22
Question 23
Question 24
Question 25
z
z 2 cis 150, 2 cis (30)
w
w cis (150 30) cis (120)
16
© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Question 26
z
z 2 cis150, cis (70)
w
w 2 cis (150 70) 2 cis (80)
Question 27
z
z 2 cis150, cis (110)
w
Question 28
a 2 z 12 cis 40
b 3w 6cis 30
c zw 12cis 70
d wz 12cis 70
w 2 cis 30 1
g cis ( 10)
z 6 cis 40 3
1 1
h cis (40)
z 6
17
© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Question 29
2 3
z 8 cis , w 4 cis
3 4
2 3 17 7
a zw 32 cis 32 cis 32 cis
3 4 12 12
3 2 17 7
b wz 32 cis 32 cis 32 cis
4 3 12 12
3
4 cis
c
w
4 1 cis
z 8cis 2 2 12
3
2
8cis
d
z
3 2 cis
w 4 cis 3 12
4
2
e z 8cis
3
3
f w 4 cis
4
1 1 2
g cis
z 8 3
i 1 3 1
h cis cis
w 4 2 4 4 4
18
© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Exercise 2D
Question 1
Question 2
Question 3
Question 4
Question 5
Question 6
Question 7
Question 8
19
© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Question 9
x5
Question 10
y 4
Question 11
y 3x, x 0
20
© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Question 12
y 3x, x 0
Question 13
x y 6
Question 14
x 2 y 2 36
21
© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Question 15
x 2 ( y 4)2 9
Question 16
( x 2) 2 ( y 3) 2 16
Question 17
( x 2) 2 ( y 3) 2 16
22
© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Question 18
x4
Question 19
3y x 8
Question 20
3y x 9
23
© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Question 21
9 x 2 y 2 25
Question 22
1
x y 3 x, x 0
3
Question 23
y 2x 1
24
© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Question 24
x y 2
Question 25
25
© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Question 26
e The minimum possible value of arg (z ) is found by looking at the tangents to the circle.
3
tan θ
4
θ 0.6435
2
tan
21
0.4115
f The maximum possible value of arg (z ) is found by looking at the tangent to the circle.
26
© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Question 27
Given z (2 3i ) 2 z (5 3i )
Thus if z x yi x yi (2 3i ) 2 x yi (5 3i )
( x 2) 2 ( y 3) 2 22 ( x 5) 2 ( y 3) 2
x 2 4 x 4 y 2 6 y 9 22 x 2 10 x 25 y 2 6 y 9
x 2 4 x 4 y 2 6 y 9 4 x 2 40 x 100 4 y 2 24 y 36
0 3x 2 36 x 3 y 2 30 y 123
0 x 2 12 x y 2 10 y 41
( x 6) 2 36 ( y 5) 2 25 41 0
( x 6)2 ( y 5) 2 20
The set of points form a circle with centre (6, –5) and radius 20 2 5 units .
Question 28
Given z (10 5i ) 3 z (2 3i )
( x 10) 2 ( y 5) 2 32 ( x 2) 2 ( y 3) 2
x 2 20 x 100 y 2 10 y 25 32 x 2 4 x 4 y 2 6 y 9
x 2 20 x 100 y 2 10 y 25 9 x 2 36 x 36 9 y 2 54 y 81
0 8 x 2 16 x 8 y 2 64 y 8
0 x2 2 x y 2 8 y 1
0 ( x 1) 2 1 ( y 4) 2 16 1
18 ( x 1) 2 ( y 4) 2
The set of points form a circle with centre (1, –4) and radius 18 3 2 units .
27
© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Exercise 2E
Question 1
z6 1
z 1 is one solution
2
6 3
Solutions are:
2
z 1cis 0 (i.e. z 1), z 1cis , z 1cis
3 3
2
z 1cis , z 1cis , z cis
3 3
Question 2
z8 1
z 1 is one solution
Another solution every 360 8 = 45
Solutions are:
z 1cis 0, z 1cis 45, z 1cis 90, z 1cis135
z 1cis180, z 1cis (135), z 1cis (90), z 1cis (45)
Question 3
z7 1
z 1 is one solution
2
Another solution every 2 7 =
7
Solutions are:
2 4 6
z 1cis 0, z 1cis , z 1cis , z 1cis
7 7 7
2 4 6
z 1cis , z 1cis , z 1cis
7 7 7
28
© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Question 4
6
3i 64
Question 5
1 i
5
4 4i
r 12 12 2
1
tan θ
1
θ 45
Question 6
2 3i
4
119 120i
r (119) 2 (120) 2 169
Placing 2 3i on an Argand diagram and dividing the complex
plane into four equal size regions allows the six roots to be
determined.
r 22 32 13
3
tan θ
2
θ 56.3
29
© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Question 7
a (2 i ) 2 (2 i )(2 i ) c
4 2i 2i i 2
4 4i 1
3 4i
b (2 i ) 4 [(2 i ) 2 ]2 d z 2i
(3 4i ) 2 z 1 2i
9 12i 12i 16i 2
z 2i
7 24i
z 1 2i
Question 8
360 5 72
k 25 cis 5 20 32 cis100
z1 2 cis 20
z2 2 cis (20 72) 2 cis 92
z3 2 cis (92 72) 2 cis164
z4 2 cis (164 72) 2 cis 236 2 cis (20 2 72) 2 cis ( 124)
z5 2 cis (20 72) 2 cis ( 52)
Question 9
z1 2 4i
z2 4 2i
z3 2 4i
z4 4 2i
30
© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Exercise 2F
Question 1
cos i sin
cos () i sin () [as cos () cos and sin () sin ]
RHS
Question 2
z cos i sin
6 6
4
4 4
z 4 cos i sin cos i sin (by de Moivre's Theorem)
6 6 6 6
2 2
cos i sin
3 3
Question 3
z 2cis
6
5 5
z 5 25 cis 32cis (by de Moivre's Theorem)
6 6
31
© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Question 4
z 3 cos i sin
3 3
5 5
z 5 3 (cos i sin 35 cos i sin (by de Moivre's Theorem)
3 3 3 3
5 5
243 cos i sin 243 cos i sin
3 3 3 3
Question 5
cos 2 i sin 2 (cos i sin ) 2 (by de Moivre's Theorem)
(cos i sin )(cos i sin )
cos 2 i sin cos i sin cos i 2 sin 2
cos 2 sin 2 2i sin cos
Real parts are equal so cos 2θ cos 2 θ sin 2 θ
Imaginary parts are equal so sin 2θ 2sin θ cos θ
Question 6
cos 3 i sin 3 (cos i sin )3 (by de Moivre's Theorem)
i 3 sin 3 3i 2 sin 2 cos 3i sin cos 2 cos3
i sin 3 3sin 2 cos 3i sin cos 2 cos 3
3sin 2 cos cos 3 i sin 3 3i sin cos 2
Question 7
cos 5 i sin 5 (cos i sin )5 (by de Moivre's Theorem)
i 5 sin 5 5i 4 sin 4 cos 10i 3 sin 3 cos 2 10i 2 sin 2 cos 3 5i sin cos 4 cos5
i sin 5 5sin 4 cos 10i sin 3 cos 2 10 sin 2 cos3 5i sin cos 4 cos5
Real parts are equal so cos 5 5sin 4 cos 10sin 2 cos3 cos5
Imaginary parts are equal so sin 5 sin 5 10sin 3 cos 2 5sin cos 4
32
© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Question 8
Change 1 i to polar form
r 12 12 2
tan θ 1
θ
4
1 i 2 cis
4
6
6 3
2 cis 8cis 8cis 8cis
4 4 2 2
Question 9
Change 3 i to polar form
2
r 3 12 10
1
tan θ
3
θ
6
3 i 2cis
6
5
5
2cis 32cis
6 6
Question 10
Change 3 3 3 i to polar form
r (3) 2 (3 3) 2 36 6
3 3
tan θ
3
θ
3
2
3 3 3 i 6 cis 6 cis
3 3
4
2 8 2
6 cis 6 cis 64 cis
4
3 3 3
33
© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Question 11
4 4 3 i 8 cis
3
z 3 8 cis 2k
3
2k
z 3 8 cis
9 3
Solutions occur at k 0, k 1, k 2
5 7
z1 2 cis , z2 2 cis , z3 2 cis
9 9 9
Question 12
z 4 16i
z 4 16 cis 2k
2
2k k
z 4 16 cis 2 cis
8 4 8 2
Solutions occur at k 0, k 1, k 2, k 3
5 7 3
z1 2 cis , z2 2 cis , z3 2 cis , z4 2 cis
8 8 8 8
Question 13
z 4 8 2 8 2 i
3
z 4 16 cis 2k
4
3 2k 3 k
z 4 16 cis 2 cis
16 4 16 2
Solutions occur at k 0, k 1, k 2, k 3
3 11 13 5
z1 2cis , z2 2cis , z3 2cis , z4 2cis
16 16 16 16
34
© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Question 14
z4 4 0
z 4 4
z 4 4cis ( 2k )
2k k
z 2 cis 2 cis
4 4 4 2
Solutions occur at k 0, k 1, k 2, k 3
3 3
z1 2 cis , z2 2 cis , z3 2 cis , z4 2 cis
4 4 4 4
Question 15
2 6i 2 6
z1 i 2 cis
2 2 2 3
6 2i 6 2
z2 i 2 cis
2 2 2 6
z3 2cis
8
6 3
6 3 2 cis 2 2 cis
z1 z2 2 2 cis 2 2
4
z3
24 cis
2
Question 16
1 1 1
b cis ( θ)
z r cis θ r
1 1 1
c cis (θ) = cis ( θ)
z r r
1 1 1
d 2
2 cis ( 2θ) 2 cis ( 2θ)
z r r
35
© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Miscellaneous Exercise 2
Question 1
z 3 4i and w 2 3i
a z w 3 4i 2 3i 5 i
b z w 3 4i (2 3i) 1 7i
z 3 4i 3 4i 2 3i 6 9i 8i 12i 2 6 17i 6 17
e i
w 2 3i 2 3i 2 3i 4 6i 6i 9i 2
13 13 13
w 2 3i 3 4i 6 8i 9i 12i 2 6 17i 6 17
f i
z 3 4i 3 4i 9 12i 12i 16i 2
25 25 25
Question 2
a AB c e OB a c
1 1
b AD c f OD a c
4 4
3 1
c DB c g CE a c
4 2
3 1 5 3
d DE c c c h OE a c
4 2 4 2
36
© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Question 3
3 3
tan θ 3
3
θ
3
2
3 3 3 i 6 cis
3
5
b 8cos 4 3
6
5
8sin 4
6
5
8cis 4 3 4i
6
Question 4
a c 3
2 cos 0 4 cos 2 2
2 4
2sin 2
2 3
4 sin 2 2
4
2 cis (0, 2)
2
3
4cis (2 2, 2 2)
4
b 5cos 5
5sin 0
5cis ( 5, 0)
37
© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Question 5
z 1 i and w 1 i
For z :
r 12 12 2
1
tan θ , θ
1 4
z 2 cis
4
For w :
r (1) 2 12 2
1 3
tan θ ,θ
1 4
3
w 2cis
4
3 3
zw 2cis 2cis 2cis cis 2cis
4 4 4 4
2cis cis
z
4 4 cis
3 3
w 2cis cis 2
4 4
Question 6
38
© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019
Question 7
f ( x) 4 x 3 18 x 2 22 x 12
b f (3) 4 33 18 32 22(3) 12 0
c 3 is a solution so x 3 is a factor of 4 x3 18 x 2 22 x 12 .
4x2 6x 4
( x 3) 4 x3 18 x 2 22 x 12
4 x3 12 x 2
6 x 2 22 x
6 x 2 18 x
4 x 12
4 x 12
0
4x2 6x 4
a 4, b 6, c 4
b b 2 4ac 6 (6) 2 4 4 6 36 64
x
2a 2 4 8
6 28 6 2 7 i 3 7 i 3 7
i
8 8 4 4 4
f ( x) 4 x 3 18 x 2 22 x 12
3 7 3 7
( x 3) x i x i
4 4 4 4
3 7 3 7
So when f ( x) 0 , x 3, i, i
4 4 4 4
39
© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019