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Lecture #04
Engr. Hammad Khalid
Department of Mechanical Engineering
DeMoivre’s Theorem
The Complex Plane
Complex Number
z x y 2 2
DeMoivre’s Theorem
1 3
8 4 4 3
2 2
Using DeMoivre’s Theorem
r 1 1 2
2 2
1
tan 1
1 4
Using DeMoivre’s Theorem
5
2 cos i sin
4 4
5
2 cos 5 i sin 5
4 4
5 5
4 2 cos i sin
4 4
2 2
4 2 4 4i
2 2
Finding Complex Roots
0 2 k 0 2k
zk r cos
n
i sin
n n n n
where k 0,1, 2,. . . , n 1.
Finding Complex Roots
r 02 16 16
2
16 3
tan 1
0 2
Finding Complex Roots
3 3
16 cos i sin
2 2
1
1 3 1 3
zn (16) cos
4
i sin
4 2 4 2
3 2 k 3 2 k
2 cos i sin , k 0,1, 2,3
8 4 8 4
3 k 3 k
2 cos i sin
8 2 8 2
Finding Complex Roots
3 0 3 0
z0 2 cos i sin
8 2 8 2
3 3
z0 2 cos i sin
8 8
3 1 3 1
z1 2 cos i sin
8 2 8 2
7 7
z1 2 cos i sin
8 8
Finding Complex Roots
3 2 3 2
z2 2 cos i sin
8 2 8 2
11 11
2 cos i sin
8 8
3 3 3 3
z3 2 cos i sin
8 2 8 2
15 15
2 cos i sin
8 8
DeMoivre’s Theorem
• Let z = r (cos + i sin ) be a complex numbers in polar form. If n is a
positive integer, z to the nth power, zn, is
z [r (cos i sin )]
n n
r (cos n i sin n )
n
Text Example
Find [2 (cos 10º + i sin 10º)]6. Write the answer in rectangular form a + bi.
1 3
64
2 i 2
Write the answer in rectangular form.
32 32 3i Multiply and express the answer in a + bi form.
DeMoivre’s Theorem for Finding Complex Roots
• Let =r(cos+isin) be a complex number in polar form. If
0, has n distinct complex nth roots given by the formula
360k 360k
z k r cos
n
i sin
n n
where k 0,1,2,3,..., n 1
Example
360k 360k
z k r cos
n
i sin
n n
60 360 * 0 60 360 * 0
81cos
4
i sin
4 4
3(cos15 i sin 15 )
De Moivre’s Theorem
is a complex number,
then
r cos 2 i sin 2
2
z 2 r 2 cos 2 i sin 2
3
What about z ?
r cos 2 i sin 2
2
z r cos 2 i sin 2
2 2
r 3 cos 2 i sin 2 cos i sin
r 3 cos 2 cos i cos 2 sin i sin 2 cos i 2 sin 2 sin
r 3 cos 2 cos sin 2 sin i cos 2 sin i sin 2 cos
r 3 cos 2 cos sin 2 sin i sin 2 cos cos 2 sin
r 3 cos 2 i sin 2 r 3 cos3 i sin 3
z 3 r 3 cos3 i sin 3
We saw…
z 2 r 2 cos 2 i sin 2 and
z 3 r 3 cos3 i sin 3
Similarly….
z r cos 4 i sin 4
4 4
z 5 r 5 cos5 i sin 5
z n r n cos n i sin n
Powers of Complex Numbers
This is horrible in rectangular It’s much nicer in trig form. You just
form. raise the r to the power and multiply
theta by the exponent.
a bi
n