I BSC MATHS

Unit V
TRIGNOMETRY
Topic 1 : Expansions of cosnθ and sinnθ

Dr N.Saradha
Assistant Professor of Mathematics,
Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi Viswa Mahavidyalaya, Kanchipuram.
Objectives:
The formulation of the formula to determine the
coefficients of cosθ and sinθ. The general formula of the
expansion of cos nθ and sin nθ is obtain from the
formulas of the coefficients.
 Pre-requesties:
 De Moviers Theorem
cosnθ  isinnθ  cosθ  isinθ 
n

 Binomial Theorem

 x  a n  x n  nc x n 1a  nc
1 2
x n2 2
a  ...  a n

 Compound identities
Expansions of cos n and sin n
Demovier’s Theorem is

cos n  i sin n   cos  i sin n

If n is a positive integer, the expansion on the right-hand side
can be expanded by Binomial Theorem.
Binomial Theorem is (x+a)n= xn+nc1xn-1a+nc2xn-2a2+…+ncnan

cos n  i sin n   cos n   n cos n 1  (i sin  )  n(n  1) cos n  2  (i sin

2!
n(n  1)(n  2)
cos n  3  (i sin  )3  ...
3!

i 2  1, i 3  i, i 4  1, i 5  i,...

Hence we have

cos n  i sin n   cosn   n(n  1) cosn  2  sin 2   n(n  1)(n  2

2! 4!
 n( n  1)(n  2)
 ...  i n cos n 1  sin   cos n  3
 3!

Equating the real and imaginary parts we have

n(n  1) n(n  1)(n  2)(n  3)
cos n  cos n   cos n  2  sin 2   cos
2! 4!
- ...
n(n  1)(n  2)
sin n  n cos n 1  sin   cos n  3  sin 3   ...
3!
Remark:
1. The terms are alternately positive and negative
2. Each series continues till one of the factors in the
numerator is zero and then ceases.
3. The sum of the powers of cos and sinθ in every term of the
expansions equals n.
Both the series are in descending powers of cos  and in
ascending powers of sin 
Corollory:
sin n n(n  1)(n  2) n  3
1.  n cosn 1   cos  sin 2   ...
sin  3!
n( n  1)( n  2)
 n cos n 1   cos n  3  (1  cos 2  ) 
3!
n( n  1)(n  2)( n  3)(n  4)
. cos n  5  (1  cos 2  ) 2  ...
5!
Similarly in the expansions of cosnθ , by putting

sin 2   1  cos2  ,
cosnθ can be expressed in a series containing powers of cosθ .
2. Coefficient of cos n 1  in the expansion of

sin n
 nc1  nc3  nc5  ...  2n 1
sin 
3. Coefficient of cos n  in the expansion of

cos n  nc0  nc 2  nc 4  ...  2n 1

Expansion of tan n in powers of tan θ
sinn
tan nθ 
cosn
cos n   nc 2 cos n  2  sin 2   nc 4 cosn  4  sin 4 
 ...
tan n 
n cos n 1  sin   nc3 cos n  3  sin 3   ...

On dividing both the numerator and denominator by cos n 

Expansion of tan(A  B  C  ...)
cosA  isin A  cosA(1  itanA)
cosB  isin B  cosB(1  itanB)
cosC  isinC  cosC(1  itanC)
 cos A  i sin Acos B  i sin B cos C  i sin C ...
 cos A cos B cos C ...(1  i tan A)(1  i tan B )(1  i tan C )...
 cos A cos B cos C...1  i  tan A  i 2  tan A tan B  i 3  tan A tan B

 cos A cos B cos C...1  iS1  S 2  iS 3  ...

Where Sr is the sum of products taken r at a time of tan A, tan B,
tan C,…
Equating the real and imaginary parts on both sides, we have
cos( A  B  C  ...)  cos A cos B cos C...1  S2  S4  ...
sin( A  B  C  ...)  cos A cos B cos C...S1  S3  S5  ...
S1  S3  S5  ...
 tan( A  B  C  ...) 
1  S 2  S 4  ...
Corollary
Putting A  B  C  ...   taking n angles
Where Sr is the sum of the products taken r at a time of tan A,
tan A, …, tan A n terms
Hence S1  ntanθ S2  n c 2 tan 2θ , S3  n c 3 tan 3θ ,…

nc1 tan   nc 2 tan 3   ...

tan n 
1  nc 2 tan 2   nc 4 tan 4   ...
Examples:
1) Express cos8 θ in terms of sinθ
Solution

cos 8  i sin 8   cos  i sin  8

 cos8   8c1 cos 7  (i sin  )  8c 2 cos 6  (i sin  ) 2  ...

 cos8   8c 2 cos 6  sin 2   8c 4 cos 4  sin 4   8c6 cos 2  sin 6   8c8

i (8c1 cos 7  sin   8c 3 cos 5sin 3  8c 5 cos3sin 5  8c 7 cossin 7 )
Equating the real parts, we have
cos 8  cos8   8c 2 cos 6  sin 2  
8c 4 cos 4  sin 4   8c6 cos 2  sin 6   8c8 sin 8  .

cos 8  1  sin 2    281  sin 2   sin 2   701  sin 2   sin 4 

4 3 2

 281  sin 2  sin 6   sin 8  .

cos 8  1  sin 2    281  sin 2   sin 2   701  sin 2   sin 4 
4 3 2

 281  sin 2  sin 6   sin 8  .

 (1  4 sin 2  6sin 4 - 4sin 6  sin 8  ) - 28(1 - 3sin 2  3sin 4 - sin 6 )sin 2 
70(1 - 2sin 2  sin 4 )sin 4 - 28(1 - sin 2 )sin 6  sin 8
 (1  28  70  28  1)sin 8  (4  84  140  28) sin 6   (6  84  70) sin 4 
(4  28) sin 2   1
cos8  128sin8  - 256sin6  160sin4 - 32sin2  1
 sin 6
2) Express in terms of cos 
sin 
Solution:

cos 6  i sin 6   cos  i sin  6

 cos6   6c1 cos5  (i sin  )  6c 2 cos 4  (i sin  ) 2  6c3 cos3  (i sin 
6c5 cos (i sin  )5  (i sin  ) 6
 cos6   6c 2 cos 4  sin 2   6c 4 cos 2  sin 4   sin 6  
i 6c1 cos5  sin   6c3 cos3  sin 3  6c5 cos sin 5  
Equating the imaginary parts on both sides,
sin 6  6c1 cos 5  sin   6c3 cos3  sin 3   6c5 cos sin 5 
sin 6  6 cos5  sin   20 cos3  sin 3   6 cos sin 5 

sin 6
 6 cos5   20 cos3  sin 2   6 cos sin 4 
sin 

 6 cos 5   20 cos 3  (1  cos 2  )  6 cos  (1  cos 2  ) 2

 32 cos 5   32 cos 3   6 cos 

Exercises:
1. Write down the expansions of
i) sin6θ
ii) cos5θ
iii) cos9θ
iv) tan4θ
v) tan9θ
2. Expand sin7θ in powers of cosθ and sinθ . Deduce that
sin 7
 7  56 sin 2   112 sin 4   64 sin 6 
sin 
3. Prove that
sin 9
 256 cos 8   448 cos 6   240 cos 4   49 cos 2   1
sin 
Applications of Trigonometry:
 Engineering, physics, surveying, architecture, astronomy
and even in the investigation of a crime scene.
Apart from astronomy and geography,
 Trigonometry is applicable in various fields like
satellite navigation, developing computer music, chemistry
number theory, medical imaging, electronics, electrical
engineering, civil engineering, architecture, mechanical
engineering, oceanography, seismology, phonetics, image
compression and game development