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Rosen 4.3
Permutations
• A permutation of a set of distinct objects is
an ordered arrangement these objects.
• An ordered arrangement of r elements of a
set is called an r-permutation.
• The number of r-permutations of a set with
n elements is denoted by P(n,r).
A = {1,2,3,4} 2-permutations of A include
1,2; 2,1; 1,3; 2,3; etc…
Counting Permutations
• Using the product rule we can find P(n,r)
= n*(n-1)*(n-2)* …*(n-r+1)
= n!/(n-r)!
How many 2-permutations are there for the
set {1,2,3,4}? P(4,2)
4 * 3 * 2 *1 4!
4*3 = = = 12
2 *1 2!
Combinations
• An r-combination of elements of a set is an
unordered selection of r element from the set.
(i.e., an r-combination is simply a subset of the set
with r elements).
Let A={1,2,3,4} 3-combinations of A are
{1,2,3}, {1,2,4}, {1,3,4}, {2,3,4}(same as {3,2,4})
• The number of r-combinations of a set with n
distinct elements is denoted by C(n,r).
Example
Let A = {1,2,3}
2-permutations of A are: 1,2 2,1 1,3 3,1 2,3 3,2
6 total. Order is important
Proof:
C(n,r) = n!/r!(n-r)!
C(n,n-r) = n!/(n-r)!(n-(n-r))! = n!/r!(n-r)!
Binomial Coefficient
⎛ n
⎜ ⎞
Another notation for C(n,r) is ⎝ r ⎠ . This
number is also called a binomial coefficient.
k= 0
⎛2 ⎛2 ⎛2
⎜ ⎞ ⎜ ⎞ ⎜ ⎞ 1 2 1
⎝0⎠ ⎝1⎠ ⎝2⎠
⎛3
⎜ ⎞ ⎛ 3
⎜ ⎞ ⎛ 3
⎜ ⎞ 1 3 3 1
⎜3⎞
⎛
⎝0⎠ ⎝1⎠ ⎝2⎠ ⎝3⎠
1 4 6 4 1
⎛ n⎞
⎜
n’th row, Cnk =k = 0, 1, …, n
⎝r ⎠
Binomial Theorem
Let x and y be variables and let n be a positive
integer. Then
n
(x + y) = ∑ C(n, j)x
n n −j j
y
j= 0
⎛
⎜ n⎞ n ⎛⎜n⎞ n−1 ⎛⎜n⎞ n− 2 2 ⎛⎜ n ⎞ n −1 ⎛⎜n⎞ n
= x + x y+ x y + ... + xy + y
⎝0⎠ ⎝1⎠ ⎝2⎠ ⎝n − 1⎠ ⎝n ⎠