A Lesson Plan

In
Mathematics IX

Date: March 16, 2022

Time: 9:00-10:00 AM
Grade: Grade 9

I. OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, the students are able to:
a. Find the powers and roots of a complex numbers in polar form

II. SUBJECT MATTER:

Topic: Mathematics IX
Lesson: De Moiver’s Theorem: Powers and Roots of a Complex Number in Polar Form
References:
https://www.storyofmathematics.com/de-moivres-theorem
https://k12.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Mathematics/Analysis/
4%3A_Polar_Equations_and_Complex_Numbers/
4.2%3A_Imaginary_Numbers_and_Complex_Numbers/
4.2.7%3A_Powers_and_Roots_of_Complex_Numbers
https://math.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Precalculus/Precalculus_(OpenStax)/
08%3A_Further_Applications_of_Trigonometry/
8.05%3A_Polar_Form_of_Complex_Numbers
https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-trigonometry-second-edition/section/6.7/

Instructional Materials: Laptop, Powerpoint Presentation

III. METHODOLOGY
a. Routinary Activities
Prayer
Greetings
Checking of Attendance

b. Preparatory Activities
Review: Give activity regarding the previous topic.
 1. Multiply complex numbers z 1=2 ( cos 15 °+ i sin 15 ° ) and
z 2=5 ( cos 15 ° +isin 15 ° )
a. 10 [ cos 30 °+ isin 30 ° ]
b. 10 (cos (60° ) + isin (i sin (60° )
c. 10 [ cos 30 °−isin 30 ° ]
2. Find the quotient of the complex numbers z₁ = 12(cos 84° + i sin 84°)
and z₂ = 3(cos 35° + i sin 35°).
a. 4 [ cos ( 119 ° )+isin 119 ° ]
b. 4 [ cos (−49 ° ) +isin 49 ° ]
c. 4 [ cos ( 49 ° ) +isin 49 ° ]

Motivation:
Match up the powers and roots with the correct answer.

1. Were you able to find the match of each given?

c. Developmental Activities

1. Activity
“Find my Product!”

Find the product formula of complex numbers to expand the following.

Example:
1. z²
Let z=r ( cos θ+ isin θ )
i2 = -1
Solutions:
 z=r ( cos θ+ isin θ )
z ²=r ² (cos θ+i sin θ)²
2 2
¿ r ²( cos θ+i2 sin θ cos θ+i sin ²θ)
¿ r ²(cos2 θ+i2 sin θ cos θ+ (−1 ) sin ² θ)
2
¿ r ²(cos θ+i2 sin θ cos θ−sin ² θ)
2 2
¿ r ²(cos θ−si n θ+i 2 sinθ cos θ)
2 2
cos θ−si n θ=cos 2θ i2 sin θ cos θ=isin 2 θ
z ²=r ² (cos 2 θ+i sin2 θ)

2. z³
Let z=r ( cos θ+ isin θ )
i2 = -1
3
z =r ²(cos 2 θ+isin 2 θ)• r ( cos θ+isin θ )

z 3=r ² ¿

z 3=r ³ (cos 3 θ+i sin 3θ)

3. z⁴
4. z5
5. z6

Answer:
1. z ²=r ² (cos 2 θ+i sin2 θ)
2. z 3=r ³ ¿

3. z ⁴ =r ⁴ ¿

4. z 5=r 5 ¿

5. z 6=r 6 ¿

2. Analysis
Processing of the activity and asking questions about the activity.

1. From the activity, what did you notice? Did you notice a pattern?
2. From the pattern, can you generalize what is z n?

3. Abstraction
 De Moiver’s Theorem
De Moiver’s theorem helps us raise a power and find the roots of a
complex number in trigonometric form. The polar form of a complex number is
r ( cos θ+i sin θ). As we denoted z as a complex number, we can easily see the
development of a pattern when raising a complex number in polar form to a
power.
Let’s say that we have z=r ( cos θ+i sinθ) According to de Moiver’s
theorem, we can easily raised z to the power of n.
Observe how z behaves when we raise it to the second and third power to
check for the patterns.
z=r ( cos θ+ isin θ )
z ²=r ² (cos θ+i sin θ)²

¿ r ²( cos2 θ+i2 sin θ cos θ+i 2 sin ²θ)

2
i =−1
2
¿ r ²(cos θ+i 2 sin θ cos θ+ (−1 ) sin ² θ)

¿ r ²(cos2 θ+i 2 sin θ cos θ−sin ² θ)

¿ r ²(cos2 θ−si n2 θ+i 2 sin θ cos θ)

2 2
cos θ−si n θ=cos 2θ i2 sin θ cos θ=isin 2 θ

z ²=r ² (cos 2 θ+i sin2 θ)

Likewise, if z=r ( cos θ+i sinθ) and z 3=z ² • z then:

z 3=r ²(cos 2 θ+isin 2 θ)• r ( cos θ+isin θ )

3
z =r ² ¿

z 3=r ³ (cos 3 θ+i sin 3θ)

Have you noticed any patterns so far? Let’s list down z, z², z³.
z=r ( cos θ+ isin θ )

z ²=r ² (cos 2 θ+i sin2 θ)

 3
z =r ³ (cos 3 θ+i sin 3θ)
Do you have any guests of what z⁴ is? You can apply the similar process to
the example provided. These examples suggest a general rule valid for all powers
of z or n. The general rule for raising a complex number in polar form to a power
is called De Moivre's Theorem. The formula below states how we can apply the
theorem to find z n easily. We can even extend this to find the roots of z.

Powers of Complex Numbers in Polar Form

When n is a rational number and a complex number in polar or trigonometric
form, we can raise the complex number by a power of n using the formula shown below:
n n
z =r (cos nθ+i sin nθ)

Example 1:

( )
3
2π 2π
z= cos +isin
3 3
Solution:
Using the formula from De Moiver’s theorem, z n=r n(cos nθ+i sin nθ), we will
find the power.
2π
Let n = 3, θ=
3

( )
3
2π 2π
cos +i sin
3 3

3
[
¿(1) cos 3• ( 2π
3 ) (
+i sin 3 •
2π
3 )]
¿ cos 2 π +isin 2 π

Example 2:

2 ( cos 25 °+ i sin 25 ° )6
Solution:
 We will use the formula from De Moiver’s theorem, z n=r n(cos nθ+i sin nθ) to
find the power of the given.
Let n = 6, θ=25 °
6
[ 2 ( cos 25 °+ i sin 25 ° ) ]
¿ 2 [ cos ( 6 •25 ) +i sin ( 6 •25 ) ]
6

¿ 64 ( cos 150 ° +i sin150 ° )

Example 3:

[ ( )]
4
π π
√2 cos +i sin
4 4

Solution:
Using the formula from De Moiver’s theorem, z n=r n(cos cos nθ+ i sin sin nθ)
π
Let n = 4, θ=
4

[ ( )]
4
π π
√2 cos +i sin
4 4

√ [ ( ) ( )]
4 π π
¿( 2) cos 4 • + i sin 4 ∙
4 4

¿ 4 cos π +isin π

Example 4:

( )
1
2π 2π
cos +i sin 3
4 4
Solution:
Using the formula from De Moiver’s theorem, z n=r n(cos cos nθ+ isin sin nθ)
2π
Let n = ⅓, θ=
4

( )
1
2π 2π
cos +i sin 3
4 4
 [ ( ) ( )]
1 2π
√3 1 cos ∙
1 2π
+i sin ∙
3 4 3 4

(
¿ 1 cos
2π
12
+i sin
2π
12 )
π π
¿ cos +i sin
6 6

Roots of Complex Number in a Polar Form

Often in mathematics, whenever an operation is presented, the inverse operation
follows. In this topic, the invers operation of finding a power for a number is to find a
root of the same number. We can find the roots of the complex numbers using De
Moiver’s Theorem.

(
√n z=√n r cos
θ+2 πk
+i sin
θ+ 2 πk
n n )
Or

[ ( θn + k ∙ 360n )+i sinsin ( θn + k ∙ 360n )]

1
r n cos

Where, k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, …n – 1

Example 1:
Find the 4th roots of 16 [(cos (60°) + i sin (60°)].

¿ √ 16
4
([ cos 60 °4+360 ° k )+( 60 ° +360
4
°k
)]
Let k = 0, 1, 2, 3

For k = 0

¿2
[( cos 60 °+(360° )0
4
+ )(
60 °+( 360° ) 0
4 )]
¿2
[( cos cos 60°+ 0
4
+ )(
60 ° +0
4 )]
 ¿ 4 ( cos cos 15 ° +isin 15 ° )
For k = 1

¿2
[( cos 60 °+360 ° (1)
4
+ )(
60 °+ 360°(1)
4 )]
4 ( cos 105 °+ isin 105 ° )
For k = 2

¿2
[( cos 60 ° +360 °(2)
4
+ )(
60 ° +360° ( 2)
4 )]
¿ 4 ( cos 195 °+i sin 195 ° )
For k = 3

¿2
[( cos 60 °+360 ° (3)
4
+ )(
60 °+360 ° (3)
4 )]
¿ 4 ( cos 285 °+ isin 285 ° )

Therefore, the 4th roots of 16 [(cos (60°) + i sin (60°)] are 4 cos 15 °+ i sin 15 °,
4 cos 105 °+ isin 105 °, 4 cos 195 °+ isin 195 °, 4 cos 285 ° +isin 285 °

Example 2:
What are the two square roots of:
z = 4(90° + i sin 90°)

Using the formula √ z=√ r cos

n n
( θ+2 πk
n
+i sin
θ+ 2 πk
n )
, let us find the roots.

¿√4
[( cos 90 °+360 ° k
2
+ )(
90 ° +360 ° k
2 )]
Let k = 0, 1

For k = 0

¿√4
[( cos 90 ° +0
2 )(
+
90 ° +0
2 )]
 ¿ 2 ( cos 45 ° +i sin 45 ° )
For k = 1

¿√4
[( cos 90 ° +360 ° (1)
2
+ )(
90 °+360°(1)
2 )]
¿2
[( cos 450 °
2
+)(
90 ° +360 °
2 )]
¿ 2 ( cos 225 °+ isin 225 ° )

Example 3:

Find the cube roots of z=27 cis 195 °

Using the formula √ z=√ r cos

n n
( θ+2 πk
n
+i sin
θ+ 2 πk
n )
, let us find the roots.

Let k = 0, 1, 2

For k = 0

3
¿ √ 27 ( cis 195 °+(360
3
°)0
)
¿ 3( )
cis 195 °
3
¿ 3 cis 65 °
For k = 1

3
¿ √ 27 ( cis 195 °+(360
3
°)1
)
¿ 3( )
cis 195 °+ 360°
3

¿ 3( )
cis 555 °
3
¿ 3 cis 185°
For k = 2
 3
¿ √ 27 ( cis 195 °+(360
3
°)2
)
¿ 3( )
cis 195 °+ 720°
3

¿ 3( )
cis 915 °
3
¿ 3 cis 305°

4. Application
Find the powers and roots of a complex numbers in polar form.

( )
3
2π 2π
1. 3 cos +i sin
3 3

[ 27(cos π2 + isin π2 )]
1
3
2.
2
3. [ 3 ( cos 80 ° +isin 80 ° ) ]
4. Find the three complex roots of √3 27(cos cos 0+i sin sin 0)
5. Find the fourth roots of 64(cos 240° + I sin240°)
Answers:
1. 27 cos 2 π +isin 2 π

( π
2. 3 cos +isin
6
π
6 )
3. 9( cos 160 °+i sin 160 °)
4. For k = 0
3(cos 0 + i sin 0)
k=1
3 cos
2π
3 (
+i sin
2π
3 )
k=2

(
3 cos
4π
3
+i sin
4π
3 )
5. For k = 0
4(cos 60° + i sin 60° )
k=1
4 ( cos cos 150 °+i sin 150 ° )
k=2
 4 ( cos cos 240 ° +isin sin 240 ° )
k=3
4 ( cos cos 330 ° +isin sin 330 ° )
IV. Assessment
Using De Moiver’s Theorem, find the powers and roots of a complex numbers in polar form.

A. Find the powers of a complex number in a polar form.

1. ( 16 π
cos
4
+i sin
4 )
16 π 18

2. 2 ( cos 120 °+ i sin 120 ° )6

3
3. z=[ (−60 ° ) +i sin sin(−60 °)¿ ]
3
4. z=[ 5( cos 20 °+i sin 20 °) ]

[ ]
6
π π
5. z= 6(cos +isin )
36 36

B. Find the roots of a complex number in a polar form.

1. Find the 5th roots of [100, 000(cos (58°) + i sin (58°)].

2. What are the cube roots of [21(cos (120°) + i sin (120°)]?

Answer:
Powers of a complex numbers in polar form
1. cos 72 π +i sin 72 π
2. 240 ° +isin 240 °
3. 19683 (cos -180°) + (i sin - 180°)
4. 125 (cos 60°) + (i sin 60°)
π π
5. 46 ,656 (cos +sin )
6 6

V. Assignment:
Roy wants to be in a racing contest that he has been dreaming of for a long time.
But before you can join, he must first solve an equation. But he can’t figure out how to
solve the given problem. For Roy to be part of the contest, you volunteered to help him
find the 7th roots of [823, 543(cos (120°) + i sin (120°). What are the roots?

Prepared by:

ROSE ANN C. TORRES RIZCEL DELOS REYES

Teaching Intern Teaching Intern
Noted:

ROY KRISTIAN T. VILLADELREY

Cooperating Teacher

Answer Key
Application
6. 27 cos 2 π +isin 2 π

( π
7. 3 cos +isin
6
π
6)
8. 9( cos 160 °+i sin 160 °)
9. For k = 0
3(cos 0 + i sin 0)
k=1

(
3 cos
2π
3
+i sin
2π
3 )
k=2
 (
3 cos
4π
3
+i sin
4π
3 )
10. For k = 0
4(cos 60° + i sin 60° )
k=1
4 ( cos cos 150 ° +i sin 150 ° )
k=2
4 ( cos cos 240 ° +isin sin 240 ° )
k=3
4 ( cos cos 330 ° +isin sin 330 ° )

Assessment
Assignment