BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

De Moiver’s Theorem:
ARASOF-Nasugbu

Powers
COLLEGE OF and Roots
TEACHER of
EDUCATION
Laboratory School
Complex
LEARNING MODULELesson 3
IN MATHEMATICS 9
3 Quarter 2 Semester, A.Y. 2021-2022
rd nd

Quarter 3 Lesson 3
Mathematics De Moiver’s Theorem: Powers and Roots of

9 Complex Numbers

EXPECTED LEARNING OUTCOMES

The learners will be able to:

● Find the powers and roots of complex numbers in polar form

THE BIG IDEA

Lesson Duration:
5 hours per week
For the rest of this section,Subject
we willSchedule:
work with formulas developed by a French
mathematician, Abraham de Moiver made many
Grade 9B contributions to the field of
(Wednesday-Thursday, mathematics,
9:00-10:00 AM)
mainly in the areas of probability and trigonometry.Teacher:
Cooperating Essential to his work is the trigonometric
representation of complex numbers which was stated
Roy Kristian in the De Moiver’s Theorem. His
T. Villadelrey
Teaching Interns:
Rose Anne C. Torres
 Quarter 3 Lesson 3 – De Moiver’s Theorem: Powers and Roots of Complex Number

theorem is the only practical method for finding the powers or roots of a complex number.
We will able to quickly calculate powers of complex numbers and even roots of complex
numbers.

Mathematics 9 Page 2 of
 Quarter 3 Lesson 3 – De Moiver’s Theorem: Powers and Roots of Complex Number

ACTIVITY

Activity #1 “Find my Product!”

Find the product formula of complex numbers to expand the following.

Let z=r ( cos θ+ isin θ ) .
1. z²
2. z³
3. z⁴
GUIDE QUESTIONS:
1. From the activity, what did you notice? Did you notice a pattern?
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2. From the pattern, can you generalize what is z n?
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The pattern you generalized is known as De Moiver’s Theorem, which enables us to

calculate powers of complex numbers written in polar form.

DEEPEN YOUR UNDERSTANDING

De Moiver’s Theorem
De Moiver’s theorem helps us raise a power and find the roots of complex numbers in
trigonometric form. The polar form of a complex number is r (cos θ+isin θ). As we denoted z
as a complex number, we can easily see the development of a pattern when raising a complex
number in polar form to a power.
Let’s say that we have z=r ( cos θ+i sinθ) , according to the de Moiver’s theorem, we can
easily raise z to the power of n.

Mathematics 9 Page 3 of
 Quarter 3 Lesson 3 – De Moiver’s Theorem: Powers and Roots of Complex Number

Observe how z behaves when we raise it to the second and third power to check for the
patterns.
z=r ( cos θ+ isin θ )

z ²=[ r ² (cos θ+i sin θ) ] ²

¿ r ²(cos2 θ+i 2 sin θ cos θ+i 2 sin ²θ)

2
i =−1
¿ r ²( cos2 θ+i2 sin θ cos θ+ (−1 ) sin ² θ)

¿ r ²( cos2 θ+i 2 sin θ cos θ−sin ² θ)

¿ r ²( cos2 θ−si n2 θ+i 2 sinθ cos θ)

cos 2 θ−si n2 θ=cos 2θ i2 sin θ cos θ=isin 2 θ

z ²=r ² (cos 2 θ+i sin2 θ)

Likewise, if z=r ( cos θ+i sinθ) and z 3=z ² • z then:

z 3=r ²(cos 2 θ+isin 2 θ)• r ( cos θ+isin θ )

3
z =r ² ¿
3
z =r ³ ¿
Have you noticed any patterns so far? Let’s list down z, z², z³.
z=r ( cos θ+ isin θ )

z ²=r ² (cos 2 θ+i sin2 θ)

3
z =r ³ ¿
Do you have any guesses of what z⁴ is? You can apply the similar process on the
example provided. These examples suggest a general rule valid for all powers of z or n. The
general rule for raising a complex number in polar form to a power is called De Moiver’s
Theorem. The formula below states how we can apply the theorem to find z n easily. We can
even extend this to find the roots of z.

Powers of Complex Numbers in Polar Form

When n is a rational number and a complex number in polar or trigonometric form, we can
raise the complex number by a power of n using the formula shown below:
n n
z =r ¿

Mathematics 9 Page 4 of
 Quarter 3 Lesson 3 – De Moiver’s Theorem: Powers and Roots of Complex Number

Example 1:

( )
3
2π 2π
cos +i sin
3 3
Solution:
Using the formula from De Moiver’s theorem, z n=r n ¿
2π
Let n = 3, θ=
3

( )
3
2π 2π
cos +i sin
3 3

3
[ ( ) ( )]
¿(1) cos 3•
2π
3
+i sin 3 •
2π
3

¿ cos 2 π +i sin 2 π

Example 2:
Using the formula from De Moiver’s theorem, z n=r n ¿
Let n = 6, θ=25 °

6
[ 2 ( cos 25 °+ i sin 25 ° ) ]
¿ 2 [ cos ( 6 •25 ) +i sin ( 6 •25 ) ]
6

¿ 64 ( cos 150 ° +i sin150 ° )

Example 3:
Using the formula from De Moiver’s theorem, z n=r n ¿
π
Let n = 4, θ=
4

[ ( )]
4
π π
√2 cos +i sin
4 4

√ [ ( ) ( )]
4 π π
¿( 2) cos 4 • + isin 4 ∙
4 4

Mathematics 9 Page 5 of
 Quarter 3 Lesson 3 – De Moiver’s Theorem: Powers and Roots of Complex Number

¿ 4 cos π +isin π

( )
1
2π 2π 3
Example 4: cos +i sin
4 4

Using the formula from De Moiver’s theorem, z n=r n ¿

1 2π
Let n= θ=
3 4

( )
1
2π 2π
cos +i sin 3
4 4

[ ( ) ( )]
1 2π
√3 1 cos ∙
3
1 2π
+i sin ∙
4 3 4

(
¿ 1 cos
2π
12
+i sin
2π
12 )
π π
¿ cos +i sin
6 6

Roots of Complex Number in a Polar Form

Often in mathematics, whenever an operation is presented, the inverse operation
follows. In this topic, the inverse operation of finding a power for a number is to find a root
of the same number. We can find the roots of the complex numbers using De Moiver’s
Theorem.

(
√n z=√n r cos
θ+2 πk
+i sin
n
θ+ 2 πk
n )
Or

[ ( ) ( )]
1
θ 360 θ 360
r n cos +k ∙ +i sin + k ∙
n n n n

Where, k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, …n – 1

Example 1:

Mathematics 9 Page 6 of
 Quarter 3 Lesson 3 – De Moiver’s Theorem: Powers and Roots of Complex Number

Find the 4th roots of 16 [(cos (60°) + i sin (60°)].

¿ √ 16
4
[( cos 60 °+360 ° k
4
+ )(
i sin 60 °+360 ° k
4 )]
Let k = 0, 1, 2, 3

For k = 0

¿2 ([ cos 60 °+(360°
4
)0
) +(
i sin 60°+(360 °)0
4 )]
¿2
[( cos 60 ° +0
4 )(
+
i sin 60 ° +0
4 )]
¿ 4 cos 15 °+ isin 15 °
For k = 1

¿2
[( cos 60 ° +360 ° (1)
4
+ )(
isin 60 ° +360 ° (1)
4 )]
4 cos 105 °+ isin 105 °
For k = 2

¿2
[( cos 60 ° +360 °(2)
4
+ )(
isin 60 ° +360 ° (2)
4 )]
¿ 2 ( cos 195 °+i sin 195 ° )
For k = 3

¿2
[( cos 60 ° +360 ° (3)
4
+ )(
i sin 60° +360 °(3)
4 )]
¿ 2 ( cos 285 °+ isin 285 ° )

Therefore, the 4th roots of 16 [(cos (60°) + i sin (60°)] are 2 cos 15 °+ isin 15 °,
2 cos 105 °+ isin 105 °, 2 cos 195 °+ isin 195 °, 2 cos 285 °+ i sin 285 °

Example 2:
What are the two square roots of

Mathematics 9 Page 7 of
 Quarter 3 Lesson 3 – De Moiver’s Theorem: Powers and Roots of Complex Number

z = 4(90° + i sin 90°)

n n
(
Using the formula √ z=√ r cos
θ+2 πk
n
+i sin
θ+ 2 πk
n )
, let us find the roots.

¿√4
[( cos 90 ° +360 ° k
2
+ )(
i sin 90 °+ 360° k
2 )]
Let k = 0, 1

For k = 0

¿√4
[( cos 90 °+0
2
+)(
i sin 90 ° +0
2 )]
¿ 2 cos 45 ° +i sin 45 °
For k = 1

¿√4 ([ cos 90 ° +360

2
° (1)
)+(
isin 90 ° +360 °(1)
2 )]
¿2 ([ cos 450
2
°
)+(
i sin 90 ° +360 °
2 )]
¿2¿
Example 3:

Find the cube roots of z=27 cis 195 °

n n
(
Using the formula √ z=√ r cos
θ+2 πk
n
+i sin
θ+ 2 πk
n )
, let us find the roots.

Let k = 0, 1, 2

For k = 0

3
¿ √ 27 ( cis 195 °+(360
3
°)0
)
¿ 3( )
cis 195 °
3
¿ 3 cis 65 °
For k = 1

3
¿ √ 27 ( cis 195 °+(360
3
°) 1
)
Mathematics 9 Page 8 of
 Quarter 3 Lesson 3 – De Moiver’s Theorem: Powers and Roots of Complex Number

¿3 ( cis 195 °+ 360°

3 )
¿3 ( cis 555
3
°
)
¿ 3 cis 185°
For k = 2

3
¿ √ 27 ( cis 195 °+(360
3
°)2
)
¿ 3( )
cis 195 °+ 720°
3

¿ 3( )
cis 915 °
3
¿ 3 cis 305°

APPLY YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Find the powers and roots of a complex numbers in polar form.

[( )]
3
2π 2π
1. 3 cos +i sin
3 3

[ ( )]
1
π π 3
2. 27 cos + isin
2 2
2
3. [ 3 ( cos 80 ° +isin 80 ° ) ]
4. Find the three complex roots of √3 27 ¿ ¿
5. Find the fourth roots of 256 (cos 240° + i sin240°)

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Using De Moiver’s Theorem, find the powers and roots of a complex numbers in polar form.

A. Find the powers of a complex number in a polar form.

Mathematics 9 Page 9 of
 Quarter 3 Lesson 3 – De Moiver’s Theorem: Powers and Roots of Complex Number

( )
18
16 π 16 π
1. cos +i sin
4 4
6
2. [ 2 ( cos 120 °+i sin 120 ° ) ]
3. z=¿ ¿
4. z=¿ ¿

[ ]
6
π π
5. z= 6(cos +isin )
36 36

B. Find the roots of a complex number in a polar form.

1. Find the 5th roots of 100, 000(cos (50°) + i sin (50°).

2. What are the cube roots of 64(cos (120°) + i sin (120°)?

Key to Correction

Apply your Understanding

1. 27 ( cos 2 π +isin 2 π )

( π
2. 3 cos +isin
6
π
6 )
3. 9 ¿
4. For k = 0
3(cos 0 + i sin 0)
k=1
3 cos (
2π
3
+i sin
2π
3 )
k=2
3 cos (
4π
3
+i sin
4π
3 )
5. For k = 0
4(cos 64° + i sin 64° )
k=1
4 ( cos 15 4 ° +i sin 15 4 ° )

Mathematics 9 Page 10 of
 Quarter 3 Lesson 3 – De Moiver’s Theorem: Powers and Roots of Complex Number

k=2
4 ( cos 24 4 °+isin 24 4 ° )
k=3
4 ( cos 33 4 ° +i sin 33 4 ° )

Check your understanding

A. Powers of a complex numbers in polar form

1. cos 72 π +i sin 72 π
2. 64 (cos 720 °+isin 720 °)
3. 19683 [cos (-180°) + i sin (- 180°)]
4. 125 (cos 60° + i sin 60°)
π π
5. 46 ,656 (cos +i sin )
6 6
B. Find the roots of a complex number in a polar for0m
1. k=0 10 (cos 10° + i sin 10°)
k=1 10 (cos 82° + i sin 82°)
k=2 10 (cos 154° + i sin 154°)
k=3 10 (cos 226° + i sin 226°)
k=4 10 (cos 298° + i sin 298°)

2. k=0 4 (cos 40° + i sin 40°)

k=1 10 (cos 160° + i sin 160°)
k=2 10 (cos 280° + i sin 280°)

LEARNING RESOURCES

The contents of this module are from:

Internet Sources
https://www.storyofmathematics.com/de-moivres-theorem

https://k12.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Mathematics/Analysis/4%3A_Polar_Equations_and_Complex
_Numbers/4.2%3A_Imaginary_Numbers_and_Complex_Numbers/
4.2.7%3A_Powers_and_Roots_of_Complex_Numbers

https://math.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Precalculus/Precalculus_(OpenStax)/
08%3A_Further_Applications_of_Trigonometry/8.05%3A_Polar_Form_of_Complex_Numbers

https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-trigonometry-second-edition/section/6.7/

Prepared by:

Mathematics 9 Page 11 of
 Quarter 3 Lesson 3 – De Moiver’s Theorem: Powers and Roots of Complex Number

ROSE ANN C. TORRES

Teaching Intern

RIZCEL DELOS REYES

Teaching Intern

ROY KRISTIAN T. VILLADELREY

Subject Teacher, Mathematics 7

Reviewed by:

Ms. MIKO B. TIALENGKO Mrs. JINGLE G. GUEVARRA

Subject Cluster In-charge, Mathematics Coordinator, High School Department

Approved by:

Assoc. Prof. LORENJANE E. BALAN

Principal, Laboratory School

Mathematics 9 Page 12 of