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x2 1
x 1
We make the following definition:
i 1
Complex Numbers
i 1
Note that squaring both sides i 1
2
yields: 2
i i * i1 1* i i
3
therefore
i 4 i 2 * i 2 (1) * (1) 1
and
i i * i 1* i i
5 4
so
i i * i 1 * i 1
6 4 2 2
and
And so on…
Real numbers and imaginary numbers are
subsets of the set of complex numbers.
Imaginary
Real Numbers Numbers
Complex Numbers
Definition of a Complex Number
If a and b are real numbers, the number a + bi is a
complex number, and it is said to be written in
standard form.
If b = 0, the number a + bi = a is a real number.
Sum: ( a bi ) ( c di ) ( a c ) ( b d )i
Difference:( a bi ) ( c di ) ( a c ) ( b d )i
Perform the subtraction and write the answer
in standard form.
( 3 + 2i ) – ( 6 + 13i )
3 + 2i – 6 – 13i
–3 – 11i
8 18 4 3i 2
8 i 9 2 4 3i 2
8 3i 2 4 3i 2
4
Multiplying Complex Numbers
a bi
a bi c di
c di c di c di
ac adi bci bdi 2
c d
2 2
ac bd bc ad i
c d
2 2
Perform the operation and write the result in
standard form.
6 7i
6 7 i 1 2i
1 2i 1 2i 1 2i
6 12i 7 i 14i 6 14 5i
2
1 2
2 2
1 4
20 5i 20 5i
4 i
5 5 5
Perform the operation and write the result
in standard form.
1 i
3
1 i i
3
4 i
i 4i i i 4 i 4 i
ii 2
12 3i 1 i 12 3i
2 2 2
i 4 1 1 16 1
12 3 12 3
1 i i 1 i i
17 17 17 17
17 12 17 3 5 14
i i
17 17 17 17
Expressing Complex Numbers
in Polar Form
Now, any Complex Number can be expressed as:
X+Yi
That number can be plotted as on ordered pair in
6
-5 5
-2
-4
-6
Expressing Complex Numbers
in Polar Form
Remember these relationships between polar and
y
rectangular form: tan
x
x y r
2 2 2
y r sin x r cos
So any complex number, X + Yi, can be written in
polar form: X Yi r cos r sin i
r1 * r2 [cos(1 2 ) i sin(1 2 )]
Products and Quotients of
Complex Numbers in Polar Form
The quotient of two complex numbers,
r1 (cos1 i sin 1 ) and r2 (cos 2 i sin 2 )
Can be obtained by using the following formula:
r1 (cos1 i sin 1 ) / r2 (cos 2 i sin 2 )
r1 / r2 [cos(1 2 ) i sin(1 2 )]
Products and Quotients of
Complex Numbers in Polar Form
Find the product of 5cis30 and –2cis120
( x yi) (rcis )
p p
1 1
1
r cis( * ) r cis( )
p p
p p
De Moivre’s Theorem
1
Simplify the following:
(4 4 3i ) 3
De Moivre’s Theorem
Every complex number has ‘p’ distinct ‘pth’ complex
roots (2 square roots, 3 cube roots, etc.)
To find the p distinct pth roots of a complex number,
we use the following form of De Moivre’s Theorem
1 1
360n
( x yi) r cis (
p p
)
p
…where ‘n’ is all integer values between 0 and p-1.
Why the 360? Well, if we were to graph the complex
roots on a polar graph, we would see that the p roots
would be evenly spaced about 360 degrees (360/p would
tell us how far apart the roots would be).
De Moivre’s Theorem
Find the 4 distinct 4th roots of -3 - 3i
De Moivre’s Theorem
Solve the following equation for all complex
number solutions (roots): x 3 27 0