Data Collection

DATA COLLECTION
RAJASTHAN'S CULTURAL OASIS: HARMONIZING TRADITION AND

INNOVATION IN EDUCATIONAL DESIGN
Bindhi Badusha
INTERPRETATION OF TRADITIONAL RAJASTHANI ARCHITECTURE IN
CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURES
▪ HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF RAJASTHAN
Another significant architectural influence in Rajasthan is the indigenous craftsmanship of the region.
Skilled artisans and craftsmen have contributed to the architectural heritage of Rajasthan through
their expertise in stone carving, frescoes, stucco work, and intricate detailing. The havelis (traditional
mansions) of Shekhawati region are famous for their exquisite frescoes, showcasing the talent of local
artists.
The arid climate of Rajasthan also influenced architectural design. Structures were built with thick
walls, small windows, and courtyards to provide natural cooling and insulation from the scorching
heat. Water conservation techniques, such as stepwells (baoris) and reservoirs (tanks), were integrated
into the architectural fabric to address the region's water scarcity.
Today, the architectural legacy of Rajasthan continues to inspire contemporary architects and
designers. The traditional design elements, such as jharokhas (balconies), chhatris (dome-shaped
pavilions), and intricate lattice work, are interpreted and incorporated into modern structures,
preserving the cultural heritage of the region.
Overall, the historical background of Rajasthani architecture is a testament to the rich cultural tapestry
and the enduring legacy of architectural marvels in Rajasthan. It reflects the amalgamation of
different influences, local traditions, and environmental considerations, creating a distinctive
architectural identity that continues to captivate and inspire.
RAJASTHAN'S CULTURAL OASIS: HARMONIZING

Bindhi Badusha
TRADITION AND INNOVATION IN EDUCATIONAL DESIGN
▪ ARCHITECTURAL INFLUENCE AND EVOLUTION
▪ 1.RAJPUT ARCHITECTURAL INFLUENCE -8th to 18th century
Rajput architectural style in Rajasthan is a distinct and influential form of architecture that emerged during the rule of the
Rajput clans in the region. It reflects the rich cultural heritage and artistic traditions of Rajasthan, characterized by a
harmonious blend of indigenous elements, innovative design principles, and intricate craftsmanship.
One of the defining features of Rajput architecture is the construction of grand forts and palaces. These structures were not
only meant for defense but also served as symbols of the rulers' power and wealth. Rajput forts, such as the Chittorgarh Fort,
Amber Fort, and Mehrangarh Fort, exhibit impressive fortifications, massive gateways, and intricate detailing. The use of
massive walls, strategic positioning, and fortified defenses showcase the military prowess and strategic planning of the
Rajput rulers.
Palaces in the Rajput architectural style are opulent and exude a sense of grandeur. They were the residences of the rulers
and provided a luxurious living environment. Rajput palaces, such as the City Palace in Udaipur, Umaid Bhawan Palace in
Jodhpur, and Hawa Mahal in Jaipur, feature elaborate facades, ornate balconies, spacious courtyards, and intricate
carvings. These palaces often incorporate elements of both defense and aesthetics, showcasing a fusion of architectural
elements.
Temples hold a significant place in Rajput architecture as Rajasthan has been a land of spirituality and devotion. Rajput
temples are characterized by intricate stone carvings, detailed sculptures, and ornate spires. The architecture of these
temples showcases a strong connection with nature, with elements like mandapas (pillared halls), shikharas
(towering spires), and garbhagrihas (sanctum sanctorum). Dilwara Temples in Mount Abu and Brahma Temple in Pushkar
are exceptional examples of Rajput temple architecture.

Bindhi Badusha

▪ 1.RAJPUT ARCHITECTURAL INFLUENCE -8th to 18th century
ELEMENTS
Rajput architecture places great emphasis on intricate carvings ◼ Arched gateways
and detailed craftsmanship. Stone carvings, depicting
◼ Jharokhas
mythological figures, flora, fauna, and intricate geometric
patterns, adorn the walls, pillars, and ceilings of Rajput structures. ◼ miniature paintings
The use of vibrant colors, both in frescoes and in the paintwork, is
another characteristic feature of Rajput architecture, adding a ◼ detailed mirror
sense of liveliness and vibrancy to the structures. works
Water management and architecture also go hand in hand in the ◼ painted, stone and
Rajput architectural style. Stepwells (baoris or bawdis) were stucco murals and
constructed as reservoirs to combat the arid climate of Rajasthan. a plethora of
wood carvings
These stepwells, such as Chand Baori in Abhaneri and Rani Ki Vav
in Patan, showcase intricate staircases, sculptural embellishments, ◼ mosaic works
and unique architectural designs.
◼ carved balconies
Rajput architecture is deeply rooted in the cultural and religious
traditions of Rajasthan. It reflects the valor, aesthetic sensibilities, ◼ painted, stone and
and love for art and beauty of the Rajput rulers. The architectural stucco murals
style continues to inspire contemporary designs and serves as a
significant part of Rajasthan's cultural heritage. ◼ plethora of wood
carvings

Bindhi Badusha
▪ 2.MUGHAL ARCHITECTURAL INFLUENCE -16th to 18th century
Mughal architectural influences in Rajasthan have left an indelible mark on the region's architectural landscape. During the
Mughal Empire's rule in India, there was a significant exchange of ideas, artistic styles, and architectural techniques,
resulting in a fusion of Mughal and Rajasthani architectural elements.
One of the key Mughal architectural influences in Rajasthan is the incorporation of Persian and Islamic design elements. This
can be observed in the construction of palaces, forts, tombs, and mosques. The fusion of Mughal and Rajasthani
architectural styles is particularly evident in structures like the City Palace in Jaipur and the Amber Fort in Jaipur. These
buildings showcase the grandeur, symmetry, and intricate detailing that are characteristic of Mughal architecture.
The City Palace in Jaipur, built by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II, exhibits a seamless integration of Rajput and Mughal
architectural styles. Its courtyards, palaces, and gardens reflect the Mughal influence through the use of arches, domes,
and ornate carvings. The Sheesh Mahal (Mirror Palace) within the City Palace is a fine example of the delicate mirror work
that is often associated with Mughal architecture.
Another notable Mughal-influenced structure in Rajasthan is the Hawa Mahal in Jaipur. This iconic palace, also known as
the "Palace of Winds," showcases the intricately carved jharokhas (balconies) that allow for ventilation and provide a
unique architectural feature. The design elements of the Hawa Mahal, such as its red sandstone construction, arches, and
latticework, are reminiscent of Mughal architectural style

Bindhi Badusha

ELEMENTS
Mughal architectural influences can also be seen in the construction
of tombs and mausoleums in Rajasthan. The Dargah Sharif in Ajmer, ◼ Large halls
the tomb of the Sufi saint Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti, showcases the
use of white marble, intricate carvings, and onion-shaped domes that
are reminiscent of Mughal architectural aesthetics. ◼ Very large vaulted gateways
Mosques in Rajasthan, such as the Jama Masjid in Jaipur, also bear the
influence of Mughal architecture. These mosques exhibit the ◼ Delicate ornamentation
characteristic Mughal elements of domes, minarets, and ornate
arches. ◼ Bulbous domes
Mughal gardens, known as "baghs," also found their way into
Rajasthan during this period. These gardens, characterized by ◼ Symmetry
symmetrical layouts, water channels, fountains, and lush greenery,
provided serene and picturesque settings. The Sisodia Rani Ka Bagh in ◼ mughal gardens known as baghs-
Jaipur and the Ram Niwas Garden in Jaipur are examples of Mughal- characterized by symmetrical layouts,
style gardens that can be found in Rajasthan.
water channels, fountains, and lush greenery
The Mughal architectural influences in Rajasthan have contributed to
the region's rich architectural heritage, blending with the existing ◼ Intricate detailing
Rajasthani architectural traditions. The fusion of Mughal and Rajasthani
elements has created a unique architectural identity that showcases ◼ delicate mirror works
the artistic and cultural exchange between the two cultures. These
architectural influences continue to inspire and influence
contemporary designs in Rajasthan. ◼ Arches
◼ red sand stone works

Bindhi Badusha
3.COLONIAL INFLUENCE-19th to 20th century
The colonial era in Rajasthan, spanning from the 19th to the 20th century, marked a significant period of transition and
influence on the region's architectural landscape. During this time, Rajasthan came under the British colonial rule, leading
to the introduction of new architectural styles, materials, and urban planning concepts.
One of the notable impacts of the colonial era on Rajasthan's architecture was the introduction of European architectural
styles. British colonial architecture, characterized by neoclassical, Gothic, and Victorian influences, started to emerge in
urban centers and administrative buildings. Cities like Jaipur, Jodhpur, and Ajmer witnessed the construction of colonial-
style buildings, including government offices, educational institutions, railway stations, and churches. These structures
featured elements such as arched windows, colonnades, ornate facades, and spacious interiors, reflecting the
architectural trends of the British Empire.
The colonial era also brought advancements in infrastructure development, including the construction of roads, railways,
and bridges in Rajasthan. The introduction of modern transportation systems influenced the urban planning and
architectural layout of cities and towns. The development of planned settlements and the integration of new
infrastructure elements significantly transformed the urban fabric of Rajasthan
The use of new building materials and construction techniques was another impact of the colonial era. The British
introduced materials like brick, cement, and iron, which gradually replaced traditional materials like stone and lime in some
construction projects. The adoption of new materials and construction methods influenced the design and structural
elements of buildings during this period.

Bindhi Badusha

The colonial influence on Rajasthan's architecture was not limited ELEMENTS
to British styles alone. The region also saw the impact of other
European powers, such as the French and Portuguese, who left ◼ arched windows
their architectural imprints in certain areas. For example, the
French influence can be seen in structures like the Albert Hall
Museum in Jaipur, which showcases a fusion of Indo-Saracenic ◼ Colonnades
and French architectural styles.
While the colonial era brought changes to Rajasthan's

architectural landscape, it is important to note that the region's ◼ ornate facades
traditional architectural styles and indigenous elements continued
to coexist alongside the colonial influences. Traditional Rajasthani
architecture, characterized by forts, palaces, havelis, and
temples, remained integral to the cultural and architectural ◼ spacious interiors
identity of the region.
The colonial era in Rajasthan marked a period of architectural

transition and adaptation, blending indigenous architectural styles
with European influences. This fusion resulted in a
diverse architectural landscape that showcases the historical and
cultural interactions of the time. Exploring the colonial-era
architecture in Rajasthan provides valuable insights into the
region's architectural evolution and the impact of external
influences on its built environment.

Bindhi Badusha
Fusion of Indigenous and External Influences
The fusion of indigenous and external architectural influences in Rajasthan has played a significant role in shaping the
region's unique architectural heritage. Rajasthan, known for its rich cultural diversity and historical significance, has been a
melting pot of various architectural styles and influences over the centuries.
One of the notable aspects of Rajasthan's architectural heritage is the blending of indigenous Rajasthani elements with
external influences from neighboring regions and foreign cultures. This fusion can be observed in the construction of forts,
palaces, temples, havelis (traditional mansions), and other architectural structures.
The architectural fusion in Rajasthan is evident in the design and ornamentation of forts and palaces. While the forts exhibit
strong defensive features and architectural elements indigenous to Rajasthan, they also incorporate influences from
Mughal, Persian, and even European architectural styles. The integration of decorative elements like intricately
carved jharokhas (balconies), delicate filigree work, and vibrant frescoes showcases the fusion of indigenous Rajasthani
craftsmanship with external influences.
Palaces in Rajasthan exemplify the fusion of architectural styles. The City Palace in Udaipur, for example, combines Rajput
and Mughal architectural elements, showcasing the seamless integration of both styles. The palace features domes,
arches, and ornate carvings, creating a unique blend of indigenous and external influences.

Bindhi Badusha
▪ DESIGN ELEMENTS IN RAJASTHANI
ARCHITECTURE
Forts and Palaces:
Forts and palaces are iconic structures in Rajasthani
architecture, known for their grandeur and majestic presence.
This subsection will explore the key design elements found in
these structures, such as imposing gateways, intricate facades,
ornate balconies, and spacious courtyards. The focus will be on
understanding the architectural features that symbolize power,
royalty, and defens
Havelis (Traditional Mansions):

Havelis are traditional mansions that showcase the opulence
and craftsmanship of Rajasthani architecture. This subsection will
delve into the design elements of havelis, including intricately
carved facades, ornamental windows (jharokhas), courtyards,
and private spaces. The aim is to analyze the spatial
organization and decorative details that make havelis unique
and representative of the region's architectural heritage
Temples and Stepwells:

Temples and stepwells hold significant religious and cultural
importance in Rajasthan. This subsection will explore the
architectural design elements present in these structures, such as
elaborate entrance gates, towering spires, intricately carved
pillars, and sacred motifs. The focus will be on understanding the
spatial arrangement and ornamentation that create a spiritual
and serene ambiance.

Bindhi Badusha
Architectural Carvings and Ornamentation:

Architectural carvings and ornamentation are integral to
Rajasthani architecture. This subsection will examine the intricate
carvings, filigree work, and decorative elements found in various
structures. It will analyze the motifs, patterns, and symbolism
behind the carvings and their role in enhancing the visual
appeal and cultural significance of the architecture.
Jharokhas (Balconies) and Chhatris (Dome-like Pavilions):
Jharokhas and chhatris are unique architectural elements that
add charm to Rajasthani buildings. This subsection will explore
the design and construction of jharokhas, which are ornate
balconies projecting from the facades, and chhatris, which are
dome-like pavilions. The aim is to understand their architectural
significance, structural elements, and their role in creating a
distinct architectural style
Frescoes and Murals:
Frescoes and murals are vibrant forms of wall paintings found in
Rajasthani architecture. This subsection will focus on the
techniques, themes, and symbolism depicted in these artworks.
It will examine the use of natural pigments, storytelling through
images, and the preservation of this traditional art form in
contemporary structures
Use of Local Materials and Construction Techniques:
Rajasthani architecture makes extensive use of locally available
materials and construction techniques that withstand the harsh
desert climate. This subsection will explore the use of materials
such as sandstone, marble, and lime plaster, as well
as construction techniques like the use of arched structures and
passive cooling systems.

Bindhi Badusha
COMFORT ENHANCEMENT IN
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
Comfort enhancement in architectural design plays a significant role
in creating spaces that are well-suited to the climatic conditions and
lifestyle of Rajasthan. With its hot and arid climate, comfort-oriented
design strategies are crucial in ensuring the well-being and livability
of buildings in the region.
In Rajasthan, several design elements and techniques are employed

to enhance comfort in architectural design:
▪ Passive Cooling Strategies: Given the high temperatures

experienced in Rajasthan, passive cooling strategies are essential.
Traditional architectural features such as thick walls, high ceilings,
and shaded courtyards help to reduce heat gain and promote
natural ventilation. The use of architectural elements
like jaalis (lattice screens), jharokhas (balconies), and
ventilation shafts allow for the circulation of cool air and the
expulsion of hot air, creating a comfortable indoor environment.
▪ Courtyards and Water Bodies: Courtyards and water bodies are
integral features of traditional Rajasthani architecture. Courtyards
act as open spaces that promote cross-ventilation and provide a
cool retreat during the scorching summers. Water bodies, such as
step wells (baolis) and fountains, not only add visual appeal but
also help to cool the surrounding areas through evaporative
cooling.

Bindhi Badusha
COMFORT ENHANCEMENT IN
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
▪ Natural Lighting: Rajasthan receives ample sunlight throughout the year.
Incorporating ample openings, skylights, and strategically placed
windows allows for the maximum utilization of natural light. This reduces
the dependency on artificial lighting, improves energy efficiency,
and creates a visually pleasing and comfortable ambiance.
▪ Thermal Insulation: Adequate insulation is crucial to prevent heat gain

and maintain comfortable indoor temperatures. The use of traditional
building materials like thick walls, lime plaster, and clay tiles provides
thermal insulation, reducing the transfer of heat from the outside to the
inside. Additionally, the design may incorporate features such as roof
overhangs and shading devices to minimize direct sun exposure.
▪ Landscaping and Outdoor Spaces: Landscaping elements such as

trees, shrubs, and green spaces play a vital role in providing shade,
reducing heat radiation, and creating microclimates around buildings.
Outdoor spaces like gardens, terraces, and verandas offer residents
opportunities for outdoor relaxation and socialization, enhancing the
overall comfort of the architectural design.
▪ Integration of Modern Technologies: While traditional design strategies

are effective in comfort enhancement, the integration of modern
technologies can further improve comfort levels. This includes the use of
energy-efficient HVAC systems, smart home technologies for
temperature control, and the integration of renewable energy sources
for sustainable energy solutions.

Bindhi Badusha
Intricately carved jharokhas: Balconies Indo-Saracenic styles :Architectural style
featuring intricate stone carvings. blending Indian and Islamic feat ures wit h
European influences.
Chathris -domed pavilions:
Elevated dome-shaped pavilions
Colonnades :Rows of columns supporting
with elaborate carvings.
a roof or a series of arches.
Stepped wells: Water storage structures
with steps leading to the water source. Blend of European and
Indian architectural features
Ornate facades: Elaborately decorated
exteriors of buildings Arches: Architectural elements featuring
curved openings.
Painted frescos:Vibrant murals painted on
walls and ceilings.
Grand facades
8th – 18th 16th – 19th 19th – 20th 21st

century century century century
Archways Sustainable design
practices :Architectural designs
Domes :Large bulbous structures often incorporating eco-friendly principles.
made of marble.
Modern materials :Use of contemporary
Marble inlays,stone carvings: Decorative
building materials like glass, steel, and
patterns created by inlaying semi-
concrete.
precious
stones onto marble surfaces,Intricate ca
Open floor plans
rvings on pillars, arches, and walls
Courtyards : Spacious open areas within Glass facades :Transparent or semi-

buildings. transparent surfaces made of glass.
Water features Fusion of traditional and contemporary

like fountains:Decorative water elements aesthetics : Integration of elements from
integrated into the architecture. both traditional and modern arch. styles

Bindhi Badusha
ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS - RAJPUT CLIMATIC CONTRIBUTION CULTURAL CONTRIBUTION
JHAROKHAS The jharokhas serve a climatic purpose by prov iding shade The intricate stone carvings on the jharokhas represent the
and v entilation. The carv ed stone allows for the passage of exquisite craftsmanship and artistic traditions of the Rajput
air while offering protection from the harsh sun and hot community. The carv ings often depict floral motifs, geometric
w inds. This design feature helps to create a patterns, mythological figures, and scenes from Rajput history
more comfortable indoor env ironment in the arid regions and folklore. They serve as cultural symbols, showcasing the rich
w here Rajput architecture flourished heritage and storytelling traditions of the Rajput clans.
CHATHRIS Chhatris, with their elevated and dome-shaped structures, Chhatris are an iconic architectural feature of Rajput palaces,
prov ide shade and shelter from the sun. The domes help to memorials, and temples. The elaborate carvings and intricate
create a cool microclimate by reducing heat gain and designs on the chhatris represent the artistic expressions and
promoting air circulation. The elev ated design allows for cultural heritage of the Rajput community. They often depict
better v entilation and the flow of breezes, offering relief from scenes from Rajput history, showcase the valor and achievements
the hot climate of Rajput rulers, and symbolize the regal and grandiose nature of
Rajput architecture.
STEPPED WELLS Climatic Response: Stepped w ells, or baoris, w ere designed Baoris hold cultural and religious significance in the Rajput
to address the water scarcity in arid regions. The steps community. They not only serv e as water storage structures but
leading to the w ater source allow for easy access and also act as social and communal spaces. The intricate design and
prov ide a cool and shaded env ironment. The depth of architectural grandeur of the baoris represent the
the w ells helps to maintain low er temperatures, making them engineering skills and aesthetic sensibilities of the Rajput
a gathering place and prov iding relief from the heat community. They are considered architectural marvels and
symbolize the importance of w ater in Rajput society
ORNATE FACADES The ornate facades of Rajput architecture are primarily The ornate facades w ith elaborate decorations and intricate
decorative in nature and don't hav e a direct climatic carv ings reflect the artistic excellence and cultural identity of the
15
response. However, the use of materials and design Rajput community. The facades often feature motifs from nature,
elements, such as deep-set w indows, overhanging eaves, religious symbols, and historical ev ents. They symbolize the
and shaded niches, can help in reducing heat gain and grandeur, wealth, and power of the Rajput rulers and serve as a
maintaining comfortable indoor temperatures testament to their architectural patronage.
PAINTED FRESCOS Painted frescoes don't have a direct climatic response but Painted frescoes play a significant role in portraying the cultural,
contribute to the ov erall aesthetics and cultural religious, and historical narratives of the Rajput community.
15 They
representation of Rajput architecture. depict scenes from mythology, epic tales, royal processions,
courtly life, and celestial beings. The v ibrant colors and intricate
detailing show case the artistic skills and cultural sensibilities of the
Rajput painters. The frescoes provide cultural context, storytelling,
and v isual delight within the interiors of Rajput structures.

Bindhi Badusha
ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS - MUGHAL CLIMATIC CONTRIBUTION CULTURAL CONTRIBUTION
ARCHWAYS Arch w ays in Mughal architecture provide shade and allow Archways are prominent features of Mughal architecture in
for better airflow, facilitating natural ventilation. They help in Rajasthan. They symbolize the grandeur and elegance of the
channeling breezes and creating air mov ement, which can Mughal Empire. The archways often showcase intricate designs
be beneficial in countering the heat in Rajasthan. and decorative patterns, including floral motifs, geometric shapes,
and calligraphy. These ornate archways reflect the artistic traditions
and craftsmanship of the Mughals, leav ing a lasting cultural imprint
on the architecture of Rajasthan
DOMES Domes in Mughal architecture, often made of materials like They symbolize the grand and majestic nature of Mughal structures
marble, play a role in temperature regulation. The design of and show case the influence of Islamic architectural traditions. The
the domes allow s for air circulation and creates an upw ard domes are often adorned with intricate designs and geometric
flow that helps in cooling the interior spaces. patterns, reflecting the artistic sensibilities of the Mughals. I n
Rajasthan, domes are commonly found in palaces, mausoleums,
and mosques, and they represent the architectural excellence and
cultural identity of the Mughal Empire.
MARBLE INLAYS While marble inlays may not hav e specific climatic responses, They represent elegance, luxury, and refined craftsmanship. The
the use of marble in architecture helps to keep the interiors intricate patterns and designs created through inlay w ork
cooler due to its insulating properties. In Rajasthan, w here show case the artistic skills and cultural heritage of the Mughal
temperatures can soar, the use of marble can help maintain period. Marble inlays often feature floral motifs, calligraphy, and
a more comfortable indoor env ironment geometric patterns, reflecting the cultural fusion of Islamic and
I ndian artistic traditions. The use of marble inlays adds a sense
of opulence and beauty to the structures
16
COURTYARDS Courtyards are spacious open areas w ithin Mughal buildings Courtyards are essential components of Mughal architecture in
that offer relief from the intense heat of Rajasthan. They Rajasthan, and they reflect the cultural and social aspects of the
prov ide natural ventilation and serve as gathering spaces for Mughal Empire. They serv e as open spaces for gatherings,
social activ ities. The design of the courtyards allows for air ceremonies, and leisure activities.They came from
circulation and can create a cooler microclimate w ithin the mughal charbagh concept.
the building complex. 16
WATER FEATURES LIKE Water features, such as fountains, are commonly integrated Water features, such as fountains, are common in Mughal
into Mughal architecture. They serve aesthetic purposes and architecture in Rajasthan. They symbolize the Mughal fascination
FOUNTAIN prov ide a v isual and auditory respite from the heat. The w ith gardens and w ater as symbols of paradise and luxury.
flow ing water helps to cool the surrounding area and creates Fountains often feature intricate designs and provide a v isual and
a soothing atmosphere. auditory respite from the arid climate of Rajasthan. They add a
sense of serenity, beauty, and refinement to the
architectural landscape, showcasing the grandeur of the Mughal
Empire.

Bindhi Badusha
ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS - COLONIAL CLIMATIC CONTRIBUTION CULTURAL CONTRIBUTION
INDO SARACENIC I ndo-Saracenic architecture, which blends I ndian, Islamic, I ndo-Saracenic architecture represents the cultural fusion
and European architectural features, does not hav e that occurred during the colonial era. It reflects the
STYLES specific climatic responses unique to Rajasthan. However, influence of British, I ndian, and I slamic architectural styles,
the incorporation of design elements such as deep- show casing the colonial history and cultural exchange
set w indows, shaded verandas, and high ceilings can help that took place in Rajasthan. The I ndo-Saracenic style can
in mitigating the intense heat of Rajasthan's climate. be seen in v arious structures such as palaces, government
buildings, and educational institutions, symbolizing the
cultural div ersity and architectural legacy of the
colonial period.
COLONNADES Colonnades prov ide shade and help in regulating the Colonnades in colonial-era architecture reflect the
temperature of the surrounding area. They create covered influence of European architectural styles, particularly
w alkways and v erandas that offer protection from the classical Greek and Roman designs. They symbolize the
direct sun, allowing for a more comfortable grandeur and elegance of the buildings and add a touch
outdoor experience in Rajasthan's hot climate. of sophistication to the architectural landscape of
Rajasthan.
ARCHES Arches in colonial-era architecture have practical climatic : Arches are significant features in colonial-era architecture
responses. They allow for better air circulation and natural in Rajasthan. They represent the influence of European
v entilation, promoting a cooling effect inside the buildings. architectural styles, particularly Gothic and Renaissance
The arches create a flow of air, improv ing the indoor styles. Arches are often seen in palaces,
comfort in Rajasthan's hot climate. gov ernment buildings, and educational institutions, adding
to the grandeur and cultural identity of the structures.
17
GRAND FACADES Grand facades in colonial-era architecture do not hav e The grand facades show case the pow er and authority of
specific climatic responses. However, the use of design the colonial rulers, leav ing a lasting cultural imprint on the
elements such as deep-set w indows, shaded balconies, architectural identity of Rajasthan.
and ov erhanging eaves can help in reducing heat gain
and maintaining a comfortable indoor environment
BLEND OF EUROPEAN The blend of European and I ndian architectural features

represents the cultural exchange and influences that
AND INDIAN FEATURES occurred during the colonial period. I t reflects the fusion of
architectural styles, symbolizing the colonial history and the
merging of cultural identities. The combination of elements
from both cultures showcases the diversity and hybridity of
architectural aesthetics in Rajasthan.

Bindhi Badusha
INFERENCE-Guidelines incorporating cultural representation and

enhancing comfort in contemporary architectural projects in Rajasthan.
1. Encourage the integration of traditional Rajasthani architectural elements such as arches, domes, jharokhas, and
vibrant color schemes in contemporary designs. These elements should be adapted and modified to meet modern
comfort and functional requirements while maintaining their cultural significance.
2. Incorporate cultural symbolism in architectural elements, materials, and motifs. Use local crafts, artwork, and traditional
patterns to enhance cultural representation and create a sense of place.
3. Involve the local community in the design process to ensure their cultural needs, preferences, and values are
considered.
4. Promote sustainable design practices that take into account the climatic conditions of Rajasthan. Consider passive
cooling techniques, energy-efficient systems, and use of local and eco-friendly materials to create comfortable and
environmentally conscious spaces.
CONCLUSION
This study explores the interpretation of traditional Rajasthani architectural elements in contemporary structures, focusing
on their role in cultural representation and comfort enhancement. The findings highlighted the significance of
architectural design in reflecting and preserving the rich cultural heritage of Rajasthan. Through the integration of
traditional elements, such as arches, jharokhas, vibrant color schemes, etc in contemporary structures in Rajasthan have
been able to establish a sense of cultural continuity and identity. Moreover, these elements have not only served as
cultural symbols but also contributed to the creation of a comfortable environment, addressing the challenges posed by
the harsh desert climate. The research revealed the delicate balance required in maintaining cultural heritage while
meeting modern demands for functionality, comfort, and sustainability. The guidelines derived from the study offer
practical recommendations for architects, designers, and urban planners to incorporate cultural representation and
enhance comfort in contemporary architectural projects. Overall, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of
the interplay between architectural design, cultural identity, and comfort enhancement, providing valuable insights for
future architectural endeavors in Rajasthan.

TRADITION AND INNOVATION IN EDUCATIONAL DESIGN Bindhi Badusha
What is a School?
In Oxford– ‘an institution for educating children’, ‘any institution at which instruction is given in a particular discipline.’
Wikipedia – ‘A school is an institution designed for the teaching of students (or "pupils") under the direction of teachers.’
What is education?
Education is about inspiring one’s mind, not just filling their head.’ Education as a social function becomes an important
idea of education and society. “Education is thus a fostering, a nurturing, and a cultivating process.” A community or
social group sustains itself through renewal, taking place by means of educational growth of the younger members.
However the “disposition necessary to the progression of life within a society cannot take place by direct conveyance
of beliefs, emotions and knowledge. It takes place through the intermediary environment.” The environment within
which a child is nurtured in, will ultimately affect the child’s character, development and personal growth.(John Dewey,
Democracy and Education, Chapter 2) A school is the birthplace of an ideal citizen. It should be place where students
are educated and taught about life, society and the world. It’s where a child finds the path to virtue, subordinating
innate self-interest as individuals to the interests of the community. It is a place where a child learns to work with others
and participate in a community. A school should be a place to learn things which actually help when a child grows up.
The concept of Ashram Schools has been derived from the traditional Indian Gurukulas and the
Gandhian philosophy of basic education, in which the teacher and the taught live together and have
close interaction. This type of closeness helps the students not only in sharpening the capacities but also in
full personality development.

Residential School
A Residential School is one where students stay in the hostels and pursue their studies. They live in with fellow students.
Some schools offer residence as an option for outstation students while in some others, availing the residence facilities of
the school is compulsory. Varied number of students share rooms or dormitories and remain under the guidance of
house master or house mistress or matron. It is essential that the built environment of the school should be conducive for
learning. Design should enhance the environment which supports the learning and creative skills of a child. Residential
school is an old pattern in Indian education since the Vedic age,which we called gurukul.The system of Gurukul was
very different from other system of teaching or learning of any kind of education or technique. A gurukula was a type of
education system in ancient India with shishya ('students' or 'disciples') living near or with the guru, in the same house.
The gurukul education entirely consists of Vedas,epics, literature and archery and the modern education includes
variety of subjects like science, maths, English etc.
The residential school's aim is to provide students the opportunity to achieve academic excellence and develop their
creative, social, emotional, intellectual and physical growth. The philosophy of school is based on sound and proven
principles and method of education. Thus by offering it's student body a curriculum and physical environment
comparable to that of their homes along with education of high academic standing. The industrialization has increased
the size of towns and cities beyond limit. The number of schools are unable to serve the increased number of students
population. The local schools are unable to accommodate the growing number of students each year. Thus residential
school has emerged as one of the important building type in our educational system.

Building Bye-Laws Rajasthan
▪ No basement or cellar room shall be designed, constructed, altered, converted or used for the purpose of study or
instruction.
▪ Every such building, exceeding two storeys in height shall be constructed of fire resisting material throughout.
▪ The proposed development in terms of land use has to be compatible with the ground;
▪ Compatible land uses have to be planned with regards to prevailing wind direction
▪ The minimum size of a cellar room, study room or room used for purposes of instruction shall be 5.5 m. x 4.5 m. and no
part of such room shall be distant more than 7.5 m. from an external wall abutting on the requisite open space.
▪ A minimum of 1.0 sq. m. of net floor space per student shall be provided. A central hall will not be counted in the
accommodation, nor will a class room for cookery, laundry, manual instruction, drawing or science. The number of
students in such building shall be calculated on this basis for the purpose of this clause.
▪ Every assembly room, gymnasium shall have a clear height of 3.6 m. except under a girder which may project 0.6 m .
below the required ceiling height.
▪ A clear internal height under balcony or a girder shall not be less than 3.0 m.
▪ A minimum room height for classroom in all schools and other institutions shall not be less than 3.0 m. The minimum
head room under beams shall be 2.75 m.
▪ No door shall be less than 1.2 m. in width and 2.20 m. in height.
▪ A playground shall be provided as per norms

Infrastructural Norms As Per CBSE
The infrastructural facilities should be as follows:- .
▪ Class rooms - minimum size should be 8 m x 6 m (approx. 500. sq. ft.).
▪ Science Labs. (Composite for Secondary or/and separate Physics, Chemistry and Biology for Senior Secondary)-
Minimum size should be 9 m.x 6 m. each (approx. 600 sq. ft.) and fully equipped.
▪ Library - minimum size should be 14 m.x 8 m. fully equipped and with reading room facility.
▪ Computer Lab. and Math Lab. - No minimum size is prescribed, however, the school should have separate provision for
each
▪ Rooms for extra curricular activities - either separate rooms for music, dance, arts & sports or one multi purpose hall for
all these activities should be available.

A residential or boarding school is different from other schools as an educational institution in that the students here not only study but also
live together. The act of living together beyond classroom hours has signifi cant implications for management, relationships and learning. A
number of countries have used the system of residential schooling strategy with defi nite purposes and for specifi c reasons. This is true for
India as well. Although initially used as a tool that was exclusionary in character, as ev idenced by presence of religious schools meant for
only boys from exclusiv e caste groups in ancient times or elite boarding schools in modern times, the State has tried to use this as a means of
inclusion for those who face depriv ation and exclusion in education for a v ariety of reasons. In the immediate post -independence phase, as
rev ealed from the perusal of the first four fiv e-year-plans, the establishment of hostels emerged as a strategy to improv e the educational
indicators among the socially and economically marginalised groups such as Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs)largely
through schemes under the Department of Social Welfare, Department of Tribal Welfare and Department of Women and Child
Dev elopment (Dubey & Chander, 1973). The rationale came not only from the need for cov ering the liv ing costs and making it possible to
have access to physical, residential space and food in order to be able access the schooling facilities but also from the need for prov iding a
conduciv e environment for education where these children are not expected to participate in work and other chores. Howev er, it was the
Mahila Shikshan Kendra (MSK) programme of Mahila Samakhya, a State sponsored women empowerment programme, and the initiativ es
from among the NGOs, particularly from the 1980s onwards, that brought residential schooling as an appropriate strategy for education and
empowerment of girls and women from disadv antaged communities. Although there is no defi nite policy on residential schooling in general
or for girls in particular, sev eral residential schooling strategies exist for girls in the public school system in India. Th ere also exist certain
smallscale residential schooling strategies outside the State sector, funded either through public funds or other av enues. While a few of these
have some inter-linkages, many hav e evolved independently of each other drawing their rationales from a v ariety of experiences within and
outside the country. However, information on the performance of these schemes, programmes or initiativ es is unev en, isolated and
sporadic.
Historically, there were two types of residential schools in India. One was the ‘ashram’ or ‘gurukuls’ that
were part of ancient India’s narrative. Children of kings and other gentry went to stay with a ‘guru’ in an
ashram to learn v arious skills and philosophical perspectives. But these were only-boys ashrams. The second
type comprised elite ‘residential schools’ of colonial times, also called the boarding schools. Structured on
the lines of British boarding schools, these schools essentially catered to elite Indians, both boys and girls.
Neither was aimed at girls from disadv antaged sections from economically or socially backward classes.
Thereafter, emerged Ashram schools; there were two strands within Ashram schools. One was motiv ated
by the thoughts of political thinkers and social reformers like Gandhi, Tagore and Vinoba Bhave. These were
civ il society organisations initiated residential schools largely for dalit and tribal children. These, however,
were few and dispersed in different regions and states of India. Other such schools were started by religious
organisations backed by NGOs with a purpose of ‘refi ning’ and integrating the tribals in the Hindu fold or in
some cases, under Christian fold. A number of these are continuing ev en now.

Formal Schools
(a) Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalays (JNVs)
JNVs are meant for rural students; as such at least 75 per cent of students enrolled have to be from rural areas. At least on e JNV has
been established in each district, leading to sanctioning of 576 JNVs across the country. Additionally, a few extra JNVs hav e also been
sanctioned in districts with large SC and ST population. Total number of JNVs sanctioned is 596 (S. S. Sharma, Manju, 2012). The admission
is through screening of those who fulfi ll the eligibility criteria based on selection test.
(b) Ashram Shalas:

These are supported by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MTA) to prov ide residential schools for tribal children (girls and boy s) in an
env ironment that is conduciv e for learning. The main idea behind the scheme was to increase the literacy rate among tribal st udents
and bring them at par with non-ST population. This scheme is being implemented in 22 states and two union territories that have been
identified under the Tribal Sub Plan by the MTA. Currently, there are 862 sanctioned and 616 completed Ashram Shalas across t he
country (GoI, 2013- 2014) that are receiv ing support from the central gov ernment under the specific scheme. Howev er, in addition, the
state gov ernments have separate schemes of hav ing Ashram schools both for tribal and for Dalit children, and the total number is much
larger than this (Refer to Annexure III for the table).
(c) Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS):

MTA also initiated Eklav ya Model Residential Schools (EMRS) along the same lines as JNV. These co-educational schools were set up to
enable ST students to av ail reserv ation in high and professional education courses as well as jobs in gov ernment sector. Admission to
these schools is through competition with preference giv en to children belonging to Primitiv e Tribal Groups and fi rst generation learners.
An upper limit for capital (nonrecurring) and recurring costs have been set by the Centre, beyond which the respectiv e state/UT
gov ernments are required to contribute. In 2013, 153 EMRS were operational across 22 states
(d) Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya:

KGBVs were established under the Sarv a Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) by MHRD in 2004 to enhance the enrolment and completion of upper
primary education amongst girls from disadv antaged sections. These were set up in Educationally Backward Blocks (EBBs) with r ural
female literacy below national av erage as per Census 2001. Enrolment was targeted towards girls from SC, ST, OBC and other minority
communities. There are more than 3,000 operational KGBVs in the country with an enrolment of 3.49 lakh girls (GoI, 2013b). Based on the
type of hostel, school facilities and the number of girls it can accommodate
Types of residential schools
Nearly three per cent of girls’29 total enrolment at elementary lev el is in residential schools. Though these schools hav e been established
all ov er India, their concentration is higher in states with high ST, SC and Muslim population. A mapping of existing residen tial schools
rev eals that they hav e largely ev olved out of the four main trajectories, and therefore can be grouped under four categories:
(i) Boarding schools focusing on academic excellence: The number of unaided priv ate residential schools with affiliation to sev eral
boards including international ones, and charging high fee is reported to have gone up in recent years, though there is no defi nite data
av ailable. DISE data indicates towards this sector being much larger than what is believ ed to be, but it needs further inv est igation and
v alidation. JNV and EMRS are publicly funded schemes based on this philosophy but aimed at reaching children who otherwise do not
have access to such schools; rural children from all social and economic groups in case of JNV, and tribal girls and boys in case EMRS.
These are well-funded schools with major allocations from respectiv e ministries in the Union Gov ernment and cov er a small proportion of
children, and ev en smaller proportion of girls, enrolled in residential schools.
(ii) Residential schools in the ‘Ashram’ tradition: These schools are meant largely for ST and SC children, and are run by both State and
priv ate sectors, including NGOs. Schools run by NGOs are funded either by v arious Grants-in-aid schemes of union and state
gov ernments, or other sources including national and international foundations / agencies, or both. Ashram schools in NGO/private
sector are v aried in their orientation and at one end include those experimenting with the learning and ev aluation approaches while at
the other end, include those that are mainly guided by the objectiv e of bringing the tribals under the Hindu fold. There are also a large
number of Ashram schools which are funded by both union and state gov ernments. The number of schools and enrolment in this
category is highest among all residential schools. Ashram schools hav e also emerged as an important and fast growing strategy for ‘safe
and secure places’ for children, especially girls in confl ict areas, i.e., naxalite areas.
(iii) Residential schools / Accelerated Learning programmes for girls from deprived sections and contexts: A number of such programmes
exist in both non-state and state sectors. The number of institutions is v ery small in the non-State sector, though they have been
instrumental in infl uencing the models and policy in the public sector. Their funding is from v arious sources: the gov ernments,
International NGOs, and priv ate national and international foundations. KGBV is the public sector scheme in this category. By design, it is
aimed at reaching the ‘most marginalised’, largely drop out girls from SC, ST, OBC and Muslim communities. The number of such schools /
facilities and the enrolment of girls there is higher than that in JNV, but lower than that of Ashrams.

Building Regulations
F.A.R. - 2
GROUND COVERAGE - 40%
HIEGHT- 3.6 M
ECS - 1 car/115sqm.
According to CBSE, the minimum land requirement for a

residential school is 10,000 square meters

IS 8827-1978






NEUFERTS





The main objectives of the Ashram schools as envisaged by the various Committees and Commissions are:
i) to wean the children away from an atmosphere which is generally not conducive for the development of their
personality and oudook;
ii) to impart general formal education;
iii) to impart socially useful vocational/crafts along with the general education;
iv) to encourage tribal traditions like folk songs and dances so that the schools are not only mere learning places
but also centres of cultural activities;
v) to provide close interaction between the teacher and taught through increased individual attention; and
vi) to reduce the dropout rate and to improve the retention capcity of the school
These are inter village schools and children from 5 K.M. and above are admitted into these schools. However, local
children are admitted into school section as day scholars.
In Rajasthan all the Ashram schools are either primary or middle stage. In Andhra Pradesh, Ashram schools have primary,
upper primary and secondary stages of education. In Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Andhra Pradesh, Ashram schools are
coeducational whereas in Orissa, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, Ashram schools are separate for girls and boys.
The sanctioned strength ranges between 400-600 students and belonging to distance beyond 3 KM. Others like within the
radius of 3 km are admitted as day scholars.
The number of teachers allocated by the central government would depend on the student-teacher ratio prescribed by
educational standards. As a rough estimate, for every 25-30 students, there should be at least one teacher. However, this
allocation can vary based on specific educational requirements and guidelines.


Data Collection

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Data Collection

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

DATA COLLECTION

RAJASTHAN'S CULTURAL OASIS: HARMONIZING TRADITION AND

▪ HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF RAJASTHAN

RAJASTHAN'S CULTURAL OASIS: HARMONIZING

▪ 1.RAJPUT ARCHITECTURAL INFLUENCE -8th to 18th century

RAJASTHAN'S CULTURAL OASIS: HARMONIZING

▪ ARCHITECTURAL INFLUENCE AND EVOLUTION

RAJASTHAN'S CULTURAL OASIS: HARMONIZING

▪ 2.MUGHAL ARCHITECTURAL INFLUENCE -16th to 18th century

RAJASTHAN'S CULTURAL OASIS: HARMONIZING

▪ ARCHITECTURAL INFLUENCE AND EVOLUTION

◼ red sand stone works

RAJASTHAN'S CULTURAL OASIS: HARMONIZING

3.COLONIAL INFLUENCE-19th to 20th century

RAJASTHAN'S CULTURAL OASIS: HARMONIZING

▪ ARCHITECTURAL INFLUENCE AND EVOLUTION

While the colonial era brought changes to Rajasthan's

The colonial era in Rajasthan marked a period of architectural

RAJASTHAN'S CULTURAL OASIS: HARMONIZING

Fusion of Indigenous and External Influences

RAJASTHAN'S CULTURAL OASIS: HARMONIZING

Havelis (Traditional Mansions):

Temples and Stepwells:

RAJASTHAN'S CULTURAL OASIS: HARMONIZING

Architectural Carvings and Ornamentation:

RAJASTHAN'S CULTURAL OASIS: HARMONIZING

In Rajasthan, several design elements and techniques are employed

▪ Passive Cooling Strategies: Given the high temperatures

RAJASTHAN'S CULTURAL OASIS: HARMONIZING

▪ Thermal Insulation: Adequate insulation is crucial to prevent heat gain

▪ Landscaping and Outdoor Spaces: Landscaping elements such as

▪ Integration of Modern Technologies: While traditional design strategies

RAJASTHAN'S CULTURAL OASIS: HARMONIZING

8th – 18th 16th – 19th 19th – 20th 21st

Courtyards : Spacious open areas within Glass facades :Transparent or semi-

Water features Fusion of traditional and contemporary

RAJASTHAN'S CULTURAL OASIS: HARMONIZING

RAJASTHAN'S CULTURAL OASIS: HARMONIZING

RAJASTHAN'S CULTURAL OASIS: HARMONIZING

BLEND OF EUROPEAN The blend of European and I ndian architectural features

RAJASTHAN'S CULTURAL OASIS: HARMONIZING

INFERENCE-Guidelines incorporating cultural representation and

RAJASTHAN'S CULTURAL OASIS: HARMONIZING

RAJASTHAN'S CULTURAL OASIS: HARMONIZING

RAJASTHAN'S CULTURAL OASIS: HARMONIZING

▪ No door shall be less than 1.2 m. in width and 2.20 m. in height.

▪ A playground shall be provided as per norms

RAJASTHAN'S CULTURAL OASIS: HARMONIZING

▪ Class rooms - minimum size should be 8 m x 6 m (approx. 500. sq. ft.).

RAJASTHAN'S CULTURAL OASIS: HARMONIZING

RAJASTHAN'S CULTURAL OASIS: HARMONIZING

(b) Ashram Shalas:

(c) Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS):

(d) Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya:

RAJASTHAN'S CULTURAL OASIS: HARMONIZING

GROUND COVERAGE - 40%

According to CBSE, the minimum land requirement for a

RAJASTHAN'S CULTURAL OASIS: HARMONIZING

RAJASTHAN'S CULTURAL OASIS: HARMONIZING

RAJASTHAN'S CULTURAL OASIS: HARMONIZING

RAJASTHAN'S CULTURAL OASIS: HARMONIZING

RAJASTHAN'S CULTURAL OASIS: HARMONIZING

RAJASTHAN'S CULTURAL OASIS: HARMONIZING