States of matter

& changing state

1 A student investigated what happened when a sample of wax was heated using a
Bunsen burner.
He set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram.

solid wax

HEAT

The student heated the solid wax strongly with a Bunsen burner until it turned into a
liquid.

(a) Give the name of the process that occurs when a solid turns into a liquid.
(1)

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(b) Explain one change needed to make the experiment safer.

(2)

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(c) Describe the changes in arrangement, movement and energy of the particles
when the liquid wax cools to become a solid.
(3)

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(Total 6 marks)
2 The photograph shows an aeroplane that has a rocket motor.

(a) One of the tanks on the aeroplane contains liquid oxygen.

(i) Complete the diagram to show the arrangement of the particles in a liquid.
One particle has been drawn for you.
(2)

(ii) Much more oxygen can be stored in the tank when the oxygen is a liquid
rather than a gas.
Give a reason for this in terms of the arrangement of the particles.
(1)

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(Total = 3 marks)
3 The three states of matter are solid, liquid and gas.

The diagram shows how the particles are arranged in each of these states.

melting X

Z Y

solid liquid gas

(a) Use words from the box to show the changes of state labelled X, Y and Z.
You may use each word once, more than once or not at all.
(3)

boiling condensing crystallisation diffusion freezing

X . . . . . . . ....................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Y . . . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............... ............................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Z . . . . . . . . ...................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Which statement best describes the movement of the particles in a gas?
(1)
A The particles vibrate about fixed positions.
B The particles slide past one another.
C The particles move freely.
D The particles do not move at all.
 (c) The diagram shows apparatus that can be used to measure the melting point of a solid.
The solid is placed in a small tube. The small tube is then put into a liquid contained
in a beaker.
The liquid is gently heated and the temperature at which solid Q melts is recorded.

small tube

stirrer

solid Q
liquid

heat

(i) Give the name of the apparatus labelled P.

(1)

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(ii) Solid Q melts at 140 C.

Explain why water is not a suitable liquid to use in this experiment.
(1)

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(iii) Suggest why the liquid in the beaker needs to be stirred constantly.
(1)

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(Total = 7 marks)
4 The compound with the formula H2O can exist in three states of matter. The names of
these three states are shown in the boxes.
The numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4 represent changes of state.

1 3
ice 2 water 4 steam

(a) The particles of H2O are arranged differently in each state.

(i) In which state are the particles furthest apart?
(1)

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(ii) In which state do the particles have the least energy?

(1)

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(iii) In which state are the particles arranged in a regular pattern?

(1)

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(b) (i) Change of state 1 is called

(1)
A boiling
B condensing
C freezing
D melting

(ii) Change of state 4 is called

(1)
A boiling
B condensing
C freezing
D melting
 (c) The term sublimation is also used for a change of state.
Sublimation is the change of state from
(1)
A solid to liquid
B liquid to gas
C gas to liquid
D solid to gas

(d) Heat energy is released when steam changes to water.

(i) What term is used to describe this type of energy change?
(1)

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(ii) Write an equation, including state symbols, for the change of state from steam
to water.
(1)

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(Total = 8 marks)

5 In chemistry, the state symbols (s), (l), (g) and (aq) are often used.
(a) The table shows some changes of state.
Complete the table to show the state symbol before and after the change.
(3)

State symbol before State symbol after

Change of state
change change

Water boils in a kettle

Ethene is converted to poly(ethene)

Crystals of iodine sublime on heating

(Total = 3 marks)
6 This question is about the states of matter.
(a) The diagram shows the three states of matter for a substance.

solid liquid gas

Each circle represents a molecule of the substance.

(i) Complete the diagram by drawing six circles to represent molecules in the gas state.
(1)
(ii) Which statement is correct about the movement or arrangement of the molecules
of this substance?
(1)
A They move randomly in the solid state.
B They move randomly in the liquid state.
C They are arranged in fixed positions in the liquid state.
D They are arranged in fixed positions in the gas state.

(iii) Which term is used for a solid changing to a liquid?

(1)
A boiling
B condensing
C freezing
D melting
 (b) Some cold water is poured into a conical flask and a bung inserted.
The diagram shows the flask after a few minutes.

air and water vapour

liquid water

(i) What is occurring in the flask?

(1)
A boiling and condensing
B condensing and evaporating
C evaporating and freezing
D freezing and melting

(ii) Which formula represents a substance that is not present in the flask?
(1)
A H2O(g)
B H2O(l)
C N2(g)
D N2(l)
(Total = 5 marks)

7 (a) On cooling, the H2O(g) produced in the combustion of hydrogen is converted into H2O(l).

Describe how the speed of, and the distance between, the particles change during this conversion.

Speed of particles .........................................................................................................

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Distance between particles ...........................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

(Total 2 marks)
8 When a liquid evaporates at room temperature, it changes into a gas.
The diagram shows the arrangement of the particles in a liquid.

evaporation

liquid gas

(a) Complete the diagram to show the arrangement of four particles in a gas.
(1)
(b) Describe the movement of particles in a gas.
(1)

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(c) Explain why heating a liquid causes it to evaporate more quickly.

(2)

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(Total = 4 marks)
9 The diagram shows a kettle of boiling water.

water vapour
water droplets

kettle

As the water vapour cools it turns into droplets of liquid water.

(a) The change of state when water vapour changes into liquid water is described as
(1)
A boiling
B condensation
C evaporation
D sublimation
(b) Describe what happens when water vapour cools to form liquid water.
Your answer should include the change in the energy, arrangement and
movement of the particles.
(3)

change in energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................ ................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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change in arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................. ............................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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change in movement .............................................................................................................................. ...................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(Total = 4 marks)
10 The diagram shows the arrangement of the molecules in two of the three states of water.
Each circle represents a molecule of water.

solid liquid gas

(a) Complete the diagram to show how the molecules of water are arranged in the
solid state.
(1)

(b) Which row of the table correctly describes the arrangement and movement of
molecules of water in the solid state?
(1)

Arrangement Movement

A regular moving freely

B random moving freely

C regular vibrating

D random vibrating

(c) Which word describes water changing from a liquid to a solid?

(1)
A boiling
B condensing
C freezing
D melting
 (d) Give the word used to describe the change of state represented by this equation.
H2O(s) H2O(g)
(1)

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(e) Water is the name used for H2O(l).

Give the two names used for H2O(g).
(2)

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(Total = 6 marks)
11 The diagram shows the arrangement of particles in the three states of matter.
Each circle represents a particle.

X Y Z

(a) Use the letters X, Y and Z to give the starting and finishing states of matter for
each of the changes in the table.
The first one has been done for you.
(3)

Change Starting state Finishing state

ice to water Z Y

solid iodine to iodine gas

molten iron to solid iron

ethene to poly(ethene)

(b) Which of these changes takes place when solid iodine is heated to form iodine gas?
(1)
A crystallisation
B evaporation
C melting
D sublimation

(Total = 4 marks)
12 The three states of matter are solid, liquid and gas.
(a) Substances can be changed from one state to another.
The box lists some words relating to changes of state.

condensing cooling evaporation

heating melting sublimation

Complete the table by giving the correct word from the box for each change of state.
Each word may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
(3)

Change of state Name of change

from solid to liquid

from liquid to gas

from solid to gas

(b) The particles in a solid are closely packed, arranged in a regular pattern and
vibrate about a fixed position.
Describe the arrangement and movement of the particles in a gas.
(3)

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(Total = 6 marks)
13 This question is about the three states of matter, solid, liquid and gas.

(a) Solids, liquids and gases can be changed from one state to another.
The box gives the names of some changes of state.

condensing evaporation melting sublimation

Use words from the box to complete the sentences.

Each word may be used once, more than once or not at all.

(i) The change from solid to liquid is called ..............................................................................................

(1)
(ii) The change from liquid to gas is called ..............................................................................................
(1)
(iii) The change from solid to gas is called ..............................................................................................
(1)
(b) Describe the arrangement and the movement of particles in a solid.
(3)

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(Total = 6 marks)
14 This question is about states of matter.
(a) The diagram shows how the particles of a substance are arranged in two different states.

solid liquid gas

(i) Complete the diagram to show how particles are arranged in the liquid state.
(1)
(ii) Identify the state of matter in which the particles have the most energy.
(1)

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(b) The state symbols (s), (l), (g) and (aq) are often used in chemistry.
The table shows some physical changes.
Complete the table by giving the state symbol before and after each change.
(3)

State symbol
Physical change before change after change

water evaporates

crystals of iodine sublime

ice melts

(c) Explain why hot water evaporates more quickly than cold water.
(2)

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(Total = 7 marks)
15 (a) The boxes list changes that may happen in a laboratory and the names of some changes.
Draw one straight line from each change to its correct name.
(3)

Change Name of change

diffusion

dissolving
ice turns into water

evaporation

solid carbon dioxide turns

directly into a gas

freezing

a solute is stirred into a

solvent
melting

sublimation

(Total = 3 marks)
16 This question is about states of matter.
(a) Use the words solid, liquid or gas to give the initial and final state of matter for
each of the changes listed in the table.
The first one has been done for you.
(3)

Change Initial state Final state

melting solid liquid

sublimation

condensing

evaporation

(b) Particles in a solid are closely packed, arranged in a regular pattern and vibrate
about fixed positions.
Describe the arrangement and movement of the particles in a gas.
(3)

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(Total = 6 marks)
17 The table gives the melting and boiling points of four pure substances, W, X, Y and Z.

Melting point in °C Boiling point in °C

W –7 60
X 660 2500
Y 180 1330
Z 115 445

Use data from the table to answer the questions.

(a) (i) Which substance is a gas at 100 °C?
(1)
A W
B X
C Y
D Z

(ii) Which substance is a liquid for the largest range of temperature?

(1)
A W
B X
C Y
D Z

(iii) Which substance is a liquid at 1000 °C and a gas at 2000 °C?

(1)
A W
B X
C Y
D Z

4
18 Substances can exist as solids, liquids or gases.
(a) (i) Give the change of state that occurs when a substance melts.
(1)

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(ii) Complete the word equation for the sublimation of iodine.

iodine (s) → iodine (...........)

(1)
(b) The circle in the diagram represents a particle.
Complete the diagram to show the arrangement of particles in a gas.
(1)

(c) The table lists some statements about particles.

Place ticks ( ) in boxes to show which two statements are correct for
water particles.
(2)

Statement Tick

the particles only vibrate

the particles do not move

the particles have no gaps between them

the particles move randomly

the particles have more energy than in ice

the particles have a regular arrangement

(Total = 5 marks)