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New Paper Cod 3247746578379
New Paper Cod 3247746578379
Chapter 1 Functions
Section 1 Functions
(A1) 1. a) R = {0, –1, 1, –2, 2, –3, 3, –4, 4, –5, 5}
b) Pairs (1, –1) and (1, 1) belong to S, so S assigns to x = 1 two different values
of y, 1 and –1. Hence, S is not a function.
c)
y
6
x
0
5 10 15 20 25
–2
–4
–6
(A2) 2. u( x + 1) = ( x + 1)2 + 1 = x 2 + 2 x + 1 + 1 = x 2 + 2 x + 2
(A3) 3. a) The rule for f can be evaluated only if 4x + 12 > 0, or equivalently, if x > −3.
Hence, the domain of f is the set of all real numbers greater than −3.
b) The rule for f can be evaluated only if x2 − 10x + 21 ≠ 0.
x2 − 10x + 21 = (x − 3)(x − 7) ≠ 0, or equivalently, x ≠ 3 and x ≠ 7.
Hence, the domain of f is the set of all real numbers different from 3 and 7.
Level L | 1
Algebra 4
(A4) 4.
y
x
O
x
O
x
O
x
O
x
O
Level L | 2
Algebra 4
x
O
when x = 12 and when x = –1. Therefore, the expression is defined for all real
values of x except when x = 12 and when x = –1. This concludes that the
expression would be defined over any interval not containing any of these two
values of x. Therefore, the minimum value of k is 12.
^
(S98) 8. The denominator of the expression factors to (x − 14)2, and is equal to 0 when
x = 14.
Therefore, the expression is undefined when x = 14.
^
(S99) 9. The equation p(20) = 50 states that the profit from selling 20 kilograms of
potatoes is $50.
^
(S100) 10. f(–5x) = 9(–5x) – 5 = −45x – 5
^
(S101) 11. Substituting −5 for x and 60 for y in the given function and simplifying
Level L | 3
Algebra 4
(A10) 15. The range of g is the set of all real numbers that are greater than or equal to
−1. Thus, all numbers less than −1 belong to the final set of g but are not in
the range of g. Therefore, g is not onto.
(A11) 16. Let b be any element in the final set and let h(x) = b. Solving 2x − 1 = b
b +1
yields x = , which is in the domain. Therefore, function h is onto.
2
(A12) 17. The domain of f is the set of real numbers. Thus, for any value x taken from
the domain of f, −x will be in the domain of f.
Moreover, f (−x) = |−x| = |x| = f (x). Therefore, f is an even function.
(A13) 18. The domain of h is the set of real numbers. Thus, for any value x taken from
the domain of h, −x will be in the domain of h.
Moreover, h(−x) = (−x)4 + 4(−x) = x4 − 4x ≠ h(x). Therefore, h is not an even
function.
(A14) 19. The domain of u is the set of real numbers excluding zero. Thus, whatever
non-zero value x takes from the domain of u, −x will be in the domain of u.
4 4
Moreover, u ( − x ) = = − = −u ( x ) . Therefore, u is an odd function.
(−x) x
(A15) 20. Both 1 and −1 are in the domain of h.
h(−1) = (−1)3 + 5(−1)2 = 4 while h(1) = (1)3 + 5(1)2 = 6 ≠ h(−1). Therefore, h
is not an odd function.
Level L | 4
Algebra 4
x x x
O O O
and
are one-to-one functions.
(S103) 22. The term |2x − 5| is always non-negative and has a minimum value of 0.
Therefore, its minimum value is 0, yielding f(x) = –4.
Therefore, the range of the graph of the equation is all real y −4.
Level L | 5
Algebra 4
y −1
(A22) 30. Set y = 2x + 1 and solve for x. This gives x = .
2
x −1
Thus, h −1 ( x ) = .
2
−4 x + 1 −4 y + 1
(A23) 31. Interchanging x and y in y = g ( x ) = gives x =
3x + 7 3y + 7
Cross-multiply: 3xy + 7x = –4y + 1
Rearrange so y appears only on the left-hand side:
3xy + 4y = 1 – 7x
Factor y: y(3x + 4) = 1 – 7x
1− 7x
Divide both sides by 3x + 4: y =
3x + 4
1 − 7 x
Thus, g −1 ( x ) = .
3x + 4
1− 7x
−4 + 1 −4(1 − 7 x) + (3 x + 4) 31x
−1 3x + 4
( g g )( x) = = = =x
1− 7x 3(1 − 7 x) + 7(3 x + 4) 31
3 +7
3x + 4
−4 x + 1
1− 7
( g −1 g )( x) = 3 x + 7 = (3 x + 7) − 7( −4 x + 1) = 31x = x
−4 x + 1 3(−4 x + 1) + 4(3 x + 7) 31
3 +4
3x + 7
(A24) 32. a. Restricting the domain to x ≥ −1 results in a 1-1 function.
b. Subtract 8 from both sides of the equation: y − 8 = 4(x + 1)2.
Divide both sides by 4, take the square root of both sides, and simplify:
y −8
x = −1 .
2
y −8 y −8
For x ≥ −1, x = −1 + . So, h −1 ( x ) = −1 + .
2 2
Level L | 6
Algebra 4
(A25) 33. The graphs of the function and its inverse are symmetric with respect to the
line y = x.
4 y
3
2
1
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
−1
−2
−3
−4
−5 x + 2
(A27) 35. [G1] y =
3x − 1
Cross multiply: y(3x − 1) = −5x + 2
Solve for x: 3xy − y = −5x + 2
3xy + 5x = y + 2
(3y + 5)x = y + 2
y+2
x=
3y + 5
x+2
Thus, the rule for f −1 is f −1 ( x ) = .
3x + 5
The answer is 15.
x −3 y 3 y
b. y = gives xy + 3 y = x that yields x = = .
x+3 y −1 1 − y
3x
Exchange x for y and y for x, we obtain g ( x ) =
−1
.
1− x
c. f g ( −6 ) = f ( 2 ) = 3
− x2 + 2 x + 3 x2 − 2x − 3
(
d. g f ( x ) = g − x 2 + 2 x + 3 =) =
− x2 + 2 x + 3 + 3 x2 − 2 x − 6
Level L | 7
Algebra 4
y+4
e. y = 5 x − 4 gives x = .
5
x+4
Exchange x for y and y for x, we obtain h ( x ) =
−1
.
5
f. f h ( x ) = f ( 5 x − 4 ) = − ( 5 x − 4 ) + 2 ( 5 x − 4 ) + 3
2
= −25 x 2 + 40 x − 16 + 10 x − 8 + 3 = −25 x 2 + 50 x − 21
x−5
(A29) 37. [T] a. i. f ( x ) = 5 + 2 x, = 5 + 2 x,3 x = −15, giving x = −5.
2
y −5
ii. x = , y = 2 x + 5, so f −1 ( x ) = 2 x + 5.
2
iii. g f ( −1) − f g ( 3) = g ( −3) − f ( 25 ) = −29 − 10 = −39
x3 − 2 − 5 x3 − 7
(
iv. f g ( x ) = f x3 − 2 =) 2
=
2
1 1
b. i. h ( x ) = x , h ( −3) = = ( −3) = −27
3
( −3)
−3
x
1
ii. h (1.5 ) = = 0.5443
(1.5)
1.5
1
iii. h ( −0.5 ) = = ( −0.5 ) = ( −0.5 )
1
= −0.5 , which is not
0.5
2
( −0.5)
−0.5
y −8 x −8
ii. From y = 4x + 8 we have x = . Therefore, f
−1
( x) = and
4 4
4x + 8 − 8
f −1 ( f ( x) ) = f −1 ( 4 x + 8 ) = = x.
4
1 1
1 1
b. i. f = 9 = 3 = .
9 2 2 6
x 1 2 4
ii. = , x= , squaring both sides gives x = .
2 3 3 9
Level L | 8
Algebra 4
1 1 99
ii. f g = f − = −
2 5 25
x −1
iii. In y = , switch x and y and then solve for y:
x+2
y −1 1+ 2x 1+ 2x
, therefore, g ( x ) =
−1
x= , xy + 2 x = y − 1, y = .
y+2 1− x 1− x
iv. h-1h(3) = 3
x − 1 x3 − 4 x + 2 x 2 − 8 − x + 1
b. f ( x ) − g ( x ) = x − 4 − = =
2
x+2 x+2
x3 + 2 x 2 − 5 x − 7
, x ≠ −2.
x+2
1 1 1
(A32) 40. [T] a. f ( −5 ) = = =−
−5 + 2 − 3 3
b. h( x) = 32 = 25 = 2x−1 , gives 5 = x − 1 or x = 6.
1 1 1
c. f g ( −2 ) = f ( −8 ) = = =−
−8 + 2 − 6 6
1 1 + x 6 + 2 x3 + x3 + 2 x 6 + 3x3 + 3
d. f g ( x ) + g ( x ) + 1 = + x 3
+ 1 = =
x3 + 2 x3 + 2 x3 + 2
1 1
e. Let y = . Switching x and y, x = , and solving for y:
x+2 y+2
1 − 2x
y= = f −1 ( x ) .
x
1
2 +1
1
41. [T] a. g =
3 5
(A33) =
3 2 6
2x +1 1
b. 2 f ( x) = −3g ( x) , 2(−3 x) = −3 , then x = 2 .
2
c. f h( x) = f (1 − x 2 ) = −3(1 − x 2 ) = 3x 2 − 3
d. h h(−2) = h(−3) = −8
Level L | 9
Algebra 4
2x +1 2 y +1
e. Let y = . Switching x and y, x = , and solving for y gives
2 2
2x −1
y= .
2
2(−3x) + 1 1− 6x 1− 6x
2
f. hg f ( x) = hg (−3x) = h = h = 1−
2 2 2
1 − 12 x + 36 x 2 3 + 12 x − 36 x 2 3 + kx + mx 2
= 1− = = , therefore, k = 12
4 4 4
and
m = −36.
(X16) 42. a. The roots of f (x) = 0 are x = 2 and x = –3.
b. g−1(40) = 22
c. gf (3) = 8
e. k−1(3) = 4
4x − 7
f. kg ( x ) = .
2x − 5
(X17) 43.
( )
a. f x = 6 − 2 x
3x − 4 = 6 − 2 x
5 x = 10, gives x = 2.
b. x = 3 y − 4
x+4
=y
3
x+4
So, f −1 ( x ) = .
3
c. gf ( 2 ) − fg ( 2 ) = g ( 2 ) − f ( −3)
= −3 + 13 = 10
( ) (
d. fg ( x ) = f 1 − x 2 = 3 1 − x 2 − 4 )
= 3 − 3 x − 4 = −1 − 3 x
2 2
Level L | 10
Algebra 4
x +1 6x −1+1
, then f ( f ( x ) ) = f–1(6x – 1) =
−1
(X18) 44. a. f–1(x) = =x
6 6
f ( f ( x) ) = f(6x – 1) = 6(6x – 1) − 1 = 36x – 7
1
+5
1 31
b. g = 6 =
6 3 3
6
1 x+5 1
c. g(x) = , =
6 3x 6
6x + 30 = 3x, then x = –10.
^
(X19) 45. a. i. fh(2) = f (25) = 74
1
ii. gf = g (0) = 3
3
3
iii. Let y = , switch x and y and then solve for y:
1+ x
3
x= , x + xy = 3 , xy = 3 − x ,
1+ y
3− x -1 3− x
y= , therefore, g ( x) = , x ≠ 0.
x x
iv. h−1h(2) = 2 .
3 (3x − 1)(1+ x) + 3
b. f ( x) + g ( x) = 3x − 1+ =
1+ x (1+ x)
3x + 3x 2 − 1 − x + 3
=
1+ x
2
3x + 2 x + 2
= , x ≠ −1
1+ x
^
(X20) 46. [G2] a. ff (−2) = f (−6) = −26
b. g (2 x +1) = (2 x +1)2 + 3 = 4 x2 + 4 x+ 4
c. Let y = 5 x + 4 , switch x and y and then solve for y:
x = 5y + 4 , 5y = x − 4 ,
x−4 x−4
y= , therefore, f -1 ( x ) = .
5 5
d. f ( x) = 44 , 5x + 4 = 44, x = 8.
e. h(0.3) = 20.3 = 1.23
Level L | 11
Algebra 4
Level L | 12
Algebra 4
24 10
(A36) 51. a) log2 24 + log2 10 − log2 15 = log 2 = log2 16 = 4
15
1
b) log 2 3 32 = log 2 ( 32 ) 3 = log 2 32 = 5 = = 1
1 1 5 2
3 3 3 3
3 3
(S203) 55. [G3] Y = ( X − 12) + 55 Distribute to X and −12
4 4
3
Y= X − 9 + 55 Simplify
4
3
Y = X + 46 Subtract 46 from both sides
4
3 4
Y − 46 = X Multiply both sides by
4 3
4
(Y − 46 ) = X Swap sides of the equation
3
4
X = (Y − 55) + 12 Answer
3
Level L | 13
Algebra 4
14 − 2 x 3
(S243) 57. [G3] = Apply the cross-multiplication property
4 x − 12 2
28 – 4x = 12x – 36 Solve for x
16x = 64
x=4 Answer
(S233) 58. a( x + 2) − by
[G3]
( x 2 − 4) y
a b
= − 2 Reduce to a common denominator
( x − 2) y x − 4
a( x + 2) by
= − 2 Subtract
( x − 2)( x + 2) y ( x − 4) y
a( x + 2) − by
= Answer
( x 2 − 4) y
Level L | 14
Algebra 4
(A39) 1. a) The graph of y = | x | is shown in dots. The graph of y = 2.5| x | looks like
the graph of y = | x | stretched by a factor of 2.5.
b) The graph of y = | x | is shown in dots. The graph of y = 2 + | x | is obtained
by shifting the graph of y = | x | two units upwards.
c) The graph of y = 2 + | x | is drawn in part b. The graph of y = –(2 + | x |) is
obtained by reflecting the graph of y = 2 + | x | about the x-axis.
d) The graph of y = | x | is shown in dots. The graph of y = | x – 1 | is obtained
by shifting the graph of y = | x | one unit to the right.
x
−6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6
−2
−4
y=−(2 + |x|)
−6
Level L | 15
Algebra 4
(A41) 3. a. The graph of y = −2|x − 1| + 1 is obtained by shifting the graph of y = |x| one
unit to the right, followed by a vertical stretch by a factor of 2, reflecting
about the x-axis, and finally, shifting the graph one unit upwards.
b.
y
6
4
2
x
−6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6
−2
−4
−6
Level L | 16
Algebra 4
y = x2 + 1
y= 2x2
y
6
y = (x − 2)2
4
2
x
−6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6
−2
−4
y = −x2
−6
(A45) 7. The graph of y = (x – 1)2 is shown in dots. The graph of y = (–x – 1)2 is the
graph of y = (x – 1)2 reflected about the y-axis.
4
2
x
−6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6
−2
−4
−6
Level L | 17
Algebra 4
4
y = x2
2
x
−6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6
−2
−4
−6
(A47) 9. –2x2 – 8x + 1 = –2(x2 + 4x) +1
= –2(x2 + 4x + 4) + 1 – (–2) × 4
= –2(x + 2)2 + 9
In canonical form, y = g(x) = –2(x + 2)2 + 9. The vertex is at (–2, 9) and it is
the highest point on the graph. The domain is the set of real numbers. The
range is the set of real numbers less than or equal to 9.
x = –2 is the axis of symmetry for the graph.
y
8
6
4
2
x
−6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6
(A48) 10. The graph of the height versus time is a parabola that opens downwards.
Hence, the maximum value of the height is attained at the vertex.
h(t) = −16t2 + 160t + 10 = −16(t2 − 10t) + 10 =
= −16(t2 − 10t + 25) + 10 − (−16 25)
h(t) = −16(t − 5)2 + 410.
The maximum height the object reaches is 410 feet and it occurs at t = 5
seconds.
Level L | 18
Algebra 4
(A49)
11. a. The part of the graph below the x-axis indicates a negative profit, which
means that the manufacturer endures losses.
b. For values of x between 0 and 40, the profit increases.
c. For values of x greater than 40, the profit decreases.
d. When x = 10 and x = 70, the profit is zero.
e. The maximum profit is $1,800, and it occurs at x = 40.
(A51) 13. [G1] The rule has the form f (x) = a(x − h)2 + k.
The vertex of the graph is at (2, −3). Thus, the rule is f (x) = a(x − 2)2 − 3.
(1, −1) is a point on the graph. Substituting x = 1 and y = −1 in
y = f (x) = a(x − 2)2 − 3 results in −1 = a(1 − 2)2 − 3 which gives a = 2.
Therefore, the rule is f (x) = 2(x − 2)2 − 3.
Finally, f (12) = 2(12 − 2)2 − 3 = 2 100 − 3 = 197.
(S104)
a
15. The x-coordinate of the vertex is = 3, from which a = 30. Using this
10
value for a, the equation is rewritten as y = 5x2 − 30x + b. Since the vertex
(3, 2) lies on the graph of the function, we have
2 = 5(9) – 30(3) + b, yielding b = 47.
^
(S105) 16. If a rock falls freely from a height of 200 feet, then when t = 0, h = 200.
Substituting in the given equation, we get k = 200. Therefore, its height after
t seconds is given in feet by the equation h = –16t2 + 200.
Substituting t = 3 in the given equation, we get h = −16 × 32 + 200 = 56 feet.
^
Level L | 19
Algebra 4
(S106) 17. The altitude of the ball from the ground after t seconds since it was thrown
may be expressed as
h = –a(t – b)2 + k.
If the ball reached a maximum altitude of 6 meters above the ground after 3
seconds, then b = 3 and k = 6. Therefore, h = –a(t – 3)2 + 6.
If a ball was thrown upwards from a height of 4 meters, then when t = 0,
h = 4.
2
Substituting in the equation, we get 4 = –9a + 6, yielding a = .
9
Therefore, the altitude of the ball from the ground after t seconds since it
2
was thrown is given by h = – (t – 3)2 + 6.
9
^
(S107) 18. The vertex form of a quadratic equation is y = a(x – h)2 + k, which reveals
the coordinates of the vertex of the parabola to be (h, k). This form may be
obtained by completing the square of the given equation.
y = x2 – 18x + 81 = (x − 9)2
Therefore, the vertex of the parabola is (9, 0).
^
(S108) 19. The x-intercepts may be determined by setting y = 0 and using the factored
form of the equation.
Applying this concept to the third equation which displays the factored form,
when y = 0, we get x + 13 = 0 or x – 5 = 0, yielding the x-intercepts at
x = −13 and x = 5.
The y-intercept is determined by substituting x = 0 which gives y = −65 as
determined by the constant term in the second equation.
^
(S109) 20. The number of children's electric cars Frank has to make available for rent
for the profit to attain its maximum value is 20.
(S127) 21. y = x2 – x − 42 = (x − 7)(x + 6). It shows that the x-intercepts of the graph are
at x = 7 and x = −6.
Therefore, a = 7 and b = −6.
Level L | 20
Algebra 4
(A53) 22. f(−x) = (−x)3 + 2(−x) = −x3 − 2x = −(x3 + 2x) = −f(x). Therefore, f is an odd
function.
Since f is an odd function, its graph is symmetric about the origin.
2 2
(A54) 23. a. Since f (− x) = − = − − = − f ( x) , then the function is odd. This
(− x) x
means that the graph of the function is symmetric about the origin.
b. The graph has a vertical asymptote at x = 0 and a horizontal asymptote at
y = 0.
c.
y
4
x
−4 −2 0 2 4
−2
−4
(A55) 24. a. The graph of the function f has a vertical asymptote at x = 1 and a
horizontal asymptote at y = 2.
b.
y
8
4
y=2
x
−8 −4 0 4 8
x=1
−4
−8
2x
c. It is apparent from the graph of y = that its range is all real values
x −1
except y = 2.
Level L | 21
Algebra 4
(A56) 25. The domain of f is the set of real numbers except x = ±1. Thus, when x
belongs to the domain, −x also belongs to the domain.
5 5
Moreover, f ( − x ) = = 2 = f ( x)
( − x ) −1 x −1
2
y
4
x
−4 −2 0 2 4
−2
−4
b. The graph of y = 2 − 0.5(2 ) is obtained by shifting the graph of
x
(A58) 1
27. g ( − x ) = −
4
( 3
)
( − x ) + ( − x ) = − − ( x3 + x ) = − g ( x )
4
1
Hence, g is an odd function.
The graph of g is symmetric about the origin.
y
8
x
−8 −4 0 4 8
−4
−8
Level L | 22
Algebra 4
Level L | 23
Algebra 4
ii.
Level L | 24
Algebra 4
(S110) 29.
Function h would have exactly one real zero if its graph intersects the x-axis
at a single point.
Raising the graph of f by 1 unit, which would be equivalent to lowering the
x-axis by 1 unit, would produce a graph of h that intersects the x-axis at a
single point.
Therefore, the value of k for which the function h has exactly one real zero is
1.
(A60) 30. x3 − 3x2 + 2 = 0 has three roots, two are positive and approximately equal to
2.8 and 1 while the other is negative and is approximately equal to −0.8.
(A61) 31. a. The equation has two distinct roots.
The equation has one root at x = −2.2 and a second root at approximately
x = 1.
b. Any line intersects the graph of y = g(x) in at least one point. Therefore,
for any value of k, the equation x + k = g(x) has at least one root.
Accordingly, there is no value of k for which the equation has no roots.
c. Any value between −1.5 and 0. For example, k = −1.
(A62) 32. Rewriting the equation in the form x2 = |x − 2|, we conclude that the roots of
the given equation are represented by the points of intersection of the graphs
of y = x2 and y = |x − 2|.
The graph of y = |x − 2| is a V-shaped figure that opens upwards with vertex
at (2, 0) as drawn below.
y
4
2
x
−4 −2 0 2 4
(A63) 33. By inspecting the diagram, we see that −x2 + 4 < |x + 2| whenever x < −2 or
x > 1.
Level L | 25
Algebra 4
(A64) 34. The graph of the function v(x) is a straight line passing through the points
(0; 10,000) and (10; 30,000).
40 y
32
Value in $1,000
24
16
t
40 6 2 8 10
Years since 2018
According to the graphs, both items will have the same value approximately
3 years from 2018, that is, in the year 2021.
(A65) 35. [T] a. The completed table is given below.
x −3 −2 −1 −0.5 −0.2 0.3 0.5 1 2 3
y −6.7 −1.9 0.3 2.0 12.5 5.6 2.0 0.8 2.1 6.8
b.
y
12
10
8
6
4
2
x
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
−2
−4
−6
c. i. From the graph of the tangent given below, the gradient of the curve
at x = 2 is about 3.
Level L | 26
Algebra 4
y
12
10
8
6
4
2
x
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
−2
−4
−6
ii. The slope of the tangent is about 3. It passes through the point
(2, 2.1). Therefore, the equation of the tangent line is y = 3x + b and
by substitution, 2.1 = 3(2) + b, giving b = −3.9.
Thus, the equation of the tangent is y = 3x − 3.9.
x3 1
d. i. The graphical solution of the equation + 2 = 0 is the abscissa of
4 2x
the point of intersection of the graph of the function and the x-axis,
thus x = −1.1.
x3 1 x3 1
ii. The equation + 2 − 4 = 0 is equivalent to + 2 = 4.
4 2x 4 2x
Therefore, the graphical solutions of the equation are the abscissas of
x3 1
the points of intersection of two graphs: y = + 2 and y = 4.
4 2x
Level L | 27
Algebra 4
Level L | 28
Algebra 4
Level L | 29
Algebra 4
d. i.
ii. This straight line is a tangent to the graph of y = 5 − x2 at the point (1, 4).
−2
−3
−4
Level L | 30
Algebra 4
e. The tangent to the graph at the point x = 2 is drawn on the grid below.
6 y
5
4
3
2
1
x
−1 0 1 2 3
−1
−2
−3
−4
The tangent passes through the points (2, 0.3) and (0, 1.3). Therefore,
1.3 − 0.3
the gradient is equal to = −0.5 .
0−2
(A68) 38. [T] a. The solutions of the equation are the abscissas of the points of
intersection between the line y = 3 and the graph of f (x). The solutions
are x = −1 and x = 1.
8 y
7
6
5
y = 6 − 3x2
4
y=3
3
2
1
x
−2 −1.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
−1
−2
Level L | 31
Algebra 4
Level L | 32
Algebra 4
d. i. The solutions of the equation f (x) = g(x) are the abscissas of the points
of intersection between the two graphs y = f (x) and y = g(x). From the
graph, the solutions of the equation are x = −1.4 and x = 1.
ii. The interval on which f (x) is above g(x) is −1.4 < x < 1.
e. As x decreases, g(x) approaches zero.
(A69) 39. [T] a. The completed table is given below.
x −1 −0.6 −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
y −5 −1.5 −1 0 −0.5 −1 0 4
b. See the graph in the figure below.
c.
5 y
4
3
y = 2x3 − 3x2
2
1
x
−2 −1.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
−1
y = −1
−2
−3
−4
−5
Graphically, the solutions of the equation 2x3 − 3x2 = −1 are the
abscissas of the points of intersection between the two graphs:
y = 2x3 − 3x2 and y = −1. From the graph, the solutions are x = −0.5 and
x = 1. So, the given equation has two solutions.
Level L | 33
Algebra 4
Level L | 34
Algebra 4
y = x3 − 4x2 + 3
x
−1.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
−5
−10
c. The solution of the equation f (x) = 0 is the abscissa of the points of intersection
of the graph of f (x) and the x-axis. Therefore, the solutions are
x = −0.8 and x = 1.
Level L | 35
Algebra 4
Using two points on the tangent line, (1, 0) and (0, 5), we obtain the
5−0
gradient = = −5 .
0 −1
e. Subtracting x + 3 from both sides of the equation x3 − 4x2 + x + 6 = 0 yields
x3 − 4x2 + 3 = −x − 3.
Graphically, the solutions of the equation are the abscissas of the points of
intersection of the graphs of the two functions f (x) = x3 − 4x2 + 3 and
g(x) = −x − 3.
Level L | 36
Algebra 4
1
y = −2x − 4
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
y =− 2 / x 2
M −1
−2
N A(1, −2)
−3
−4
−5 K
−6 E(0, −6)
Level L | 37
Algebra 4
8−5 3
e. The tangent passes through A(−4, 5) and B(2, 8). Gradient = = = 0.5 .
2+4 6
y
20
15
y = f(x)
10
Tangent line
at x = −2
5
(−4, 5)
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
−5
h(x) = −x − 2
−10
−15
−20
Level L | 38
Algebra 4
16
h (x)
12 A
4
B
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
−4 f (x)
−8
−12
−16
Level L | 39
Algebra 4
h (x) 6
4 B
2
A
x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−2
−4
−6
−8
−10
5
c. − = −0.75 x + 1.5 at x = −1.3 or x = 2.5.
x3
d. The tangent to the curve at x = −2 passes through the points A(−2, 0.6)
and B(1, 3.4).
3.4 − 0.6 2.8 2.8
Gradient = = = 0.9
1 − (−2) 1 + 2 3
(S118) 45. The graph represents a function that has three distinct real zeros.
^
(S119) 46. The graph represents a function that has a repeated zero at x = 4.
Therefore, the value of c is 4.
(S121) 47. 4x2 – 10 = x2 + 17, 3x2 – 27 = 0, 3(x2 – 9) = 0. This quadratic equation factors
to 3(x – 3)(x + 3) = 0, yielding the two solutions x = 3 and x = −3.
Substituting x = 3 in the second (or the first) equation, we get y = 9 + 17 = 26.
Substituting x = −3 in the second (or the first) equation, we get y = 9 + 17 =
26.
Therefore, the coordinates of points A and B are (−3, 26) and (3, 26)
respectively.
Level L | 40
Algebra 4
Level L | 41
Algebra 4
SAT
(S213) 48. [G3] Using the properties of graph of the shifted function, we understand that
the graph of the function
h(x) = f(x + 1) is the shifted to the left by 1 graph of f(x). It means that we can
obtain the following relation between a and c:
a–1=c
Similarly, the graph of the function g(x) = f(x) + 3 is the shifted upwards by 3
graph of f(x). It means that we can obtain the following equation between b
and d:
b+3=d
Adding first equation to the second one we get:
a+b–1+3=c+d
Using condition a + b = 4, we get 6 = c + d or c + d = 6.
(S227) 49. [G3] The lowest possible value of the function will be reached with such a
value of x that minimizes (x – 20)2. Considering that (x – 20)2 is always non-
negative, its smallest value is 0 at x = 20. Hence, the lowest value of the
0
function is + 32 = 32 .
810
(S238) 50. [G3] Using the condition of x-intercepts we can write given quadratic
function in factored form as
f(x) = a(x + 2)(x – 4). Using the vertex point gets f(1) = a(3)(–3) = 9, which
yields a = −1. Hence,
f(0) = −(2)(–4) = 8. Thus, |b| = 8.
Level L | 42
Algebra 4
(S239) 51. [G3] (a) f(x) = k(x + 3)3 has root x = –3 of multiplicity 3 that is the graph of
f(x) should have inflection at
x = –3. Given graph looks smooth at x = –3. So this option is not correct.
(b) f(x) = k(x + 3)(x2 + 9) has the only root x = –3. This means that its graph
has the only x-intercept in (−3, 0) and passes through this point regularly.
These observations correspond to the given graph so option (b) is correct.
(c) f(x) = k(x − 3)(x2 − 9) has two roots, x = 3 of multiplicity 2 and x = –3. It
is enough to know that the graph of this function has to have two common
points with the x-axis, (–3, 0) and (3, 0). Hence, (c) is not correct.
(d) f(x) = k(x – 3)(x2 + 9) has the only root x = 3. This means that its graph
has the only x-intercept in
(3, 0), which is the reason the option (d) is not correct.
(S215) 52. [G3] The given linear function decreases by 0.08 each time t increases by 1
second. It means that every second Jerry is 0.08 meters closer to the end line.
Hence, it is the distance he can swim each second.
(S216) 53. [G3] Let h = kx + b be the linear function we are building based on the
situation. The value of b is 500 as it is the starting altitude that is not affected
by the number of miles we drive. If for each 3-mile driven uphill the road,
50
the altitude increases by 50 feet, then for each mile it increases by , which
3
50
is the value of k. So, the final function is h(x) = 500 + x.
3
(S217) 54. [G3] Linear function is given in a slope-intercept form. Thus, the slope of its
graph is the x coefficient, which is –2.
To find x-intercept we need to solve the equation 0 = –2x + 3, which gives
x = 1.5. Thus, the x-intercept is (1.5, 0).
To find y-intercept we need to solve the equation y = –2 × 0 + 3, which gives
y = 3. Thus, the y-intercept is (0, 3).
(S218) 55. [G3] First, we write an equation in a slope-intercept form y = kx + b. To do
this, we can identify 2 points that line is passing through, which are (0, 5)
5−0 5
and (4, 0). Thus, the slope of the function is = − . Substituting 0 for x
0−4 4
5
and 5 for y in y = − x + b we obtain 5 = b. Hence the linear function can be
4
5 5
represented as y = − x + 5 . To rewrite it in standard form we add x to
4 4
both sides and then multiply by 4. The obtained result is 5x + 4y = 20.
Level L | 43
Algebra 4
Level L | 44
Algebra 4
Level L | 45
Algebra 4
8
(A82) 8. 3x2 + 8x − 3 = 0 is equivalent to 3 x 2 + x = 3 .
3
8 16 16
3 x2 + x + = 3 + .
3 9 3
2
8 16 16 4 25
Simplifying 3 x 2 + x + = 3 + gives 3 x + = .
3 9 3 3 3
2 2
4 25 4 25
Simplifying 3 x + = gives x + = .
3 3 3 9
2
4 25 4 5
Taking the square roots of x + = gives x + = .
3 9 3 3
1
So, x = , or x = −3.
3
(S123) 9. The answer to the question is the solution to the equation 6x2 + 16 = 400.
Solving for x2, we get
6x2 = 384, or x2 = 64. Since x represents a length, the solution is the positive
root of the equation, which is 8. The side length is 8 inches.
^
(S124) 10. Since (x + 9)(x − 8) = x2 + x − 72, then x2 + x − 72 = −42, which rearranges
x2 + x − 30 = 0.
This quadratic equation factors to (x – 5)(x + 6) = 0, yielding the two
solutions 5 and −6.
^
(S125) 11. Adding 62 to both sides gives x2 – 12x + 36 = 30 + 36, or (x – 6)2 = 66.
^
Level L | 46
Algebra 4
k ( k + 20 )
(S126) 12. The answer to the question is the solution to the equation = 150 .
2
Multiplying both sides by 2 produces the equation
k(k + 20) = 300, which rearranges to k2 + 20k − 300 = 0.
This quadratic equation factors to (k – 10)(k + 30) = 0, yielding the two
solutions 10 and −30.
However, since the number of chocolate cakes is positive, only 10 is an
admissible solution in this case.
^
(S131) 13. Solving for m, we get m2 = 36, which gives m = 36 = 6 .
(A84) 15. a. a = 2, b = 2, c = −1
−2 22 − 4(2)(−1) −2 12 −2 2 3 −1 3
x= = = =
2(2) 4 4 2
−1 − 3 −1 + 3
The two roots are x1 = and x2 = .
2 2
−1 − 3 −1 + 3 −2 b
b. S = x1 + x2 = + = = −1 = − ✓.
2 2 2 a
−1 − 3 −1 + 3 ( −1) − ( 3)
2 2
1− 3 1 c
P = x1 x2 = = = = − = ✓.
2 2 4 4 2 a
Level L | 47
Algebra 4
(A86) 17. The figure is composed of two rectangles, one with sides x cm and 4x − 1 cm
and another with sides x cm and 4 cm. The area of the shape is
x(4x − 1) + 4x = 20, which simplifies to 4x2 + 3x − 20 = 0.
−3 32 − 4(4)(−20) −3 329
The roots of the last equation are x = = .
2(4) 8
−3 + 329 −3 − 329
Thus, the roots are x1 = 1.89 and x2 = −2.64 .
8 8
−3 + 329
The negative value of x is rejected, so x = 1.89 cm.
8
(A87) 18. [G1] a = 2, b = −8, and c = 5
= b2 − 4ac = (−8)2 − 4(2)(5) = 64 − 40 = 24 > 0
− ( −8 ) − 24 − ( −8 ) + 24
The roots are and .
2 ( 2) 2 ( 2)
8−2 6 8+2 6
They simplify to and which simplify further to
4 4
4− 6 4+ 6
and . The value of k is 6.
2 2
(A88) 19. The sum of the roots of −3x2 − 36x + 14 = 0 is 36 (−3) = −12.
The answer is −12.
(A89) 20. [T] a. y = x3 − 27 x + 4
dy
= 3 x 2 − 27
dx
3 x 2 − 27 = 0
3( x2 − 9) = 0
x = 3
x − −3 3 +
y' + 0 − 0 +
y 58 −50
A ( −3, 58 ) is a local maximum.
B ( 3, −50 ) is a local minimum.
b. M (1, −22 )
dy
At x = 1, = −24 .
dx
y + 22 = −24 ( x − 1)
24 x + y − 2 = 0
Level L | 48
Algebra 4
21. [T] a. s ( 3) = 33 − 6 ( 3) + 24 ( 3) + 7 = 52 m
(A90) 2
b. s ( 2 ) = 23 − 6 ( 2 ) + 24 ( 2 ) + 7 = 39 m
2
c. v ( t ) = ( 3t 2 − 12t + 24 ) m/s
a ( t ) = ( 6t − 12 ) m/s 2
6t − 12 = 12, giving t = 4 s .
d. v = 0 gives 3t 2 − 12t + 24 = 0 .
t 2 − 4t + 8 = 0
= ( −4) 2 − 4 (1)( 8 ) = −16 0
Thus, such t does not exist.
Distance
(A91) 22. [T] a. i. Speed =
Time
From 09:00 till 09:30, the cyclist covered 6 km. Therefore, the
cyclist’s speed during this interval of time is equal to
6 km km
= 12 .
1hour hour
30 min
60 min
ii. During the journey, the cyclist covered a distance of 24 km.
The journey lasted for 2 hours and 5 minutes, which is equal to
125
hours.
60
Thus, the average speed of the cyclist for the whole journey is
24 km km
V = = 11.52 .
125 hour
hours
60
b. i. From the graph, the maximum speed of the cyclist during the whole
journey is V km/h. Thus, the distance the cyclist traveled is
computed as the area of the trapezoid, consisting of two triangles
with areas S1 and S3, and a rectangle with the area S2.
Level L | 49
Algebra 4
V NOT TO
SCALE
Speed
(km/h)
S1 S2 S3
0
08:00 08:09 08:21 08:30
Time
1 km 1 hour 3V
S1 = V 9 min = km.
2 h 60 min 40
km 1 hour V
S2 = V ( 21 − 9 ) min = km.
h 60 min 5
1 km 1 hour 3V
S3 = V 9 min = km.
2 h 60 min 40
3V V 3V 7V
Therefore, the total distance travelled is + + = ,
40 5 40 20
7V
which is equal to 7 km. So, we obtain the equation = 7 , giving
20
V = 20 km/h.
ii. The acceleration during the first 9 minutes is
km km 20 km 1000 m 1 hour
20 −0
h h = h 1 km 3600 s m
0.01 2 .
9 min 60 s s
9 min
1 min
(S132) 23. Applying the quadratic formula, the solutions to the equation are
−b b 2 − 4ac 8 64 − 4 8 2 15
= = = 4 15 .
2a 2 2
(S133) 24. If the roots of the equation are a and b, then the equation factors to
(x – a)(x – b) = 0, which expands to x2 – (a + b)x + ab. Therefore, a + b = –
(–17) = 17, and ab = 9. Since a2 + b2 is equivalent to (a + b)2 – 2ab, we have
a2 + b2 = 289 – 18 = 271.
Level L | 50
Algebra 4
1
(A92) 25. Equating the real parts: 2 = 8y, thus y = .
4
Equating the imaginary parts:
−6x = −(4x + 3y)
2x = 3y
1 3
2 x = 3 and x =
4 8
(A97) 30. [G1] (−3 + 2i)(5 − 9i) = −3(5 − 9i) + 2i(5 − 9i)
= −15 + 27i + 10i − 18i2
= −15 + 37i + 18
= 3 + 37i
The value of k is 37.
Level L | 51
Algebra 4
1
(A102) 37. (2x − 1)(x − 2) = 0 for x = 2 and x = .
2
1
Therefore, (2x − 1)(x − 2) < 0 for all x such that x 2.
2
The discriminant of 2x2 − x + 1 is (−1)2 − 4(2)(1) = 1 − 8 = −7 < 0. Thus, the
solution set of 2x2 − x + 1 < 0 is empty.
The solution set of the system of inequalities is empty.
Level L | 52
Algebra 4
x ( x − 5)
(A103) 38. 0 when x(x − 5) > 0 and (x − 1) > 0,
x −1
or when x(x − 5) < 0 and (x − 1) < 0.
The solution set of x(x − 5) > 0 is x < 0 or x > 5.
The solution set of (x − 1) > 0 is x > 1.
The solution set of x(x − 5) > 0 and (x − 1) > 0 is the common part of the
two sets,
namely, x > 5.
The solution set of x(x − 5) < 0 is 0 < x < 5.
The solution set of (x − 1) < 0 is x < 1.
The solution set of x(x − 5) < 0 and (x − 1) < 0 is the common part of the
two sets, namely, 0 < x < 1.
x ( x − 5)
The solution set of 0 is all x such that 0 < x < 1 or x > 5.
x −1
2
(A104) 39. [G1] 3(x − 4)(3x + 2) has two roots that are − and 4. Its leading coefficient
3
is 3 > 0.
2
Therefore, 3(x − 4)(3x + 2) < 0 for all x, − < x < 4 and
3
2
3(x − 4)(3x + 2) > 0 for all x, x < − or x > 4.
3
2
−3(x − 4)(3x + 2) has two roots that are − and 4. Its leading coefficient is
3
−3 < 0.
2
Therefore, −3(x − 4)(3x + 2) < 0 for all x, x < − or x > 4 and
3
2
−3(x − 4)(3x + 2) > 0 for all x, − < x < 4.
3
2
−3(x − 4)(3x + 2) = 0 whenever x = 4 or x = − .
3
The correct options are:
2
3(x − 4)(3x + 2) > 0 for all real numbers x, x < − or x > 4.
3
2
−3(x − 4)(3x + 2) > 0 for all real numbers x between − and 4.
3
Level L | 53
Algebra 4
b −4
(A106) 41. f (x) has a minimum value at x = − =− = 2 and is equal to f (2) = 1.
2a 2
f (x) ≥ 1 for all values of x. The range of values of f (x) is [1, +).
1
The range of values of is (0, 1].
f ( x)
1
The range of values of P( x) = 2 + 1 is (2 0 + 1, 2 1 + 1] = (1, 3].
f ( x)
−b −1 1
(A107) 42. f (x) has a maximum value at x = = = and is equal to
2a 2(−2) 4
1 31
f =− .
4 8
31 31
f (x) ≤ − for all values of x. The range of values of f (x) is −, − .
8 8
1 8
The range of values of is − , 0 .
f ( x) 31
1 8 70
The range of values of g ( x) = − 2 is − − 2, 0 − 2 = − , − 2 .
f ( x) 31 31
−b − ( −1) 1
(A108) 43. f (x) has a minimum value at x = = = and is equal to
2a 2(1) 2
1 25 25
f = − . f (x) ≥ − for all values of x.
2 4 4
x2 − x − 6 = (x − 3)(x + 2), consequently, f (x) = 0 when x = 3 and x = −2.
f (x) > 0 when x < −2 and when x > 3. The range of values of f (x) is
25
− 4 , 0 0, + ) .
1 4
The range of values of is −, − ( 0, + ) .
f ( x) 25
2
The range of values of P( x) = + 10 is
f ( x)
4 242
−, 2 − + 10 ( 2 ( 0 ) + 10, + ) = −, (10, + ) .
25 25
Level L | 54
Algebra 4
−b − ( −4 ) 4
(A109) 44. f (x) has a minimum value at x = = = = 2 and is equal to
2a 2(1) 2
f (2) = 0.
f (x) ≥ 0 for all values of x.
The range of values of f (x) is [0, +).
−2
The range of values of is (−, 0).
f ( x)
−2
The range of values of P( x) = + 1 is (−, 1).
f ( x)
(A110) 45. Let l represent the length of the rectangular region and w its width.
We have 2(l + w) = 120 or l + w = 60, giving l = 60 − w.
The area of the region is A(w) = lw = (60 − w)w = −w2 + 60w.
The area reaches its maximum when w = −60/(−2) = 30.
In this case, the area is A(30) = −302 + 60(30) = −900 + 1,800 = 900 m2.
SAT
(S229) 46. [G3]
3x − 9 x 2 + 2 x − 15 3( x − 3) ( x − 3)( x + 5) 3( x − 3) 3x − 9
= = =
x + 3 x − 10 x − 5 x + 6 ( x − 2)( x + 5) ( x − 2)( x − 3) ( x − 2)
2 2 2
( x − 2) 2
(S223) 48. [G3] 5(x + 3)(x + 4) = 20 Write the equation in a standard form of
a quadratic equation
5x2 + 35x + 60 − 20 = 0 Simplify and divide both sides by 5
x2 + 7x + 8 = 0
Applying properties of the roots of a quadratic equation gives us that their
product is equal to 8, which means αβ = 8.
(S224) 49. [G3] Applying the quadratic formula, the roots of the equation are given by
8 82 − 4 16 (−47) 8 64(1 + 47) 8 32 32 3 8 32 3 1
= = = = 3
32 32 32 32 4
which implies b = 3.
Level L | 55
Algebra 4
y = 3x − 1
(S225) 50. [G3] Substitute for y from the first equation to the second one
( x + y)2 = 9
x = 1 or x = –0.5
2 – 4x = 2x2 + 8x + 20 Simplify
x2 + 6x + 9 = 0 Solve for x
(x + 3)2 = 0
x = –3 Answer
(S234) 52. [G3] 5x2 − 10(2a − b)x + 3b = 0 Divide both parts by 5 in order to use
properties of the roots
x2 − 2(2a − b)x + 0.6b = 0 Use properties of the roots and the
conditions to form a system
Level L | 56
Algebra 4
Level L | 57
Algebra 4
(A111) 1.
4 x 3 − 13 x 2 + 34 x − 71
x + 2 4 x 4 − 5 x3 + 8 x 2 − 3x − 6
− (4 x 4 + 8 x 3 )
− 13 x 3 + 8 x 2 − 3 x − 6
− (−13 x 3 − 26 x 2 )
34 x 2 − 3 x − 6
− (34 x 2 + 68 x)
− 71x − 6
−(−71x − 142)
136
136
Therefore, (4x4 − 5x3 + 8x2 − 3x − 6) ÷ (x + 2) = 4 x 3 − 13 x 2 + 34 x − 71 +
x+2
.
1 2 0 −1 0 1
(A112) 2. 2 2 1 1
2 2 1 1 2
2
Therefore, (2x4 − x2 + 1) ÷ (x − 1) = 2 x 3 + 2 x 2 + x + 1 + .
x −1
2 x3 + x 2 + 2 x 2 x3 + x 2 + 2 x 1 2 x3 + x 2 + 2 x
(A113) 3. = =
2x − 3 2( x − 1.5) 2 x − 1.5
1.5 2 1 2 0
3 6 12
2 4 8 12
2x + x + 2x 1 2
3 2
12
= ( 2 x + 4 x + 8 ) +
12
Therefore, = x2 + 2x + 4 +
2x − 3 2 x − 1.5 2x − 3
.
Level L | 58
Algebra 4
1.5 2 − 11 14 −3
(A114) 4. 3 − 12 3
2 −8 2 0
Dividing P(x) by (x − 1.5) gives a quotient Q(x) = 2x2 − 8x + 2 and a
remainder
R = 0. Therefore, 2x3 − 11x2 + 14x − 3 is divisible by (x − 1.5) and
2x3 − 11x2 + 14x − 3 = (2x2 − 8x + 2)(x − 1.5).
(A115) 5. a.
−2 2 9 7 −6
−4 − 10 6
2 5 −3 0
Dividing V(x) by (x + 2) gives a quotient Q(x) = 2x2 + 5x − 3 and a
remainder
R = 0. Therefore, the expression for the area of the base is 2x2 + 5x − 3.
b. 2x2 + 5x − 3 can be factored further to yield (2x − 1)(x + 3). Therefore, the
dimensions of the base of the box are (2x − 1) by (x + 3).
c. If the box has a square base, then 2x − 1 = x + 3. So, x = 4. Therefore, the
dimensions of the base of the box are 2(4) − 1 = 7 in. by 7 in.
5 x3 + 12 x 2
(A116) 6. [G1] 3 x − 5 15 x 4 + 11x 3 + 3x 2 + 5 x + 4
−
15 x 4 − 25 x 3
36 x 3 + 3 x 2
−
36 x 3 − 60 x 2
63 x 2 + 5 x
The coefficient of x2 in the quotient is 12.
(S141) 7. The answer may be obtained by performing a long division to divide
9 68
9x – 10 by 5x + 2, where the quotient is and the remainder is − .
5 5
68
9 x − 10 9 9 68
Therefore, = − 5 = − .
5x + 2 5 5x + 2 5 5 (5x + 2 )
9 68
Therefore, a = and b = − .
5 5
Level L | 59
Algebra 4
(S142) 8. Multiply both sides by x – 2 and compare the coefficients of x on both sides
to determine the value of m. Multiplying the right side by x – 2 produces the
expression (x –2)(5x + m) + 9 =
5x2 – 10x + mx + 9 – 2m, in which the coefficient of x is equal to m – 10, and
this should equal the coefficient of x on the left side, which is –9.
Therefore, m – 10 = –9, or m = 1.
5 2 −5 − 30 15 40
(A118) 10. 10 25 − 25 − 50
2 5 −5 − 10 − 10
Thus, P(5) = −10.
(A119) 11.
3 −2 5 −2 20
−6 −3 − 15
− 2 −1 −5 5
The volume of the melting ice cube 3 minutes after being taken out of the
freezer is equal to 5 cm3.
(A120) 12. [G1] Applying the Remainder Theorem, the remainder is equal to
P(2) = 4(2)4 + 15 = 4 16 + 15 = 64 + 15 = 79.
(S157) 13. The remainder theorem implies that the remainder of the division by x – a is
equal to p(a). Therefore, p(a) = −3. This gives a3 + 2a2 + 4a + 5 = −3, or a3 +
2a2 + 4a + 8 = 0.
This equation factors to (a + 2)(a2 + 4) = 0. Therefore, a = −2.
Level L | 60
Algebra 4
Level L | 61
Algebra 4
(A124) 17. The volume of the box is given by V(x) = x2(19 − 5x) = 36.
Simplifying gives −5x3 + 19x2 − 36 = 0.
x = 2 is a solution to the equation. Dividing by (x − 2) yields:
2 −5 19 0 −36
−10 18 36
−5 9 18 0
−5x3 + 19x2 − 36 = (x − 2)(−5x2 + 9x + 18)
The discriminant of −5x2 + 9x + 18 is 92 − 4(−5)(18) = 441 and its roots are
−9 441 −9 21
x= = , giving x = 3 and x = −1.2.
2(−5) −10
−1.2 is rejected, so the other possible value of x is 3.
(A126) 19. [G1] The list of possible roots of P(x) = 3x4 − 2x3 − 4x2 − 7x − 2 consists of
factors of 2 divided by factors of 3. That is, any element in {1, 2} divided by
any element in
{1, 3} along with their opposites.
The possible roots that are whole numbers are ratios of 1 or 2 by 1 along
with their opposites: {1, 2}.
Testing each of 1 and 2 results in 2 as the only whole number that is a
root of the given polynomial.
P(2) = 3(2)4 − 2(2)3 − 4(2)2 − 7(2) −2 = 0
The answer is 2.
(S159) 20. The polynomial may be expressed as
p(x) = (x + 4)(x2 + 7x − 18) = (x + 4)(x + 9) (x − 2).
Therefore, p(x) = 0 whenever x = –4, x = –9, or x = 2.
The product of all possible values of x is −4 × (−9) × 2 = 72.
SAT
Level L | 62
Algebra 4
x − 4y = 3
(S220) 24. [G3] Multiply both sides of the first equation by −2.
2x − 8 y = 2
−2 x + 8 y = − 6
Add the two equations side-by-side.
2x − 8 y = 2
0 = –4 This is a contradictory statement. Therefore,
system has no solution.
(S204) 27. [G3] Paul can lay 15 3 = 45 square feet of tiles per hour and Andrew can
lay 20 4 = 80 square feet of tiles per hour.
Let x be the number of hours that Andrew worked after replacing Paul. So in
total, Paul laid 45(4.5 – x) square feet of tiles and Andrew laid 80x square
feet of tiles.
Now we can write a linear equation 45(4.5 – x) + 80x = 325. Solve it for x.
45(4.5 – x) + 80x = 325
202.5 – 45x + 80x = 325
35x = 122.5
x = 3.5
Therefore, Andrew laid 80 3.5 = 280 square feet of tiles.
Level L | 63
Algebra 4
(S207) 28. [G3] Substituting for x from the first equation in the second one, we obtain
−3y + 4y = 9, which gives y = 9. Hence, b = y = 9.
(S208) 10
29. [G3] Multiplying both sides of the first equation by leads to the system
6
1
5 x + 10 y =
3
1
ax + 10 y =
3
Subtracting the first equation from the second one, the y-terms cancel each
other and we obtain
ax – 5x = 0, which yields x(a – 5) = 0.
Hence, the system will have more than one solution when a = 5.
(S232) 30. [G3] The condition of 2 being zero gives that a = −2 and only other zeros are
−5, −4 and −2. Hence, the product is 2 (−5) (−4) (−2) = −80.
Level L | 64
Algebra 4
Chapter 5 Vectors
⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→
(A127) 1. a) AC b) NA and CN
⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→
c) BA and CD d) DN and NB
(A128) 2. a. b.
u u
v+u
v v
(A129) 3.
v+u
v
u
(A130) 4. a. b.
u u
−v −v
u−v
Level L | 65
Algebra 4
(A131) 5. a) 60°
b) 60°
⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→
(A132) 6. a. BC = BA + AC = −u + v
b.
C
u+v
v M
A u B
⎯⎯
→ 1
AM = (u + v )
2
⎯⎯
→ 1 ⎯⎯→ 1
c. CM = CB = ( u − v )
2 2
⎯⎯
→ 1 ⎯⎯→
(X80) 7. a. EA = BA , since points E, A, and B are collinear.
5
⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→
BA = BC + CD + DA = c − b − a
⎯⎯
→ 1 ⎯⎯→ 1
Therefore, EA = BA = (c − b − a) .
5 5
⎯⎯
→ 4 ⎯⎯→
b. EB = AB ,
5
⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→
AB = AD + DC + CB = a + b − c
⎯⎯
→ 4 ⎯⎯→ 4
Therefore, EB = AB = (a + b − c) .
5 5
⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯ → 4 1
c. CE = CB + BE = −c − (a + b − c) = (−4a − 4b − c)
5 5
Level L | 66
Algebra 4
⎯⎯
→
(X81) 8. [G2] a. The position vector of point M is vector OM .
⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→
OA + OB = 2 OM (diagonal of the parallelogram)
⎯⎯
→ 1 ⎯⎯→ ⎯⎯→ 1
OM = ( OA + OB) = (a + b)
2 2
⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯ → 1 1
b. MB = MO + OB = − (a + b) + b = (b − a)
2 2
^
⎯⎯
→
(X82) 9. a. The position vector of point M is vector OM .
⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→ 1 ⎯⎯→ 1
OM = OA + AM and AM = AB = (−p + q) .
5 5
⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→ 1 4 1
OM = OA + AM = p + (−p + q) = p + q .
5 5 5
^
⎯⎯
→
(X83) 10. a. CB = a − b
⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→ 5 ⎯⎯→ 1
b. XM = XC + CM = BC + a
6 2
5 1 5 1
= (b − a) + a = b − a
6 2 6 3
Level L | 67
Algebra 4
⎯⎯
→ 4 − 0 4
(A134) 12. PR = =
1 − 4 −3
⎯⎯
→
PR = 42 + ( −3) = 25 = 5
2
⎯⎯
→
If PQ makes an angle with the positive sense of the x-axis, then
−1 3
= 180° + , where is given by tan = = , so = 30.
− 3 3
⎯⎯
→
Therefore, PQ makes an angle equal to 150 with the positive x-axis.
(A135) 13. a. The initial point of v is (0, 0). Then, the terminal point of v is (−1, 2).
The initial point of u is (−1, 2). Then, the terminal point of u is
(−1 + 3, 2 + (−1)) = (2, 1).
4 y
2 u
v x
−4 −2 0 2 4
−2
−4
3 −1 3 − 1 2
b. w = u + v = + = =
−1 2 −1 + 2 1
The terminal point of w is (2, 1) as the initial point of w is the origin.
4 y
2 u
v w x
−4 −2 0 2 4
−2
−4
Level L | 68
Algebra 4
3 −1 3 + 1 4
(A136) 14. q = u − v = − = =
−1 2 −1 − 2 −3
4 y
2
x
−4 −2 0 2 4
−2 q
−4
The coordinates of the terminal point of q are (4, −3).
−2 −6
(A137) 15. r = 3v = 3 =
−1 −3
y
r
x
−6 −3 0 3 6
−3
−6
The coordinates of the terminal point of r are (2 + (−6), 4 + (−3)) = (−4, 1).
(A138) 16. The angle that p makes with the positive sense of the x-axis is given by
3
( )
2
tan = , so = 60. p = 12 + 3 = 4 = 2 .
1
1
1 1 1 2 1 3
A unit vector u in the direction of p is p = = = i+ j
p 2 3 3 2 2 .
2
Level L | 69
Algebra 4
Level L | 70
Algebra 4
⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→
(A143) 21. [T] a. i. BC = OE = n
⎯⎯
→
ii. AB = m + n
⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→
iii. OD = AC = AB + BC = m + n + n = m + 2n
⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→ 1 1
b. KA = KC + CB + BA = m − n − (m + n ) = − m − 2n
2 2
⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→
c. KX = KC + CB + BX
C K D
X
B E
n
A m O
⎯⎯→ 3 ⎯⎯→ 3 3
BX = BE = (−2m) = − m
8 8 4
⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯→ ⎯⎯ → ⎯⎯ → 1 3 1 1 ⎯⎯→
KX = KC + CB + BX = m + (−n) − m = − m − n = KA
2 4 4 2
Thus, A, X, and K are collinear.
⎯⎯
→
(A144) 22. [T] a. CA = n − m
⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→ 1 ⎯⎯→ 1 1 1 1 3
b. YF = YC + CF = AC + n = (m − n) + n = m + n
5 2 5 2 5 10
⎯⎯
→ 1 ⎯⎯→ 1 ⎯⎯→ 1
(A145) 23. [T] a. LB = CB = OA = n
2 2 2
⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯ → 1 1
YL = YB + BL = m − n
5 2
⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯ → 4
OY = OA + AY = n + m
5
⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯ → ⎯⎯
→ 1 ⎯⎯
→ 5 ⎯⎯→ 5 4 5
b. OK = OY + YK = OY + OY = OY = (n + m ) = n + m
4 4 4 5 4
⎯⎯
→
c. YL = h 2 + 16h 2 = 272
17 h 2 = 272 , h = 4
Level L | 71
Algebra 4
⎯⎯
→ xQ − xR 4 − 4 0
b. RQ = = =
yQ − y R 2 − 1 1
⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→
c. XY = 2 RQ or XY = −2 RQ , thus
⎯⎯
→ 0 ⎯⎯
→ 0
XY = or XY = .
2 −2
⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→
(X85) 25. a. BC = OE = b
⎯⎯
→
b. AB = a + b
⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→
c. OD = AC = AB + BC = a + b + b = a + 2b
⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→
d. FA = FC + CB + BA
1 1
= a − b − (a + b) = − a − 2b
2 2
⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→
e. FX = FC + CB + BX
⎯⎯
→ 3 ⎯⎯→ 3 3
BX = BE = (−2a) = − a
8 8 4
⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯ → ⎯⎯ → 1 3 1 1 ⎯⎯→
FX = FC + CB + BX = a + (−b) − a = − a − b = FA
2 4 4 2
Level L | 72
Algebra 4
^
⎯⎯
→ 1 ⎯⎯→ 1 ⎯⎯→ 1
(X86) 26. a. AM = AB = OC = p
2 2 2
⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯ → 1 1
MX = MB + BX = p − q
2 4
⎯⎯
→ 3
OX = p + q
4
⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→
b. OF = OX + XF
FX BX 1
OF = OX + XF (O, X, and F are collinear), and = =
FO OA 4
(similar triangles ratio),
⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
→ 1 ⎯⎯→ 4 ⎯⎯→
OF = OX + XF = OX + OX = OX
3 3
4 3 4
= (p + q) = p + q
3 4 3
c. ⎯⎯
→
MX = h 2 + 9h 2 = 250
Level L | 73
Algebra 4
Section 1 Sequences
(A146) 1. b1 = 1 − 1 − 2 = −2
b2 = 4 − 2 − 2 = 0
b10 = 100 − 10 − 2 = 88
Term −2 0 2 4 6 8
Difference 2 2 2 2 2
The differences are all equal to 2. Hence, the sequence is linear.
The second set of differences are all equal to 8. Hence, the sequence Q is
quadratic.
Level L | 74
Algebra 4
(A150) 5. a.
21 32 39 36 17 −24 −93 −196 −339 −528
11 7 −3 −19 −41 −69 −103 −143 −189
−4 −10 −16 −22 −28 −34 −40 −46
−6 −6 −6 −6 −6 −6 −6
The third set of differences are all equal to −6. Hence, the sequence C is
cubic.
25 25
(A151) 6. 12n = 12 n
n =1 n =1
25(25 + 1)
12 = 3,900
2
20 20 20
(A152) 7. (4i 2 + 2i + 1) = 4 i 2 + 2 i + 20 1 = 4 2,870 + 2 210 + 20 = 11,920
i =1 i =1 i =1
Level L | 75
Algebra 4
(A156) 11. a1 = 245, an = 1, and n = 62. Thus, the sum of the arithmetic progression is
62
equal to S62 = [245 + 1] = 31(246) = 7, 626 .
2
(A157) 12. a1 = 1,200, d = 120, a11 represents Sara’s monthly salary in 2000, and a21
represents Sara’s monthly salary in 2010.
a21 − a11 = (21 − 11) 120 = 10 120 = 1,200. Thus, the increase in Sara’s
monthly salary from 2000 to 2010 is $1,200.
n
(A158) 13. (5k − 2) = (5(1) − 2) + (5(2) − 2) + (5(3) − 2) + ... + (5n − 2) =
k =1
= 3 + 8 + 13 + ... + (5n − 2)
This is the sum of the terms of an arithmetic progression with first term 3
and a common difference of 5. Therefore, it is equal to
n n
[2(3) + (n − 1)5] = ( 5n + 1) .
2 2
Using an = a1 + (n − 1)d , 503 = 3 + (n − 1)5 gives n = 101.
OR:
The general term of the given progression is 5n − 2. The equality 5n − 2 =
503 gives n = 101.
101
Hence, 3 + 8 + 13 + 18 + … + 503 = [3 + 503] = 25,553 .
2
Level L | 76
Algebra 4
1 3 1
d. By substitution: n = 1, then n + an 2 + bn = + a + b = 3 , thus
6 6
17
a+b = .
6
1 3 1 23
If n = 2, then n + an 2 + bn = 8 + 4a + 2b = 9 , thus 4a + 2b = .
6 6 3
11
Solving the linear system of equations yields a = 1 and b = .
6
Pattern number 1 2 3 4 5
Level L | 77
Algebra 4
b. The first term of the sequence is 4 and the difference between any
two consecutive terms is 4, thus an = a1 + (n − 1)d
an = 4 + (n − 1)4 = 4n
c. 4n = 400, n = 100
1 3 1
d. For n = 1, n + an 2 + bn = + a + b = 4 , thus 3a + 3b = 11
3 3
1 3 1
For n = 2, n + an 2 + bn = 8 + 4a + 2b = 13 , thus 12a + 6b = 31
3 3
3 13
Solving the linear system of equations gives a = and b = .
2 6
(X102) 18. a. i. first term = 7 and second term = 12
ii. 403 = 5n + 2, 5n = 401, n = 80.2 is not an integer, therefore, 403
is not a term of this sequence.
Level L | 78
Algebra 4
1
( 2 ) = 12 2 = 1
2
(A162) 19. G3 = G1r 2 =
2
1
( 2 ) = 12 8 = 4
6
G7 = G1r 6 =
2
= ( 2 ) = 32 = 16
1 101
G11 = G1r 10
2 2
2 1− rn
(A163) 20. Using n = 10, g1 = 1, and r = = 2 in S n = g1 gives
1 1− r
1 − 210 1 − 1, 024
S10 = 1 = = 1, 023 .
1− 2 −1
5 x 10 x
(A164) 21. a. The common ratio is r = = = 2.
1 5x
We obtain 5x = 2, giving x = 2/5.
b. The common ratio 2 is greater than 1. Thus, the sum to infinity does not
converge.
(A165) 22. a. The ball travels 20 m before striking the floor for the first time.
It travels an additional distance of 0.2 20 = 4 m upwards and 4 m
downwards, a total of 8 m, before it strikes the floor for the second time.
The ball travels an additional 0.2 4 = 0.8 m upwards and 0.8 m
downwards, a total of 1.6 m, before it strikes the floor for the third time.
The ball travels a total of 20 + 8 + 1.6 + … + 8(0.2)4 =
1 − 0.25
20 + 8 30 m before it strikes the floor for the sixth time.
1 − 0.2
b. If the ball keeps bouncing forever, the total distance it would travel is
8
20 + 8 + 1.6 +… = 20 + = 30 m.
1 − 0.2
Therefore, the total distance cannot exceed 30 m.
Level L | 79
Algebra 4
(A166)23. [T] a.
Day Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Number of
text messages
2 4 8 16 32 64 128
sent on the
given day
b. The first term of the sequence is 2 and the common ratio is 2. By
substitution in the formula an = a1 r n −1 , we obtain an = 2 2n −1 = 2n .
c. i. The total number of text messages sent by the end of day 6 is
64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 = 126.
27 − 2 = 126 , which is the same.
a1 (1 − r n )
ii. The sum of a geometric sequence is given by Sn = , so by
1− r
2(1 − 2n )
substitution, Sn = = 2n + 1 − 2 .
1− 2
iii. 2n+1 − 2 = 1,022 , 2n+1 = 1,024 , n + 1 = log 2 1,024 , n = 9.
So by the end of day 9, the total number of text messages sent is
1,022.
(X103) 24.
Day
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Number
Number
of e-
mails 3 9 27 81 243 729 2187
sent
today
Level L | 80
Algebra 4
b. The first term of the sequence is 3 and the common ratio is 3, therefore,
an = a1 r n −1 , an = 3 3n −1 = 3n .
a1 (1 − r n )
d. The sum of a geometric sequence is given by Sn = , so,
1− r
3(1 − 3n ) 3 3n +1 3
Sn = = (1 − 3n ) = − .
1− 3 −2 2 2
3n+1 3
e. − = 3279 , 3n+1 = 6561 , n + 1 = log 3 6561 , n = 7, therefore the answer
2 2
is Day Number 7.
^
(X104) 25. [G2]
Sequence
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th nth
term
X 5 10 20 40 80 5 2 n−1
Y 13 18 23 28 33 5n + 8
5 6 7 8 9 n+4
Z
3 4 5 6 7 n+2
W 2 4 8 14 22 n2 − n + 2
Level L | 81
Algebra 4
100
n
r
(A168) 27. Using P = 1,000, n = 20, and A20 = 3,000, An = P 1 + becomes
100
20
r
3, 000 = 1, 000 1 + .
100
20
r
Dividing both sides by 1,000 gives 1 + = 3 . Taking the positive 20
th
100
root of both sides gives 1 +
r
100
( )
= 20 3, r = 100 20 3 − 1 5.65% .
n
r
(A169) 28. Substituting P = 12,000, n = 120, and r = 4/12 in An = P 1 + gives
100
120
4 /12
A120 = 12, 000 1 + .
100
A120 = 12, 000 (1 + 1 300 ) $17,890
120
100 P
n
r
(A170) 29. a. Using P = 2,000, n = n, and r = 5, Sn = 1 + − 1 gives
r 100
100 2, 000
n
5
Sn = 1 + − 1 = 40, 000(1.05 − 1) , which is what we
n
5 100
had to show.
b. S10 = 40,000(1.0510 − 1) $25,155.79
(A171)
30. [T]
Sequence 1st term 2nd term 3rd term 4th term 5th term nth term
7 n
F 7 21 63 189 567 3
3
L 4 15 26 37 48 11n − 7
1 3 5 7 9 2n − 1
Y
4 5 6 7 8 n+3
U 4 7 12 19 28 n2 + 3
Level L | 82
Algebra 4
Level L | 83
Algebra 4
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2
y 1/27 1/9 1/3 1 3 9
y
10
2
x
−4 −2 2 4
Level L | 84
Algebra 4
2
x
−4 −2 2 4
2
x
−4 −2 2 4
(A178) 37. The population of Canada can be modeled by P ( t ) = P0 ( 2t /70 ) . If the year
2012 corresponds to t = 0, then the year 2222 corresponds to t = 210.
Thus, the population of Canada in 2222 is given by
P ( 210 ) = 35 ( 2210/70 ) = 35 ( 23 ) = 35 8 = 280 million.
A
(A179) 38. Substituting for Q(t), A for Q0, and 1,600 for t in Q(t ) = Q0e− rt , yields,
2
A
= Ae − r 1,600 .
2
Solving for r by dividing both sides by A, taking the natural logarithm of
1 1
both sides, and simplifying yields, r = − ln 0.000433 .
1, 600 2
− ( 0.000433)5,000
Thus, 1 = Q0 e yields, Q0 ≈ 8.715 grams.
Level L | 85
Algebra 4
(A180) 39. a. Q0 = 500 mg and Q(1) = 410 mg, thus, Q(1) = 410 = 500e− r (1) = 500e− r .
Solving for r by taking the natural logarithm of both sides and simplifying
410
yields, r = − ln 0.198 .
500
1
Solving Q0 = Q0 e −0.198t for t: − ln 2 = −0.198t and so, t ≈ 3.5 weeks.
2
b. 30 days approximately equal 4.3 weeks. Q(4.3) = 500e−0.198 4.3 213 mg.
(S111) 40. The time is measured since 1995, which corresponds to t = 0. Therefore, the
value of k is 69.
^
(S112) 41. Let the number of years be x and the amount of capital be y.
Then the table shows that the growth of y from year to year is much faster
than that of x:
4.3 − 2.8 = 1.5, 6.8 − 4.3 = 2.5, 10.7 − 6.8 = 3.9. Therefore, the table
represents an exponential growth of the capital.
^
(S113) 42. Since the number of ants doubles every 3 weeks, its growth may be
described by an exponential model.
Therefore, the number of ants in the colony after t weeks is given by
t
5,000 × 2 3 .
^
(S114) 43. After one year, the number of students would be 3,700 + 3,700 × 0.0916 =
3,700(1 + 0.0916) = 3,700 × 1.0916. After 2 years, the number of students
would be (3,700 × 1.0916) × 1.0916 = 3,700(1.0916)2.
Therefore, the number of students in the school after t years since 2011
would be 3,700(1.0916)t.
^
(S115) 44. The height of the ball is halved after each bounce. Therefore, the height of
n
1
the ball h, in feet, after n bounces is f (n) = h .
2
^
(S116) 45. Since Peter expects to lose 0.05 of his weight each month, his weight after
one month will be
110 × (1 – 0.05) = 110 × 0.95, his weight after 2 months will be
(110 × 0.95) × 0.95 =
110 × (0.95)2, and so on.
Therefore, Peter’s weight after t months will be 110(0.95)t.
Level L | 86
Algebra 4
(S117) 46. Jenny uses the equation N = 800(1 + 0.08t) to estimate the number of
students, N, after t years. The number of students after 10 years will be
800 × (1 + 0.08 × 10) = 1,440.
Mark uses the equation N = 800(1.08)t to estimate the number of students,
N, after t years. The number of students after 10 years will be
800 × (1.08)10 1,727.
Therefore, Mark's estimate of the number of students after 10 years will be
287 students more than Jenny's estimate.
SAT
(S241) 47. [G3] 30% of $35 is 35 0.30 = 10.5, which is the amount spent on snack
10.5
bags. The number of bags is =7.
1.5
(S242) 48. [G3] Molina had to pay 32 + 10 = $42 in total excluding the coupon. This
amount is 60% of the original price of the bags, which means the original
100
price of 5 bags was 42 = 70 . Hence, the original price of each bag is
60
70 5 = $14.
(S235) 49. [G3] First, the equation of the function in a general form is f(x) = k(a)x. The
condition of y-intercept of 55 gives f(0) = k × 1 = 55. The condition of 5%
decrease gives that a = 1 – 0.05 = 0.95.
Hence, the function is f(x) = 55(0.95)x.
(S236) 50. [G3] To find the pre-deflated volume of air, t needs to be substituted by 0 as
0 seconds passed. Hence, V(0) = 5 + 70e0 = 75.
(S237) 51. [G3] First, the equation of the function in a general form is
f(x) = k(a)x. Then, using the condition,
f(0) = k × 1 = 0.75. The condition of function doubling gives a = 2.
Hence, the function is f(x) = 0.75(2)x.
(S240) 52. [G3] (a) A large number of years means that t tends to infinity. In this case,
(0.95)t tends to 0 so as the reselling price. This is the reason the
option (a) is not correct.
(b) The function shows that each year (when t increases by 1) reselling price
is 95% of the previous year price, which means it has 5% decrease in
price every year. This option is correct.
(c) Owing to 0.95 < 1, the function of the reselling price is decreasing. So
this option is not correct.
Level L | 87
Algebra 4
Level L | 88
Algebra 4
IGCSE
(X1)
1. [G2] a. The number of students who play only tennis is 6 students.
50
(X4)
2. [G2] a. The percentage decrease in price is 100 = 10%.
500
dollars.
c. Let x be the price of this item.
20
x+ x = 300 x = 250
100
The price of this item before the increase was 250 dollars.
dy
(X25)
3. [G2] = 3 x2 + 8 x
dx
The slope of the tangent at x = −2 is
dy
= 3 ( −2 ) + 8 ( −2 ) = 12 − 16 = −4.
2
dx x =−2
The coordinates of the point of tangency are (−2, 18).
The equation of the tangent at x = −2 is
y − 18 = −4(x + 2)
y = −4x + 10
b corresponds to x = 10 and thus, its value is −4(10) + 10 = −30.
(X27)
4. [G2] The stationary points of (C) corresponds to the roots of the derivative
of its equation.
dy
= 4 x 3 − 12 x
dx
( )
4 x 3 − 12 x = 0 4 x x 2 − 3 = 0 x = 0, x = 3
(
The stationary points are A ( 0, 2 ) , B − 3, −7 , and C) ( )
3, −7 .
Level L | 89
Algebra 4
x
− − 3 0 3 +
y − 0 + 0 − 0 +
y
( )
A(0, 2) is a local maximum, B − 3, −7 is a local minimum and C ( )
3, −7 is a
local minumum.
Distance
(X31)
5. [G2] a) Speed =
Time
From 08:00 till 08:30, the train covered 60 km. Therefore, the train’s speed
60 km
during this interval of time is equal to = 120 km/hr.
1hour
30 min
60 min
b) During the journey, the train covered a distance of 240 km.
125
The journey lasted for 2 hours and 5 minutes, which is equal to hours.
60
Thus, the average speed of the train for the whole journey is
240 km
= 115.2 km/hr.
125
hours
60
(X32)
6. [G2] a) The distance the train traveled is the area of the trapezoid.
v 30 50 v 80 2
90 = + = = v
2 60 60 2 60 3
v = 135 km/hr
b) The average acceleration during the first 10 minutes is
1hr
km km 135 km 10 00 m 1350m
135 −0 hr 1 km 36 00 s
h h = 36 s
= = 0.0625 m/s 2 .
10min 60s 600 s
10 min
1 min
Level L | 90
Algebra 4
(X58)
7. [G2] a.
13
cos ABC = , so mABC 58.7.
25
b.
h = sin ADC AD
Thus, h = (sin 58.7)(4) 3.4 cm.
Area of parallelogram ABCD = 6 ( 3.4 ) = 20.4 cm 2
58.7
π ( 2 ) 2.05cm 2 .
2
Area of sector PBQ =
360
Area of the shaded region is about 20.4 − 2.05 = 18.35 cm2 .
58.7
c. Perimeter = 4 + 4 + 6 + 2 + ( 2π ) 18.05 cm .
180
Level L | 91
Algebra 4
(X63)
8. [G2] a. The length of the arc is the circumference of the base of the cone,
thus it is equal to 2r or 2 4 = 8 cm.
x x πx
At the same time, the length of the arc is 2πR = 2π(12) = .
360 360 15
πx
So, we get the equation = 8π , then x = 120.
15
b. A = Asector − AAOB
Asector = r 2 , Asector = 48 cm2.
360
1 1
AAOB = AO OB sin AOB = 12 12 sin120 = 36 3 cm 2 .
2 2
Level L | 92
Algebra 4
(X65)
( )
9. [G2] Total surface area is 4 9 3 = 36 3 62.4 cm2 .
(X72)
10. [G2] a. The volume of the cylinder is r 2 h ,
180π = πr 2 5 , r 2 = 36 , thus r = 6 or r = −6 (rejected).
1 2
b. Volume of the cone = πr h
3
1
= π 36 10 = 120π cm3.
3
Total volume = Vcone + Vcylinder = 120π + 180π = 300π cm3.
V1
c. = k 3 , where k is the scale factor.
V2
8100
= k 3 , thus k = 3 .
300
r1 r
Therefore, = k , 1 = 3 , giving r1 = 18 cm.
r2 6
4 3 4
(X75)
11. [G2] a. Volume of the sphere = πr = π(4)3 268 cm3
3 3
b. The total volume of the water and the sphere is equal to 268 + 1000 = 1268
cm3.
Hence, πr 2 h = 1268 , so, π(52 )( h) = 1268 , π(25)( h) = 1268 , h 16 cm.
(X95)
12. [G2] The image of point (a, b) under a rotation of 90 clockwise about
the origin is (b, –a).
Level L | 93
Algebra 4
y
6
2
B
x
−6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6
A C
−2
−4
−6
(X110)
13. [G2] a. Step 1 (0.25) P(result is not number 2) = 1 − P(result is 2) =
1 4
Step 2 (0.25) = 1 − =
5 5
1 1 1
b. Step 1 (0.25) P(1 and 1) = =
5 5 25
c. Step 1 (0.25) The expected number of times that the number shown is 1 for 50
1
trials is equal to 50 = 10 times.
5
d. i) Step 1 (0.25 each column)
Level L | 94
Algebra 4
Spinner B
1 1 2 2 3
Spinner A
1 2 2 3 3 4
2 3 3 4 4 5
3 4 4 5 5 6
3 4 4 5 5 6
3 4 4 5 5 6
ii) Step 1 (0.25) The total outcomes = 25, P(sum is greater than 4) = P(getting 5 or
6)
possible outcomes 10 2
Step 2 (0.25) = = =
total outcomes 25 5
3 3 3 2 54
e. Step 1 (0.25) P(getting number 2 on the fourth trial) = =
5 5 5 5 625
^
(X113)
14. [G2] a) Step 1 (0.25 each).
1
Participates
4
3
Goes to school 3
4 Does not participate
4
4
Participates
5
1
Does not go to school
4 1
Does not participate
5
3 1 3
b) Step 1 (0.5). =
4 4 16
3 1 1 4
c) Step 1 (0.5). +
4 4 4 5
3 1 31
Step 2 (0.5) = + =
16 5 80
Level L | 95
Algebra 4
(X115)
15. [G2] a.
Time (t minutes) t≤6 t≤8 t ≤ 10 t ≤ 12 t ≤ 14 t ≤ 16
Cumulative
0 13 35 73 88 100
Frequency
b.
100
Cumulative Frequency
75
50
25
0 5 10 15 20
Time (minutes)
Level L | 96
Algebra 4
(X120)
16. [G2] a. There is a strong positive correlation between the hours spent
studying and the grade point average of the students.
b. The line of best fit passes through point (2, 2) and has a slope equal
to 0.5.
The equation is y = 0.5x + b, by substituting (2, 2) in this equation
we get b = 1, thus the equation is y = 0.5x + 1.
c. The ordinate of the point on the line of the best fit corresponding to 4
is 3, thus, the grade point average of a student that studied for 4
hours is approximately 3.
^
3
1 1
(A181) 17. [T] a. i. P ( three wins ) = =
4 64
3
3 37
ii. P ( at least one win ) = 1 − =
4 64
2
1 3 9
iii. P ( only two wins ) = 3 =
4 4 64
4
4 1 256
b. i. P = = = 0.08192
5 5 3125
n−1
4 1
ii. P =
5 5
(A183) 19. [T] The two cards can be either 1 and 1 or 2 and 2.
4 3 2 3 2 1
P(1 and 1 ) = = , P(2 and 2) = =
7 6 7 7 6 7
2 1 3
P(cards have the same number) = P(1 and 1 ) + P(2 and 2) = + = .
7 7 7
b. The two cards can be either 1 and 1 or 2 and 2.
4 1 4
P(1 from set A and 1 from set B) = =
7 7 49
3 5 15
P(2 from set A and 2 from set B) = =
7 7 49
Level L | 97
Algebra 4
Level L | 98
Algebra 4
x
(A185) 21. [T] a. i. P(choosing a red ball) = = 0.3 , thus x = 18.
60
ii. The expected number of times that she would get a red ball
= 100 × 0.3 = 30.
4 4 4 8
b. i. P(BBB) = =
10 10 10 125
ii. P(BWP or BPW or PWB or PBW or WBP or WPB) = 6 × P(BWP)
4 1 5 3
= 6 =
10 10 10 25
c. P(number of red balls is more than number of blue balls)
= P(RRR or RRB or RBR or BRR)
6 5 4 6 5 2 6 2 5 2 6 5 25
= + + + =
8 7 6 8 7 6 8 7 6 8 7 6 28
Level L | 99
Algebra 4
Hat Coat
1
Blue
3
1 1
Black Black
2 3
1
Brown
3
1
Blue
3
1 1
Gray Black
2 3
1
Brown
(A187) 23. [T] 3
1 1 1
b. =
2 3 6
1 1 1 1 2 1
c. + = =
2 3 2 3 6 3
Level L | 100
Algebra 4
1/8 Walks
3/4
Bus is
not late
7/8 Doesn’t
walk
1 3 3
b. P(bus is late and Mr. Jayson doesn’t walk to the office) = =
4 7 28
1 4 1
c. P(bus is late and walks to the office) = =
4 7 7
3 1 3
P(bus is not late and walks to the office) = =
4 8 32
P(walks to the office) = P(bus is late and walks to the office) + P(bus is
1 3 53
not late and walks to the office) = + =
7 32 224
Dog
1/5
1/2 No cat
3/4 Cat
4/5
No dog
1/4 No cat
1 1 1
b. P(A student owns a dog and a cat) = =
5 2 10
c. i. P(A student doesn’t own a cat) = P(A student owns a dog and
doesn’t own a cat) + P(A student doesn’t own a dog and doesn’t
own a cat)
1 1 4 1 3
= + =
5 2 5 4 10
Level L | 101
Algebra 4
ii. The expected number of students who do not own a cat in a group
3
of 30 students = 30 = 9 .
10
d. P(The number of students who own a dog is at least one out of 5
students)
= 1 − P(there are no students owning a dog out of 5)
4 4 4 4 4 45 3125 − 1024 2101
= 1 − = 1 − = =
5 5 5 5 5 55 3125 3125
Level L | 102
Algebra 4
(A191) 27. [T] a. i. Mid-intervals (xi) are given in the table below.
Weight (kg) 40 x ≤ 50 50 x ≤ 60 60 x ≤ 70 70 x ≤ 80
Frequency (fi) 22 25 30 23
Mid-interval (xi) 45 55 65 75
Mean =
fx i i
=
6, 040
= 60.40
f i 100
3
6
2
40 50 60 70 80
Weight in kg
b. i.
Age 15 ≤ x < 25 25 ≤ x < 35 35 ≤ x < 45 45 ≤ x < 55
Frequency 40 20 22 18
Cumulative
40 60 82 100
frequency
Age Distribution
Cumulative frequency
100
80
60
40
20
0
15 25 35 45 55
Age, in years
ii. 30% of 100 = 30
Level L | 103
Algebra 4
Age Distribution
Cumulative frequency
100
80
60
40
20
0
15 25 35 45 55
Age, in years
The 30th ordinate corresponds to the abscissa of 22, so the 30th percentile
is 22.
iii. Using the cumulative frequency curve, the abscissa 25 corresponds to the
ordinate 40. Thus, 40 people are 25 years old or younger.
100 − 40 = 60 people are older than 25 years.
160
150
100
50
0
0 50 100 150 200
Money raised by students, in $
The median is the 100th item as 50% of the total frequency is
0.5 × 200 = 100. Therefore, the median is the abscissa of the point
that lies on the cumulative frequency curve and corresponds to the
ordinate 100. This abscissa is approximately equal to 85.
The median is therefore about 85.
The lower quartile is the 50th item as 25% of the total frequency is
0.25 × 200 = 50.
Hence, the lower quartile is the abscissa of the point that lies on the
cumulative frequency curve and corresponds to the ordinate 50. Its
value is approximately equal to 70.
Thus, Q1 = 70.
Level L | 104
Algebra 4
The upper quartile is the 150th item as 75% of the total frequency is
0.75 × 200 = 150. Therefore, the upper quartile is the abscissa of the
point that lies on the cumulative frequency curve and corresponds to
the ordinate 150. This abscissa is approximately equal to 100. Thus,
Q3 = 100.
IQR = 100 − 70 = 30
The 80th percentile is the 160th item as 80% of the total frequency is
0.80 × 200 = 160.
Thus, the 80th percentile is the abscissa of the point that lies on the
cumulative frequency curve and corresponds to the ordinate 160. Its
value is approximately equal to 105 tickets.
ii.
Distribution of Money Raised
200
Cumulative frequency
150
100
50
30
0
0 50 100 150 200
Money raised by students, in $
Using the graph, the abscissa 50 tickets corresponds to the ordinate 30.
Therefore, 200 − 30 = 170 students raised more than $50.
b. i. The mid-intervals are given in the table below.
Area (m2) 10 x ≤ 12 x ≤ 14 x ≤ 16 x ≤ 18 x ≤
12 14 16 18 20
Frequency 2 11 5 5 2
Mid-intervals 11 13 15 17 19
Mean =
fx i i
=
2 11 + 1113 + 5 15 + 5 17 + 2 19
= 14.52
f i 25
Level L | 105
Algebra 4
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
10 12 14 16 18 20
Area
(A193) 29. [T] a. i. Since 40 is the largest of the frequencies, then the modal time
interval is
34 ≤ t 36.
ii. The 50th student is in the third interval, therefore, the median time
lies in the interval 34 ≤ t 36.
iii.
Time (t 30 ≤ 32 ≤ 34 ≤ 36 ≤ 38 ≤
minutes) t 32 t < 34 t 36 t 38 t 40
Frequency
15 20 40 15 10
( f i)
Mid -
31 33 35 37 39
interval (xi)
Mean =
fx i i
=
3470
= 34.7
f i 100
b. i.
t
Time (t t≤ t≤ t≤ t≤ t≤
≤
minutes) 32 34 36 38 40
30
Cumulative
0 15 35 75 90 100
Frequency
Level L | 106
Algebra 4
ii.
100
Cumulative Frequency
75
50
25
0 10 20 30 40
Time (minutes)
iii. The median corresponds to the 50th student. Using the cumulative curve, the
median time is approximately 34.
100
Cumulative Frequency
75
50
25
0 10 20 30 40
Time (minutes)
iv. IQR = Q3 − Q1
100
Cumulative Frequency
75
50
25
0 10 20 30 40
Time (minutes)
Level L | 107
Algebra 4
v.
100
Cumulative Frequency
75
50
25
0 10 20 30 40
Time (minutes)
Mean =
fh i i
=
14, 220
= 35.55
f i 400
b.
Height, in cm h ≤ 20 h ≤ 30 h ≤ 40 h ≤ 50 h ≤ 60
Cumulative
20 126 261 371 400
Frequency
Level L | 108
Algebra 4
c. i. The cumulative frequency curve passes through (20, 20), (30, 126),
(40, 261), (50, 371), and (60, 400).
400
Cumulative Frequency
300
200
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Height, cm
ii. 50% of 400 = 200. Using the curve, the median height is approximately 35.
400
Cumulative Frequency
300
200
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Height, cm
300
200
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Height, cm
Level L | 109
Algebra 4
b. Mean =
fx i i
=
10 25 + x 45 + 21 60
= 58
f i 10 + x + 12
1,510 + 45 x
= 58
22 + x
1,510 + 45x = 58x + 1,276
13x = 234
x = 18
(A196) 32. [T] a. The median is the 80th item as 50% of the total frequency is 0.5 × 160
= 80.
Therefore, the median is the abscissa of the point that lies on the
cumulative frequency curve and corresponds to the ordinate 80. This
abscissa is approximately equal to 78. The median is therefore 78
dollars.
b. The lower quartile is the 40th item as 25% of the total frequency is
0.25 × 160 = 40.
Hence, the lower quartile, Q1, is the abscissa of the point that lies on
the cumulative frequency curve and corresponds to the ordinate 40. Its
value is approximately equal to 60 dollars.
c. The upper quartile is the 120th item as 75% of the total frequency is
0.75 × 160 = 120. Therefore, the upper quartile, Q3, is the abscissa of
the point that lies on the cumulative frequency curve and corresponds
to the ordinate 120.
Its value is approximately equal to 122.
IQR = Q3 − Q1 = 122 − 60 = 62
Level L | 110
Algebra 4
d. The 60th percentile is the 96th item as 60% of the total frequency is
0.60 × 160 = 96.
Thus, the 60th percentile is the abscissa of the point that lies on the cumulative
frequency curve and corresponds to the ordinate 96. Its value is approximately
equal to 90 dollars.
Level L | 111
Algebra 4
(A197) 33. [T] a. i. There is a strong negative correlation between the number of lessons
missed and the grade point average.
ii.
iii. The line of best fit passes through the point (40, 10). Hence, the
grade point average of a student who missed 40 lessons is about
10.
b. The mode is the grade B since it has the highest frequency.
The median grade is the grade of the 10th student.
Using the cumulative frequency table below, the 10th student got a
grade of B. Therefore, B is the median grade.
Grades A B C D
Frequency 5 7 6 2
Cumulative
5 12 18 20
frequency
c. i.
Mid
Score, in Frequency
value xi fi
points fi
xi
0 < p ≤ 30 15 15 225
30 < p ≤
30 40 1,200
50
50 < p ≤
50 55 2,750
60
60 < p ≤
40 65 2,600
70
70 < p ≤
10 75 750
80
80 < p ≤
15 85 1,275
90
f i xi 8800
The mean score is equal to = = 55 points.
fi 160
Level L | 112
Algebra 4
ii.
Score, in Frequency
Frequency
points density
0 < p ≤ 30 15 0.5
30 < p ≤
30 1.5
50
50 < p ≤
50 5
60
60 < p ≤
40 4
70
70 < p ≤
10 1
80
80 < p ≤
15 1.5
90
Score Distribution
Frequency density
5
4
3
2
1
0
10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Score
Level L | 113