Histology of

endocrine system
 Group members

1. Najma Abdi Bashiir. 8. Ismail Abdullahi mohamed.

2. Hassan Ali Issediin. 9. Mohamed Ahmed Abdi.
3. Ayan Hassan Nor. 10. Mohamed Sharif Adam.
4. Ayan Osman Ibrahim. 11. Mustaf Abdiasis Ahmed.
5. Bishar Osman Abdulle. 12. Abdishakuur Mohamed Isman.
6. Hakima Moalin Ali Ahmed. 13. Khadija Mohamed Osman .
7. Asma kulmiye Anshur. 14. Said Hussein Wehliye
 Contents..

1-introduction. 2-Main body.

● 3-Conclusion ● 4-Recommendation

5-Referrence
 1-introduction

Pituitary gland Thyroid gland

Adrenals gland Pancreas

Ovaries Pineal gland

 1. Introduction
● Endocrine System

 The endocrine system is a complex network of glands and organs that produce and
secrete hormones, which regulate a wide range of physiological processes in the body.

 The endocrine system interacts with the nervous system to coordinate and integrate
body activities by means of hormones

 Endocrine tissues and organs secrete hormone into body fluids (mainly blood and
lymph) directly using diffusion.

 Exocrine tissues, such as salivary glands, and sebaceous glands, secrete chemical
substances through ducts into an open space.
 Five major functions of hormones
 a) Regulate metabolic processes (e.g. thyroid hormones).

 b) Control the rate of chemical reactions (e.g. growth hormone).

 c) Aid in the transport of substances across the cell membrane of target cells
(e.g. insulin and glucagon).

 d) Regulate water and electrolyte balances (e.g. antidiurectic hormone,

calcitonin, and aldosterone).

 e) Play a vital role in reproduction, growth and development (e.g.

estrogens , progesterone, and testosterone).
Major endocrine glands
 1 Pituitary gland
● The hypophysis (hypo= under + physis,growth), or
pituitary gland, it’s The Master Gland
● Histologically It’s divided into :
● 1-Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis), dark and
cellular.
● 2-Posterior lobe (nuerohypophysis), pale and
fibrous.
Anterior pituitary secrete:
 human growth hormone (hGH)
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
 follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
 Luteinizing hormone (LH)
 adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and
 melanocyte-stimulating hormone.
Posterior pituitary or neurohypophysis does not synthesize
hormones, it does store and release two hormones,these are
 Oxytocin (OT)
 Antidiuretic hormone(ADH)
 2 Thyroid gland
The butterfly-shaped thyroid gland is located just inferior to
the larynx (voice box).
Has right and left lateral lobes,
one on either side of the trachea
connected by an isthmus (is a narrow passage) anterior to
the trachea.
Under the influence of TSH thyroid gland secretes two
hormones: these are thyroxin and calcitonin.
2 Thyroid gland

The normal mass of the thyroid is about 30 g.

Thyroid tissue is composed of 20-30 million
microscopic spheres called thyroid follicles.
The follicles are lined by simple epithelium
called colloid.
There are Types of the the thyroid.
1-papillary 2-follicular
3-medullary 4-anaplastic.
2 Thyroid gland

The gland is surrounded by a thin fibro-elastic

(true) capsule. This capsule, in turn, is covered by a
from the outside and acts pre-tracheal fascia as a
false capsule.
Functions of thyroid gland.
1-Controlling heart.
2-muscle and digestive function.
3-brain development and bone maintenance.
 3 Parathyroid gland
● the parathyroid gland is a small, pea-shaped gland
located on the posterior surface of the thyroid
gland.
● Embedded in the posterior aspect of the lobes of
the thyroid gland.
● Has two types of cells:
● Chief cells:
● Oxyphil cells:
● Blood calcium level directly controls secretion of
both calcitonin and PTH.
● The parathyroid gland produces parathyroid
hormone (PTH), which plays a critical role in
regulating calcium and phosphate levels in the
body
 4 Adrenals gland
 Are orange-colored endocrine glands
 Are located on the top of both kidneys.
 Each adrenal gland has two distinct structures, the
outer adrenal cortex and the inner medulla
Adrenals cortex
Is the outer region of the gland.
secretes steroid hormones such as:
 Glucocorticoids.
 Mineralocorticoids.
 Gonadocorticoids.
 4 Adrenals gland
 cortex is subdivided into three zones, each of which secretes
different hormones, these are
1. Zona glumerulosa
 is Outer layer

 secrete mineralocorticoid (Aldosterol) hormones.

2. Zona fasciculate
 forms around 80% of the whole cortex
 secrete mainly glucocorticoids(cortisole) hormone.
3. Zona reticularis :Is the inner layer which secretes small amounts of
weak androgens (andro- a man), steroid hormones that have
masculinizing effects.
 4 Adrenals gland
 The medulla

The inner region of the adrenal gland,

● Secrete epinephrine and nor epinephrine

 Consist two types of cells:

 1-Chromaffin cells=secrete catecholamines.

 2-Sympathetic ganglion cells.

 5 Pineal gland
● It's located between the two hemisphere.
● It's covered by pia matter.

● It's consist of 2 types of cells:

1. Pinealocytes (Secretary cells).

2. Glial cells (resemble astrocytes): for support.

It's function= secretion of melatonin.

 6 Pancreas
 Is one of the largest glands of the digestive tube, it’s lies in C
shaped cavity of the duodenum. It is divided into head, body and
tail.
 It’s mixed gland: composed of both endocrine and exocrine parts.
The endocrine pancreas (The islets of langerhans).
● The islets of langerhans are more numerous in the tail than in
the head and the body of the pancreas.
● They appear in histological sections as lightly stained areas.
 6 Pancreas
The types of cells are:
1-A cells (Alpha cells). Secretion of glucagon
increase blood sugar level.
2-B cells (beta cells). Secretion of insulin.
Lower blood sugar level.
3-D cells (delta). Secretion of somatostatin
inhibits secretion of GH, insulin and glucagon.
 7 Gonads
 Are the primary reproductive organs,
testes in the male and the ovaries in the
female. These organs are responsible for
producing the sperm and ova, but they
also secrete hormones and are considered
to be endocrine glands.
 8 Thymus Glands
 Thymus gland: A diminishing gland (over time) located
between the lungs.
 secretes a group of hormones, such as thymosin, to affect the
production and maturation of lymphocytes in body defense.
Histologically, the thymus is divided into lobules, each one
consisting of a central medulla and a peripheral cortex. The
thymus is an essential component of our immune systems.
9 Hypothalamus
 Is small area at the base of the brain,
 Located below the thalamus and above the pituitary gland.
 It’s play a central role regulating the endocrine system.
 Which is responsible for the production and secretion of
hormones through out the body.
 The hypothalamus plays a central role in regulating the
endocrine system, which is responsible for the production and
secretion of hormones throughout the body.
 Conclusion
the endocrine glands are a complex system of glands that produce
and secrete hormones into the bloodstream to regulate a wide range
of physiological processes in the body. Each gland has a unique
histological structure and function, and specialized cells within
them are responsible for producing specific hormones tailored to
the body's needs. The endocrine glands include the pineal gland,
hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands,
thymus gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes.
Understanding the structure and function of these glands is
essential for diagnosing and treating disorders that affect hormone
regulation, including endocrine tumors, diabetes, and thyroid
disease.
 Recommendation
Make Further Reasearch about all endocrine glands beacause of the
knowledge about endocrine glands doesn’t only what we write in
our slide, there is many books that talked about this endocrine
system such as junqueira’s basic histology book text and atlas ,
basic histology and colour of atlas and text histology So make many
research about this system in particular make further reasearch such
as gonads, thymus, pancreas and pineal gland I wish you the best
 Referrence
1. Junqueira's Basic Histology book Text and Atlas by Anthony
Mescher (15th edition)
2. Textbooks and journal articles on endocrinology
3. Websites of reputable organizations such as the American
Thyroid Association and Endocrine Society
4. Research studies on the effects of endocrine disruptors on

health.
Prepaired: Group B
THANKS