Hazardous Waste Management

(Class IUP) – Week 9

 Hazardous Waste Treatment:
Stabilization and Solidification (S/S)

Hazardous Waste Management

Prof. Yulinah Trihadiningrum
Arseto Yekti Bagastyo, PhD (bagastyo@enviro.its.ac.id)

B.Eng Study Program

Dep. of Environmental Eng., FTSPK - ITS Week 9
www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia
Books and References
• Trihadiningrum, Y., 2016. Pengelolaan limbah bahan berbahaya dan beracun.
Teknosain, Yogyakarta.
• Peraturan Pemerintah No. 101 Tahun 2014 tentang Pengelolaan Limbah Bahan
Berbahaya dan Beracun.
• LaGrega, M.D., P.L. Buckingham, dan J.C. Evans, 2001. Hazardous waste
management. Second Edition. McGraw-Hill International Editions, New York
• Blackman, W. C., 2004. Basic hazardous waste management.- 3rd. Edition”. CRC
• Pichtel, J., 2005. Waste management practices - municipal, hazardous, and
industrial. CRC
• Other related books, references, and journal articles.

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

 Course Learning Plan
Week Topic
9 Hazardous Waste Treatment – Stabilization and Solidification (S/S)
10 Hazardous Waste Treatment – Thermal/Incineration, in particular medical/infectious
wastes
11 Hazardous Waste Treatment – Biological, Remediation of HZW contaminated areas
12
Hazardous Waste Treatment – Material Recovery and Utilization of HZW (Review)
13 Secure Landfill for Long-Term HZW Storage
14 Case Study of Hazardous Waste Management; Households scale to Industrial/Manufacture
(Low to High scale)
15 Presentation of Case Study
16 Final-Semester Evaluation (EAS) Exam

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

 GENERAL SIMPLE CONCEPT OF HZW

Is it possible?? Is it OK or not?? Is it allowed?

5
www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia
 DEALING WITH HAZARDOUS WASTE

6
www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia
 Hazardous Waste Treatment

Stabilization and Solidification (S/S)

7
www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia
 HZW Treatment: Immobilisation
Immobilisation Immobilisation techniques have to be
considered when other processes cannot
be used.

Definition:
a range of treatment processes that
make hazardous waste safe for The process has merit in
disposal mainly by containing its avoiding/reducing the
possibility of pollution.
potential for leaching

All techniques used to hazardous waste

Stabilisation more stable (and less reactive)

Techniques that are used to create a solid mass

Solidification of the hazardous waste, before or after it has
been stabilized

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

 Pengolahan LB3: Stabilisasi/Solidifikasi

Stabilisation: Use of chemical reagents which react with the soil

contaminants and transform them into an immobile form e.g. the
precipitation of heavy metals such as insoluble sulphides and hydroxides to
reduce the toxicity of the waste.
• Stabilisation does not necessarily lead to improved characteristics of the soil such as
compressive strength or impermeability.
• This process reduces the surface area of contact so that reduce the chance of waste
leakage or leaching out.
• This process reduce the solubility of the HZ contaminants
In practice commercial solidification of soils involved some degree of
stabilisation and vice versa.

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

 HZW Treatment: S/S

 The waste treated by stabilization/solidification: metals, organics, radioactive

wastes, and non-metals with and without organics.

 Benefit stabilisation/solidification: Reduce mobility and toxicity of

contaminants (by preventing leaching), and decrease surface area occupied by
waste

 Stabilisation agents:
A. Organic agents  clay, urea formaldehyde, polyethylene (thermoplastic),
polymerization, bitumen, asphalt
B. Inorganic agents  cement, lime, pozzolan (alumino-silicate minerals that
form cements when combined with lime and water)

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

 HZW Treatment: S/S

Contoh Produk
S/S

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

 Stabilization

Mechanism of Stabilisation
 Macroencapsulation – Encapsulation is done within a matrix made of
cement. It is an inexpensive method but is however not homogeneous.
 Microencapsulation – Contaminant is not chemically altered. Even if the
encapsulation breaks, the chemical is not released immediately.
 Absorption – Physical process adopted for emergency scenarios (disaster
mitigation/ spills) where the contaminant needs to be transported. Lime
and cement kilns, hay and straw are commonly used.
 Adsorption – Electrochemical or hydrogen bonding is formed. Activated
carbon, fly ash and clay (specifically for organic contaminants) are used as
adsorbents.

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

 Stabilization

Mechanism of Stabilisation
 Precipitation – Soluble elements are taken out of solution by precipitating them.
For example, Cr (VI) is precipitated as Cr (III) which is not carcinogenic.
Calcium is precipitated as CaCO3.
 Detoxification – This is the process of making a hazardous contaminant non-
toxic, through a series of chemical reactions.
 Vitrification – This is the formation of glass to immobilize waste (mostly used
for radioactive waste).

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

 Pengolahan LB3:
Stabilisasi/Solidifikasi
Solidification: addition of solidifying agent to the HZW thus creating solid
matrix product. No chemical interaction is required between the soil
contaminants and the solidifying agents:
•Increase the physical density (strenght)
•Increase the compressibility
•Decrease the permeability of the products
•Contaminants are held within the matrix by physical encapsulation which reduced the
accessibility of contaminants to mobilising agents such as rainwater or groundwater.

Combination of both known as s/s (Stabilisation/solidification) or in general

it is simply called solidification

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

 Pengolahan LB3: Solidification

• Limbah yang berkategori berbahaya tidak diperkenankan di landfilling dalam

kondisi cair. Limbah tersebut harus dalam kondisi matrik padat: melalui proses
s/s misalnya mencampur dengan semen
• Digunakan untuk memproses limbah lumpur padat terutama limbah
berbahaya dimana mengurangi/, menghilangkan sifat toksik
• Sebagai pengelolaan pendahuluan sebelum limbah tersebut dibuang dalam
ponding – lagooning ocean disposal, mine disposal atau land disposal
• Sifat fisik/padatan lebih baik dalam memudahkan penanganan dan
mengurangi potensi terbentuknya lindi yang berbahaya
• Dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif pemanfaatan kembali sebagai bahan yang
baik untuk bahan bangunan

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

 Pengolahan LB3: Stabilisasi/Solidifikasi

• Main components in S/S

• binder (pengikat): bahan yang akan menyebabkan produk s/s menjadi
lebih kuat seperti semen pada adukan beton
• sorben: bahan yang berfungsi untuk menahan komponen pencemar
dalam matrik yang stabil
• bahan lain sebagai pengisi, seperti agregat (pasir, kerikil) atau aditif lain
• limbah mungkin dapat berfungsi sebagai pengganti sebagian dari
binder atau bahan pengisi

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

 Pengolahan LB3: Stabilisasi/Solidifikasi
Principle:

Reagent

Binder

Contaminant

Soil
www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia
Binders
• Cement
• Pozzolanic
• Lime
• Organophilic clays
• Soluble silicates

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

 Cement
• Commonly used to solidify hazardous wastes and has been used for many
years.
• Cement can be used in conjunction with a number of binding agents including
fly ash, soluble silicates and organophilic clays.
• Stabilisation is achieved by the formation of low solubility compounds (e.g.
hydroxides and silicates) and chemical incorporation of contaminants hydrates
formed by cement.
• Cement based systems are tolerant to many chemical variation including pH
and the presence of strong oxidising agents such as nitrates.
• Presence of inorganic contaminants such as borates and sulphates, and organic
contaminants may adversely affect setting times and strength development.

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

 Pozzolanic
• Uses pozzolan as principal binding agent.
• Such material contains active silicates or aluminates which react with
lime in the presence of water to form a stable material.
• Solidification depends on the formation of calcium silicate gels, which
gradually harden over a period of months or years.
• Lime may be present in the pozzolan, such as in some alkaline fly ashes,
or can be added.
• Pozzolanic systems are relatively inexpensive and more resistant than
cement systems, due to the effects of contaminants such as sulphate.
• A major disadvantage of using pozzolanic binders is that they result in
large volume increases after solidification, which may increase disposal
costs.
www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia
Lime
• Lime can be combined with pozzolans.
• Lime may also be used to stabilise contaminated materials in the
absences of pozzolans.
• Hydrophobic calcium oxide has been used in for the treatment of soil
polluted wit h oil and other organic pollutants.
• Exothermic reactions occur between calcium oxide and water to
produce calcium hydroxide; this increases the surface area of the
reagent and allow it to encapsulate organic contaminants in a solid
calcium hydroxide matrix.

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

 Organophilic clays
• Conventional solidification and stabilisation techniques use binders such
as cement and fly ash and lime which do not stabilise organic
contaminants.
• Remediation depends on the physical encapsulation of contaminants.
• Organophilic clays are betonite clays which have been chemically
amended to have a hydrophobic nature.
• These clays are capable of stabilising organic contaminants and can be
added in small quantities.
• At present work is being conducted to evaluate the integrity and nature
of organic stabilisation using these clays.

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

Organophilic clays contd
Organophilic clays are bentonite clays which have been chemically
amended to have a hydrophobic nature.
These clays are capable of stabilising organic contaminants and can be
added in small quantities.
At present work is being conducted to evaluate the integrity and
nature of organic stabilisation using these clays.

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

Soluble silicates
• Designed to treat organic and inorganic contaminated soil, this
process has been demonstrated in the USA.
• The process uses a proprietary alumino-silicate compound to
stabilise both organic and inorganic contaminants.
• Organic constituents are stabilised through a partitioning reaction
with organically surface modified alumino-silicate.
• Inorganic constituents are stabilised by incorporating into the
alumnio-silicate crystal lattice structure

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

 Pengolahan LB3:
Stabilisasi/Solidifikasi
• Destruksi: misalnya deklorinasi hidrokarbon berklor
Apa yang terjadi
dengan kontaminan • Hilang: misalnya melalui proses volatilisasi
dalam proses s/s?
• Terikat seperti asalnya: misalnya kontaminan anorganik
seperti logam2 berat

• Potensi lolosnya kontaminan dari campuran stabil

tersebut biasanya diukur dengan uji pelindian (leaching
test) antara lain dengan TCLP (toxicity characteristics
leaching procedure)

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

 Pengolahan LB3:
Stabilisasi/Solidifikasi
Inorganic agents are commonly used on heavy metals, soils, sludges
and radioactive wastes. It not effective on VOCs treatment

How do we ensure if
the stabilization
performed is safe

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

 Pengolahan LB3:
Stabilisasi/Solidifikasi
The performance of the S/S process is evaluated by 2 types of tests:

• Physical tests: index property (particle size of material pre treatment,

helps determine how much additive needed), bulk density, permeability
(final <10-5 cm/s recommended), strength, and durability (pre and post
stabilization) – 10 ton/m2 ~ 1 kg/cm2

 Chemical tests: leaching or extraction of hazardous compounds from the

post-stabilized waste examples include Toxicity, TCLP.

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

 Pengolahan LB3:
Stabilisasi/Solidifikasi
Test:
TCLP (Toxic Characteristic Leaching Procedure)

To ensure that the stabilized material is inert when subjected to harsh

environmental conditions: Chemicals (strong acids and alkalis), extreme
temperatures (freeze/ thaw cycles, hot and cold temperatures).

Stable complex demonstrates high compressive strength

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

 Target TCLP Limbah B3

Sumber: PP 101 / 2014

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia
www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia
www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia
 Hazardous Waste Treatment

Learn and prepare:

Thermal Treatment

32
www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia
 Assignment 1 – Case study of
Hazardous Waste Management

Learn and Prepare:

Data/Information and Articles/Literatures
regarding HZW Management in any sectors
33
www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia
 Group Assignment – Case study paper writing
and presentation/discussion
• Select one example of hazardous waste to be studied. Find a case of mismanaged
or illegal disposal of the HZW in any sectors and in any countries. Max 2 students
in a group with must be different case (the source, location, or
component/contaminant)  Goals: Each group must demonstrate their
competency in evaluating the situation.
• The point of discussions (next slide) can be used as starting point of the
evaluation.
• The evaluation, data analyses, and discussions in the paper must cite minimum 4
journal articles (min. 2 articles from international journal). Other references are
also encouraged (books, e-books, etc.)
• Use the paper templates provided in the classroom (next class)
• Must be submitted on my ITS classroom and presented on Week 15 (date tbd)
www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia
 Lets discuss …
1. Can you name examples of hazardous wastes? Is it solid or liquid or
gas? Is it from industry (company, home industry, or household)?
2. How can hazardous wastes be generated?
3. Why do we have such examples of illegal dumping of hazardous
waste? (industry, home industry, public/commercial facility or
household)?
4. What would the option: (Safe) disposal vs (Effective) Treatment? How
to safely dispose the HZ? How to effectively treat the HZ waste?
5. What can you propose to better manage the hazardous waste?
Concept and technical aspects? What would be the challenges?
6. Who would be the stakeholders for HZW Management? In what roles?

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

End of Course Week
11

- THANK YOU-