HZW W13 2022

Hazardous Waste Management
(Class IUP) – Week 13

Long-Term Storage – Secure Landfill
Disposal Site
Hazardous Waste Management

IDAA Warmadewanthi, PhD
Arseto Yekti Bagastyo, PhD (bagastyo@enviro.its.ac.id)
B.Eng Study Program

Dep. of Environmental Eng., FTSPK - ITS Week 13
www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia
Books and References
• Trihadiningrum, Y., 2016. Pengelolaan limbah bahan berbahaya dan beracun. Teknosain,
Yogyakarta.
• Peraturan Pemerintah No. 101 Tahun 2014 tentang Pengelolaan Limbah Bahan Berbahaya
dan Beracun.
• Muhammad Askary. 2015. Pengangkutan dan Pengolahan Limbah B3. Subdirektorat
Pengangkutan dan Pengolahan LB3, KLHK.
• PermenLHK no. 63/2016. Persyaratan dan Tata Cara Penimbunan LB3.
• LaGrega, M.D., P.L. Buckingham, dan J.C. Evans, 2001. Hazardous waste management.
Second Edition. McGraw-Hill International Editions, New York
• Blackman, W. C., 2004. Basic hazardous waste management.- 3rd. Edition”. CRC
• Pichtel, J., 2005. Waste management practices - municipal, hazardous, and industrial. CRC
• Other related books, references, and journal articles.

Course Learning Plan
Week Topic
9 Hazardous Waste Treatment – Stabilization and Solidification (S/S)
10 Hazardous Waste Treatment – Thermal/Incineration, in particular medical/infectious
wastes
11 Hazardous Waste Treatment – Biological, Remediation of HZW contaminated areas
12
Hazardous Waste Treatment – Material Recovery and Utilization of HZW (Review)
13 Secure Landfill for Long-Term HZW Storage
14 Case Study of Hazardous Waste Management; Households scale to Industrial/Manufacture
(Low to High scale)
15 Presentation of Case Study
16 Final-Semester Evaluation (EAS) Exam

Hazardous Waste Disposal
5
Pembuangan (disposal) of HZ Waste
Hazardous waste: Disposal methods

• Landfills: Special landfills with stricter regulations are used for
hazardous waste.
• Surface impoundments: Ponds lined with plastic and clay. Liquid

hazardous waste evaporates, leaving residue.
• Deep-well injection: Hazardous waste is pumped deep

underground into porous and stable rock formations, away from
aquifers.

Quality standard on Attachment 3
P.12/2020 :
Waste Pile Waste water quality standard HZW storage
facilities (Waste Pile) Dan Waste
Impoundment

Quality standard on Attachment 3
Waste impoundment P.12/2020 :
Waste water quality standard HZW storage
facilities (Waste Pile) Dan Waste
Impoundment
Freeboard 1 m

Pembuangan (disposal) Limbah B3
Long-Term Storage of Hazardous Waste

• Hazardous waste can be disposed of on or underneath the
earth’s surface, but without proper design and care this
can pollute the air and water.
• Deep-well disposal: liquid hazardous wastes are pumped under
pressure into dry porous rock far beneath aquifers.
• Secure Landfills: Sometimes hazardous waste are put into
drums and buried in carefully designed and monitored sites.

Secure Landfill Limbah B3
Hazardous Waste Landfill

(Secure Landfill)
 Secure landfill is a facility where wastes are placed

permanently in secured manner
 Waste is encapsulated from the environment by impermeable
barriers/liners
 On security landfill  leachate is collected, removed, and
treated throughout its life

Secure Landfill
• Requirement for location selection (US-EPA, 2011) and PP RI 101/2014:
- Can guarantee long-term HW isolation
- Easy to conduct land characterization (groundwater flow, possible
hazard/risk, permeability)
- Good drainage system, and flood free (100 years)
- Erotion free
- Not in land-use preservation zone
- Stable in landfill structure for HW stack

- Geological condition (non-porous, clay, sediment lithology/physical

condition of rocks, safe zone from possible natural disaster, volcanoes,
earthquake, tectonic)
- Hydrogeological condition (non-aquifer zone – at least 4 m away, less
permeability/infiltration area)
- Surface hydrological condition (at leas 500 m from surface waters, rivers,
lakes)
- Climatological (preferably dry area, low rainfall rate, non-windy area)
- Acceptably in proper land-usage

MULTI-BARRIER SYSTEM FOR SLF

(Secure Landfill) DESIGN
Barrier 1  Degradation or fixation of pollutants in the

waste prior to disposal
Barrier 2  Suited location of the landfill site with regard
to the geological/ hydro-geological situation of the area
Barrier 3  Leachate collection and treatment system

MULTI-BARRIER SYSTEM FOR SLF
(Secure Landfill) DESIGN
Barrier 4  Bottom Liner System. Interface between waste

body & subsoil hinders leachate percolation.
Barrier 5  Cover Liner System. Avoids penetration of surface
and rain water into waste body avoiding formation of leachate
Barrier 6  Proper operation and maintenance of SLF
Barrier 7  Post Closure measures & repairability of barriers

(Secure Landfill)

(Secure Landfill)

Penimbunan Limbah B3 Di Fasilitas
Penimbusan Akhir (Landfill)

Penimbunan Limbah B3 Di Fasilitas Penimbusan
Akhir (Landfill)
 Pengelolaan Limbah B3 adalah kegiatan yang meliputi pengurangan,
penyimpanan, pengumpulan, pengangkutan, pemanfaatan, pengolahan,
dan/atau penimbunan.
 Penimbun Limbah B3 adalah badan hukum yang melakukan kegiatan
Penimbunan Limbah B3.
 Penimbunan Limbah B3 adalah kegiatan menempatkan Limbah B3 pada
fasilitas penimbunan dengan maksud tidak membahayakan kesehatan manusia
dan lingkungan hidup.
 Fasilitas Penimbusan Akhir Limbah B3 adalah fasilitas kegiatan Penimbunan
Limbah B3 berupa lahan timbus yang telah memenuhi persyaratan teknis dan
lingkungan.
 Prosedur Pelindian Karakteristik Beracun (Toxicity Characteristic Leaching
Procedure) yang selanjutnya disingkat TCLP adalah prosedur laboratorium
untuk memprediksi potensi pelindian B3 dari suatu Limbah.
Pelaksanaan Penimbunan Limbah B3
Wajib memenuhi Ketentuan sbb:
• persyaratan fasilitas penimbusan Limbah B3;

• persyaratan lokasi fasilitas penimbusan akhir Limbah B3;
• tata cara penimbunan Limbah B3 di fasilitas penimbusan akhir Limbah B3;
• tata cara dan persyaratan pemantauan lingkungan hidup;
• tata cara dan rincian pelaksanaan penutupan bagian paling atas fasilitas
penimbusan akhir Limbah B3; dan
• penetapan penghentian kegiatan Penimbunan Limbah B3 pada fasilitas
penimbusan akhir Limbah B3.

Fasilitas Penimbusan Akhir Limbah B3
Wajib memenuhi persyaratan sbb:
 memiliki desain fasilitas;
 memiliki sistem pelapis yang dilengkapi dengan:
1. saluran untuk pengaturan aliran air permukaan;
2. pengumpulan air lindi dan pengolahannya;
3. sumur pantau; dan
4. lapisan penutup akhir.
 memiliki peralatan pendukung Penimbunan Limbah B3 paling sedikit:
1. peralatan dan perlengkapan untuk mengatasi keadaan darurat;
2. alat angkut untuk Penimbunan Limbah B3;
3. alat pelindung dan keselamatan diri; dan
 memiliki rencana Penimbunan Limbah B3, penutupan, dan pasca penutupan fasilitas Penimbunan Limbah B3.

Identification of Waste that can be

landfilled
1. Wastes that will definitely need to be landfilled

as no other options are practicable, e.g. Asbestos
2. Wastes that could be safely landfilled without
prior treatment, e.g. Bio-degradable wastes –
technically possible; Better options often exist.

3. Wastes which could be landfilled after pre-treatment,

e.g., Liquid wastes; heavy metal salts.
Pre-treatment options can include detoxification,
precipitation, solidification as appropriate
Wastes that should not be landfilled, e.g., Explosives,

Compressed toxic gases, Liquid PCBs for technical reasons

CRITERIA FOR DISPOSAL OF H.W IN SECURE
LANDFILL (SLF)
• To be dewatered up to the level of 60 – 70% solids

• Following are not be allowed to dispose of directly in SLF if waste
- Is a fluid, slurry or paste

- Is delivered under pressure or under vacuum
- Has an obnoxious odour
- Reacts with moisture to generate high heat or gases
- Is highly inflammable (flash point < 40oC)
- Contains very strong oxidising agents
- Contains volatile substances of significant toxicity

CRITERIA FOR DISPOSAL OF H.W IN
SECURE LANDFILL (SLF)
- Contains > 10 mg/Kg Cyanide in the original sample

- Contains > 10 mg/kg Chromate in the original sample
- Contains > 0.5% (Wt.) Mercury
- Falls below a pH value of 2, if eluated 1/10
- Contains > 10 mg/1 of water soluble Arsenic in a 1/10 eluate
- Contains > 10 mg/1 of water soluble Mercury in a 1/10 eluate
- Contains > 3% solvents free from Halogen
- Contains more than 0.5% Halogenated solvents
- Contains > 0.1% poly-halogenated substances of significant toxicity (PCBs)

Baku Mutu TCLP untuk Pengolahan LB3
sebelum ditempatkan di Landfill
 Limbah B3 yang akan ditimbun di fasilitas penimbusan akhir
wajib dilakukan:
a. uji total konsentrasi zat pencemar;
b. uji TCLP;
c. uji tingkat kontaminasi radioaktif;
d. uji paint filter;
e. uji karakteristik, kandungan organik, serta wujud
LB3;
f. uji kuat tekan.
 Uji TCLP dilakukan untuk memprediksi potensi pelindian B3

dari suatu Limbah di laboratorium terakreditasi.
 Uji TCLP dilakukan sebelum penimbunan di fasilitas
penimbusan akhir Limbah B3.
 Limbah B3 yang akan ditimbun wajib memenuhi baku mutu
karakteristik beracun melalui TCLP sebagaimana tercantum
dalam Lampiran II Peraturan Menteri.

Fasilitas Penimbusan Akhir (Landfill)
 Kelas I (double  Kelas II (single  Kelas III (Clay

synthetic synthetic liner)
liner/geomembrane liner/geomembrane)
a. lapisan dasar;
a. lapisan dasar; a. lapisan dasar; b. lapisan untuk sistem
b. lapisan geomembran kedua; b. lapisan untuk sistem pengumpulan dan
c. lapisan untuk sistem pendeteksi kebocoran; pemindahan lindi kedua;
pendeteksi kebocoran; c. lapisan tanah penghalang; c. lapisan tanah penghalang;
d. lapisan tanah penghalang; d. lapisan geomembran; d. lapisan untuk sistem
e. lapisan geomembran e. lapisan untuk sistem pengumpulan dan
pertama; pengumpulan dan pemindahan lindi pertama;
f. lapisan untuk sistem pemindahan lindi; dan dan
pengumpulan dan pemindahan f. lapisan pelindung selama e. lapisan pelindung selama
lindi; dan operasi. operasi.
g. lapisan pelindung selama
operasi.
www.its.ac.id
Fasilitas Penimbusan Akhir (Landfill)
www.its.ac.id
Penentuan kelas landfill untuk Limbah B3
• Limbah B3 yang memiliki total
konsentrasi zat pencemar > total
konsentrasi zat pencemar pada
kolom A fasilitas penimbusan akhir
Limbah B3 kelas I
konsentrasi zat pencemar < kolom A
namun > kolom B : fasilitas
penimbusan akhir Limbah B3 kelas II
atau kelas I
konsentrasi zat pencemar < kolom B
: fasilitas penimbusan akhir Limbah
B3 kelas III, kelas II atau kelas I

Basic Components of Secure Landfill
 Impermeable Liner System on the base and side
 Top cover
 Leachate collection, removal and treatment scheme
 Surface Water Control Systems
 Other site infrastructure
Why the liner is required??
 Isolate the waste body from the environment

 Contain the toxic leachate within landfill
 Prevent contamination of Land and Groundwater
 Avoid remediation in future
Liner System
 Mineralic
 Geo-membrane
 Composite (Mineralic + Geo-membrane)
 Geo-synthetic Clay/ Bentonite Mats
 Bituminous Membrane
 Asphalt Concrete Liner


Liners
• Clay (natural): must be thick to prevent crack
• Compacted clay: resistant to organic and heavy metal contaminants, but
not salts (ionic compounds)
• Geosynthetic clay liner (GCL): 4-5 cm thickness, low hydraulic
conductivity (up to 5 x 10-9 cm/sec). Good stability in slope area and
more resistant to chemicals than natural clay. Prevent contaminant
diffusion.
• Geomembrane: Thin liner, highly impermeable, easily torn, can hold
difussion of water, ionic contaminant, but not organic contaminants.
HDPE, LDPE, PVC etc.

Geosynthetic
Geosynthetics is the term used to describe a range of generally
polymeric products used to solve civil engineering problems. The term is
generally regarded to encompass eight main product categories:
geotextiles, geogrids, geonets, geomembranes, geosynthetic clay
liners, geofoam, geocells and geocomposites.
The polymeric nature of the products makes them suitable for use in the
ground where high levels of durability are required.

Geotextile
• Geotextiles are permeable fabrics which, when used in association with
soil, have the ability to separate, filter, reinforce, protect, or drain.
• Usually geotextiles are placed at the tension surface to strengthen the
soil. Using a sloped unit rather than a single tube eliminates damaging
scour. Geotextiles are used as matting to stabilize flow in stream channels.
• Geotextiles can improve soil strength at a lower cost than conventional
soil nailing. In addition, geotextiles allow planting on steep slopes, further
securing the slope.

Geomembrane
• Geomembrane is impermeable to water, while geotextile is permeable
to water. Geomembrane is made of high density polyethylene, mainly
used for seepage-proofing.
• Geomembrane is a kind of polymer chemistry flexible material taking
plastic film as seepage-proof substrate, with small proportion, strong
extensibility, high adaptability to the deformation, corrosion resistance,
low temperature resistance and anti-cracking, reinforcement, water
drainage in horizontal plane.

Geotextile
Geomembrane
Pelaksanaan Konstruksi Penimbusan Akhir (Landfill)
www.its.ac.id
Bottom Liner
 Prevent migration of wastes or ‘by-products’ out of the landfill into
subsoil, ground or surface water
 Should have chemical properties, sufficient strength and thickness to
prevent failure due to :
- Pressure gradients
- Physical contact with the waste or leachate
- Climatic conditions
- Stress of installation and
- Stress of daily operation
 Clay liner only

Typical Bottom Liner Combination
 Asphaltic concrete liner
 Composite liners:
a. One clay liner & one flexible membrane liner
b. One clay liner & two flexible membrane liners
Three type of bottom liners specified by USEPA:

• Flexible Membrane Liners (FMLs)
• Compacted Clay Liners
• Composite Clay Liners (FML + Compacted Low permeability soil liners)

MATERIALS FOR FMLs (Flexible Membrane Liners)

• Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene
• Linear LDPE / Very LDPE
• Polypropylene
• Ethylene Inter polymer alloy
• Neoprene
• Poly Vinyl Chloride
• Thermoplastic elastomers
• HDPE

Key factors considered for selection

of FML (Flexible Membrane Liners)
• Chemical compatibility with waste leachate

• Ageing and durability
• Stress and strain characteristics
• Ease of installation
• Water permeation

CLAY LINER –USEPA SPECIFICATION
Thickness of compacted clay bottom liner = 3 feet
Permeability of soil liners < 1 x 10-7 cm/sec
To achieve this, following characteristics of soil should be met.
• Soil should have at-least 20% fines i.e. fine silt and clay sized particles
• Plasticity Index (PI) > 1% (soils with PI higher than 30 to 40% are sticky and
difficult to work within the field)
• Coarse fragments should be screened to no more than about 10% gravel size
particle.
• No soil particles or chunks of rock larger than 1 – 2 inches in diameter.

BLENDED SOILS – US.EPA SPECIFICATION
• On-site soils can be blended with imported clay minerals (e.g on-site
sandy soils + imported sodium bentonite)
• Calcium bentonite, lime, cement, clay soil from nearby or other areas ,etc
are also used.
• Clay soil is likely to form chunks and difficult and hence easier to blend
on-site sandy soils with dry bentonite powder.

LEACHATE COLLECTION & REMOVAL
•Drainage Layer
•Granular (Sand or gravel, no fine, 2-5 cm dia particle, min.30 cm thk, min K=1 cm/s)
•Synthetic (nets, mats, geo-textiles)
•Pipes and Appurtenances

•Cushions
LEACHATE STORAGE & TRANSFER

Epoxy coated RCC Sump with level control submersible pump
LEACHATE TREATMENT

Fasilitas Pengelolaan Air Lindi dari
Landfill LB3
LEACHATE COLLECTION,
TREATMENT AND DISCHARGE
Air lindi yang ditampung di tempat

penampungan air lindi sebelum
dibuang ke media lingkungan wajib
memenuhi baku mutu air lindi
sebagaimana tercantum dalam
Lampiran III yang merupakan
bagian tidak terpisahkan dari
Peraturan Menteri ini.

SURFACE WATER CONTROL SYSTEMS
RUN-OFF
Collect and control run-off from active and inactive portions of the landfill from 24 hour –
25 year storm
Collect and contain leachate contaminated storm water that accumulates in active fill area
Protect integrity and effectiveness of landfill cover system
RUN-ON
Intercept and divert run-on away from active and closed land fill cells from peak
discharge of 25 year storm
 Minimise site erosion

GROUND WATER MONITORING
Designed to detect contaminant leakage shortly after its occurrence and

before significant contamination of ground water
Hydraulically up-gradient and down-gradient wells
Placed around perimeter of fill area within several hundred feet of SLF
No. of wells- Site specific, depends on Size of SLF, Hydro-geology
Minimum Requirements
1 well in up-gradient (Background)
3 wells in down-gradient



Hazardous Waste Treatment
Learn and prepare:

Final-semester Evaluation (W1-W15)
54
End of Course Week 13
- THANK YOU-

HZW W13 2022

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Hazardous Waste Management

(Class IUP) – Week 13

Hazardous Waste Management

B.Eng Study Program

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

Hazardous waste: Disposal methods

• Surface impoundments: Ponds lined with plastic and clay. Liquid

• Deep-well injection: Hazardous waste is pumped deep

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

Long-Term Storage of Hazardous Waste

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

Hazardous Waste Landfill

 Secure landfill is a facility where wastes are placed

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

- Geological condition (non-porous, clay, sediment lithology/physical

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

MULTI-BARRIER SYSTEM FOR SLF

Barrier 1  Degradation or fixation of pollutants in the

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

Barrier 4  Bottom Liner System. Interface between waste

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

• persyaratan fasilitas penimbusan Limbah B3;

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

Identification of Waste that can be

1. Wastes that will definitely need to be landfilled

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

3. Wastes which could be landfilled after pre-treatment,

Wastes that should not be landfilled, e.g., Explosives,

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

• To be dewatered up to the level of 60 – 70% solids

- Is a fluid, slurry or paste

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

- Contains > 10 mg/Kg Cyanide in the original sample

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

 Uji TCLP dilakukan untuk memprediksi potensi pelindian B3

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

 Kelas I (double  Kelas II (single  Kelas III (Clay

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

Why the liner is required??

 Isolate the waste body from the environment

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

 Clay liner only

Three type of bottom liners specified by USEPA:

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

MATERIALS FOR FMLs (Flexible Membrane Liners)

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

Key factors considered for selection

• Chemical compatibility with waste leachate

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

Permeability of soil liners < 1 x 10-7 cm/sec