Hazardous Waste - W10 - 2022

Hazardous Waste Management
(Class IUP) – Week 10

Hazardous Waste Treatment:
Thermal Methods

IDAA Warmadewanthi, PhD
Arseto Yekti Bagastyo, PhD (bagastyo@enviro.its.ac.id)
B.Eng Study Program

Dep. of Environmental Eng., FTSPK - ITS Week 10
www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia
Books and References
• Trihadiningrum, Y., 2016. Pengelolaan limbah bahan berbahaya dan beracun.
Teknosain, Yogyakarta.
• Peraturan Pemerintah No. 101 Tahun 2014 tentang Pengelolaan Limbah Bahan
Berbahaya dan Beracun.
• LaGrega, M.D., P.L. Buckingham, dan J.C. Evans, 2001. Hazardous waste
management. Second Edition. McGraw-Hill International Editions, New York
• Blackman, W. C., 2004. Basic hazardous waste management.- 3rd. Edition”. CRC
• Pichtel, J., 2005. Waste management practices - municipal, hazardous, and
industrial. CRC
• Other related books, references, and journal articles.

Course Learning Plan
Week Topic
9 Hazardous Waste Treatment – Stabilization and Solidification (S/S)
10 Hazardous Waste Treatment – Thermal/Incineration, in particular medical/infectious
wastes
11 Hazardous Waste Treatment – Biological, Remediation of HZW contaminated areas
12
Hazardous Waste Treatment – Material Recovery and Utilization of HZW (Review)
13 Secure Landfill for Long-Term HZW Storage
14 Case Study of Hazardous Waste Management; Households scale to Industrial/Manufacture
(Low to High scale)
15 Presentation of Case Study
16 Final-Semester Evaluation (EAS) Exam

Hazardous Waste Treatment
Thermal Methods
5
Definitions
Thermal treatment = destruction of hazardous waste by thermal decomposition
Thermal treatment methods include:

• incineration - complete combustion using excess oxygen
• gasification - incomplete combustion in the partial absence of oxygen
• pyrolysis - thermal decomposition in the total absence of oxygen.
Combustion temperatures vary depending on the process

Application of thermal treatment
Suitable for organic wastes with high carbon and hydrogen content
Thermal treatment processes:

• require high capital investment
• are highly regulated
• need skilled personnel
• require high operating and safety standards
• have medium to high operating costs

Good practice in hazardous waste combustion
3 Ts:
•Time  residence time of the waste in the combustion zone,
usually recommended as a minimum of 2 seconds
•Temperature  at least 850˚C
•Turbulence  movement of air in the burner
Flue gas cleaning systems

Different stages of flue gas cleaning system  using filters,
adsorbents and gas scrubbers

Waste characteristics
Different waste types have different heat values ie the amount of heat
released during complete combustion - Calorific Value (CV)
•Gross Calorific Value (CV) includes heat released by steam condensation

•Net Calorific Value does not include the heat from condensation
Also important, the analysis of:

•Flash point  the temperature at which a flammable waste gives off
enough vapour to catch fire when ignited
•Viscosity characteristc of the waste
•Chlorine, fluorine, sulphur & heavy metals

Examples of Calorific Value (Industrial
Wastes)
Mixed waste from plant
cleaning operations 10,000 - 30,000 kJ/kg
Wastewater 5,000 kJ/kg
(0 - 10,000kj/kg depending on organic content)
Industrial sludge 1,000 - 10,000 kJ/kg
Paints and varnishes >20,000 kJ/kg
Chlorinated hydrocarbons 5,000 - 20,000 kJ/kg
For comparison, MSW = ~10,000kJ/kg
Source: Indaver
Complete Combustion
Requires:
•addition of excess air
•mechanical mixing of waste
•even distribution and aeration of waste
Behaviour of waste during combustion varies according to its heat value and its form
Some low CV wastes burn easily = straw
Some low CV wastes are difficult to burn = wet sludges
Some high CV wastes burn easily = tank bottoms
Some high CV wastes are difficult to burn = contaminated soils, certain plastics
Certain wastes change their physical characteristics during combustion, e.g. some
solids become liquids. It may cause problems for plant operatirs in regulating the
process, and can also damage equipment
Combustion techniques
Bed plate furnaces: use gravity to mix waste - used for homogeneous and wet wastes
such as sludge cake
Fluidised bed furnaces: waste is introduced into a bed of sand which is kept in
suspension - used for wastes of similar size and density
Incineration grates: wastes fed onto the grate are turned or moved to ensure
aeration of the waste mass via holes in the grate - used for solid wastes eg municipal
wastes, not liquids or sludges
Rotary kilns: wastes are placed in slowly rotating furnace - suitable for solids, sludges
and liquids

Operation of the furnace
Must be consistent
Needs:
• good understanding of waste
characteristics
• technical skills
• control of waste feed
• mixing of wastes
• temperature to be kept at required level
despite variations in waste (between 850˚
– 1200˚ C)
• excess air
• flue gas control
• regular maintenance
Source: David C Wilson
Energy recovery
Waste combustion produces heat

but combustion of low CV wastes may not be self-supporting
Energy recovery is via production of steam to generate electricity

• Only steam production: 80% efficiency is typical
• Steam can be used for in-house demands
• Steam can be delivered to adjacent users eg other industrial plants
• Electricity can be generated: 25% efficiency typical
Opportunities to sell heat are improved where facilities are in industrial

areas
Sale of surplus energy improves plant economics

By-products of incineration
May be:
•solid
•liquid
•gaseous
Comprise:
•recovered materials such as metals, HCl
•flue gases
•slag and ash
•products of the flue gas treatment, also called air pollution
control (APC) residues
•wastewater

Solid residues
•bottom ash or slag
•fly ash
•air pollution control (APC) residues
Terms and regulations on treatment and disposal of

solid residues differ between countries
Bottom ash may be landfilled or used as an aggregate

substitute e.g., for road building
Flue gases
Quantity and type of pollutants in

emissions depend on:
•pollutants in waste
• technology
•efficiency of operation
Average 6 - 7 Nm3 of flue gas per kg
waste
Specific collection/treatment for:
Dust - staged filters
Chlorine - neutralised by scrubbing with lime
Sulphur - washing stage
Dioxins - combustion control, activated carbon
Source: David C Wilson
Dioxins
• Family of around 200 chlorinated organic compounds, a few of which
are highly toxic
• Widespread in the environment
• Present in waste going to incineration
• Can be re-formed in cooling stages post-combustion
• 3Ts help destroy dioxins in waste, reduce reformation
• Use of activated carbon to filter from flue gases
• Emissions limits extremely low

Example of flue
gas cleaning
technology
Source: Indaver
Wastewater from incineration
•Controls vary from country to country
•Quantity:
•influenced by gas scrubbing technology chosen ie wet, semi-
dry, dry
•Treatment:
•in aerated lagoons
•widely used
•low cost
•may not meet required standard
•physico-chemical treatment may also be needed

Measurement
Of what:
•controlled parameters e.g. carbon monoxide
How:
•regular
•continuous
Set out in:
•national regulations
•permitted operating conditions
Problems:
·Measuring equipment may be imprecise
·Errors in correlation
·Errors in sampling
Measurement: an example
Emissions from rotary kiln incinerator
Continuous monitoring for:
HCl, CO, dust, SO2, HF, TOC, NOx, O2
Monthly measurement for:
9 heavy metals
Twice a year (soon to be continuous):
PCDD/PCDF
ALSO monitored: wastewater and solid residues
Source: Indaver, Belgium

Costs
•Related to site-specific and country-specific factors

•High level of sophistication & control = high construction costs
•Air pollution control costs = 30-40% of total
•Treatment costs per tonne similar to other technologies
•Cost savings because volume, weight and hazard of waste
remaining for disposal greatly reduced
•Recovery and sale of energy/heat from the process improves
economics

Cement kiln incineration
Widely used for range of hazardous wastes eg oily wastes,
wastewaters, sludges, solvents, organic compounds
Provides:
•good combustion conditions
•alkaline environment
•vacuum operation
•high thermal inertia
•no impact on quality of cement product
•opportunity to recover energy content of waste
•no by products

Requirements for co-combustion
in cement kilns
• suitable for pumpable organic wastes
• not suitable for wastes with high water, sulphur, chlorine,
heavy metals content
• waste needs pre-treatment/blending for use as fuel
• adaptations may be needed eg fuel feed, dust controls
• must meet Health and Safety concerns re handling of
hazardous wastes
• dependent on demand for product

Examples of technology 1
Rotary kiln incinerator
Source: Guyer, Howard H Industrial processes and waste stream management, Wiley
Examples of technology 2 Fluidised bed
combustion
Circulating fluidised bed Bubbling fluidised bed
TRP Chapter 6.5 27

Source: Guyer, Howard H Industrial processes and waste stream management, Wiley
Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis = thermal decomposition process which takes
place in the total absence of oxygen
Products of pyrolysis:
•combustible gases
•mixed liquid residue
Advantages:
•low operating temperature
•no need for excess air so less flue gas
•by-products are combustible

Application of pyrolysis
For single waste streams such as:

•scrap tyres
•waste plastics
For treatment of contaminated soils

Gasification
Gasification = incomplete combustion in the partial absence of
oxygen
Enables efficient destruction of hazardous waste at lower

temperatures than incineration
Thermal destruction is ensured by a combination of high-

temperature oxidation followed by high temperature reduction
Products:
•useful gases e.g. hydrogen, carbon monoxide
•solid char

INCINERATORS

Technology description
High temperature hazardous waste incinerators are
available in a number of configurations and principles.
Typically a process for treatment involves heating to a

temperature greater than 850°C or, if the chlorine content is
above 1 %, greater than 1,100 °C, with a residence time
greater than 2 seconds, under conditions that assure
appropriate mixing and subsequent destruction.

Dedicated hazardous waste incinerator
Temperature & residence time
Combustion temperature and residence time needed for mixed

hazardous wastes cannot be readily calculated and are often
determined empirically.
Some common solvents such as alcohols and toluene can easily

be combusted at temperatures less than 1,000oC and less than
one second residence time, while other more complex organic
halogens require more stringent conditions.

US EPA Toxic Substances Control Act
(TSCA) PCB Incineration Criteria
“...more complex organic
halogens such as PCB requires
1200 C
o and 2 seconds
residence time ”
A DRE of 99.9999% is required by TSCA for the incineration of PCB’s

EU Directive 2000/76/EC on Incineration of Waste regulates Co-
incineration of Hazardous Waste in Cement Kilns
“...if more than 1 % of halogenated

organic substances, expressed as chlorine,
are incinerated, the temperature has to be
raised to minimum 1100°C during at
least two seconds”.

Hazardous waste is normally incinerated in two types of facilities: merchant
plants who accept different types of waste for disposal; and dedicated
incinerators that handle a particular waste stream. An example of the latter
might be a chemical manufacturing plant treating chlorinated wastes to
recover HCl.
The most common combustion technology in hazardous waste incineration is

the rotary kiln. Facilities in the merchant sector range in size from 30,000 to
100,000 tons/year throughput. Dedicated hazardous waste incinerators use a
variety of incineration, pyrolysis, and plasma treatment techniques.
Similar to the incineration of municipal solid waste, hazardous waste

incineration offers the benefits of volume reduction and energy recovery.

Dedicated hazardous waste incinerator for treating liquid and gaseous
chlorinated wastes at a chlorinated chemical manufacturing facility

• In Rotary kilns solid, sludge, containerized or pumpable waste is
introduced at the upper end of the inclined drum. Temperatures
in the kiln usually range between 850 and 1300ºC. The slow
rotation of the drum allows a residence time of 30-90 minutes.
• The secondary combustion chamber following the kiln completes

the oxidation of the combustion gases. Liquid wastes and/or
auxiliary fuels may be injected here along with secondary air to
maintain a minimum residence time of two seconds and
temperatures in the range of 900-1300ºC, effectively destroying
any remaining organic compounds.

Rotary kiln incinerator
Circulating
fluidised bed
Bubbling fluidised
bed
Examples of APCD’s relevant to the prevention
or reduction of unintentional POPs releases
•Cyclones and multi-cyclones

•Electrostatic precipitators – wet, dry, or condensation
•Fabric filters – including catalytic bag filters
•Static Bed Filters
•Scrubbing systems - wet, spray dry, or ionization
•Selective catalytic reduction (SCR)
•Rapid Quenching Systems
•Carbon Adsorption

OTHER THERMAL
TREATMENT
TECHNOLOGIES

1. Liquid Injection Incineration
Used for motor and industrial oils, emulsions, solvents, lacquers, and organic chemical
of all kinds including relatively hard-to-destroy pesticides and chemical warfare agents.

2. Rotary Klins
 It can handle a wider physical variety of burnable waste feeds (solid and sludge,
as well as free liquids and gases.
 Rotary klin silinders range in size  about 3ft in diameter and 8-10 ft long; and up
to 15-20 ft in diameter with about 30 ft long.
 Operating temperatures of rotary klin between 1,500˚ – 3,000˚F
 Range capacity of rotating klin  1 – 8 tons of waste per hour
3. Cement Klins
 It is a special type of rotary klins
 Very thorough mixing and very long residence times make possible more
complete combustion
 Operating temperatures of cement klin between 2,600˚ – 3,000˚F

4. Boilers
 Boilers converts as much as possible of the heat of combustion of the
fuel mix into energy used for producing steam
 Different type of boiler have been design to burn different type of fuels
5. Multiple Hearth Incinerators

 These units are used primarily for incineration of sludges, particularly
those from municipal sewage sludge treatment and certain specialised
industrial sludges with low hazard nature
6. Fluidized Bed Combuster

 It can achieved rapid and thorough heat transfer to the injected fuel
and waste
 Combustion occurs rapidly

7. Plasma Arc Reactor
 These use very high energy free electrons to break bonds between molecules.
 A plasma is an ionized gas (and electrically conductive gas consisting of
charged ad neutral particles)
 Temperature in the plasma > 50,000 ˚F (any gaseous organic compounds
exposed to plasma are almost instantly destroyed)
 Plasma arc, when applied to waste disposal, can be considered to be an
energy conversion and transfer device.
 The electrical energy input is transformed into a plasma, as the activated
components of the plasma decay, their energy is transferred to waste
materials exposed to the plasma
 The wastes are then atomized, ionized, and finally destroyed as they interact
with the decaying plasma species.

COMPARISON OF THERMAL TREATMENT
TECHNOLOGIES FOR HAZARD REDUCTION




Tahapan Penanganan dan Pengolahan Limbah
Medis Fasyankes

Seleksi Teknologi Disinfeksi untuk Limbah
Medis Fasyankes

Teknologi Pengolahan berdasarkan Jenis Limbah Medis

Teknologi Pengolahan berdasarkan Jenis Limbah Medis

Jenis Limbah Medis

Penyimpanan Sementara Limbah Medis

Teknologi Pengolahan Limbah Infeksius
(Sterilisasi)

Teknologi Pengolahan Limbah Infeksius
(Sterilisasi)

Standar Pelaksanaan Pengolahan Termal LB3
 Standar pelaksanaan Pengolahan Limbah B3 yang dilakukan dengan cara termal meliputistandar:
emisi udara;
efisiensi pembakaran dengan nilai paling sedikit mencapai 99,99% (sembilan puluh sembilan koma sembilan puluh
sembilan per seratus); dan
efisiensi penghancuran dan penghilangan senyawa Principle Organic HazardousConstituents(POHCs) dengan nilai
paling sedikit mencapai 99,99% (sembilan puluh sembilan koma sembilan puluh sembilan per seratus).
 Standar efisiensi pembakaran tidak berlaku untuk Pengolahan Limbah B3 dengan menggunakan kiln pada
industri semen.
 Standar efisiensi penghancuran dan penghilangan senyawa Principle Organic HazardousConstituents
tidak berlaku untuk Pengolahan Limbah B3 dengan karakteristik infeksius.
 Standar efisiensi penghancuran dan penghilangan senyawa POHCstidak berlaku untuk Pengolahan
Limbah B3:
berupa Polychlorinated Biphenyls; dan
yang berpotensi menghasillkan:Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans; dan Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins.

Standar Pelaksanaan Pengolahan Termal LB3

Syarat Teknis Operasional Insinerator
Efisiensi pembakaran >99,95%;

Temperatur pada ruang bakar utama (primary chamber) minimum 800oC
(temperatur operasional);
Temperatur pada ruang bakar kedua (secondary chamber) minimum 1000oC
(temperatur operasional), dengan waktu tinggal minimum 2 (dua) detik;
Memiliki alat pengendali pencemaran udara (misal: wetscrubber);
Ketinggian cerobong minimum 14 meter dari permukaan tanah;
danMemenuhi baku mutu emisi.Pengolahan limbah sitotoksik (genotoksik)
pada temperatur >1200oC.

Pengolahan LB3 menggunakan
Insinerator

Pengolahan Limbah B3 menggunakan
Insinerator

Hazardous Waste Treatment
Learn and prepare:

Biological Methods – Bioremediation
67
Assignment 1 – Case study of
Learn and Prepare:

Data/Information and Articles/Literatures
regarding HZW Management in any sectors
68
Group Assignment – Case study paper writing
and presentation/discussion
• Select one example of hazardous waste to be studied. Find a case of mismanaged
or illegal disposal of the HZW in any sectors and in any countries. Max 2 students
in a group with must be different case (the source, location, or
component/contaminant)  Goals: Each group must demonstrate their
competency in evaluating the situation.
• The point of discussions (next slide) can be used as starting point of the
evaluation.
• The evaluation, data analyses, and discussions in the paper must cite minimum 4
journal articles (min. 2 articles from international journal). Other references are
also encouraged (books, e-books, etc.)
• Use the paper templates provided in the classroom (next class)
• Must be submitted on my ITS classroom and presented on Week 15 (date tbd)
Lets discuss …
1. Can you name examples of hazardous wastes? Is it solid or liquid or
gas? Is it from industry (company, home industry, or household)?
2. How can hazardous wastes be generated?
3. Why do we have such examples of illegal dumping of hazardous
waste? (industry, home industry, public/commercial facility or
household)?
4. What would the option: (Safe) disposal vs (Effective) Treatment? How
to safely dispose the HZ? How to effectively treat the HZ waste?
5. What can you propose to better manage the hazardous waste?
Concept and technical aspects? What would be the challenges?
6. Who would be the stakeholders for HZW Management? In what roles?

End of Course Week 10
- THANK YOU-

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Hazardous Waste Management

(Class IUP) – Week 10

Hazardous Waste Management

B.Eng Study Program

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

Thermal treatment methods include:

Combustion temperatures vary depending on the process

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

Thermal treatment processes:

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

Flue gas cleaning systems

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

•Gross Calorific Value (CV) includes heat released by steam condensation

Also important, the analysis of:

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

Waste combustion produces heat

Energy recovery is via production of steam to generate electricity

Opportunities to sell heat are improved where facilities are in industrial

Sale of surplus energy improves plant economics

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

Terms and regulations on treatment and disposal of

Bottom ash may be landfilled or used as an aggregate

Quantity and type of pollutants in

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

•Related to site-specific and country-specific factors

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

Circulating fluidised bed Bubbling fluidised bed

TRP Chapter 6.5 27

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

For single waste streams such as:

For treatment of contaminated soils

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

Enables efficient destruction of hazardous waste at lower

Thermal destruction is ensured by a combination of high-

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

Typically a process for treatment involves heating to a

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

Combustion temperature and residence time needed for mixed

Some common solvents such as alcohols and toluene can easily

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

“...if more than 1 % of halogenated

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

The most common combustion technology in hazardous waste incineration is

Similar to the incineration of municipal solid waste, hazardous waste

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

• The secondary combustion chamber following the kiln completes

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•Cyclones and multi-cyclones

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www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

www.its.ac.id INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER, Surabaya - Indonesia

 Operating temperatures of rotary klin between 1,500˚ – 3,000˚F

 Range capacity of rotating klin  1 – 8 tons of waste per hour