INCINERATOR

RAIHAN BINTI HAMZAH GS40359

JAYANTHI A/P M. SELLAMUTHU GS40771
ROSLYNDAH BT PETER GS40240
HASLINDA BINTI LAHUDDIN GS40806
DEVI A/P KRISHNASAMY GS40256
 Contents
1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Environmental Issues
4. Limitation
5. Incineration Materials
6. Type Of Incinerator
7. Process/Flow
8. Advantages
9. Disadvantages
10. Local Authority
11. Issues in Malaysia
12. Summary and Critical review
 1.Abstract
• Malaysia produced about 17,000 tonnes of municipal solid waste
(MSW) per day.
• This is estimated to increase to more than 30,000 tonnes in the
year 2020. Only small fraction of this waste is incinerated.
• Currently ,
- five regional clinical waste incinerators with capacity of 200 to 500
kg/hr and
- seven small on-site medical waste incinerators; five 20 kg/hr and
two 50 kg/hr.
- As for Schedule Waste, the incineration plant in Bukit Nenas,
Negeri Sembilan is the only off-site incinerator in the country and
it handles majority of waste in this category.
- Department of Environment also issues licenses for on-site
incineration of hazardous waste and more incineration plants may
be approved in the future.
 2. Introduction

• Incinerate
– burn something until nothing left but ashes.

• Incinerator
– a unit/facility used to burn trash and other
types of waste until it is reduced to ash
– To constructed of heavy, well-insulated
materials, so that it does give off extreme
amounts of external heat
 Introduction

• Incineration
– the thermal destruction of waste
– Modern incineration systems use high
temp., controlled air, and excellent
mixing to change the chemical,
physical or biological character
composition of waste materials
 Introduction

• Incineration
– Can be adapted to the destruction of a wide variety of
wastes, includes:
i. Household wastes
ii. Municipal wastes
iii. Industrial wastes
iv. Medical wastes
v. Sewage
vi. Superfund soils & liquids
vii. Hazardous wastes (liquids, tars, sludges, solids and
vent fumes)
 Introduction

• Waste Incineration (WI)

– Obj. of WI in common with waste treatments is to
treat waste so as to reduce its volume and hazard,
whilst capturing/destroying potentially harmful
substances
– Basically, WI is the oxidation of the combustible
materials contained in the waste
– Waste is generally a highly heterogeneous
material, consisting essentially of organic
substances, minerals, metals & water
Existing Incinerators

Pangko
Labuan Incinerators
5 to 20 r
ton/day
capacity

Langka
Tioman
wi
3.Environmental Issues Emissions to air
remain an
important issue
for incineration
plants.

• The main environmental issues

• Overall process emissions to air and water (including

odor)
• Overall process residue and by-product production
• Process noise and vibration
• Energy consumption and production
• Raw material consumption
• Reduction of the storage/handling/processing risks of
hazardous wastes.
 4.Limitation
• To meet these emissions limits, the combustion
process must be correctly controlled and the flue
gases cleaned prior to their final release.
• A common approach for control of emissions is as
follows:
 Ammonia injection into the hot flue gases for control
of NOx emissions
 Lime or Sodium Bicarbonate injection for control of
SO2 and HCl emission
 Carbon injection for capture of heavy metals
 Filter system for removal of fly ash and other solids
(lime or bicarbonate and carbon).
 Thermal Treatment technology used to burn
waste until it is reduced to ash, flue gas and heat

Function
• Reduce the waste volume by over 90%
• Reduce demand for landfill space
• Reduce waste hazardous characteristic
• Produce hot flue gases that can provide a means for
recovery of the energy
• Possible to recover material such as mineral and chemical
 • Rotary kiln
• Fluidized bed
• Liquid
injection
• Catalytic
Incinerators combustion
• Multiple
hearth
• Direct-flame
• Waste-gas
5. Types of flare
incinerators
Pictures
 ROTARY KILN FLUIDIZED BED LIQUID INJECTION

CATALYTIC COMBUSTION MULTIPLE HEARTH DIRECT-FLAME

 Domestic
Municipal services

Waste :
Com Unwanted / unusable
merci
Construction & Demolition Industrial
al materials

Institutional
 Waste Classification
(properties)

Bio-degradable

Non-biodegradable
 Waste classification
(effects on human health & the
environment)

Hazardous wastes Non-hazardous waste

6. Incineration Materials

In Malaysia the main types of waste to which

incineration is applied as a treatment are:
(a) municipal wastes
(b) hazardous wastes (schedule waste)
(c) clinical wastes
Waste permitted to incinerate
•Dome
stic
waste
Sol •Slud
ge
Liq
•Plastic
•Cargo- id Oil
•Wast
uid
W W
associ
ated e Oil
waste •Cont
•Maint
enanc ast amin ast
ated
e e
e/
operat wate
ional r
waste
 Do not incinerate:
Metal Glass

Flammable Heavy
Materials Loads With
Plastic
ap
rein
te
co
d
i 7.Process
n
ao
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tvin
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er
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ap
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1.Weigh Scale
2.Tipping Hall
3.Refuse Bunker
4.Refuse
Handling Crane
5.Feed Hopper
6.Grates
7.Combustion
zone
8.Boiler
9.Gas scrubber
10.Bag house
filter
11.Induced
draught fan
12.Chimney
13.Bottom Ash
14.Fly Ash
15.Ash storage
16.Ash
processing
17.Land filling
18.Steam Turbine
19.Generator
20.Electricity
8.Advantages
• Reduce weight & volume of the
waste
• Less land area required
• Can be operated in any weather
• Produce energy
• Filter harmful emission
• High temperature destroy
harmful pathogens
9.Disadvantages
• Very expensive
• Create very few Jobs
• Waste of Energy
• Inflexible
• Produce a toxic ash & Do not get rid
of Landfills
• Produce very Toxic Emissions
• Release very Toxic Nanoparticles
• Requires skilled person and
continuous maintenance.
• Not Sustainable
• Location of Incinerator often
controversial
• Side-effects to the
operator/workers
 10.Local Authority
MINISTRY OF URBAN WELL BEING, HOUSING AND LOCAL
GOVERMENT
NATIONAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT POLICY :
AIMS
 a) To establish a a solid waste management system
which is holistic, integrated, cost effective,
sustainable and acceptable to the community that
emphasizes the conservation of the environment,
selection of affordable technology and ensuring
public health"
 b) To implement solid waste management based on
the waste hierarchy which emphasizes waste
minimization through 3R, intermediate treatment
and final disposal.
 Act 672
• Empowers the Federal Government to take over
the management of solid waste and public
cleansing from the Local Authorities (LAs)
throughout Peninsular Malaysia and the Federal
Territories of Putrajaya and Labuan
• The management and operation of all landfill of
sites under the LAs, including identifying and
evaluating sanitary landfills, transfer stations,
incineration technologies, and plant
management.
• http://www.kpkt.gov.my/kpkt/fileupload/
hebahan/lab_sisa_pepejal.pdf
 The Local Government Act 1976
Local authorities are empowered to oversee the
environmental aspects in their respective states, including
taking steps to introduce various initiatives and approaches
like recycling campaigns, manage waste collection systems
and solid waste removal etc.
The Environmental Quality Act 1974
Department of Environment is assigned to enforce the acts
related to air quality, water, industrial waste, noise levels
and environmental assessment
The Street, Drainage and Building Act, 1974

Town and Country Planning Act, 1976

 LANGKA
WI TIOMAN

INCINERATORS
PANGKOR
CAMERON
HIGHLANDS
Cost/ Capacity of Incinerator In Malaysia

State Place Capacity (Ton /

Day)
Total Cost (RM
million)
Cost Per Tonne (RM
Per Day)

Kedah Pulau Langkawi 100 7.4 207

Perak Pulau Pangkor 20 1.7 249

Pahang Pulau Tioman 15 2.8 520

Pahang Cameron 40 5.2 363

Highlands
 The incinerator project is
under the National Solid
Waste Management
Department of the Urban
Wellbeing, Housing and Local
Government
Ministry.

The Tioman incinerator has a capacity of 15

tonnes per day, at a cost of RM520.70 per
tonne.
11. Issues In Malaysia
Technology
Location Health

Economic Environment

Issues In
Malaysia
 “Although completed in mid-
December 2013, the new incinerator
in Tioman remains closed pending the
issuance of a certificate of completion
and compliance”
 ISSUES: “What a load of rubbish”
“Rubbish gets even more during peak
seasons when there are many tourists.
What’s the point of constructing a
multi-million dollar facility that does
not function like it is supposed to? It’s
just sheer wastage,” says Supardi.
Each barge trip is said to cost
RM25,000; that equates to an annual
RM300,000 being forked out by the
Tioman Development Authority.

In addition to that, there is the

RM200,000 paid yearly to contractors
to collect rubbish from villages. An
agency official says given the high cost,
it cannot have the barge make more
frequent trips.
STAR ONLINE : Published: Monday September 15, 2014
 INCINERATOR : IN KUANTAN MUNICIPAL COUNCIL
FOR R&D PURPOSE IN YEAR 2004 (2 YEARS)
The CapEx of an incinerator with SAME CAPACITY WITH A
SANITARY LANDFILL is at least 3 times more expensive while the
OpEx is 10 times higher

• capital expenditure (capex) of RM 9-10 million.

• It was found that it comsumed about 120 Litres (L) of

diesel to incinerate 1 ton of MSW from Kuantan.
Hence, the operational expenditure is easily more
than RM 300/ton as the fuel (diesel) (RM 200/ton
price of diesel of RM 1.80/L).

Figure 1.0: Incinerator of 12 ton/day for Kuantan Municipal Council (Pollution Engineering Sdn
The Malaysian government has
been dilly-dallying in taking
measures to reduce waste
generation. Instead, it is opting
for an expensive. Sadly,
Malaysia has already built a
number of small incinerators in
Langkawi, Tioman, Pangkor and
Cameron Highlands although it
is not a good strategy. Our
sources in Cameron Highlands
state that an incinerator in the
highland which had been
completed for more than a year
is not in operation, presumably
because it is too expensive to
operate as more fuel is needed
to incinerate the mostly organic
waste generated
MONDAY, MARCH 30, 2015
According to Director-General of JPSPN, small incinerators had been built in Langkawi,
Pangkor, Labuan, Tioman and Terengganu in the late 1990s. All had failed due to faulty
design, poor maintenance, improper operation and high diesel usage. The new
incinerators are tailor-made to suit local waste characteristics, such as high moisture
content of 60% to 70%. In the past, waste incinerators failed as they were of European
make and not suitable for our waste. The new incinerators will also have the cost-
effective element inserted, including low operation cost. Pollutant such as dioxin is
released if the burning temperature is low. If the burning capacity of the incinerator
goes above 800°C, all dioxin will be burned off and destroyed (note : Labuan PROECT
dropped)
 'Japan incinerator technology not suited to Malaysia'
Posted on 6 July 2014 - 08:04pm
Last updated on 6 July 2014 - 08:15pm Muhammad
Haniff KUALA LUMPUR: An incinerator in Malaysia is
not needed even if it is based on Japanese technology
Kepong residents say no to waste incineration as the situation in both countries is different.
site in Taman Beringin Referring to Japan's offer to supply its incinerator
All this has become so mind boggling for the technology to Malaysia, Serdang MP Ong Kian Ming
Kepong residents who are now caught in the said Malaysia is not the suitable place to implement
middle, who for almost 15 years been losing Japanese incineration technology.
Broga incinerator: It's over, says paper
sleep with the smell of rubbish in their air
throughout the day. They fear that an The government has given notice to terminate
the RM1.52 billion project to build the region's
incinerator might be built there in the blink of
largest incinerator at Broga, Semenyih,
an eye and then they will not only have to
Selangor, a project which from the beginning
smell the rubbish but also breathe in the
has met with stiff opposition from local
poisonous gasses and by then, it will be too
late residents and concerned citizens.
KOTA BARU: The Kelantan Solid
Waste And Public Cleansing
Management Corporation
(SWCorp) has disposed 80,000
At Utusan by DR. LATIFAH ABD MANAF,
tonnes of post flood garbage in
UPM the state.
3 bidders for Taman Beringin WTE incinerator project NST
BY NURADZIMMAH DAIM - 17 MARCH 2015 @ 12:00 PM
Incinerators are toxic, wasteful and
cost three times more to deal with
rubbish than the alternatives NSW, Year 1991 –
Election Campaign

http://www.durhamenvironmentwatch.org/
images/GarbageInAirAdSept09home.jpg
24 May 2011
Capital expenditure of the
incinerator ranges from
RM500 million to RM800
million and expected to be
completed in 2015 ISS
UES
 12.SUMMARY
 Suitability of incinerator fixing and its technology should considered
wisely at an early stage of planning.

 Suitability technology not only refers to the operational and cost

machines imported from developed countries, but also refers to the
suitability of the combination of technology.

 Technology adopted from developed countries are not necessarily

effective for our country but should be modified according to local
conditions.
 Critical review

Incinerators is a modern technology that can reduce our solid

waste volume, however, there are pros and cons of it.
It is better to do research and study more of the technology
on how it can work out in Malaysia considering many aspects
such as the impacts, our society cultures, habit of our people
discarding waste, economic, worth of waste to energy,
maintenance, skilled labor, environmental health, land
requirement, and many more. We all have the responsibility
to care about our waste and at the same time to protect our
environment.
THANK
YOU