SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT IN A
GATED COMMUNITY
A SUBMISSION BY-
ROHIT KUMAR TIWARI, BIT MESRA
ABHINABA CHAKRABORTY, BIT MESRA
 URBAN INDIAN WASTE SCENARIO
Urban India generates about 1.4 lakh MT/day of CHARACTERISTICS OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
Municipal Solid Waste
Requires 1750 acres of land for land filling/year. Compostable/Bio- degradable matter =30 - 55%
(can be converted into manure)
• As per MSW Rule 2000, biodegradable
material should not be deposited in the
Inert Material =40 – 45%
sanitary landfill.
(goes to the landfill)
• Therefore there is almost no scope of
generation of biogas in the form of landfill gas Recyclable Materials = 5 – 10%
from new sanitary landfills. However, there is (Recycling)
a huge potential of trapping the landfill gas
generated in the old dump-sites across the P.S. - Percentages vary nominally in each city due to
country, particularly the large ones with more varied food habits.
than 5 meter thickness (height plus depth)
Courtesy-Ministry of New and Renewable
Energy
 WHAT IS MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE?
This category of waste generally refers to
common household waste, as well as office and
retail wastes, but excludes industrial, hazardous
and construction wastes and collected usually by
local government bodies (Centre for Sustainable
Systems, University of Michigan. 2014).
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), commonly called
“trash” or “garbage,” includes :
• Durable goods (e.g., tires, furniture)
• Nondurable goods (e.g., newspapers, plastic
plates/cups)
• Containers and packaging (e.g., milk cartons,
plastic wrap)
• Other wastes (e.g., yard waste, food).
 RECOVERY FROM URBAN WASTES

2007 2012 2018 TABLE 1 -

MSW
1.48 2.15 3.03 POTENTIAL OF
(lakh tpd)
MW 2550 3670 5200
ENERGY FROM
MLW
URBAN WASTES
17.75 20.70 24.75
(mcd)
MW 330 390 460 Courtesy - MNRE
 MANAGEMENT OF MEDICAL SOLID WASTE:
• Hospital waste is generated during the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization
of human beings or animals or in research activities in these fields or in the
production or testing of biological.
• Medical solid waste includes both non-hazardous and hazardous waste
constituents.
• The non-hazardous waste
• Hazardous wastes
• Treatment options:
• Incineration
• Sanitary landfill
MANAGEMENT OF NON-DEGRADABLE SOLID WASTE:
• Examples of non-degradable solid wastes are:
Ferrous & non-ferrous metals: Eg: Iron, Steel and Aluminium etc.
Glass
Plastics
Textiles
• Treatment options:
Recycling
Sanitary landfill
Incineration
 MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS WASTE:
Following process applied in hazardous waste treatment:
• Physical separation
• Gravity separation
• Dissolved air floatation
• Solvent extraction
• Sorption on activated carbon
Treatment options:
• Thermal treatment
• Incineration
• Biological treatment
 MANAGEMENT OF NON-HAZARDOUS &
BIODEGRADABLE SOLID WASTE:
Non-hazardous solid waste is total waste including municipal waste, industrial
waste, agricultural waste and sewage sludge.
Following methods are followed by management of non-hazardous and
biodegradable solid wastes:
• Open Dumps
• Landfills
• Anaerobic Digestion
• Composting
• Vermicomposting
 MANAGEMENT OF ELECTRONIC WASTE, “E-
WASTE”:
Electronic waste is of concern largely due to carcinogenicity of some of the substances if
processed improperly. Toxic substances in electronic waste include lead, mercury and cadmium.
Carcinogenic substances in electronic waste may include polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).
A typical computer may contain more than 6% lead by weight. Capacitors, transformers, PVC
insulated wires biphenyls.
Treatment options:
E-waste consists of diverse items like ferrous and non-ferrous metals, glass, plastics, electronic
components and other items. The potential treatment options based on this composition are
given below:
• Encapsulation
• Incineration
• Sanitary landfill
 WASTE-TO-ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
• Bio-methanation
• Incineration
• RDF
• Gasification
• Integrated systems
 WHAT IS BIOMETHANATION?
• Biomethanation or Anaerobic Digestion is a regulated version of the natural events of landfill, in that it results in the
controlled release of methane-rich biogas, which offers the potential for a very real form of energy from waste.
• It is carried out in large fermented tanks.
• In these tanks, solid waste is taken in the absence of oxygen and the anaerobic bacteria convert the large organic
molecules mainly into methane CH4 and carbon dioxide CO2.
• Unlike composting, Anaerobic Digestion occurs at one of three distinct temperature ranges, namely:
Cryophilic (<20 ◦C)
Mesophilic (20–45 ◦C) Thermophilic (>45 ◦C)
[Ref: Gareth M. Evans, Environmental Biotechnology, Theory and Application]
Micro-organisms involved in Anaerobic digestion:
There are four main groups of bacteria involved in Anaerobic digestion, as shown below, with some typical examples of
each:
Hydrolytic fermentative bacteria – Clostridium and Peptococcus.
Acetogenic bacteria – Syntrophobacter and Syntrophomonas.
Acidogenic bacteria – Methanosarcina and Methanothrix.
Methanogenic bacteria – Methanobacterium and Methanobrevibacterium.
 MERITS OF BIOMETHANATION
• Preservation of environmental quality.
• Production of stabilized sludge can be used as soil
conditioner in the agricultural field.
• Energy generation which will reduce operational
cost.
• Supplement national actions to achieve real, long
term, measurable and cost effective GHG’s
reductions in accordance with Kyoto Protocol.
• Reduction in land requirement for MSW disposal.
 PRINCIPLES OF BIOMETHANATION
• Complex process leading to
generation of methane and
carbon dioxide.
• Process involves three steps
(Barlaz et al 1990)
• Hydrolysis
• Acidification
• Methanogenesis
• Process can be carried out in -
• Single step
• Two step
 HYDROLYSIS
• Anaerobic bacteria breakdown complex organic molecules (proteins,
cellulose, lignin and lipids) into soluble monomer molecules such as amino
acids, glucose, fatty acids and glycerol.
• Monomers are available to the next group of bacteria.
• Hydrolysis of complex molecules is catalysed by extra cellular enzymes
(cellulose, proteases and lipases).
• Hydrolytic phase is relatively slow, can be limiting in anaerobic digestion.
 ACIDOGENESIS
• Acidogenic bacteria converts sugar, aminoacids and fatty acids to
organic acids (acetic, propionic, formic, lactic, butyric acids),
alcohols and ketones (ethanol, methanol, glycerol and acetone),
acetate, CO2and H2.
• Acetate is the main product of carbohydrate fermentation.
• The products formed vary with type of bacteria as well as with the
culture conditions (temperature, pH etc).
 ACETOGENESIS
• Acetogenic bacteria converts fatty acids and alcohols into acetate,
hydrogen and carbon dioxide .
• Acetogenic bacteria requires low hydrogen for fatty acids conversion .
• Under relatively high hydrogen partial pressure, acetate formation is reduced
and the substrate is converted to propionic acid, butyric acid and ethanol
rather than methane.
 METHANOGENESIS
• Methanogenesis in microbes is a form of anaerobic respiration.
• Methanogens do not use oxygen to breathe, oxygen inhibits the growth of
methanogens.
• Terminal electron acceptor in methanogenesis is carbon.
• Two best described pathways involve the use of carbon dioxide and acetic
acid as terminal electron acceptors:
CO2+ 4 H2 → CH4 + 2H2O
CH3COOH → CH4 + CO2
 GARBAGE COLLECTION SYSTEM AND ITS
PROBLEMS
Stage 1: From house → resident travels to dispose garbage → to dust bins
Stage 2: From dust bins → municipality vehicles dispose of garbage to dumping sites or to unofficial
dumping ground

Problems:
• Poor attendance of sanitary workers.
• Gradual decrease in number of dust bins, as a large number of garbage containers are in the workshop
for repairs.
• Those who live further away prefer not to take the trouble.
• The resultant is that majority of home waste ends up being thrown away on empty plots.
• Those bins can only be found along the main roads.
 EFFECTS OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
Economic Effects
• Increased Transport cost
• Increased Health cost
• Repair of Sewer Lines
• Decline in crop production
Health Problems Environmental Effects
• Malaria • Smoke and bad odour
• Cholera • Generation of hazardous
• Hepatitis A, B & C gases
• Asthma • Acid deposition – acid rain
• Eye Irritation • Climate change
• Reparatory Diseases • Ozone depletion – ecosystem
• Serious consequences damage
relation to new born and
unborn babies.
R’S OTHER THAN REDUCE, REUSE, AND RECYCLE
This presentation focuses on Draft Waste Strategy recommendations related to:
• – Recovery – the 4th “R” - refers to the recovery of valuable resources (e.g. additional
recyclables, organics, energy resources (e.g. gas and heat)) from the waste stream
after reducing, reusing, recycling as many resources as possible
• – Residual – the 5th “R” - refers to the disposal of any remaining waste after
reducing, reusing, recycling and recovering as many resources as possible.
• – Reimagine – We need to find innovative ways to the problem of ever growing waste
products in our households. A very innovative example can be found in our very own
city, Jamshedpur where decorative pieces have been crated using junk to beautify
our road pathways.
 WASTE RECOVERY AND RESIDUAL GAPS,
CHALLENGES AND/OR OPPORTUNITIES
• Diminishing landfill disposal capacity: Processing technologies could divert
additional materials from disposal and extend the lifespan of a Landfill.
• Need for increased waste diversion: Especially in the multi-residential sector
to support diversion goals, and reduce the amount of material currently being
landfilled.
• Long-term disposal capacity: Find new opportunities to meet the disposal
needs for the 30 to 50 year planning period of the Waste Strategy.
 WASTE RECOVERY OPTIONS WHICH CAN BE
CONSIDERED
The following waste recovery options can be considered:
• Direct Combustion Facility Development
• Emerging Technologies Facility Development
• Organics Recycling Bio cell or Biomodule Development
• Refuse Derived Fuel Facility Development
• Waste to Liquid Fuel Technologies Facility Development
• Mixed Waste Processing Facility Development with and without Organics
Recovery
MIXED WASTE PROCESSING FACILITY WITH
ORGANICS RECOVERY DEVELOPMENT
 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE NEAR TERM
• Continuing and expanding the focus on 3Rs and the incorporation of the newer Rs.
• Enhanced diversion programs supported with community partnerships, comprehensive education and
enforcement of bylaws.
• Region specific planning: Looking at the geographical, topographical and cultural diversity of the
country it can be divided into five regions such as Northern region, Eastern region, Western region,
Central region and Southern region. Each of these regions has different structure. Hence all the
activities should be planned & implemented on regional basis.
• Planning from below: To make Solid Waste Management a success in true sense, the planning as well as
implementation should start from general public level planning followed by block level planning, district
level planning and state level planning.
• Involvement of self help groups, youth groups and small entrepreneurs: The general public level waste
management units can be run by self help groups, youth groups or small entrepreneurs. This will help in
making the programme self supportive and sustainable.
• Well planned and effective training policy: Technical training at all levels (General public to state) forms
the backbone of a successful waste management programme. Adequate training must be given to all
those concerned prior to actual launching of the programme in the field.
 CONCLUSION
All these above said suggestions are given in relation to India and will be effective only when we individually
feel the responsibility of making environment clean. As general public, we can not do much in policy and
regulations formulation, adoption of newer technologies related to recycling and other waste management
options but we can play a very important role in this process if we can adopt only few tips. Here are a few tips
to achieve this goal.
1. Keep ourselves informed: It is important that we are in the know about what is happening on the
environment front. Read about how untreated sewage is thrown into the rivers, attend public lectures about
air pollution, & keep in touch with new policies that affect our environment. The more informed we are, the
better equipped we are to fight such issues.
2. Consume less: Motto: Refuse…..Reduce….Reuse… Recycle .This means consuming fewer resources, reusing
whatever we can and finally recycling what cannot be reused. This process greatly reduces the garbage.
3. Say ‘No’ to plastic bags: One of the biggest sources of pollution in Indian cities is the ubiquitous plastic
bag. Refuse to accept one. Instead, carry a cloth shopping bag with us.
4. Separate our garbage: India has one of the world’s most efficient recycling mechanisms. Use the service of
our raddiwalla. Newspapers, bottle cans and other such recyclables can fetch us money and in the process
we can help to save the environment. Rag pickers, too, perform a vital function for the city. Kitchen garbage
(biodegradable) should be separated from nonbiodegradable waste.
5. Compost our organic waste and stop burning garbage: Start a vermiculture bin. We can convince our
neighbours to start a vermiculture bin also to produce manure.