Effectiveness of Solid Waste Management

Republic of the Philippines
MARINDUQUE STATE COLLEGE

LABORATORY HIGH SCHOOL
Main Campus: Boac / Branches: Santa Cruz • Torrijos • Gasan
Panfilo P. Manguera Sr. Rd., Tanza, Boac, Marinduque 4900
Tel. No.: (042) 332-2028 Email Address: sucpresident.msc@gmail.com
Effectiveness of Solid Waste Management of Selected Barangays in the

Municipality of Boac, Marinduque
Zelene Loise Nicole B. Tolentino
Research Submitted In Partial Fulfilment of the

Requirements for Practical Research 2 Under
Grade 12 ABM
December 2020
Vision: Marinduque State College is a research-driven higher education institution pursuing excellence and innovation by 2025.
Mission: Marnduque State College is committed to pursue progressive and innovative lifelong education founded on humanistic, professional
and technologically advanced programs across cultures and communities by establishing centers of excellence and development and research-
driven outreach program.
Chapter I Page | 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
This chapter discusses the background of the study, the statement of the problem and the
scopes and delimitation of the study.
Background of the Study
For the past years, Philippines has recorded a high quantity of solid waste from across the
country. According to a report by the Senate Economic Planning Office (SEPO), the country’s
waste generation steadily increased from 37,427.46 tons per day in 2012 to 40,087.45 tons in 2016.
Residential areas produce the most amount of solid wastes at 57 percent, while wastes from
commercial establishments, institutional sources, and industrial or manufacturing sector accounted
for 27 percent, 12 percent, and 4 percent of the total waste generated (Mawis, 2019).
In the 2015 waste generation data of the National Solid Waste Management Commission,
Senator Sherwin Gatchalian also projected that from 14.66 million metric tons of waste produced
in 2014, the country will produce 16.63 million metric tons in 2020 or a 13.44 percent increase
(Romero, 2020). In a statement from Gatchalian, the average Filipino produces 0.414 kilograms
of solid waste every day. By Dec. 31, 2020, the accumulated daily solid waste produced by each
Filipino will amount to 150 kilograms. That means that the average Filipino adult produces
between two to three times of his own body weight in trash over the course of a single year.
Currently, 16.6 million metric tons of solid waste Filipinos are expected to produce by the end of
this year is equivalent to 58.2 million cubic meters, which is enough trash to fill 23,279 Olympic-
sized swimming pools or 99 Philippine Arenas in Bulacan, from the ground all the way to the top
of the dome. With this, the Philippines has become the third largest generator of solid waste per
year among Southeast Asian countries, with only Thailand and Indonesia producing more.
Due to this increase in solid waste, the government passed different laws and resolutions
to promote solid waste management. Solid waste management is defined as the discipline
associated with control of generation, storage, collection, transport or transfer, processing and
disposal of solid waste materials in a way that best addresses the range of public health,
conservation, economic, aesthetic, engineering, and other environmental considerations (Leblanc, Page | 2
2020). It is an essential service in any society, which contributes not only to the environment, but
also to the citizens.
Despite the implementations of the laws and policies for solid waste management like the
Republic Act No. 9003 and the recent NSWMC Resolution No. 1363 Series of 2020, the solid
waste in the country still continued to increase and affect the environment and health of citizens.
Boac, the capital of Marinduque is also experiencing the same problem of too much waste, and in
order to minimize the harmful effects, the Municipality also implemented policies and plans for
those problems as well. But, the citizens and the community are not aware if the policies and plans
are really working well. With this, the researcher came up with this study to know the effectiveness
of solid waste management, mostly focusing on selected barangays in the municipality of Boac,
Marinduque.
Statement of the Problem
As the municipal government of Boac continues to implement policies and strategies to

further improve the solid waste management across the community, the study will aim to know
the effectiveness of solid waste management on selected barangays in the municipality of Boac,
Marinduque.
Specifically, this will seek to answer the following specific questions:
1. What are the existing solid waste management policies and strategies in the selected
barangays of Boac, Marinduque?
2. What is the level of effectiveness of the solid waste management made by selected
barangays in the Municipality of Boac, Marinduque in terms of:
a. Waste generation reduction
b. Collection and transportation
c. Collection coverage and frequency
d. Recycling rates
e. Disposal of Waste
3. What are the ways or strategies to further improve the solid waste management of the Page | 3
selected barangays in Boac, Marinduque?
Scopes and Delimitation
This study will mainly focus on the effectiveness of solid waste management on selected
barangays in the municipality of Boac, Marinduque. The subject of the study will cover the
carefully selected barangays in Boac, which will be chosen out by the researcher. The preliminary
data gathering procedure of this study will start on December 2020 or January 2021, and the main
data gathering will last for about one to two months. The data that will be gathered will come from
the respondents’ provided information and from legal documents or knowledge in the policies and
strategies of the selected barangays. Anything unrelated to the topic will not be tackled.
Chapter II Page | 4
LITERATURE REVIEW AND RESEARCH FRAMEWORK

This chapter discusses the review of related literature and studies, the synthesis of the
study, the conceptual framework, hypothesis and the definition of terms.
Related Literature
Solid Waste
According to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), passed in 1976, solid
waste means any garbage or refuse, sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply
treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarded material, resulting from
industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural operations, and from community activities. Nearly
everything people do leaves behind some kind of waste (United States Environmental Protection
Agency, 2018). This definition of solid waste is not limited to wastes that are physically solid.
Many solid wastes are liquid, semi-solid, or contained gaseous material.
Solid waste can be classified into different types depending on their source. Mainly, there
are three types, which are municipal solid waste, industrial solid waste and biomedical waste or
hospital waste. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) consists of household waste, construction and
demolition debris (CnD), sanitation residue, and waste from streets, generated mainly from
residential and commercial complexes. As per the MoEF it includes commercial and residential
waste generated in municipal or notified areas in either solid or semi-solid form excluding
industrial hazardous wastes but including treated bio-medical wastes. Industrial Solid Waste
(ISW), in a majority of cases, is termed as hazardous waste as they may contain toxic substances,
are corrosive, highly inflammable, or react when exposed to certain things e.g. gases. Biomedical
waste or hospital waste is usually infectious waste that may include waste like sharps, soiled waste,
disposables, anatomical waste, cultures, discarded medicines, chemical wastes, etc., usually in the
form of disposable syringes, swabs, bandages, body fluids, human excreta, etc. These can be a
serious threat to human health if not managed in a scientific and discriminate manner (India Water
Portal, 2019).
In a study of Mohammad Saydul Islam Sarkar and MD. Simul Bhuyan entitled “Analysis
of Physical and Chemical Composition of the Solid Waste in Chittagong City”, fine organic
materials comprises the major part of the produced solid waste (35.1%), while fine dust and Page | 5
vegetable matter constitute 28.5% and 20.6% respectively. The major components of municipal
waste include food waste, glass, metals, can, debris, bricks, boards, leaves, paper, dirt and ashes,
chemical composition found in the solid wastes showed high moisture content, high ash and
inorganic contents and comparatively low nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The nitrogen,
phosphorus and potassium content represent the important ingredients value for fertilizer of the
waste and potential conversion of the waste into good compost. The leachate characteristics
showed acidic in nature. It is also rich in nitrate and phosphate, whenever this highly polluted
leachate got entrapped in ponds with the surface wash, it poses a high degree of pollution threat to
ground water as well as surface water and subsequently health hazard (Sarkar & Bhuyan, 2018).
Solid Waste Management
Solid waste management is defined as the discipline associated with control of generation,
storage, collection, transport or transfer, processing and disposal of solid waste materials in a way
that best addresses the range of public health, conservation, economic, aesthetic, engineering, and
other environmental considerations (Leblanc, 2020).
In its scope, solid waste management includes planning, administrative, financial,
engineering, and legal functions. Solutions might include complex inter-disciplinary relations
among fields such as public health, city and regional planning, political science, geography,
sociology, economics, communication and conservation, demography, engineering, and material
sciences.
Solid waste management practices can differ for residential and industrial producers, for
urban and rural areas, and for developed and developing nations. The administration of non-
hazardous waste in metropolitan areas is the job of local government authorities. On the other
hand, the management of hazardous waste materials is typically the responsibility of those who
generate it, as subject to local, national, and even international authorities.
The primary goal of solid waste management is reducing and eliminating adverse impacts
of waste materials on human health and the environment to support economic development and
superior quality of life. This is to be done in the most efficient manner possible, to keep costs low
and prevent waste buildup.
Planning of solid waste management requires the cooperation and inputs of all stakeholders Page | 6
that include city/municipal officials, residents and other groups in the communities having the
benefits or affected by solid waste management (Ferareza, Pasion, & Valdez, 2010). Thus, the
establishment of a working committee or solid waste management board composed of different
sectors involved in waste management is basically required. These stakeholders have different
experiences, needs and ideas that could contribute very well to the formulation of the plan.
The next step is to assess all gathered data taking into consideration of the present service
level and/or system of solid waste management in the city/municipality for the information
including the status of waste generation, waste volume, storage, collection, transportation,
treatment and disposal of municipal solid waste. The assessment when completed offers a
comprehensive picture or the images for how to solve the problems on the waste management
system of the city/municipality. It will then become the basis for development of the solid waste
management plan.
Related Studies
In a study of the effectiveness of solid waste policies in developing countries through a
case study in Brazil, environmental policies can be evaluated regarding their relevance,
persistence, flexibility, efficiency and effectiveness (Mickwitz, A framework for evaluating
environmental policy instruments: Context and key concepts, 2003). Effectiveness evaluation
assesses whether the results achieved correspond to the policy goals. From this perspective, the
aim is to identify effects resulting from the analyzed policy and establish causal relationships
(Mickwitz, Environmental Policy in the EU: Actors, institutions and processes, 2013). This
literature review also shows that more than 70% of the studies used empirical statistical analyses
to evaluate the effectiveness, which is a trend in the policy effectiveness evaluation field.
Although effectiveness evaluations based on indicators can provide valuable information
to identify the need for interventions in policy, they cannot include all variables involved in
complex environmental systems (Cetrulo, et al., 2018). This paper used key performance
indicators as a proxy to municipal waste issues. Although they cannot characterize the whole
system, the selected indicators represent the main PNRS’ MSW management goals. SNIS data
reliability is another limitation found in this study although a careful handling of outliers and
missing values was performed. Another limitation of this research design is the absence of a control Page | 7
group, since the policy is applied to the country as a whole.
As in other developing countries, the presence of a legal apparatus for waste does not
guarantee by itself its good management. Institutional, political and cultural issues avoid its
effective implementation. Evaluations, such as the ones presented here, are key to identify the need
for interventions regarding policy implementation, and to provide guidance towards desirable
outcomes and impacts effects.
Brazil is a high middle-income country that differs from most developing countries in the
generation of MSW (per capita), being compared to some developed countries. However, in a large
part of its territory, MWM quality is as poor as in low income countries due to the substantial
diversity of cultural and socio-economic contexts. Brazil weaknesses concerning MWM are
mostly related to: 1. Collection and transportation problems due to informal garbage collection
and irregular disposal; 2. Collection frequency and coverage are uneven, with a larger ‘downside
deviation’ in rural and peri-urban areas; 3. The inadequate final disposal of waste. Many Brazilian
municipalities do not dispose MSW with a suitable procedure due to the lack of sanitary landfills.
Most of the existing landfills are open dumping areas, which pose serious environmental and social
threats. In this context, to tackle the regulation of WM and enhance environmental quality, in 2010
Brazil’s government set up a nationwide waste policy (the PNRS, Law no. 12305, of August. This
law is based on a systematic view towards SW management that considers environmental, social,
economic, cultural, and technological variables. The policy covers the national law and the
National, State and Municipal Plans. However, by the end of 2017, only twelve states (44%) and
2,325 cities (42%) have completed their respective plans. The law is built upon the environmental
principles usually found in developed countries legislation, e.g. waste hierarchy from prevention
to disposal, polluter pays and eco-efficiency. However, there is a mismatch between the policy and
the WM National Plan which is its main instrument, e.g. the National Plan does not present targets
for non-generation, reduction, and recycling. Moreover, the first version of the National Plan is
not fully valid, it is rather outdated and should be published in 2019.
On the other hand, construction waste apportions a major part of the total municipal solid
waste in contributing to the environment degradation in most cities including Hong Kong. Various
policies for managing construction waste have been implemented by the Hong Kong government Page | 8
and her executive arms over the past decades. According to the longitudinal review of Lu & Tam
, 2017, it reveals that Hong Kong is actively trying new construction waste management (CWM)
policies based on latest waste management philosophies available (e.g. 3R principle, and polluter
pays principle). The policies have formed an interlocking, and relatively effective policy
framework for regulating CWM in Hong Kong. Amongst them, the inert and non-inert dichotomy
as a CWM philosophy has helped divert the inert construction materials to public filling facilities,
and thus significantly relieved the pressure on valuable landfills for accepting non-inert waste. The
Construction Waste Disposal Charging Scheme (CWDCS) and its associated measures (e.g. the
construction waste off-site sorting facilities) implemented in 2006 have the largest magnitude in
terms of genuinely reducing construction waste both onsite and disposal of at landfills. Solid waste
generated from producing every million dollars' construction work has been significantly reduced
to 20 t in recent years from 40–70 t during the first half of the last decade. However, CWM remains
a gloomy situation in Hong Kong after the CWDCS was successfully implemented in 2006.
Contributing only around 3% to the GDP, the construction sector however disposes of 25% of the
overall municipal solid waste at landfills in Hong Kong. To further reduce the negative impacts of
construction waste is a challenge ahead facing the policy-makers, practitioners, researchers, and
the like.
Although the waste governance in waste management performs well thanks to cooperation
between related actors in the network, the environmental effectiveness of waste management is
limited (Choi, 2016). First, it is revealed that, due to the Pollution Control Act, there is no
governing agency to control industrial waste which makes up a significant amount of the total
waste generated in Oslo, Norway. The second discovery is that the current solid waste management
depends greatly on energy recovery and recycling, which are two feasible methods in the given
context, although reuse and waste prevention are regarded as more desirable methods in preventing
negative impacts to the environment from an environmental perspective. This point indicates that
the waste management is more concerned with institutional feasibility rather than environmental
necessity. The relationships between the waste management and three of the determinants (time,
economic structure, and science) display the same results. It is important to note that the approach
to these determinants are dealing more so with how we treat waste, rather than how we remove the Page | 9
origin of the problem.
Thus, this research concludes that, when it comes to environmental effectiveness, it is
obvious that the current waste management focuses on what they can do given the context, instead
of revolutionizing this context to improve waste management, making more desirable methods,
like reuse and waste prevention, feasible.
Consequently, in the study of Azuelo Barbado & Reyes in 2016, compliance of Camarines
Norte, Philippines on the mandate of the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 or RA
9003 needs assessment to determine the existing solid waste management (SWM) strategies, the
effectiveness and the possibility of adoption in each municipality. The study utilized the
descriptive method using questionnaire as the main tool supplemented by interview. Results
showed that the existing SWM strategies with the highest percentages of existence in the twelve
(12) municipalities were provision of number of trucks in transporting solid wastes and knowledge
on waste segregation conducted at every household/establishment. Varying levels were observed.
However, high level of effectiveness is still required for significant impact, seeing that from the
six areas assessed only four municipalities were identified to have more and highly effective SWM
strategies. Generally, only availability of technology for composting was considered more
effective and can be adopted in all municipalities. Better solid waste Management may be fully
attained through the involvement, political will and commitment of the implementers in the
implementation of politically passed resolutions and undertaking of their initiatives that will
stimulate active participation of the community. All these measures may bring change in health
and environment in the province (Azuelo, Barbado, & Reyes, 2016).
In a study of Ali et. al (2018), it is confirmed the effectiveness of aerobic pretreatment of
MSW prior to landfilling on reducing lag phase and accelerating biogas generation. The control of
biodegradable fractions of municipal solid waste (MSW) is one of the key parameters considered
for the assessment of short or long-term environmental impacts of landfilling. The control of
organic waste is often achieved by the source-segregation system and/or aerobic biological
pretreatment prior to landfilling. The segregation process of various MSW components at a source
point (door-to-door collection) is more expensive in terms of transport facilities, fuel consumption,
and other supplies, contributing up to 70% of the entire cost of MSW management. Hence, aerobic Page | 10
pretreatment of MSW is preferred prior to landfilling, contributing to minimize the environmental
impacts of MSW landfilling. This is due to the fact that the stabilization of MSW directly in landfill
even with appropriate technology (e.g. bioreactor landfill) cannot be achieved due to the presence
of fresh organic waste.
The disposal of Aerobic pretreatment degree (APD) was determined on the basis of
reduction in volatile solids (VS) on a wet weight basis. In this study, intermittent aeration (IA) was
applied to three reactors as a main aeration mode; since a single reactor was operated under
continuous aeration mode. However, the purpose of the experiment was to reduce VS content of
waste, irrespective of the comparison between aeration modes. Fresh MSW was first pretreated
aerobically with different aeration rates (10, 40, 60 and 85 L/min/m3) for the period of 30–50 days,
resulting in VS-loss equivalent to 20%, 27%, 38% and 53% on w/w basis for the wastes A1, A2,
A3 and A4, respectively. The cumulative biogas production, calculated based on the modified
Gompertz model were 384, 195, 353, 215, and 114 L/kg VS for the wastes A0, A1, A2, A3 and
A4, respectively. Untreated waste (A0) showed a long lag phase; whereas the lag phases of
pretreated MSW were reduced by more than 90%. Aerobically pretreated wastes reached stable
methanogenic phase within 41 days compared to 418 days for untreated waste. The waste mass
decreased by about 8% to 27% compared to untreated MSW, indicative that even more MSW
could be placed in the same landfill (Ali, et al., 2018).
In Hong Kong, It is found that the country is actively trying new CWM policies based on
latest waste management philosophies available (e.g. reduce, reuse, and recycle principle, and
polluter pays principle). These policies have formed an interlocking, and relatively effective policy
framework for CWM in Hong Kong. However, new initiatives are desired if aiming to change the
gloomy situation since 2006 when the construction waste disposal charging scheme was
effectively implemented. This research provides insightful understanding of CWM policies and
their effectiveness, which is often concerned policies makers, researchers, and the like (Lu & Tam,
2013).
In order to develop a sound material-cycle society, cost-effective municipal solid waste Page | 11
(MSW) management systems are required for the municipalities in the context of the integrated
accounting system for MSW management (Yu & Fujiwara, 2011). Firstly, this paper attempts to
establish an integrated cost–benefit analysis (CBA) framework for evaluating the effectiveness of
MSW management systems. In this paper, detailed cost/benefit items due to waste problems are
particularly clarified. The stakeholders of MSW management systems, including the decision-
makers of the municipalities and the citizens, are expected to reconsider the waste problems in
depth and thus take wise actions with the aid of the proposed CBA framework. Secondly, focusing
on the financial cost, this study develops a generalized methodology to evaluate the financial cost-
effectiveness of MSW management systems, simultaneously considering the treatment
technological levels and policy effects. The impacts of the influencing factors on the annual total
and average financial MSW operation and maintenance (O&M) costs are analyzed in the
Taiwanese case study with a demonstrative short-term future projection of the financial costs under
scenario analysis. The established methodology would contribute to the evaluation of the current
policy measures and to the modification of the policy design for the municipalities.
Synthesis
Based on the related literature and related studies, the solid waste management in a
developing country or province is effective in many aspects. In a study of Ali et. al (2018), it is
confirmed the effectiveness of aerobic pretreatment of MSW prior to landfilling on reducing lag
phase and accelerating biogas generation, which could help in the control of solid waste. On the
other hand, construction waste apportions a major part of the total municipal solid waste in
contributing to the environment solid waste management strategies in Camarines Norte showed
that the existing SWM strategies with the highest percentages of existence in the twelve (12)
municipalities were provision of number of trucks in transporting solid wastes and knowledge on
waste segregation conducted at every household/establishment. Varying levels were observed.
However, high level of effectiveness is still required for significant impact, seeing that from the
six areas assessed only four municipalities were identified to have more and highly effective SWM
strategies. Generally, only availability of technology for composting was considered more
effective and can be adopted in all municipalities (Azuelo, Barbado, & Reyes, 2016). Although
there were some municipalities that still have ineffective solid waste management, there were still Page | 12
interventions and recommendations to further increase the effectiveness of the management.
Conceptual Framework
Level of
Effectiveness of the
Solid Waste
Management in the
selected Barangays
Solid Waste of Boac in terms of:
Strategies to further
Management
 Waste improve the Solid
Policies and
generation Waste Management of
Strategies in the
reduction the selected
selected Barangays
 Collection and Barangays in Boac,
of Boac,
transportation Marinduque
Marinduque
 Collection
coverage and
frequency
 Recycling rates
 Disposal of
Waste
Figure I. Conceptual Framework

The framework above shows the relationship between the input, process and output of the
study. In the first diagram, the existing solid waste management policies and strategies in the
selected barangays of Boac, Marinduque are considered the input of the study. This will be the one
to be examined or evaluated by the researcher in the study. In the second diagram, the process of
the study is determined, which is figuring out the level of effectiveness of the solid waste
management policies and strategies made by the selected barangays in terms of waste generation
reduction, collection and transportation, collection coverage and frequency, recycling rates and
disposal of waste. Lastly, the last diagram shows the output of the study which is the strategies
that will further improve the solid waste management plan. This will be the result of the process
analysis.
Research Hypothesis Page | 13
The study will be guided by the following hypothesis to be tested:

𝐻0 : The solid waste management of the selected barangays in the municipality of Boac,
Marinduque are effective.
Based on a study from Lu, et. al (2013), a longitudinal review reveals that Hong Kong is
actively trying new construction waste management (CWM) policies based on latest waste
management philosophies available (e.g. 3R principle, and polluter pays principle). The policies
have formed an interlocking, and relatively effective policy framework for regulating CWM in
Hong Kong. Amongst them, the inert and non-inert dichotomy as a CWM philosophy has helped
divert the inert construction materials to public filling facilities, and thus significantly relieved the
pressure on valuable landfills for accepting non-inert waste. The Construction Waste Disposal
Charging Scheme (CWDCS) and its associated measures (e.g. the construction waste off-site
sorting facilities) implemented in 2006 have the largest magnitude in terms of genuinely reducing
construction waste both onsite and disposal of at landfills. Solid waste generated from producing
every million dollars' construction work has been significantly reduced to 20 t in recent years from
40–70 t during the first half of the last decade.
Definition of Terms Page | 14
This section contains words that are related to the study and defined by its purpose, which
is clearly stated by the researcher. Those words that are equivocal and jargons are clearly defined
by its purpose.
Collection - the action or process of collecting someone or something
Disposal - the action or process of throwing away or getting rid of something
Effectiveness – the degree to which something is successful in producing a desired result
institutions, social behaviors or social relations
Frequency - number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time
Policy – a measured system of principles to guide decisions and achieve rational outcomes
Rate - the ratio between two related quantities in different units
Recycling - process of converting waste materials into new materials and objects
Reduction – the process of reducing something
Solid Waste – a waste type consisting of everyday items that are discarded by the public or
community
Solid Waste Management – a set of activities and actions required to manage waste from its
inception to its final disposal
Strategy – the direction and scope of an organization over goals for a long period of time
Transportation - the action of transporting someone or something or the process of being
transported
CHAPTER III Page | 15
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses the research design, the research locale, the research population and
sample, research instrument, data gathering procedures and the statistical treatment that will be
used in the study.
Research Design
The study will have a descriptive research design. It is descriptive because the researcher
will be solely interested in describing the current status of the identified variable under the research
study. These research design will also provide systematic information about a phenomenon. It is a
theory-based research design which is created by gathering, analyzing and presenting collected
data. The analysis and synthesis of the data provide the test of the hypothesis, which will likely to
be developed one after collecting the data. Systematic collection of information requires careful
selection of the units studied and careful measurement of each variable.
Research Locale
Figure II. Satellite Image of Boac, Marinduque
Boac, publicly the Municipality of Boac is a 1st class municipality and capital of the
province of Marinduque, Philippines. Situated in the western coast of Marinduque Island, the
municipality is bounded in the north by the municipality of Mogpog, in the west by the Tayabas
Bay and Sibuyan Sea, in the east by the municipality of Torrijos, and in the south by the
municipalities of Gasan and Buenavista.
The locale will be chosen by the researcher for the researcher’s home is located inside Page | 16
Boac, Marinduque. The researcher is also familiar with the barangays around the municipality
which will make the conduction of the study easier and more convenient.
Research Population and Sample
Selected Barangays Barangay Officials Quota
Murallon 9 4
Malusak 9 4
Mercado 9 4
San Miguel 9 4
Mataas na Bayan 9 4
Tabi 9 4
Poras 9 4
Tabigue 9 4
Lupac 9 4
Tanza 9 4
Santol 9 4
Bangbangalon 9 4
Laylay 9 4
Ihatub 9 4
Balaring 9 4
Mainit 9 4
Ogbac 9 4
Maybo 9 4
Agot 9 4
Agumaymayan 9 4
Total 180 80
Percentage 100% 44%
Table 1. Distribution of Respondents per Selected Barangay
The table above shows the percentage of sample that will be selected by the researcher. Page | 17
The first column indicates the selected barangays in Boac, Marinduque, which are a total of 20
barangays. Then, the second column shows the number of barangay officials which are a total of
180 barangay officials. Lastly, the third column shows the quota or the target number of
respondents which is four respondents each barangays, garnering a total of 80 respondents which
is 44% of the barangay officials’ population.
The number of 80 respondents were derived from the sample size of 64, which was
obtained using the Sloven’s formula:
𝑁
n = 1+𝑁(𝑒)2
wherein;
n = sample size
N = population size
e = margin of error (confidence level of 90%)
The researcher will choose 80 barangay officials with direct involvement in the subject of
the study. Due to COVID-19, the researcher will select the respondents that are available the time
the researcher will distribute the questionnaires or surveys.
Research Instrument
The research instrument that will be used in the study is questionnaire. The researcher will
use a quantitative type of online questionnaire to be administered to the officials of the barangays
in Boac, Marinduque for safety measures. The questionnaire given will aim to determine the
effectiveness of solid waste management of selected barangays in the Municipality of Boac,
Marinduque. It will be used because it is relatively inexpensive and it also provides quick and
efficient way of obtaining data from a large sample of people. Obtaining data from a large sample
of people through interview would be impractical.
Data Gathering Procedures
In the study, the data gathering procedures will be as followed:
The researcher will be seeking approval of the study from the adviser. A statement of the
problem is submitted to the adviser for the justification of the study. The body of the research
paper will follow once the study is approved.
The researcher will now construct and distribute sets of self-administered online Page | 18
questionnaires to the respondents in order to obtain the data needed for the research study.
Respondents will be purposively selected from the selected barangays of Boac, Marinduque.
The researcher will be accommodating each of the respondents if there would be questions
and clarifications regarding the questionnaires.
Data will be gathered through an online survey questionnaire which were self-administered
by the researcher. Each questions to be made will be used in determining the effectiveness of solid
waste management of selected barangays in the Municipality of Boac, Marinduque. Furthermore,
each response will be tallied and evaluated as a result of the study. From the evaluation and tally
that will be made, the researcher will be able to make a conclusion that will help in answering the
specific questions of the study.
The researcher will give interpretations on the results of the study. Results will be subjected
according to the interpretations of the researcher.
Statistical Treatment
The researcher will be utilizing the Likert Scale in gathering the data for the study. It is an
approach in scaling responses that will compose of five items to be rated.
These items will be measured by a five-point Likert Scale as shown below:
5 – Highly Effective
4 – More effective
3 – Effective
2 – Less Effective
1 – Not Effective
To formulate the tabulation interpretation of the gathered data and the answer to the first
and third objective of the researcher, the formula for the percentage and basis of ranking will be
used.
To get the percentage, the total responses or frequency will be divided by the total number
of respondents and the quotient will be multiplied by 100.
𝑋
Formula: P= 𝑛
(100)
wherein; P = percentage
X = number of responses or frequency Page | 19
n = total number of respondents

From these, the researchers will formulate conclusions.
The formula for median will also be used in the second objective to determine the
effectiveness of the solid waste management of the selected barangays in the municipality of Boac,
Marinduque.
𝑛+1
Formula: M= 2
wherein; M = median
n = sample size
Finally, to determine whether the null hypothesis was rejected or accepted, a hypothesis
testing for proportions will be used.
𝑝̂−𝑝0
Formula: z= ̂𝑞
√𝑝 ̂
𝑛
wherein; z = z-value test statistic

𝑝̂ = proportion
𝑝0 = hypothesized proportion for the null hypothesis
n = sample size
𝑞̂ = 1 - 𝑝̂
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Effectiveness of Solid Waste Management

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Effectiveness of Solid Waste Management

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Republic of the Philippines

MARINDUQUE STATE COLLEGE

Effectiveness of Solid Waste Management of Selected Barangays in the

Zelene Loise Nicole B. Tolentino

Research Submitted In Partial Fulfilment of the

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Background of the Study

Statement of the Problem

As the municipal government of Boac continues to implement policies and strategies to

Specifically, this will seek to answer the following specific questions:

Scopes and Delimitation

LITERATURE REVIEW AND RESEARCH FRAMEWORK

Figure I. Conceptual Framework

Research Hypothesis Page | 13

The study will be guided by the following hypothesis to be tested:

Definition of Terms Page | 14

CHAPTER III Page | 15

Figure II. Satellite Image of Boac, Marinduque

Table 1. Distribution of Respondents per Selected Barangay

X = number of responses or frequency Page | 19

n = total number of respondents

wherein; z = z-value test statistic

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