INSTITUTIONAL SOLID

WASTE MANAGEMENT
INDUSTRIAL PROCESS [CHE252]

NAME:
BASIL GIRI DAVIS

STUDENT NO:
2007112001

PREPARED FOR:
MDM DAYANG AISAH HAJI ABANG CHI
INTRODUCTION
 Solid waste management is a national critical issue. One of
it is regarding landfills in Malaysia is an abbreviate life
span due to the intensifying amount of the solid waste
generation and human population as well.
 Waste handling implies managing solid waste throughout
various processes prior to disposal.
 Begins with storage in the rubbish bin, then collection and
transported by the Municipal Council whereby later on
undergoes ultimate disposal.
 Most of the wastes are disposed in landfills. Some may
even being illegally dumped. Recycling - another option
instead of land filling.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
 Universiti Teknologi Mara Sarawak (UiTM), one of
the higher education hubs in East Malaysia situated at
Kota Samarahan, Sarawak.
 The amount of waste produced in daily basis is
increasing with the escalating growth number of
students.
 The wastes are typically being generated from the
students’ residential colleges, cafeteria, academic
blocks and administration offices. Students, academic
and non-academic staff as well as visitors are the
major contributors to these wastes.
 The scenery of overloaded solid waste and
uncollected waste bins is a sore to the eyes and foul
aroma to the nose. This scenario is very typical to the
scene at car parking lot B at UiTM Sarawak.
 To its worst, the rubbish collecting area is located just
beside the pavement which connects the residential
colleges with the academic and administration blocks.
 Students are being exposed to drastic smells and
might even be hazardous when they passed by this
area.
 Existence of flies and stray dogs at this area -
definitely annoying and dangerous.
DEFINITION
 Solid waste
 The useless and unwanted products in the
solid state derived from the activities of
and discarded by society.
 Waste management
 The collection, transport, processing,
recycling or disposal, and monitoring of
waste materials
SOURCES & TYPES OF SOLID
WASTE
 Garbage: Decomposable wastes from food
(from residential colleges and cafeterias).

 Rubbish: Non decomposable wastes, either

combustible such as paper, wood, and cloth,
or non combustible such as metal, glass,
and ceramics (from residential colleges,
offices and academic blocks).

 Ashes: Residues of the combustion of solid

fuels for example dried grass burning.
SOURCES & TYPES OF SOLID
WASTE (cont’d)
 Large wastes: Demolition and construction
debris and trees (the new faculties building
constructions).

 Chemical, Art Studio and Laboratory

wastes: Such materials as chemicals and
paints.
 Agricultural wastes: Farm animal manure
and crop residues at the Diploma in Planting
and Industries Management students’ farm.
THE FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
Waste generation
 Waste generation encompasses activities in
which materials are identified as no longer
being of value and are either thrown away
or gathered together for disposal.
 At present, the per capita generation of
solid waste in Malaysia varies from 0.45 to
1.44kg/day depending on the economic
status of an area. In general, the per capita
generation rate is about 1kg/day.
 Malaysian solid wastes contain very high
organic waste and consequently high
moisture content and bulk density of
above 200kg/m3.

 A recent study conducted in Kuala Lumpur

has revealed that the amount of organic
wastes for residential area range from 62
to 72%. As the report of solid waste
generation in Malaysia is as a whole, thus
it is appropriate to relate it to the amount
of waste being generated at UiTM Sarawak
is similar and can be counted as a
contributor to the figures in the report.
Waste handling and separation,
storage and processing at the
source
 Waste handling and separation involves
the activities associated with management
of waste until they are placed in storage
container for collection.
 Handling- involves the movement of
loaded containers to the point of
collection.
 Separation of waste components is an
important step here.
Collection
 The functional element of collection
includes not only the gathering of solid
waste and recyclable materials, but also
the transport of these materials, after
collection, to the location where the
collection vehicle is emptied.
 This location may be a material processing
facility, a transfer station or a landfill
disposal site.
Separation and processing and
transformation of solid wastes
 The types of means and facilities that are
now used for the recovery of waste
materials that have been separated at the
source include curb side collection, drop
off and buy back centers.
 The separation and processing of wastes
and the separation of commingled wastes
usually occur at a materials recovery
facility, transfer stations, combustion
facilities and disposal sites.
Transfer and transport
 This element involves two steps:

i) The transfer of wastes from the smaller

collection vehicle to the larger transport
equipment

ii) ii) The subsequent transport of the

wastes, usually over long distances, to a
processing or disposal site.
Disposal
 Today the disposal of wastes by landfilling or
landspreading - ultimate fate of all solid waste
(residential wastes, residual materials from
materials recovery facilities, residue from the
combustion of solid waste, compost or other
substances from various solid waste processing
facilities).
 A modern sanitary land is an engineered facility
used for disposing of solid wastes on land without
creating nuisances or hazards to public health or
safety, such as the breeding of rats and insects
and the contamination of ground water.
DISPOSAL METHODS
IMPLEMENTED WORLDWIDE
Landfill
 Sanitary landfill is the cheapest
satisfactory means of disposal, but only if
suitable land is within economic range of
the source of the wastes; typically,
collection and transportation account for
75 percent of the total cost of solid waste
management.
 In a modern landfill, wastes are spread in thin
layers, each of which is compacted by a bulldozer
before the next is spread.
 When about 3 m of wastes have been laid down, it
is covered by a thin layer of clean earth -
compacted. Pollution of surface and groundwater
is minimized by lining and contouring the fill,
compacting and planting the cover, selecting
proper soil, diverting upland drainage, and placing
wastes in sites not subject to flooding or high
groundwater levels.
 Gases are generated through anaerobic
decomposition of organic solid waste. If a
significant amount of methane is present -may be
explosive; proper venting eliminates this problem.
Incinerators
 In incinerators of conventional design, waste is
burned on moving grates in refractory-lined
chambers; combustible gases and the solids they
carry are burned in secondary chambers.
Combustion is 85 to 90 percent complete for the
combustible materials. In addition to heat, the
products of incineration include the normal primary
products of combustion—carbon dioxide and water
—as well as oxides of sulfur and nitrogen and other
gaseous pollutants; nongaseous products are fly
ash and unburned solid residue. Emissions of fly
ash and other particles are often controlled by wet
scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators, and bag
filters.
Composting
 Composting operations of solid wastes include
preparing refuse and degrading organic matter by
aerobic microorganisms. Refuse is presorted, to
remove materials that might have salvage value
or cannot be composted, and is ground up to
improve the efficiency of the decomposition
process. The refuse is placed in long piles on the
ground or deposited in mechanical systems,
where it is degraded biologically to humus with a
total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
content of 1 to 3 percent, depending on the
material being composted. After about three
weeks, the product is ready for curing, blending
with additives, bagging, and marketing.
Resource Recovery
 Numerous thermal processes, now in various stages of
development, recover energy in one form or another from
solid waste. These systems fall into two groups:
combustion processes and pyrolysis processes. A number
of companies burn in-plant wastes in conventional
incinerators to produce steam. A few municipalities produce
steam in incinerators in which the walls of the combustion
chamber are lined with boiler tubes; the water circulated
through the tubes absorbs heat generated in the
combustion chamber and produces steam.
 Pyrolysis, also called destructive distillation, is the process
of chemically decomposing solid wastes by heat in an
oxygen-reduced atmosphere. This result in a gas stream
containing primarily hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide,
carbon dioxide, and various other gases and inert ash,
depending on the organic characteristics of the material
being pyrolyzed.
Recycling
 The practice of recycling solid waste is an ancient one.
Metal implements were melted down and recast in
prehistoric times.
 Today, recyclable materials are recovered from municipal
waste by a number of methods, including shredding,
magnetic separation of metals, air classification that
separates light and heavy fractions, screening, and
washing. Another method of recovery is the wet pulping
process: Incoming waste is mixed with water and ground
into a slurry in the wet pulper, which resembles a large
kitchen disposal unit. Large pieces of metal and other
nonpulpable materials are pulled out by a magnetic device
before the slurry from the pulper is loaded into a centrifuge
called a liquid cyclone.
 Here the heavier noncombustibles, such as glass,
metals, and ceramics, are separated out and sent
on to a glass- and metal-recovery system; other,
lighter materials go to a paper-fiber-recovery
system.
 The final residue is either incinerated or is used as
landfill.
 Increasingly, municipalities and private waste-
collection organizations are requiring those who
generate solid waste to keep bottles, cans,
newspapers, cardboard, and other recyclable items
separate from other waste. Special trucks pick up
this waste and cart it to transfer stations or directly
to recycling facilities, thus lessening the load at
incinerators and landfills.
Hazardous wastes
 Hazardous wastes have been defined by the
federal Environmental Protection Agency as wastes
that pose a potential hazard to humans or other
living organisms for one or more of the following
reasons: (1) Such wastes are non-degradable or
persistent in nature; (2) their effects can be
magnified by organisms in the environment; (3)
they can be lethal; or (4) they may cause
detrimental cumulative effects. General categories
of hazardous wastes include toxic chemicals and
flammable, radioactive, or biological substances.
These wastes can be in the form of sludge, liquid,
or gas, and solid.
Hazardous wastes (cont’d)
 Radioactive substances are hazardous
because prolonged exposure to ionizing
radiation often results in damage to living
organisms, and the substances may persist
over long periods of time. Management of
radioactive and other hazardous wastes is
subject to federal and state regulation, but
no satisfactory method has yet been
demonstrated for disposing permanently of
radioactive wastes.
Samarahan District Council (MDS) Customer
Charter: Public Health Department.
Collection services and garbage disposal will
be implemented as the following schedule:
i) Collection of garbage at the market area
is once a day
ii) Collection of garbage at the housing area
and Institutions of Higher Education is
twice a week
iii) Collection of garbage in other area is
twice a week
iv) All complaints about garbage collection
services, sanitation and urban and
environmental pollution will be investigated
and appropriate action shall be taken
immediately.
v) Application for collection of solid waste will
be processed within one (1) week in the
existing collection service of the area.
 As UiTM Sarawak waste collection is under
the surveillance of Samarahan District
council, thus it is vital that both parties
have a good connection. The solid waste
management in the campus is indirectly
involving the district authority.
Conclusion and Recommendations
 Despite the massive amount and complexity of
waste produced, the standards of waste
management in Malaysia are still poor. These
include outdated documentation of waste
generation rates and its composition, inefficient
storage and collection systems, disposal of
municipal wastes with toxic and hazardous waste,
indiscriminate disposal or dumping of wastes and
inefficient utilization of disposal site space.
Furthermore, the lack of awareness and
knowledge among Malaysian community about
solid waste management issues, and being
ignorant about the effect that improper solid
waste management has to us has definitely
worsened the problem.
Conclusion and Recommendations
 it is a good idea that the students, Chemical
Engineering and Environmental Health students
to be exact, being exposed and involved in
managing the solid waste in the campus. Though,
it is a small prospect, however it thus produce a
positive impact and create awareness among the
students on how important proper solid waste
management is. In the other hand, when we are
reaching out to the local community on the
importance of proper solid waste management,
we may help to lessen the burden of the local
authority in overcoming waste problem.
References

 www.bernama.com.Recycling rate in
Malaysia still low-Kong Chong Ha. 29
August 2009.
 www.efka.utm.my. Solid waste collection
in Univesiti Teknologi Malaysia and
recycling awareness among the students.
 www.wikipedia.com. Solid waste
management.
 www.sadc.sar.gov.my
Appendices
Appendices (cont’d)
Appendices (cont’d)
Appendices (cont’d)
Appendices (cont’d)
The End