PALM OIL INDUSTRIES

INTRO
• edible plant oil and is derived from the mesocarp
of the fruit of the oil palm-Elaeis guineensis-tribe
of cocoainae (coconut) family.

• Young plant will be transfer when it reaches 8

inches in height from nursery
• Need a plenty of rainfall and drainage system
• Can be harvest at least after 3 years of planting
but after 2 months of ripening
exocarp (skin), mesocarp (which contains palm oil and water in a fibrous
matrix), endocarp (shell) and kernel (the seed, which contains oil and meal)
Part in palm oil

1.Exocarp
2.Endocarp
3.Mesocarp
-contain palm oil
4.Kernel
5.Shell
• The bunch production is continously but
unsynchronised.
• Oil start accumulate in the bunch since the
early development and build up rapidly in 130
days.
• After harvesting the fruit, must be transported
to the mill as soon as possible to avoid
FFA(main cause of loss of bunch tissue) to
increase rapidly in the fruit.
STEPS IN EXTRACTION OF PALM OIL
• Bunch reception
• Loading ramp
• Sterilization
• Threshing
• Digestion
• Oil extraction
• Clarification and purification of CPO
• Nut and kernel station
 Bunch reception

• The bunch are transported to the mill by road trucks or

cages running on a special runaway.
• Basicly have grade
-Fruit bunch < 10 loose fruitlets → unripe
-Fruit bunch ≥ 10 loose fruitlets → ripe
-excessive loose fruits detached → overripe
-loose fruits completely detached → rotten
-long stalk and consignment with excessive trash are
also noted.
• Fruit will be transported by lorry to the loading ramp.
 ripe bunch
Orange to red colour
>10 fruitlets detached
unripe
Orange in colour
< 10 fruitlets detached
( 10 sockets)
Over-ripe
rotten
Blackish,smelly & mouldy
 LOADING RAMP
• Fruits
  from the lorry will loaded directly to
ramp hopper.
• FFB from the hopper will loaded into the cages
underneath it and can hold about 2ton each.
• Purpose: make sure the old FFB taken our for
process.(minimize FFA problem)
LOADING RAMP
• Prevent the increasing in FFA -enzyme action
by inactivation of the lipolytic enzymes
• To loosen fruit still attached to the bunch
stalk, sufficient heat must penetrate to the
points of attachment of the fruits
• Preparation of the fruit pericarp for
subsequent processing.
• To soften mesocarp
• To coagulate the protein contains in the fruit
• Insufficient of sterilization process will
-fruits are not loosened enough
-pericarp is not loosened enough
-higher tendency of nut cracking in
cracking process
- clarification of the extracted oil – poor oil
recovery
• To separate the fruits from it bunch by using
threshing machine
• Consist of 2 parts
-THRESHER HOPPER = the sterilized bunches
slide freely to the cages.
-THRESHER DRUM = rotary cylinder that
rotating to separate the fruit from the bunches.
(empty bunches normally discharge to
incinerator and the fruit continue to digesting
process)
 DIGESTION
• The fruit will be reheat and pericarp is
loosened to continue another process called
pressing.
• Take place in steam heated vessel
CONDITION
-100ºC, arm inside the digester will
continue stir the fruit and thus loosened
the pericarp.
OIL EXTRACTION
 OIL EXTRACTION
• Crude palm oil is extracted by pressing process in the
screw press
• Screw press is made up of stainless steel and very tough.
• The pressing process is done with minimum nut breakage
• Discharge from screw press: crude palm oil liquor and
matte of oily fibre and nuts
• Fibre and nuts: carried by the steam jacketed conveyor
• Crude oil: continue to vibrating screens separate the
solids.
 Clarification and Purification of CPO

• Purpose
- to give a clear and stable products. Water and
impurities must be remove.
• contains amount of water and impurities (in form of
insoluble solids and dissolved in the water).
• Composition of CPO
66% oil, 24% water and remainder lump.
• Water can be removed by settling or centrifuging
• Clarification for palm oil are ‘gravity settling’
 Clarification and Purification of CPO

• Moisture in the CPO can be removed by

evaporation in dehydrator or vacuum.
• The rest of the sludge is transferred to
treatment plant. Anaerobic digestion of palm
oil mill effluent (POME) produce methane
which can produce electricity.
 Nut and Kernel Station
• Pressed fibre from the previous process is use as fuel
for the boiler.
• The nuts must be seperated from the kernel by using
depericarper.
• Function of depericarper: nut polishing, transport
fibre to boiler house.
• The wet nuts then through drying process maintained
at 60-77ºC and transported to nut cracking machine.
• The separated shell used as a fuel in the boiler.