www.krisstuition.co.uk TikTok: @gcse.alevel.tutor Insta: tutor. kriss 1.1) Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. [4 marks] Both have a cell membrane/cytoplasm/ribosomes Eukaryotic Cells are larger Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles 1.2) All cells contain ribosomes. Describe the role of ribosomes. _[1 mark] Site of protein synthesis 1.3) Asperm cell is an example of a specialised cell. Outline and explain the features of a sperm cell and how they make the sperm cell adapted to its function. [5 marks] Sperm cells have a tail to help them swim They have mitochondria in the middle section which allows for respiration so that energy is generated so the cell has energy to swim. They have a nucleus which contains genetic material. The sperm cell also has an acrosome which contains digestive enzymes to digest through the egg cell. They have a streamlined head to help them manoeuvre faster. (Total marks for question 1 = 10 marks)www krisstuition.co.uk TikTok: @gcse.alevel.tutor Insta: tutor.kriss 2.1) Before a cell undergoes cellular division, what must happen to its genetic material? [1 mark] Duplicated/doubled 2.2) How many chromosomes are there in a human body cell? [1 mark] 46 Chromosomes / 23 pairs 2.3) Describe the process of mitosis, stating the purpose of this cell division. [4 marks] Chromosomes condense, then line up at the equator (centre) of the cell They are then pulled to opposite poles of the cell by spindle fibres. The chromosomes then form two new nuclei and this will form two genetically identical daughter cells The purpose of this cell division is for growth and repair.www krisstuition.co.uk TikTok: @gcse.alevel.tutor Insta: tutor.kriss 2.4) Evaluate the use of embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells as medical treatment for human diseases. [5 marks] Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into any cell type, whereas adult stem cells can only differentiate into fewer types of cells. Embryonic stem cells could be used to treat currently untreatable diseases or growing new organs for transplants. Adult stem cells do not have as many uses, but there are ethical challenges surrounding the use of embryonic stem cells as embryos could begin to be seen as a commodity rather than an embryo that will develop into a person (Total marks for question 2 = 11 marks) 3.1) Describe how a student could prepare and view onion cells under a microscope. [6 marks] Peel a thin layer of onion (the epidermis) off the onion Place the layer of onion epidermis carefully on the glass slide. Stain the layer of onion with food colouring / dye. Cover the stained onion cells with a cover slip. Place the slide on a stage of a microscope and hold in place with clips. Set the microscope to the lowest objective lens and turn the microscope on Use the coarse focusing knob and the fine focusing knob to focus on the onion cells. View the cells using the eyepiece.www krisstuition.co.uk TikTok: @gcse.alevel.tutor Insta: tutor. kriss 3.2) Below is the view that could be seen when looking through the microscope at the onion cells. 3.2) The teacher asked students to pick a cell and to complete a scientific drawing of it. Draw a scientific drawing of a single cell from this figure, with appropriate labels, clearly showing your understanding of the scientific drawing rules. [3 marks] drawing must take up at least 50% of the box. drawing must not contain any shading drawing must be made up of continuous lines (no sketching) labels should not cross over labels should only show visible structureswww krisstuition.co.uk TikTok: @gcse.alevel.tutor Insta: tutor.kriss 3.3) Compare the functions of the xylem and phloem. [3 marks] The xylem transports water an minerals up the plant in a process called transpiration. The phloem transports sugars up and down the plant in a process called translocation (Total marks for question 3 = 12 marks) 4.1) Name the structure in the digestive system which stores bile before it is released into the duodenum. [1 mark] Gallbladder. 4,2) The large intestine is home to a microbial ecosystem of hundreds of species of bacteria which are essential to humans’ digestive system State two roles that these bacteria play. [2 mark] Break down foods. Make vitamins. Break down toxins. Protect against pathogens. Break down foods.www. krisstuition.co.uk TikTok: @gcse.alevel.tutor Insta: tutor. kriss 4.3) Explain the effect of temperature and pH on the function of digestive enzymes. [3 marks] The higher the temperature, the greater the rate of reaction of enzymes, up to the optimum temperature. Any further than this, the enzyme denatures and the active site will no longer fit with substrate Enzymes have an optimum pH too; a pH which is too low or too high denatures enzymes 4.4) A student has 4 test tubes. The test tubes and their contents are listed below. Test Tube 1: Sugar Test Tube 2: Starch Test Tube 3: Protein Test Tube 4: Lipids 4.4) Describe the appropriate tests that the student can use to prove that the contents of each test tube are correctly identified above. [4 marks] Test tube 1: The test for sugars is Benedict's reagent which goes from blue to red in the presence of sugars when heated. Test tube 2: The test for starch is iodine which goes from brown to blue/black. Test tube 3: The test for proteins is Biuret test which goes from blue to purple. Test tube 4: Add ethanol to test tube - will go from colourless to cloudy white iflipids are present. (SUDAN Ill TURNS LIPID LAYER RED) - [not needed for full marks]www krisstuition.co.uk TikTok: @gcse.alevel.tutor Insta: tutor. kriss 4.5) Human blood is composed of two main components which make up over 99% of the total volume of blood. Name these two major components. [2 marks] Red blood cells and plasma 4,6) Name the three types of blood vessels in order of smallest lumen to largest lumen. [3 marks] Smallest lumen: _Capillary Artery Largestlumen: — _Vein 4.7) What name is given to cancerous growths which can form secondary tumours? [1 mark] Malignant 4.8) Name and explain two risk tactors and their association with related non- communicable diseases. [4 marks] ‘Smoking - chemicals in cigarette smoke such as tar and nicotine damage alveoli in the lungs and endothelial lining of arteries and can cause lung disease/cancer. Obesity (poor diet) - excess consumption of sugar reduces body's sensitivity to insulin and can cause type 2 diabetes. Alcohol - the breakdown of alcohol by liver produces substances which can be toxic to liver cells and even brain cells leading to liver disease and impaired brain function. (Total marks for question 4 = 20 marks)www. krisstuition.co.uk TikTok: @gcse.alevel.tutor Insta: tutor.kriss 5.1) Name the pathogen which is responsible for causing malaria. [1 mark] Protist. 5.2) Describe the main ways in which pathogens spread and discuss measures that can be taken to reduce spread of diseases among humans. [4 marks] Pathogens mainly spread through direct contact, sexual contact, droplet infection and vectors. The likelihood of some of these can be reduced by taking measure such as destroying vectors and practicing good hygiene. 5,3) Describe the principle behind herd immunity. [2 marks] If large proportion of the population are vaccinated, it is unlikely that an unvaccinated individual will get infected so the spread of disease is limited. 5.4) Explain how vaccinations work. [2 marks] Introduction of a small amount of dead/inactive form of a pathogen into the body which simulates white blood cells to produce antibodies. Next time the pathogen infects the vaccinated individual, the white blood cells respond more quickly. (Total marks for question 5 = 9 marks)www krisstuition.co.uk TikTok: @gcse.alevel.tutor Insta: tutor. kriss 6.1) There are three main factors which affect the rate of photosynthesis as illustrated below. c Rate of photosynthesis Rate of photosynthesis Rate of photosynthesis Light intensity % Temperature » 6.1) One of the graphs’ x-axis has not been labelled. What is the missing factor? [1 mark] CO2 concentration 6.2) Plants which lack magnesium can exhibit stunted growth and yellowing of leaves. Explain why. [2 marks] Lack of magnesium means that fewer chloroplasts will be present and therefore the plant will become more yellow (chlorosis) and the plant will not be able to absorb as much light for photosynthesis so it will not be able to grow as much 6.3) Write the balanced symbol equation for aerobic respiration. [2 marks] C6H1206 + 602 --> 6CO2 + 6H20www. krisstuition.co.uk TikTok: @gcse.alevel.tutor Insta: tutor. kriss 6.4) Write the word equation which represents the anaerobic respiration in yeast cells. [1 mark] GLUCOSE --> ALCOHOL + CARBON DIOXIDE 6.5) When the human body respires anaerobically, it produces a chemical which can cause painful cramps. Explain the ways in which the body deals with this chemical. [2 marks] Lactic acid can be oxidised (reacted with oxygen) to form carbon dioxide and water. Lactic acid can be transported to the liver by the blood where it can be converted back to glucose.