Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México

Facultad de Ingeniería

MECÁNICA DE MATERIALES
Serie de Ejercicios No. 1

Lea cuidadosamente y resuelva los siguientes ejercicios.

ESFUERZO

1. Calcule las fuerzas de cuerpo requeridas para que cumpla el equilibrio en un cuerpo
elástico sometido al siguiente estado de esfuerzos:

2. Si las fuerzas de cuerpo son nulas, determinar si los siguientes esfuerzos garantizan el
equilibrio para un dominio dado.

3. Dado el estado de esfuerzos del ejercicio 2, calcular los esfuerzos normales y

tangenciales en lo planos definidos por: (a ) , (b) , (c)

4. Obtenga los esfuerzos normal y cortante que actúan en los planos inclinados que se
indican en los siguientes elementos:

5. Obtenga los esfuerzos y planos principales así como los esfuerzos tangenciales
máximos, sus correspondientes esfuerzos normales y los planos en lo que actúan,
asociados a los siguientes elementos. Compárense los resultados obtenidos con los
correspondientes círculos de Mohr.

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Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México
Facultad de Ingeniería

6. Un elemento en esfuerzo plano está orientado según un ángulo conocido (vea la

figura). Sobre este elemento inclinado, los esfuerzos normales y cortantes tienen las
magnitudes y direcciones mostradas en la figura. Determine los esfuerzos normales y
cortantes que actúan sobre el elemento cuyos lados son paralelos a los ejes xy

7. Determine las componentes de esfuerzo desconocidas para el siguiente elemento.

8. Dada la siguiente distribución de esfuerzos en un dominio,

¿Cuál debe ser la distribución de las fuerzas de cuerpo para el equilibrio? ¿Cuál es la
intensidad de las fuerzas de cuerpo en (3,2,4)?

9. ¿Cuáles son las ecuaciones diferenciales de equilibrio para esfuerzo plano sin fuerza de
cuerpo? Demuestre que si damos los esfuerzos como sigue

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Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México
Facultad de Ingeniería

donde es una función escalar llamada función de esfuerzo de Airy, automáticamente

se satisfacen las ecuaciones de equilibrio.

10. En la figura se muestra una placa triangular en equilibrio, donde las superficies BC y AC
tienen uniformemente distribuidas fuerzas de 4500 y 3600 N, respectivamente.
¿Cuáles son los esfuerzos normales y cortantes en la cara AB si la fuerza FAB está
uniformemente distribuida? El espesor de la placa es 25mm.

11. Una barra de acero con sección transversal cuadrada (1.5”x1.5”) soporta una carga de
tensión P (vea la figura). Los esfuerzos permisibles en tensión y cortante son de 18000
psi y 11000 psi, respectivamente. Determine la carga máxima permisible Pmax.

12. Una placa se coloca entre dos superficies rígidas sin fricción. Para la carga dada,
determine el estado de esfuerzos.

13. Resuma el siguiente párrafo y dibuje un mapa conceptual.

Se recomienda la lectura del tema Fallas y Límites en el Diseño .

“To design a structural part or system to perform a given function, the designer must have
a real understanding of the posible ways or modes by which the part or systen may fail to
perform the function. In other words, the designer must determine possible modes of

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Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México
Facultad de Ingeniería

failure of the system and then establish suitable failure criteria thet accurately predict
the various modes of failure. In general, the determination of modes of failure requires
extensive knowledge of the response of a structural system to loads. In particular, it
requires a comprehensive stress analysis of the system. Since the response of a structural
system depends strongly on the material used, the mode of failure depends strongly on
material. In turn, the mode of failure of a given material also depends on the manner or
the history of loading for example, slowly, rapidly, repeatedly applied and removed, and
repeatedly reversed (for instance cyclically repeated tension an compression), etc.
Accordingly, suitable failure criteria must include effects for different materials,
different loading procedures, as well as factors that influence the stress distribution (for
example, supports and cracks) in the member.
The specific mode of failure is related to a significant (critical) value of one of the
quantities (for example, load, stress, and strain) associates with failure by appropiate
failure criterion. In addition, attention is devoted to the significance of relations between
critical values, determined theoretically, and values determined by experiments on, or by
experience with, the response of the structural part or system to loads. In particular, the
establishment of factors of safety is examined. For example, let P f, be a theoretical
critical (failure) load associates with a critical values of a significant quantity (say the
maximum shearing stress in the member) for a specific mode of failure (say yielding). Let
Pw be a safe working load determine on the basis of experiments or experience with similar
members made of the same material under the same loading conditions. Then, the factor
of safety SF is defined by SF=Pf/Pw.
In industrial applications, the magnitude of the factor of safety SF may range from 1 to
3. For example, in aircraft and space vehicle industries, where it is necessary to reduce
the weight of the structures as much as possible, the SF may be as low as 1. In the nuclear
reactor industries, where safety is of prime importance in the face of many unkown
effects, SF may be as high as 3.
If Pf and Pw are each directly proportional to stress, the factor of safety SF may be
expressed in termns of equivalent stresses. However, since the usual function of a
structural part of a system is to safely support or transfer design loads, the factor of
safety should be applied to the loads. The prediction of working stresses (safe working
loads) at complex points of ordinary structures can be attempted only within a rather
broad range. If it is absolutely essential to establish working stresses within a narrow
range, it is usually neccesary to employ experimental stress analysis on the particular
system. Ordinarily because of the complexity of full scaled testing, this analysis requires
the building of a suitable model and making significant measurements on the model.
Structural systems requiring the smallest range of working stress values are optimized by
a combination of analytical and experimental analyses.
The terms working stresses (loads), allowable stresses (loads), or limit stresses (loads)
represent calculated (or experimentally verified) maximun permissible working stresses
(loads), agreed upon (and established as a working code) by a concensus of expert
authorities in the field of the particular type of structural system. These working
stresses are usually referred to a simple tests of simple geometric shapes (for instance,
tension test of a bar, torsion test of a cylinder, and shear test of a block). The limiting
values of stress (working stress) are laid down in national codes and rules and as such are
semilegal and binding upon the structural profession.
The concept of factors of safety and its arbitrary use may be considered a first rough
approach (a so called first generation design practice) to failure design. The use of a
factor or safety in conjunction with a set of codes and rules has resulted in an enforced,

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Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México
Facultad de Ingeniería

more “strict quality” of design, with a “benefit” of decreasing the factor of safety to lie
within a smaller range. As such, this use of factors of safety may considered a second
generation design practice.
Clearly, a failure safe design requires a precise understanding of the actual failure
mechanism and the ability to describe the failure mechanism in terms of its relation to
structural loads, geometric shapes, and material response to load and to environment,
including the effects of the degree of uncertainty in these relations.
In the light of public concern with questions of human safety and of potential
environmental impact of failures of large oil tankers, bridges, airplanes, trains, and nuclear
power plants, for example, the design engineer of today is forced more and more to work
toward a truly failures safe design. At the same time, because of economics, the so called
factor of safety must be kept as small as possible while attaining the failure safe design...
”
Boresi, Sidebottom, Seely, Smith

Key words: permissible working stresses (esfuezos de trabajo permisibles), factor of

safety (factor de seguridad), codes (reglamentos), test (prueba), mode of failure (modos
de falla), failure design (diseño por modos de falla).