Lecture 5: Application of Reynolds

Transport Theorem:
The Momentum Equation

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❑ The Reynolds Transport Theorem

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❑ The Continuity Equation

The law of conservation of mass for a closed system can be

written as:
d(mass of a closed system)/dt =dmclosed_system /dt = 0

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 The Momentum Equation

Forces can be classified in two categories: body forces and surface forces as can be
seen in the following

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 The Momentum Equation

Newton’s Second Law of Motion

In words, Newton’s second law is this: The sum of forces on a particle is

proportional to the acceleration, and the constant of proportionality is the mass
of the particle.
Newton’s second law can be written as an equation:
(ΣF)ext = ma
where the subscript “ext” is a reminder to sum only external forces.

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The Momentum Equation

Start with Newton’s second law for a system of particles.

Next, apply the Reynolds transport theorem to the right side of the equation.
The extensive property is momentum, and the corresponding intensive property
is the momentum per unit mass, which ends up being the velocity.
Thus, the Reynolds transport theorem gives

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 The Momentum Equation

where (ΣF)ext is the sum of external forces acting on the matter in the control
volume, v is fluid velocity relative to an inertial reference frame, and V is velocity
relative to the control surface

We assume that velocity is uniformly distributed as it crosses the control

surface. Then, the last term in Eq. (*) can be written as

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The Momentum Equation

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The Momentum Equation

The conceptual meaning of the momentum equation:

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The Momentum Equation

To understand what accumulation means, consider a

control volume around a nozzle.
Divide the control volume into many small volumes. Pick
one of these small volumes, and note that the momentum
inside this volume is (ρΔV)v.

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The Momentum Equation

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The Momentum Equation

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The Momentum Equation

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The Momentum Equation

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The Momentum Equation

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The Momentum Equation

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The Momentum Equation

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 The Momentum Equation

Incompressible, laminar water flow develops in a vertically

upward pipe. Develop an expression for the fluid pressure
drop that occurs between sections (1) and (2). Notice that in
section (1), the velocity profile is uniform; the velocity is
equal to a constant value U and is parallel to the pipe axis
everywhere. At section (2), the velocity profile is
axisymmetric and parabolic, with zero velocity at the pipe
wall and a maximum value of maximum at the centerline.
Rz is the frictional force exerted by the pipe wall on the
water.

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The Momentum Equation

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The Euler’s Equation

Applying Euler’s Equation

The Euler’s equation is mainly used by engineers to understand pressure variation.
Euler’s equation is derived by applying ΣF = ma to a fluid particle. The derivation is
similar to the derivation of the hydrostatic differential equation.

Consider a fluid particle that orients in an

arbitrary direction ℓ and at an angle α with
respect to the horizontal plane.
Assumptions:
1. Viscous forces are zero
2. The particle is accelerating.
3. Flow is incompressible

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The Euler’s Equation

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The Euler’s Equation

Assume a constant density flow, we have:

This equation is a scalar form of Euler’s equation.

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The Euler’s Equation

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The Euler’s Equation

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 The Bernoulli Equation

Applying the Bernoulli Equation along a Streamline

Select a particle on a streamline

Assume steady flow so that the velocity
of the particle depends on position only.
That is, V = V(s). This assumption leads
to: 0

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 The Bernoulli Equation

It is assumed that viscous forces on the particle to be neglected. Thus, Euler’s

equation can be applied here

Move all the terms to one side:

When the derivative of an expression is zero, the expression is

equal to a constant. 26
 The Bernoulli Equation

Dividing above equation by the specific weight yields the head form of the
Bernoulli equation. In the head form, all terms have units of length.

Bernoulli Equation refers to the mechanical energies. This is the energy

associated with motion (i.e., kinetic energy) plus the energy associated
with position in a field.
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The Bernoulli Equation

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The Bernoulli Equation

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The Bernoulli Equation

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The Bernoulli Equation

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