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• Anatomy
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Lecture: 9 Date: 12/4/2017
Dr’s name: Mohammad alsalem
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Asnan
The larynx
z Hollow musculoligamentous
structure with a
cartilaginous framework
- Above: opens into the
pharynx immediately
posterior and slightly inferior
to the tongue and
oropharyngeal isthmus
- Below: continuous with the
trachea
z Suspended from the hyoid
bone above and attached to
the trachea below by
membranes and ligaments
z Anteriorly: Joined
z Laryngeal prominence:
The most superior point of
the site of fusion between
the two broad flat laminae
z Superior thyroid notch:
superior to the laryngeal
prominence,
z Inferior thyroid notch:
along the base of the
thyroid cartilage
- The posterior margin of each lamina is elongated to form:
z Superior horn: connected to the posterior end of the greater horn of the
hyoid bone by a lateral thyrohyoid ligament.
z Inferior horn: articulation with the cricoid cartilage
The epiglottis
z Leaf-shaped cartilage
z Stem: attached via the
thyro-epiglottic ligament
(in the midline) to the
posterior aspect of the
thyroid cartilage projects
posterosuperiorly
z The upper margin of the
epiglottis: behind the
pharyngeal part of the
tongue
z The inferior half of the
posterior surface of the
epiglottis is raised slightly
to form an epiglottic
tubercle
The arytenoid cartilages
z Pyramid-shaped
z Base: concave and articulates
with the sloping articular facet on
the superolateral surface of the
lamina of cricoid cartilage
z Apex: articulates with a
corniculate cartilage
z Three surfaces:
- Medial
- Anterolateral: has two
depressions, separated by a
ridge, for vocalis muscle and
vestibular ligament attachment.
- Posterior
Intrinsic ligaments
z The fibro-elastic membrane:
links the laryngeal cartilages.
z Composed of:
The quadrangular
membrane
z The vestibular
ligament is lateral
to the vocal
ligament when
viewed from
above
Cricothyroid
joints
z Synovial
z Surrounded
by a capsule
z Reinforced
by ligaments.
z Between:
inferior horns
of the thyroid
cartilage and
the cricoid
cartilage
z Enable the thyroid cartilage to move forward and tilt downward on the
cricoid cartilage
z Effectively lengthens and puts tension on the vocal ligaments
Crico-arytenoid joints
z Synovial
z Surrounded by a
capsule
z Reinforced by
ligaments.
z Between articular
facets on the
superolateral
surfaces of the
cricoid cartilage and
the bases of the
arytenoid cartilages
Cavity of
the larynx
Inferior opening
z Continuous with the lumen of the trachea
z Horizontal in position
z Continuously opened
Cavity of
the larynx
Cavity of
the larynx
Intrinsic muscles of
the Larynx
Cricothyroid:
z Origin: Anterolateral
aspect of arch of cricoid
cartilage
z Insertion:
Intrinsic muscles of
the Larynx
Lateral cricoarytenoid:
z Origin: Superior surface
of arch of cricoid
cartilage
z Insertion: Anterior
surface of muscular
process of arytenoid
cartilage
z NS: Recurrent laryngeal
branch of the vagus
nerve
z Action: Internal rotation
of the arytenoid cartilage
and adduction of vocal
folds
Intrinsic muscles of
the Larynx
Transverse arytenoid:
z Origin: Lateral border of
posterior surface of
arytenoid cartilage
z Insertion: Lateral border
of posterior surface of
opposite arytenoid
cartilage
z NS: Recurrent laryngeal
branch of the vagus
nerve
z Action: Adduction of
arytenoid cartilages
Intrinsic muscles of
the Larynx
Oblique arytenoid:
z Origin: Posterior surface
of muscular process of
arytenoid cartilage
z Insertion: Posterior
surface of apex of
adjacent arytenoid
cartilage; extends into
aryepiglottic fold
z NS: Recurrent laryngeal
branch of the vagus
nerve
z Action: Sphincter of the
laryngeal inlet
(narrowing)
Intrinsic muscles of
the Larynx
Thyro-arytenoid:
z Origin: Thyroid angle
and adjacent cricothyroid
ligament
z Insertion: Anterolateral
surface of arytenoid
cartilage; some fibers
continue in aryepiglottic
folds to the lateral
margin of the epiglottis
z NS: Recurrent laryngeal
branch of the vagus
nerve
z Action: Sphincter of
vestibule and of
laryngeal inlet (widening)
Intrinsic muscles of
the Larynx
Vocalis:
z Origin: Lateral surface
of vocal process of
arytenoid cartilage
z Insertion: Vocal
ligament and thyroid
angle
z NS: Recurrent laryngeal
branch of the vagus
nerve
z Action: Adjusts tension
in vocal folds (Relaxing)
Blood supply
of the larynx
z Superior
laryngeal
artery :
(from
superior
thyroid
artery)
z Inferior
laryngeal
artery:
(from
inferior
thyroid
artery)
Nerve supply of the larynx
z Superior laryngeal
nerve:
- Internal laryngeal
nerve: (sensory)
supplies the laryngeal
cavity down to the level
of the vocal folds
- External laryngeal
nerve: (Motor) supplies
the cricothyroid muscle
z Recurrent laryngeal
nerve:
- sensory: to the laryngeal
cavity below the level of
the vocal folds
- motor: to all intrinsic
muscles of the larynx
except for the
cricothyroid
z Production of sound:
The intermittent release
of expired air between
the adducted vocal folds
results in their vibration
z Frequency of the sound:
is determined by
changes in the length
and tension of the vocal
ligaments.
z Quality of the voice
depends on the
resonators above the
larynx (pharynx, mouth,
and paranasal sinuses)
z Section of the external laryngeal nerve
produces weakness of the voice because the
vocal fold cannot be tensed. (cricothyroid
muscle is paralyzed)
z Unilateral complete section of the recurrent
laryngeal nerve: results in the vocal fold on
the affected side assuming the position
midway between abduction and adduction. It
lies just lateral to the midline. Speech is not
greatly affected because the other vocal fold
compensates to some extent and moves
toward the affected vocal fold
z Bilateral complete section of the recurrent
laryngeal nerve results in both vocal folds
assuming the position midway between
abduction and adduction. Breathing is
impaired because the rima glottidis is partially
closed, and speech is lost