John C. Lee - Nuclear Reactor - Physics and Engineering-Wiley (2020)

NUCLEAR REACTOR
PHYSICS AND
ENGINEERING
NUCLEAR REACTOR
PHYSICS AND
ENGINEERING
John C. Lee
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan
This edition first published 2020
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ISBN: 9781119582328
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
Preface xiv
Permissions and Copyrights xvi
List of Tables xviii
List of Figures xix
1 Nuclear Power Plants 1
2 Neutron-nucleus Reaction and Neutron Cross Section 27
3 Neutron Flux, Reaction Rate, and Effective Cross Section 59

vi CONTENTS
1/v
4 Derivation of the Neutron Diffusion Equation 77
P1
5 Applications of the One-Group Neutron Diffusion Equation 99
6 Numerical Solution of the Neutron Diffusion Equation 131

CONTENTS vii
7 Applications of the Two-Group Neutron Diffusion Equation 165
8 Nuclear Reactor Kinetics 181
9 Fast Neutron Spectrum Calculation 219

viii CONTENTS
10 Perturbation Theory and Adjoint Flux 255
11 Lattice Physics Analysis of Heterogeneous Cores 273
B1
B1
B1
CONTENTS ix
12 Nuclear Fuel Cycle Analysis and Management 323
13 Thermal-Hydraulic Analysis of Reactor Systems 373

x CONTENTS
CONTENTS xi
14 Power Coefficients of Reactivity 455
15 Nuclear Energy Economics 471
16 Space-Time Kinetics and Reactor Control 489
H2
H∞
xii CONTENTS
17 Elements of Neutron Transport Theory 543
Appendix A: Key Physical Constants 575

Appendix B: Comparison of Major Reactor Types 577
Appendix C: Special Mathematical Functions 581
Appendix D: Integral Transforms 591
Appendix E: Calculus of Variation for Optimal Control Formulation 595
Appendix F: Kalman Filter Algorithm 603

CONTENTS xiii
Answers to Selected Problems 609

Index 621
PREFACE
xiv
PREFACE xv
Ann Arbor, Michigan

PERMISSIONS AND COPYRIGHTS
Convective Boiling and Condensation

©
Nuclear Reactor Kinetics 2
©
Mathematical Methods for Physicist: A Comprehensive Guide 7
©
Nuclear Science and Engineering
©
Nuclear Technology
©
xvi
PERMISSIONS AND COPYRIGHTS xvii
List of Tables
233 235 238 239 241

233 235 239 241 238
List of Figures
235
235 239
235 239
235
10
12
xx LIST OF FIGURES
238
239
87
35
LIST OF FIGURES xxi
G H
GH = 1/s(s + 1)(s + 2)
GH = 1/s(s + 1)(s + 2)
G(s)
γ ξ α
J(ξ, β)
f p k∞
xxii LIST OF FIGURES
235
2
LIST OF FIGURES xxiii
f3
H∞
J0 (x), J1 (x) J2 (x)

Yn (x)
In (x) Kn (x)
CHAPTER 1
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
Nuclear Reactor Physics and Engineering, First Edition. 1

©
2 CHAPTER 1: NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
1.1 HISTORY AND CURRENT STATUS OF NUCLEAR POWER

PLANTS
∼
1.2 BASIC FEATURES OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS 3
Figure 1.1 Source:
1.2 BASIC FEATURES OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
∼
reactor coolant
Figure 1.2 Source:
steam generator
feedwater
1.3 PRESSURIZED WATER REACTOR SYSTEMS 5
1.3 PRESSURIZED WATER REACTOR SYSTEMS

Source:
Figure 1.3
2
∼
∼
Figure 1.4
Source:
Figure 1.5
Source: ©
Figure 1.6 Source:

1.4 BOILING WATER REACTOR SYSTEMS 11
1.4 BOILING WATER REACTOR SYSTEMS
recirculation pumps
drywell
∼
wetwell
Source:
Figure 1.7
Figure 1.8 Source:
∼
Figure 1.9
Source
R
Figure 1.10 Source

1.5 ADVANCED REACTOR DESIGNS 17
Figure 1.11
Source
1.5 ADVANCED REACTOR DESIGNS

∼
Figure 1.12 Source:
Figure 1.13 Source:

Figure 1.14 Source:
2
Figure 1.15 Source:
Figure 1.16
Source
Figure 1.17 Source
Table 1.1
SFR VHTR MSR

Figure 1.18 Source
Figure 1.19 Source

24 CHAPTER 1: NUCLEAR REACTOR PHYSICS AND ENGINEERING
References
Proc. 8th Int. Conf. Nucl. Eng. (ICONE-8)
Science 363
A Technology Roadmap for the Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems
Proc. Int. Cong. Adv.

Nucl. Power Plants (ICAPP)
Technology Roadmap Update for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems
Nucl. Appl. Technol. 4
Risk and Safety Analysis of Nuclear Sys-

tems
PROBLEMS FOR CHAPTER 1 25
The Westinghouse Pressurized Water Reactor Nuclear Power

Plant
Problems
1.1
1.2
1.3
CHAPTER 2
NEUTRON-NUCLEUS REACTION AND

NEUTRON CROSS SECTION

©
28 CHAPTER 2: NEUTRON-NUCLEUS REACTION AND NEUTRON CROSS SECTION
2.1 NEUTRON-NUCLEUS REACTION PROBABILITY AND NEUTRON

CROSS SECTION
−2 −1
I ·
a
−3
N ·
−dI
2
dx I
2
N dx
σ
−dI = σIN dx,

dI cm2
− =σ N dx .
I nucleus cm2
(−dI) I
dx
−24
σ microscopic cross section
2 −1
macroscopic cross section Σ = N σ
dI
= −ΣI.
dx
σ
σ
2.2 MECHANISMS OF NEUTRON-NUCLEUS INTERACTION 29
Figure 2.1
I
I(a)
a
I(a) = I(0) (−Σa),
I(0)
Σ
Σ
Σ
mean free path Σ
λ
λ λ
2.2 MECHANISMS OF NEUTRON-NUCLEUS INTERACTION

a X
Y
b
X + a → CN → Y + b
CN
X(a, b)Y
a
−14
3
v · −1 −14
−14
−17
m CN m(X)
X m(n)
Eb
Eb = [m(X) + m(n) − m(CN )]c2
c Q-value
X
Eex kinetic energy Ek
Eex = Eb + Ek .
Eb
2.2 MECHANISMS OF NEUTRON-NUCLEUS INTERACTION 31
= =

Figure 2.2
resonance reaction
Radiative capture
σ(n,γ) σγ σc
∼ fission
σf
resonance elastic scattering

σs (n,n) σse,res
inelastic scattering
E Ek
σin Ek
potential scattering
σp = 4πR2 R σp
πR2 R
Ek
n, p n n
n n
σt = (σγ + σf ) + (σse + σin ) + σ(n, 2n) + · · · ,
σt = σ a + σ s
n n
σa = σa,smooth + σa,res
σse = σp + σse,res .
2.3 NUCLEAR FISSION PROCESS
actinides Z ≥ 90
thermal neutrons
2.3 NUCLEAR FISSION PROCESS 33
233 235 238 239 241

Table 2.1
233 235 238 239 241
±
±
±0.001
±
±0.05 ±0.07 ± ±
±0.05 ±0.08 ± ±
±0.07 ±0.11 ± ±
±0.25
Source
233 235 239

241
fissile nuclides
E≥
234 238 240 242
fertile nuclides
fission fragments
fission products
233 235 239 241

238
235
∼2.45
β
β γ
fission product
decay heat 6∼ ∼
235
A
Figure 2.3
235
Source
Z = 35 Z = 60
prompt neutrons
delayed neutrons
delayed neutron precursors
β
ai = βi /β, i = 1, . . . , 6
ν(E)
2.3 NUCLEAR FISSION PROCESS 35
233 235 239 241 238

Table 2.2
233 235
β = 0.002696 β = 0.006523
t1/2 t1/2
−1 −1
λi ai = βi /β λi ai = βi /β
239 241
β = 0.002251 β = 0.005500
t1/2 t1/2
−1 −1
λi ai = βi /β λi ai = βi /β
238
β = 0.018010
t1/2
−1
λi ai = βi /β
Source
overbar ν(E)
ν(E)
36
ν CHAPTER 2: NEUTRON-NUCLEUS REACTION AND NEUTRON CROSS SECTION
E
235 239
Figure 2.4
Source
E
235
E = 0.025 ∼ 0.1
235
239
ν(E)
E
ν d (E) = β · ν(E)
235 239
ν d (E)
χ(E → E)
235
E
effective
2.4 TWO-BODY COLLISION MECHANICS AND CENTER-OF-MASS SYSTEM 37
ν
E
Figure 2.5
235 239
Source:
Barn Book
2.4 TWO-BODY COLLISION MECHANICS AND CENTER-OF-MASS

SYSTEM
m M
38
−
′→
χ CHAPTER 2: NEUTRON-NUCLEUS REACTION AND NEUTRON CROSS SECTION
235
Figure 2.6
Source
Table 2.3
Source:
v0
θc
Figure 2.7
mvc + M Vc = 0 = mvc + M Vc ,

1 1 1 1
mv 2 + M Vc2 = m(vc )2 + M (Vc )2 .
2 c 2 2 2
vc = |vc | = vc ,
V c = |Vc | = Vc .
vCM
v = vc + vCM ,

Figure 2.8
vCM
(m + M )vCM = mv + M V = mv , V = 0.
m μ 1
vCM = v0 = v0 = v0 ,
m+M M A+1
mass number A
reduced mass μ
M mM 1 1 1
A= , μ= = + .
m m+M μ m M
μ
vc = vc = v0 − vCM = v0 = AvCM ,
m
μ
V c = |Vc | = |V − vCM | = v0 .
M
Ec
μ
1 1 1
Ec = mvc2 + M Vc2 = μv02 ,
2 2 2
v0
v0
Ec
μ v0
Ec
1
E = mv 2 = E0 .
2 0
M 1 2
Ec = E = E − (m + M )vCM < E ,
m+M 2
Ec E
(v )2 = (vc )2 + vCM

2
+ 2vc vCM cos θc ,
v cos θ = vc cos θc + vCM .
vc cos θc + vCM 1 + A cos θc M

cos θ = =√ , A= .
v 2
1 + A + 2A cos θc m
v sin θ = vc sin θc
sin θc
tan θ = .
1
cos θc +
A
E E0
E (v )2 1 + A2 + 2A cos θc (1 + α) + (1 − α) cos θc
= 2 = 2 = ,
E0 v0 (A + 1) 2
2
(A − 1)
α= 2.
(A + 1)

Emax = E0 θc = 0 ,
Emin = αE0 θc = π
Emin α
minimum fraction
2.5 SINGLE-LEVEL BREIT-WIGNER FORMULA FOR RESONANCE

REACTION
Eb
∼
single-level Breit-Wigner formula
σγ =
σ(n, γ) σn = σ(n, n)
π Γn Γγ 2π
σγ = 2 2 2
, k= ,
k (Ec − E0 ) + (Γ/2) λ
2
π Γn
σn = 2 + 2kR ,
k (Ec − E0 ) + iΓ/2
Ec
E0
2.5 SINGLE-LEVEL BREIT-WIGNER FORMULA FOR RESONANCE REACTION 43
Γ Γn Γγ k
λ
R
σn
π Γ2n 4πR Γn (Ec − E0 )
σn = 2 2 2
+ + 4πR2 ,
k (Ec − E0 ) + (Γ/2) k (Ec − E0 )2 + (Γ/2)2
⎧
⎨ 2J + 1
, I = 0,
g = 2(2I + 1)
⎩ 1, I = 0,
I J = I ± 1/2

4π Γn 4π Γn (E0 )
σ0 = g = 2 g.
k 2 Γ k=k0 ,Ec =E0 k0 Γ
s I=0
g=1 =0
√ k Γn
Ec Γ Ec Γ Γn
k02 Γn (Ec ) Γγ 1 E0 Γγ 1
σγ (Ec ) = σ0 = σ0 ,
k 2 Γn (E0 ) Γ 1 + x2 Ec Γ 1 + x 2
E0 Γn (Ec ) 1 4πRσ0 x
σn (Ec ) = σ0 + + 4πR2 ,
Ec Γ 1 + x2 λ0 1 + x 2
E c − E0 h h A+1
x= , λ0 = √ = ,
Γ/2 2μE0 2mE,0 A
E0 = 12 μv02
h = 6.626×10−34 ·
σn σγ total resonance cross section
Ec
E0 1
σt (Ec ) = σ0 ,
Ec 1 + x 2
E0
σ0 peak total
σ t Ec
σ
σp
E E E Ec
Figure 2.9
cross section level width Γ
ΔE Δt
= h/2π

ΔEΔt ≥ .
2
Γ
E0
1
Γ∝ ,
τ
τ
Γ
Γ partial widths
Γ = Γγ + Γn + Γf .
σ0 = σt (E0 ) = σγ (E0 ) + σn (E0 ) + σf (E0 ).

σ0
2
1
6 A+1 Γn
σ0 [b] = 2.604 × 10 g,
E,0 A Γ
2.6 DIFFERENTIAL SCATTERING CROSS SECTION AND SCATTERING KERNEL 45
A g
E,0
Ec
Ec E0
E 2 − E1 Γ
Γ
practical width
σ0
Γp = Γ ,
σp
σp
Ec E0 Γ Ec −E0
σt ∝ 1/v v
1/v
10
2.6 DIFFERENTIAL SCATTERING CROSS SECTION AND

SCATTERING KERNEL
−dI
2
dx
−dI(Ω)
2
dΩ Ω dx
Ω0
dΩ
dA
dΩ = ,
r2
dA r
r
Ω.
Figure 2.10 dΩ Ω dx
2.6.1 Differential Microscopic Scattering Cross Section
dx
dx
2
dΩ Ω
−dI(Ω) = Iσ(Ω)dΩN dx = −d2 I(Ω),

dx
dΩ
dx dΩ
2

dI(Ω)
− = σ(Ω)dΩ · N dx 2
.
I
differential micro-
scopic scattering cross section
dσ(Ω0 → Ω)
σ(Ω) = = σ(Ω0 → Ω).
dΩ
Ω0 Ω
σ= σ(Ω)dΩ,
4π
2.6 DIFFERENTIAL SCATTERING CROSS SECTION AND SCATTERING KERNEL 47
Ω
dx
d2 σ(E → E , Ω → Ω )
σ(E → E , Ω → Ω ) = ,
dE dΩ
dσ(E → E )
σ(E → E , Ω → Ω )dΩ = σ(E → E ) = .
4π dE
∞
σ(E) = σ(E → E ) dE ,
0
E σ(E)
2
E
2.6.2 Scattering Kernel for Isotropic Scattering in CM Frame
s-wave
isotropically
E
θc
E0
dΩc Ωc
σs (E0 )
σs (E0 , Ωc )dΩc = 2π sin θc dθc ,
4π
s
E0 dΩc
dA 2πr sin θc · rdθc

dΩc = = = 2π sin θc dθc .
r2 r2
Figure 2.11
E
σs (E0 )
σs (E0 , Ωc )dΩc = sin θc dθc = −σs (E0 → E)dE,
2
σs (E0 → E)
−dE
σs (E0 → E)
σs (E0 ) dθc
σs (E0 → E) = − sin θc
2 dE
elastic scattering kernel
⎧
⎨ σs (E0 )
, αE0 ≤ E ≤ E0 ,
σs (E0 → E) = σs (E0 )p(E0 → E) = E0 (1 − α)
⎩
0,
σs (E0 )
E0 p(E0 → E)
conditional probability E0
E
E0
E0 E0
σs (E0 → E)dE = σs (E0 → E)dE = σs (E0 ).
0 αE0
E0
p(E0 → E)
2.7 FURTHER REMARKS ON NEUTRON CROSS SECTION 49
Figure 2.12
2.7 FURTHER REMARKS ON NEUTRON CROSS SECTION
σt
1/v
C2
σt = C 1 + ,
v
C1
1/v (n, γ)
C2 ∼
h h h 1
λ= = =√ ∝√ .
p mv 2mE E
λ
10 12
10
1/v ∼
10 12
10
Figure 2.13 σt
12
Figure 2.14 σt
1/v
∼
238 239
unresolved resonances
σse
σp
σse,res σse
A 1.0
cos θc = cos θ = μ
1
σbound (μ ) = σbound .
2
μc = μ = 1.0

dμc
σbound (μ = 1.0) = σf ree (μ = 1.0) = σf ree (μc )
dμ μc =μ =1
2
1 A+1
= σf ree ,
2 A
2
A+1
σbound = σf ree .
A
A=1
238
Figure 2.15 σγ
54 CHAPTER 2: NUCLEAR REACTOR PHYSICS AND ENGINEERING
239
Figure 2.16 σγ
S(α, β)
α
β
References
Nuclear Reactor Theory

Phys. Rev. 49
Nuclear Data Sheets 148
Nuclear Data Sheets

107
Introduction to Nuclear Physics
The Elements of Nuclear Reactor Theory
Classical Mechanics
Applied Reactor Physics
Introductory Nuclear Physics

Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Theory
Neutron Cross Sections

Neutron Cross Section Curves
Neutron Cross
Section Neutron Resonance Parameters and Thermal Cross Sections, Part
A, Z = 1 − 60
Neutron Cross Section Neutron Resonance
Parameters and Thermal Cross Sections, Part B, Z = 61 − 100
Modern Physics
Problems
2.1
Γ
252
2.2 98
α
α
252
· −1 −1 252
98
56 CHATPER 2: NUCLEAR REACTOR PHYSICS AND ENGINEERING
· −1 −1
252
α
23
2.3
α, p
2.4
2.5
M m
V v
E E0
235
√
2.6 χ(E) = 0.77 E exp(−0.775E), E
238
2.7
μ
10
2.8
(n, α)
(n, α)
α γ
238 9
2.9 94 4
238
α
9
238
94
9
α
106 α
2.10 v0
θc = π/2
vCM
vc
θ
2.11
m
E λ θ
v
λ
λ θ
2.12 E θ
E
E E
E=
2.13 E0
A
E0 /2
E
2.14
7
α, n
2.15
235
2.16
141
113
2.17
2.18 m E0
M
θc = π
vc
Q
CHAPTER 3
NEUTRON FLUX, REACTION RATE,

AND EFFECTIVE CROSS SECTION

©
60 CHAPTER 3: NEUTRON FLUX, REACTION RATE, AND EFFECTIVE CROSS SECTION
1/v
3.1 NEUTRON FLUX AND CURRENT
v v Ω
dr
r dv v
n(r, v)
n(r, v) = r
and v,
dr dv n(r, v)drdv drdv

differential phase volume
dxdydz × dvx dvy dvz dr
dv
−3 −1 −3
n(r, v) · ·
drdv
n(r, v)drdv
r ∼ r dr
v ∼ v dv
3.1 NEUTRON FLUX AND CURRENT 61
υΩ
υ
ϕ
υ
Ω θ θ ϕ
Figure 3.1
n(r, v)drdv = n(r, v)drv 2 dvdΩ = n(r, v, Ω)drdvdΩ = n(r, E, Ω)drdEdΩ.
v = vΩ v Ω
dv = v 2 dvdΩ =
v 2 dv sin θdθdϕ dΩ
Ω
p(E0 → E)
v v
Ω n(r, v, Ω)
drdvdΩ
n(r, v)drdv
v E
drdv
n(r)
total number density
n(r) = n(r, v)dv.

v
−3
n(r) ·
r
n(r) neutron
density
Ω υ
Figure 3.2
ψ(r, v)
angular neutron flux
ψ(r, v) = vn(r, v)
=
r v
ψ(r, v) v
v ∼ v + dv ψ(r, v)
−2 −1 −1 −3
· ψ(r, v)
−3 −1
Σψ(r, v)dv
Σ
ψ(r, v)
dA vdt r
v ∼ v + dv
dt dA · vdt
dv v
dA dt n(r, v)dv · dAvdt = ψ(r, v)dvdAdt
ψ(r, v) = v
v.
ψ(r, v)
v Ω
ψ(r, v)dv
v ∼ v + dv
−2 −1
v
φ(r) φ(r, v)
π
speed-dependent scalar flux
φ(r, v) = ψ(r, v, Ω)dΩ.

4π
total
track length traveled in unit time by neutrons located in unit volume around r and
in unit speed interval around v regardless of their direction of motion
total scalar flux
∞
φ(r) = φ(r, v)dv = ψ(r, v)dv,
0 v
φ(r) total track length traveled in unit time by

neutrons in unit volume around r regardless of their speed or direction of motion
−2 −1
φ(r, v) · −1 −1 φ(r)
−2 −1
neutron
flux
−3 −1
Σφ(r, v)dv Σφ(r)
φ(r) = vn(r, v)dv = n(r)v,

v
n(r) v
vn(r, v)dv vn(r, v)dv

v v
v= = .
n(r)
n(r, v)dv
v
φ(r)
v r
restricted interpretation
Ω I(r, v)
−2 −1
· · −1 −1
dA vdt
ψ(r, v)
v∼v + dv
Ω
υ
Figure 3.3
dt dv v
dA dt
I(r, v)dtdAdv = n(r, v)vdtdAdv = φ(r, v)dtdAdv.

φ(r, v) I(r, v)
v
Ω
J( )
ψ(r, v)
Ω
r n
Ω
2
n·Ω = cos θ = μ
v
n · Ωψ(r, v) = μψ(r, v).

−2 −1
net current J(r) ·
n
v
J(r) = n·Ωψ(r, v)dv = n· Ωψ(r, v)dv = n · J(r),

v v
vector current
J(r) = Ωψ(r, v)dv.

v
Ω
θ
Figure 3.4
J(r, v) = n·Ωψ(r, v, Ω)dΩ,

4π
θ
μ = cos θ
∞ 1 2π
J(r) = dvv 2 dμμ dϕψ(r, v)
0 −1 0
∞ 1 2π
= dv dμμ dϕψ(r, v, μ, ϕ).
0 −1 0
J(r) J(r)
J(r) > 0 J(r) < 0
J± (r)
J(r)
J+ (r)
J+ (r) = n · Ωψ(r, v)dv,

n·Ω>0
J− (r)
∞ ±1 2π
J± (r) = dv dμμ dϕψ(r, v, μ, ϕ).
0 0 0
Figure 3.5 J J
J(r) = J+ (r) − J− (r),
J(r)
P1
φ(r) J(r)
J± (r) = ± ,
4 2
3.2 RATE OF NEUTRON-NUCLEUS INTERACTION
N (r, V) V
N (r,V) = r and
V.
−3
N (r,V) · · −1 −3
n(r,v)
3.2 RATE OF NEUTRON-NUCLEUS INTERACTION 67
N (r,V)
σ v
V |v − V|
r
v V
|v − V|n(r, v)
σ(|v − V|)
N (r, V)
−3 −1
R(r, v) · −1 −3 number of neutrons interacting with the
surrounding nuclei of any velocity per unit time, per unit volume at r and per
neutron velocity volume at v
R(r, v) = dVσ(|v − V|)N (r, V)|v − V|n(r, v).

V
σ(|v − V|) true

|v − V|
R(v) = n(v) dV|v − V|σ(|v − V|)N (V).

V
−3 −1
total neutron reaction rate R = R(r) total
number of neutrons interacting with the surrounding nuclei per unit time and per
unit volume at r
R ≡ R(r) = dvn(v) dV|v − V|σ(|v − V|)N (V).

v V
P (v)
v
P (v) = dV|v − V|σ(|v − V|)N (V).

V
R(v) P (v)
T
N (V) σ(|v − V|)

P (v) σ(v)
P (v) = P (v) = vσ(v)N,
N= dVN (V) ≡ N (r)

V
−3
Note
N = N (r) V
N (r, V)
σ(v)
V
dV|v − V|σ(|v − V|)N (V)
σ(v) = ,
v V dVN (V)
P (v)
σ(v) P (v) = P (v)
σ(v)
R
−3 −1
∞
R ≡ R(r) = dvN σ(v)vn(v) = dvΣ(v)ψ(v) = dvΣ(v)φ(v),
v v 0
ψ(v) ≡ ψ(r, v) φ(v) ≡ φ(r, v)

Σ(v) = N σ(v) = N (r)σ(v) ≡ Σ(r, v)
v Ω
Doppler broadening of resonances

3.3 NEUTRON ENERGY DISTRIBUTION AND EFFECTIVE THERMAL CROSS SECTION 69
φ(E)
energy self-shielding
3.3 NEUTRON ENERGY DISTRIBUTION AND EFFECTIVE THERMAL

CROSS SECTION
σ(v)
N (V) N (V, T )
−3 −1
R φ(r, v)
σeff
∞
R = R(r) = N σeff φ0 = N dvσ(v)φ(v).
0
φ0 ≡ φ(r) σeff
∞ ∞
dvσ(v)φ(v) dvσ(v)φ(v)
0 0
σeff = ∞ ≡ ,
φ0
dvφ(v)
0
σ(v)
σeff
σeff
T
T
σeff
σeff
Σth = N σeff , N ≡ N (r).

T
(−E/kT )

m 3/2 mv 2
n(v) = n0 exp − ,
2πkT 2kT
k = 1.381×10−23 · −1
m
n0
n0 = dvn(v) ≡ n(r).
v
n(v) ≡ n(r, v) = dΩ n(v)v 2 = 4πn(v)v 2

4π
1/2
2 m 3/2 2 mv 2
n(v) = n0 v exp − .
π kT 2kT
n(E)dE = n(v)dv
dv n(v)
n(E) = n(v) =√ ,
dE 2mE
3/2
2 1 1/2 E
n(E) = n0 √ E exp − .
π kT kT
3.3 NEUTRON ENERGY DISTRIBUTION AND EFFECTIVE THERMAL CROSS SECTION 71
dv dv n(v)
φ(E) = φ(v) = vn(v) = .
dE dE m
∞ ∞
8kT
φ0 ≡ φ(r) = dvφ(v) = dvn(v)v = n0 ,
0 0 πm

φ0 m 2 3 mv 2
φ(v) = v exp − .
2 kT 2kT

E E
φ(E) = φ0 2 exp − .
(kT ) kT
most probable speed v0
2kT
v0 = .
m
v0
E0 = kT.
average speed
∞
1 8kT 2
v= dvn(v)v = = √ v0 .
n0 0 πm π
φ 0 = n0 v
most probable energy
kT
Emp = .
2
average energy
∞
1 3kT
E= dEn(E)E = .
n0 0 2
υ υ υ
Figure 3.6
φ(E) E0 = kT
v0
E0 = kT neutron energy
T, T
neutron temperature
T = 300 E0 = kT = 0.025
v0 · −1
n(v)
v0
v
v0
E0 n(v)
v/v0

v dv
n(v)dv = n ,
v0 v0
2 2
n(v/v0 ) 4 v v
=√ exp − 2 ,
n0 π v0 v0
n0
1/2
n (E/E0 ) 2 E E
=√ exp − ,
n0 π E0 E0
3 2
φ(v/v0 ) v v
=2 exp − 2 ,
φ0 v0 v0
3.4 APPLICATION TO A 1/V -ABSORBER 73

φ (E/E0 ) E E
= exp − .
φ0 E0 E0
n(v) n(v/v0 )
dv d(v/v0 )
E
T = 300 E0 = kT = 0.025
3.4 APPLICATION TO A 1/V -ABSORBER
(n, γ), (n, p), (n, α)

(n, f )
1/v
v0 E0
σ(E) = σ(v) = σ(v0 ) = σ(E0 ) .
v E
T σeff =
σeff (T ) = σeff (E0 )
∞ ∞
1 1 dE E
σeff (T ) = dEφ(E)σ(E) = φ σ(E)
φ0 0 φ0 0 E0 E0
∞
dE E0 E E
= σ(E0 ) exp − .
0 E0 E E0 E0
√
π
σeff (T ) = σ(E0 ) .
2
n! Γ(z + 1) =
zΓ(z) z z
Γ(z + 1) = z!.
∞
Γ(z) = e−t tz−1 dt
0

1 √
Γ = π.
2
R
√
π 2
R = N σeff φ0 = N σ(E0 ) · n0 v0 √ = N σ(E0 )n0 v0 .
2 π
R/N
T 1/v
T.
1/v
√
π
σeff (T ) = σ(E0 ) g(Tn ),
2
g(Tn ) g
Tn Tn
T.
Tn g
E0 = kTn
References
Mathematical Methods for

Physicist: A Comprehensive Guide
Nuclear Chemical Engineer-
ing

Introduction to Atomic Physics
Modern Physics
Problems
3.1 R=
sin(πr/R)
Φ(r) = φ0 .
πr/R
13 −2 −1
φ0 × ·
−1
v ·
−1
Σf

E E
ψ(r, E, Ω) = exp − Φ(r),
4πE02 E0
E0 v
ψ(r, v, Ω) ψ(r, v) φ(r, v) φ(r)
3.2 ×
76.2 × 76.2 × 609.6
(x, y, z)
φ(x, y, z) = A cos(πx/X) cos(πy/Y ) cos(πz/Z) x, y
z X, Y Z
A ×1013 · −2 −1
·
v0 = 3000
· −1
10
3.3
10
v σ(v) V0 θ
10
v0
10
10
−2 −1
I0 ·
3.4 H
−2 −1 −1
I0 (E) ·
1/E σ(E0 ) = σ0
I(E)
I0 (E)
T = 696 σ(E0 ) = 24
E0 = 60 H = 1.0
108 · −2 −1
3.5 T =
σeff (T ) σeff (T ) = σ ∗
v T =
σeff (T1 ) T1 =
3.6 r
φ(r) = 3 × 1013 · −2 −1
ψ(r, Ω J− (r)
J(r)
3.7 A
T0 = 300
true σ(|v − V|)
|v − V| v
V σ(v)
v
v
T1 = 350
σ(v0 ) = 2.0 v0 = 2200 · −1
σ φ(E)
CHAPTER 4
DERIVATION OF THE NEUTRON

DIFFUSION EQUATION

©
78 CHAPTER 4: DERIVATION OF THE NEUTRON DIFFUSION EQUATION
P1
4.1 BASIC ASSUMPTIONS FOR NEUTRON BALANCE STATEMENT
109 · −3
22 −3
·
4.2 NEUTRON BALANCE EQUATION 79
−14
μ∼
t1/2 = 610
4.2 NEUTRON BALANCE EQUATION
φ(r, v, t)
t r
v
φ(r, v, t)dv Σ(r, v)

v ∼ v + dv
r t
φ(r, E, t) φ(r, E, t)dE = φ(r, v, t)dv

Σ(r, v)
N (r, t) σ(v)
φ(r, E, t) σ(v)
t r
= − .
( , I)
=( , I1 )
+ ( , I2 )
− ( , I3 )
− ( , I4 ).
∂ 1 ∂
I= n(r, E, t) = φ(r, E, t).
∂t v ∂t
I1 S(r, E, t)
r E
t
I1 = S(r, E, t).
S(r, E, t)
I2 I3
I3 I2
I3
{r, E} t I3
I3 = Σt (r, E, t)φ(r, E, t) = N (r, t)σ t (E)φ(r, E, t),
σ t (E)
V
dVσt (|v − V|)N (r, V, t)|v − V|
σ t (E) = σ t (v) = ,
N (r, t)v
N (r, t) = dVN (r, V, t).

V
4.2 NEUTRON BALANCE EQUATION 81
I3
I2
E
r t
Σs (r, E , t)φ(r, E , t) = N (r, t)σ s (E )φ(r, E , t).
r, E p(E →E)
p(E →E)dE = E,

E∼E + dE.
E
∞
p(E →E)dE = 1.
0
p(E →E) p(E0 →E)

E0 = E I2
E r
t
E
∞
I2 = dE σ s (E )p(E → E)N (r, t)φ(r, E , t)
0
∞
= dE Σs (r, E →E, t)φ(r, E , t).
0
Σs (r, E →E, t)

E
E r t scattering
kernel
Σs (r, E → E, t) = N (r, t)σ s (E )p(E → E)

= Σs (r, E , t)p(E → E) = N (r, t)σ s (E → E).
I2
∞
dE Σs (r, E → E, t) = Σs (r, E , t) = N (r, t)σ s (E ).
0
p(E → E)
φ(r, E, t)
σ s (v →v)dv = σ s (E →E)dE.
v

E
dv v
dE E
I2 I3
I4
J(r, v)
n
v E
E
t r ΔV = ΔxΔyΔz
ΔA n
I4 ΔV = J(r, E, t)ΔA = n·J(r, E, t)ΔA = n·J(r, E, t)dA

ΔA
= ∇·J(r, E, t)dr = ∇·J(r, E, t)ΔV,

ΔV
ΔV
ΔV ΔA
ΔA
r
E t
I4 = ∇ · J(r, E, t).
4.3 NEUTRON SOURCE TERM 83
I = I1 +I2 −I3 −I4 energy-dependent

neutron diffusion equation
∞
1 ∂φ(r, E, t)
= S(r, E, t) + dE Σs (E → E)φ(r, E , t)
v ∂t 0
− Σt (E)φ(r, E, t) − ∇ · J(r, E, t).
Assumption N (r, t) = N
v
E
∞
1 ∂φ(r, v, t)
= S(r, v, t) + dv Σs (v → v)φ(r, v , t)
v ∂t 0
− Σt (v)φ(r, v, t) − ∇ · J(r, v, t).
4.3 NEUTRON SOURCE TERM
S(r, E, t)
Sf (r, E, t)
Q(r, E, t)
S(r, E, t) = Sf (r, E, t) + Q(r, E, t).
Sf (r, E, t)
I2 χ(E →E)

p(E →E) average
number ν
∞
Sf (r, E, t) = dE νΣf (E )φ(r, E , t )χ(E → E).
0

χ(E →E)dE
E
E∼E + dE
Assumption
Assumption
E
E
χ(E →E) = χ(E),
∞ ∞
dEχ(E →E) = dEχ(E) = 1.0.
0 0
∞
Sf (r, E, t) = χ(E) dE νΣf (E )φ(r, E , t),
0
∞
S(r, E, t) = χ(E) dE νΣf (E )φ(r, E , t) + Q(r, E, t).
0
4.4 FICK’S LAW OF NEUTRON CURRENT
φ(r, E, t)
∇·J(r, E, t) φ(r, E, t)
ψ(r, v, t) ψ(r, E, Ω, t)
φ(r, E, t)
P1
ψ(z, E, μ, t)
Pn (μ) n=1 μ= θ θ
z
4.4 FICK’S LAW OF NEUTRON CURRENT 85
Figure 4.1
(x y)
j− (0)
dr
Σs φ(r)dr
dr p(r→0)
dr r
r
exp(−Σs r)
p(r→0) = .
4πr2
r
1/(4πr2 )
r r
n θ r
dr
r θ
j− (0) p(r→0) μ=
θ
exp(−Σs r) exp(−Σs r)
j− (0) = cos θ Σs φ(r)dr = Σs φ(r)μdμdϕdr.
4πr2 4π
partial current J−
j− (0)
2π 1 ∞
Σs
J− (0) = dϕ dμμ dr e−Σs r φ(r).
4π 0 0 0
φ(r)
ψ(z, μ, t) P1
φ(r)
ψ(z, μ, t)
φ(r)

∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
φ(r) = φ(0) + x +y +z .
∂x 0 ∂y 0 ∂z 0
x=r θ ϕ,
y=r θ ϕ,
z=r θ,
1 ∞
Σs ∂φ
J− (0) = dμμ dre−Σs r φ(0) + rμ .
2 0 0 ∂z 0
x y
2π 2π
dϕ cos ϕ = dϕ sin ϕ = 0.
0 0
μ
∞
−Σs r φ(0) r ∂φ
J− (0) = Σs dre + ,
0 4 6 ∂z 0

φ(0) 1 ∂φ
J− (0) = + .
4 6Σs ∂z 0

φ(0) 1 ∂φ
J+ (0) = − ,
4 6Σs ∂z 0
4.4 FICK’S LAW OF NEUTRON CURRENT 87

1 ∂φ
J(0) = J+ (0) − J− (0) = − .
3Σs ∂z 0
n z

1 ∂φ
J(0) = n · J(0) = − ,
3Σs ∂z 0
1
J(0) = − ∇φ(0).
3Σs
diffusion coefficient D = 1/3Σs
Fick’s law of diffusion
J(r) = −D∇φ(r).
D
D
φ(r) n · J(r)
J± (r) = ± ,
4 2
J(r, E, t) = −D(E)∇φ(r, E, t)
neutron
diffusion equation
∞
1 ∂φ(r, E, t)
= χ(E) dE νΣf (E )φ(r, E , t) + Q(r, E, t)
v ∂t 0
∞
+ dE Σs (E →E)φ(r, E , t) − Σt (E)φ(r, E, t) + ∇ · D(E)∇φ(r, E, t).
0
4.5 NEUTRON TRANSPORT EQUATION AND P1 APPROXIMATION
ψ(r, v, t)
Ω
v v
1 ∂ψ(r, v, t)
= S(r, v, t) + dv Σs (v → v)ψ(r, v , t)
v ∂t v
− Σt (v)ψ(r, v, t) − Ω · ∇ψ(r, v, t) .
I4 ΔV = n · Ωψ(r, v, t)ΔA = n · Ωψ(r, v, t)dA

ΔA
= ∇ · Ωψ(r, v, t)dr = ∇ · Ωψ(r, v, t)ΔV = Ω · ∇ψ(r, v, t)ΔV.
ΔV
Ω
J(r, E, t)
1
ψ(r, E, Ω, t) [φ(r, E, t) + 3Ω · J(r, E, t)] .
4π
2π
ψ(z, μ) = ψ(z, μ, ϕ)dϕ,
0
μ= θ
∂ψ(z, μ)
Σt ψ(z, μ) + μ = S(z, μ) + ρ(z, μ).
∂z
4.5 NEUTRON TRANSPORT EQUATION AND P1 APPROXIMATION 89
Figure 4.2
ρ(z, μ)
1
ρ(z, μ) = dμ Σs (μ → μ)ψ(z, μ ).
−1
isotropic medium
Ω Ω
θ0 μ0 =
cos θ0 = Ω ·Ω
Σs (Ω → Ω) = Σs (μ → μ) = Σs (Ω ·Ω) = Σs (μ0 ).
∞

2 +1
ψ(z, μ) = φ (z)P (μ),
2
=0
3μ2 − 1 5μ3 − 3μ
P0 (μ) = 1, P1 (u) = μ, P2 (u) = , P3 (u) = ,....
2 2
P1
μ
φ0 (z) φ1 (z)
1 3μ
ψ(z, μ) φ0 (z) + φ1 (z).
2 2
φ0 (z) = φ(z),
φ1 (z) = J(z).
1
2
P (μ)Pm (μ)dμ = δm ,
−1 2 +1

1, = m,
δm =
0, = m,
1 1 ∞

2 +1
φn (z) = dμPn (μ)ψ(z, μ) = dμPn (μ) φ (z)P (μ), n = 0, 1.
−1 −1 2
=0
1
1
2 +1
ρ(z, μ) = φ (z) dμ Σs (μ0 )P (μ ).
2 −1
=0
1

2n + 1
Σs (μ0 ) = Σsn Pn (μ0 )
n=0
2
Pn (μ0 ) = Pn (Ω · Ω) = Pn (μ )Pn (μ)
1

2 +1
ρ(z, μ) = φ (z)Σs P (μ)
2
=0
1
Σs = dμ0 Σs (μ0 )P (μ0 ), = 0, 1.
−1
4.5 NEUTRON TRANSPORT EQUATION AND P1 APPROXIMATION 91
n=1
Ω Ω Ω

Ω
1
Σs0 = Σs (μ0 )dμ0 = Σs ,
−1
1
Σs1 = Σs (μ0 )μ0 dμ0 = μ0 Σs ,
−1
Σs μ0
1

2 +1
ρ(z, μ) = ρ (z)P (μ)
2
=0
ρ0 (z) = Σs φ0 (z),
ρ1 (z) = μ0 Σs φ1 (z).
1

2 +1
S(z, μ) = S (z)P (μ).
2
=0
P (μ), = 0, 1
μ ε [−1, +1]
dφ1 (z)
Σt φ0 (z) + = S0 (z) + Σs φ0 (z),
dz
1 dφ0 (z)
Σt φ1 (z) + = S1 (z) + μ0 Σs φ1 (z).
3 dz
S1 (z)
φ1 (z) = J(z)
D
1 1 λtr
D= = = .
3Σtr 3(Σt − μ0 Σs ) 3
transport cross section Σtr transport mean free path λtr
P1
±1
φ(z) J(z)
J± (z) = ψ(z, μ)μdμ = ± .
0 4 2
P1
4.6 REMARKS ON DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT
P1
D
μ0
1
−1
dμ0 μ0 Σs (μ0 )
μ0 = 1 ,
−1
dμ0 Σs (μ0 )
Σs (μ0 )
Ω z
μ0 = μ = cos θ
1
−1
dμμΣs (μ)
μ0 = 1 .
−1
dμΣs (μ)
Ωc
Σs
Σs (Ωc ) = ,
4π
4.6 REMARKS ON DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT 93
z
ϕ 2π
−dμ = sin θdθ
−dμc = sin θc dθc
Σs
Σs (μ)dμ = Σs (μc )dμc = dμc .
2
1 + Aμc
μ= .
A2 + 2Aμc + 1
1 1
1 1 1 + Aμc 2
μ0 = μdμc = dμc = .
2 −1 2 −1 A2 + 2Aμc + 1 3A
λtr λs
D= = .
3 1 − μ0
λtr
λs
λs
λs (1 + μ0 + μ20 + μ30 + · · · ·) = = λtr .
1 − μ0
λtr
μ0 = 0 λtr
λs = 1/Σs λtr
Σa = 0
λtr = 1/(Σt − μ0 Σs )
Σt
Σtr
Figure 4.3 λtr
4.7 LIMITATIONS OF NEUTRON DIFFUSION THEORY
P1
P1
4.8 ONE-GROUP NEUTRON DIFFUSION EQUATION

4.8 ONE-GROUP NEUTRON DIFFUSION EQUATION 95
total scalar flux

∞
φ(r, t) = φ(r, E, t)dE,
0
∞ ∞
Sf (r, t) = dE χ(E) dE νΣf (E )φ(r, E , t)
∞ 0 0
= dE νΣf (E )φ(r, E , t) νΣf E φ(r, t) ≡ νΣf φ(r, t),

0
νΣf E
νΣf
∞ ∞ ∞
dE dE Σs (E → E)φ(r, E , t) = dE Σs (E )φ(r, E , t) = Σs φ(r, t).
0 0 0
Σa = Σt − Σs
1 ∂φ(r, t)
= S(r, t) − Σa φ(r, t) − ∇ · J(r, t)
v ∂t
= νΣf φ(r, t) + Q(r, t) − Σa φ(r, t) + ∇ · D∇φ(r, t).
one-group, one-speed mono-energetic

diffusion equation one-group
4.9 SUMMARY DISCUSSION OF DIFFUSION EQUATION
P1
References
Reactor Physics Constants


Sci. Am. 314
Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Theory
The Mathematics of Physics and Chem-

istry
Problems
4.1 S0 · −1
H
A
H
4.2
Σs0 μ0
Σs (μ0 ) = 1+ , μ0 = Ω ·Ω.
2 2
P1
J(z) J± (z)
J(z) φ(z)
4.3 θ
Σa Σs
p(θ → θ )dθ dθ θ
p(θ) θ
θ=0
θ = π/2
4.4 p(θ )dθ

dθ θ
4.5 j− (0)
60
γ μe /ρ = 2.7 × 10−3 2
· −1
−3 2 −1
μe /ρ = 2.9 × 10 ·
4.6 S0
−2 −1
·
Σ
3
x
4.7 S(θ)dθ = S0 sin θ

cos θdθ
CHAPTER 5
APPLICATIONS OF THE ONE-GROUP

NEUTRON DIFFUSION EQUATION

©
100 CHAPTER 5: APPLICATIONS OF THE ONE-GROUP NEUTRON DIFFUSION EQUATION
φ(r, t)
1 ∂φ(r, t)
= D∇2 φ(r, t) − Σa φ(r, t) + S(r, t).
v ∂t
keff
keff
5.1 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FOR DIFFUSION EQUATION
J+ J−
J φ
J φ J+ J−
5.1 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FOR DIFFUSION EQUATION 101
Figure 5.1
J−
black absorber
φ d
d
x=0
φ(0) λtr dφ(0)
J− (0) = + = 0.
4 6 dx
φ(x)
dφ(0) 6φ(0) φ(0)

=− =− ,
dx 4λtr d
2
φ(d) = 0, d= λtr .
3
d = 0.7104
λtr
Σ > Σ >
Figure 5.2
J(x1 ) = J(x2 ),
φ(x1 ) = φ(x2 ).
−2 −1
S ·
x0
B + S A −
J+ (x0 ) = + J+ (x0 ),
2
A − S B +
J− (x0 ) = + J− (x0 ).
2
x±
0 = x0 ± ε ε
5.1 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FOR DIFFUSION EQUATION 103
+ +
− −
x
Figure 5.3
ε→0
J B (x+ A −
0 ) − J (x0 ) = S,
φ(x+ −
0 ) = φ(x0 ).
A B
B + A −
J+ (x0 ) = J− (x0 ),
B + A −
J− (x0 ) = J+ (x0 ),
S
J B (x+ A −
0 ) = −J (x0 ) = .
2
JA < 0 JB > 0
−1
S · r
r

2 2 dφ(r)
S = lim[4πr J(r)] = lim 4πr −D .
r→0 r→0 dr
−1 −1
S ·
r

dφ(r)
S = lim[2πrJ(r)] = lim 2πr −D .
r→0 r→0 dr
φ(r, 0) = φ0 (r).
5.2 SOLUTION OF STEADY-STATE DIFFUSION EQUATION
5.2.1 Flux in Non-multiplying Media with Localized Sources
D∇2 φ(r) − Σa φ(r) + S(r) = 0.

5.2 SOLUTION OF STEADY-STATE DIFFUSION EQUATION 105
−2 −1
S ·
d2 φ(x)
− κ2 φ(x) = 0 x = 0,
dx2
Σa 1
κ2 = = 2.
D L
L2 1/6
L
diffusion length
φ(x) = Ae−κx + Beκx , x > 0.
A B
B=0
S dφ(0)
lim J(x) = = −D = κDA lim e−κx , x > 0,
x→0 2 dx x→0
A = S/2κD
x = 0
S −κ|x|
φ(x) = e .
2κD
d2 φ(x)
−D + Σa φ(x) = Sδ(x).
dx2
−ε, ε
ε
d2 φ(x) dφ(ε) dφ(−ε)
−D dx = S = −D +D = J(ε) − J(−ε),
−ε dx2 dx dx
Σa φ(x) ε→0
d2 φ(x) Sδ(x)
2
− κ2 φ(x) = − .
dx D
φ(x)
∞
1
φ(k) = √ e−ikx φ(x)dx,
2π −∞
1 S
−k 2 φ(k) − κ2 φ(k) = − √ ,
2π D
φ(x) < ∞ x
∞
1
φ(x) = √ φ(k)eikx dk
2π −∞
∞
S eikx
φ(x) = dk.
2πD −∞ k 2 + κ2
Γ
k = iκ
k = −iκ
∞
eikx dk eikx dk e−κx πe−κx
+ = 2πi = .
Γ k 2 + κ2 −∞ k 2 + κ2 2iκ κ
i
• κκ
−∞ ∞
i
• −− κκ
Figure 5.4 k
S πe−κx Se−κx
φ(x) = = , x > 0.
2πD κ 2κD
−1
S · S(r) =
2
Sδ(r)/4πr
r=0

1 d 2 dφ(r)
r − κ2 φ(r) = 0, r > 0.
r2 dr dr
u(r) = rφ(r)
u(r)
d2 u(r)
− κ2 u(r) = 0,
dr2
e−κr
φ(r) = A ,
r
(κr)
φ(r) < ∞.
A
r=0

−κr − 1 −κr
S = lim 4πr2 −DA e ,
r→0 r2
A = S/4πD
r=0
Se−κr
φ(r) = .
4πDr
2a
−2 −1
S ·
φ(x) = A sinh κx + B cosh κx,
A B
±κx
φ(a) = 0
B A
B = −A tanh κa.
A sinh κ(x − a)
φ(x) = .
cosh κa
φ λ
Figure 5.5
S dφ(0+)
J(0+) = = −D = −AκD,
2 dx
S sinh κ(a − x)
φ(x) = , x > 0.
2κD cosh κa
a
b x=0
φ1 (x) φ2 (x)
κ21 = Σa1 /D1 κ22 = Σa2 /D2 A1 B1 A2
B2
φ1 (x) = A1 κ1 x + B 1 κ1 x,
φ2 (x) = A2 κ2 x + B 2 κ2 x.
S
A1 = − ,
2κ1 D1
φ
φ
Figure 5.6
S
φ1 (x) = − sinh κ1 x + B1 cosh κ1 x.
2κ1 D1
φ2 (x) = A2 sinh κ2 (b − x),

A2
J(x) φ(x)
x=a B1
A2 φ1 (x) φ2 (x)
φ1 (x)
albedo β

Jout J− (a)
β= = .
Jin region 2 J+ (a)
β
J− (a) J+ (a)
φ1 (x)
β

φ2 D2 dφ2
+
4 2 dx x=a 1 − 2κ2 D2 coth κ2 (b − a)
β= = .
φ2 D2 dφ2 1 + 2κ2 D2 coth κ2 (b − a)
−
4 2 dx x=a
β

d ln φ1
1 + 2D1
dx x=a
β=
d ln φ1
1 − 2D1
dx x=a

d ln φ1 1 1−β
D1 = − .
dx x=a 2 1+β
B1
φ1 (x) β

d ln φ1
D1 = −κ2 D2 coth κ2 (b − a).
dx x=a
B1
β φ1 (x)
A2
B1 A2
neutron moderators
β(∞)
1 − 2κ2 D2
β(∞) = .
1 + 2κ2 D2
(b − a) ≥ 2L2 = κ2
Table 5.1
−3 −1
· Σa ) D L β(∞)
2 ×10−2
2 8.0×10−5
3.6×10−4
×10−3
Source:
5.2.2 Flux in Non-multiplying Media with Distributed Sources
S(r)
φ(r)
S(x)
d2 φ(x)
−D + Σa φ(x) = S(x).
dx2
x = x S(x) = δ(x − x )
x x
e−κ|x−x |

φ(x → x) = = φ(x, x ),
2κD
|x − x |
infinite-medium plane diffusion kernel
S(x)
∞
φ(x) = dx S(x ) φ(x → x).
−∞
S(x ) · −3 −1
2
·
S(x )dx
2
· dx
dx S(x )dx
φ(x) dx
[−∞, ∞] φ(x)
Lφ(x) = S(x),
diffusion operator L
d2
L = −D + Σa .
dx2
LG(x, x ) = δ(x − x ).
G(x, x ) Green’s function

L
G(x, x )
∞
φ(x) = dx S(x ) G(x, x ).
−∞
L
∞ ∞
Lφ(x) = dx S(x ) LG(x, x ) = dx S(x ) δ(x − x ) = S(x),
−∞ −∞
r r

e−κ|r−r |
φ(r → r) = = Gpt (r, r ),
4πD|r − r |
r r S(r )dr
dr r
φ(r) S(r)
V
S(r )dr φ(r → r) V
φ(r) = dr S(r )φ(r → r).

V
φ(r → r) infinite-medium
point diffusion kernel
Example 5.1 φ(x)

S0
r |r − r |
2πρdρ
dρ φ(x) x
∞
2πρdρ −κr
φ(x) = S0 e .
0 4πDr
r 2 = ρ2 + x 2 rdr = ρdρ
5.3 NEUTRON FLUX IN MULTIPLYING MEDIUM AND CRITICALITY CONDITION 115
Figure 5.7
∞
S0 S0 e−κx
φ(x) = e−κr dr = , x > 0,
2D x 2kD
5.3 NEUTRON FLUX IN MULTIPLYING MEDIUM AND CRITICALITY

CONDITION
5.3.1 Criticality and Buckling

S(r, t)
1 ∂φ(r, t)
= D∇2 φ(r, t) + (νΣf − Σa )φ(r, t).
v ∂t
∂φ/∂t = 0
νΣf − Σa
∇2 φ(r) + φ(r) = 0,
D
∇2 φ(r) + B 2 φ(r) = 0,

νΣf − Σa Σa νΣf k∞ − 1
B2 = = −1 = .
D D Σa L2
k∞ = νΣf /Σa
infinite multipli-
cation factor B2 buckling
φ(r, t)
φ(r, t) = ψ(r)T (t)
φ(r, t)
1 1 dT 1
= (∇2 ψ + B 2 ψ) = −α,
vD T dt ψ
T (t) = T (0)e−αvDt
T (0)
∇2 ψ(r) + (B 2 + α)ψ(r) = 0,
ψ(r)
Bn2
∇2 ψn (r) + Bn2 ψn (r) = 0,
Bn2 = B 2 + αn .
Helmholtz wave equation
Tn (t) = Tn (0)e−αn vDt
∞

φ(r, t) = ψn (r)Tn (t).
n=0
B02 < B12 < B22 ... < Bn2 < ...
φ(r, t)
α0 = 0 B02 = B 2 αn > 0, n = 1, 2, . . . ,
B02
ψ0 (r)
geometrical buckling
B2
2
material buckling Bm
Bg2 = Bm
2
.
Bg2 > Bm
2
α0 > 0
Bg2 < Bm
2
α0 < 0
5.3.2 Effective Multiplication Factor
νΣf − Σa
= Bg2
D
νΣf k ∞ Σa
2
= 1.0 = = k∞ PN L ,
Σa + DBg Σa + DBg2
DBg2 Σa
PN L
DBg2
RL V
A
RL = − D∇2 φ(r)dr = − ∇ · D∇φ(r)dr = − n · D∇φ(r)dA

V V A
= n · J(r)dA = J(r)dA = DBg2 φ(r)dr.

A A V
B2
Bg2
DBg2
Σa
PN L
Bg2 = Bm
2
φ(r)
2 2
∇ φ(r) + (Bm + α0 )φ(r) = 0,
α0 dynamic eigenvalue
φ(r) ψ0 (r)
α0 = 0
α0 = 0 Bg2 = Bm2
λ

2 νΣf
D∇ φ(r) + − Σa φ(r) = 0.
λ
λ static
eigenvalue eigenvalue
k-eigenvalue
effective
multiplication factor keff
νΣf
λ = keff = .
Σa + DBg2
keff = 1
keff = k∞
λ = 1.0
φ(r) λ = 1.0
λ
Bg2 = Bm
2
k∞ keff
reactivity
keff

Δk keff − 1
ρ % = .
k keff
ρ Δk/k
Δk/k
10−3 %Δk/k
pcm
β
keff − 1
K [$] =
keff β
235
β
0.0065
5.3.3 Eigenfunctions of Diffusion Equation and Buckling
H
H
ψn (x)
d2 ψn (x)
+ Bn2 ψn (x) = 0,
dx2
Figure 5.8 H
ψn (+H/2) = 0,
ψn (−H/2) = 0.
⎧
⎪
⎪ (n + 1)π
⎨ cos Bn x = cos x, n = 0, 2, 4, . . .
ψn (x) = H
⎪
⎪ (n + 1)π
⎩ sin Bn x = sin x, n = 1, 3, 5, . . .
H
2
(n + 1)
Bn2 = π , n = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .
H
n=0 Bg2 = (π/H)2 R

H
∇2 φ(r, z) + B 2 φ(r, z) = 0,
φ(r, z) = θ(r)Z(z)
∇2r θ(r) ∇2z Z(z)

+ = −B 2 .
θ(r) Z(z)
∇2r θ(r) + α2 θ(r) = 0 ∇2z Z(z) + λ2 Z(z) = 0, B 2 = α2 + λ2 .

d2 θ(r) dθ(r)
r2 2
+r + α2 r2 θ(r) = 0,
dr dr
θ(r) = A1 J0 (αr) + C1 Y0 (αr),
J0 Y0
A1 C1
θ(r) < ∞ C1 = 0 limx→0 Y0 (x) = −∞
θ(R) = 0 J0 J0 (ν0 ) = 0
ν0 = 2.405 θ(r) = A1 J0 (ν0 r/R)
Z(z) θ(r, z)

2.405r πz
φ(r, z) = AJ0 cos ,
R H
2
2.405 π 2
Bg2 = + .
R H
n = 0
φ(r) = ψ0 (r) Bg2

H
H = H + 2d d
H
β
Example 5.2
235
2
10
Table 5.2
πx π 2
H cos
H H
2
2.405r πz 2.405 π 2
R H J0 cos +
R H R H
1 πr π 2
R sin
r R R
Table 5.3
−1 −1
N σa ν σf
235 −4 1
×10 ×10 ×101
238
×10−3 ×10−1 ×10−2
1
×10−2 ×10−2
16
×10−2 ×10−3
10
×10−6 ×102
×10−3 ×10−2
×10−4 ×10−1
Table 5.4
−1 −1 −1 −1
N Σa νΣf
235
×10−4 ×10−2 ×10−2
238
×10−3 ×10−3 ×10−3
1
×10−2 ×10−3
16
×10−2 ×10−5
10
×10−6 ×10−3
×10−3 ×10−4
×10−4 ×10−5
×10−2 ×10−2 ×10−2
Σa
νΣf
k∞ = 1.0232
Σa = 2.168 × 10−2 −1
νΣf = 2.215 × 10−2
−1
D = 1.0442
• k∞ = νΣf /Σa = 1.022

2
• Bm = (νΣf − Σa )/D = 4.501 × 10−4 −2
• d = 0.7104 λtr = 2.225
• PL = 1 − PN L = 0.022
H = 3.658
Bz2
Bz2 = (π/370.2)2 = 7.201 × 10−5 −2
,
Br2
Br2 = Bm
2
− Bz2 = [2.405/(R + d)]2 = 3.781 × 10−4 −2
.
R = 1.21

Example 5.3 H
T = 25
Dr = 1.443 Σar = 9.06 × 10−3 −1
φc (x)

d2 φ(x) 2 2 νΣf − Σa
+ Bc φ(x) = 0, Bc = .
dx2 D core

d ln φc (x) J(H/2) 1 1−β
Dc =− =− = −κr Dr coth κr T,
dx H/2 φ(H/2) 2 1+β
H
Dc Bc tan Bc = κr Dr coth κr T.
2
H reflector savings δ
1 π H
δ= (H0 − H) = − .
2 2Bc 2
H/2 δ

π
Dc Bc tan Bc −δ = Dc Bc cot Bc δ = κr Dr coth κr T,
2Bc

1 D c Bc
δ= tan−1 tanh κr T
Bc D r κr

1 1.044 × 0.0212
= tan−1 tanh(0.0792 × 25) = 8.72 .
0.0212 1.443 × 0.0792
H0 =
π/Bc = 148.2
5.4 FOUR- AND SIX-FACTOR FORMULAS FOR MULTIPLICATION

FACTOR
k∞ keff
effective multiplication factor keff

k
keff = εηpf PN LF PN LT = k∞ PN L = k.
six-factor formula
5.4 FOUR- AND SIX-FACTOR FORMULAS FOR MULTIPLICATION FACTOR 125
Figure 5.9
k∞ four-factor formula
k∞ = εηpf,
PN L
PN LF PN LT
ε=
= ,
νΣf
η= = ,
ΣFa
p=
= ,
f=
ΣF
a
= = .
ΣF NF
a + Σa
η f
Σa ΣF
a ΣNF
a
ηf
k∞
ε
p
5.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS
keff
keff
References

Principles and Techniques of Applied Mathematics

Ann. Nucl. Energy 38

Problems
5.1 S0 · −1
Σa D
dr r
L2
5.2 L2
5.3
Σ
5.4 2H
−2 −1
S · z=0
φ(z)
J− (H) = J+ (−H) = 0
φ(z) φ(z) = 0 |z| = H + 2D
φ(z)
Σa Σs , Σa Σtr , H λtr
5.5 2H
D Σa
−3 −1
Q ·
H φ(x) x
5.6 Q
−3 −1
· D Σa
a = 25 μ
F
2
A
−1
D = 0.14 Σa =
−1
ΣIn
a = 7.39 F
5.7
5.8
R
S · −1
Σa = 3.33 × 10−3 −1
D = 0.90 R = 0.1
5.9 v0
H σ
v0
−2 −1
5.10 I0 ·
v0 H
v0 Σa0 , Σs0 D
2
V
v
5.11 H
Σa
−2 −1
D S0 ·
x=0
d H
φ(x) x
2
x=H
5.12 2H k∞ , D,
Σa H
D Σa
S0
−3 −1
·
φc (x)
5.13 Σa
D
−2 −1
S0 ·
5.14
D Σa
−3 −1
Q · 2H
φ(x)
5.15
5.16 H
Σa
−2 −1
D S0 ·
x=0
d H
φ(x) x
2
x=0
5.17
CB
ρ %Δk/k CB
differential boron worth Δρ/ΔCB
5.18 H0
D= L2 = 2
keff
5.19 H = 100
−1
D=5 Σa = 0.1
keff
5.20 thin 2a b
νΣf ΣaF
DM ΣaM
J(a)/φ(a)
5.21 Σa νΣf D
R Q · −3 −1
φ(r) Σa < νΣf Rc
φ(0)
5.22 R Σa D
252
5.23
σc = σc
252
5 × 1013 · −2 −1
252
5.24 H
Σa
−2 −1
D I0 ·
x=0
d H
φ(x) x
2
x=0
5.25
R1
R0 B2
5.26 H
γ
B2 D
5.27 H D, Σa νΣf
D Σa
H
CHAPTER 6
NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF THE

∇ · J(r) + Σ(r)φ(r) = S(r).
Σ = Σa
S(r) = νΣf φ(r)/λ λ

©
132 CHAPTER 6: NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF THE NEUTRON DIFFUSION EQUATION
6.1 FINITE DIFFERENCE FORM OF DIFFUSION EQUATION
N
S
S(r) = νΣf φ(r)/λ

1 d p dφ(x)
− D(x)x + Σ(x)φ(x) = S(x),
xp dx dx
p=0 p=1
hn , n = 1, 2, . . . , N
D(x) = Dn Σ(x) = Σn x ∈ [xn , xn+1 ]
φ(x) = φn x ∈ [x0n−1 , x0n ],
hn
x0n = xn + hn = xn+1 − xn .
2
6.1 FINITE DIFFERENCE FORM OF DIFFUSION EQUATION 133
Dx Σ x
Σ Σ
φ x φ φ φ
dφ x ⎛⎜ φ − φ − ⎞ ⎛⎜ φ + −φ ⎞
dx ⎝ − ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
Figure 6.1
dφ(x) φn+1 − φn
= x ∈ [xn , xn+1 ].
dx hn
φ(x)
dφ(x)/dx
xp [x0n−1 , x0n ]
φn
x0n x0n
d p dφ

p dφ
I1 = − Dx dx = − Dx
x0n−1 dx dx dx x0n−1

p
φn+1 − φn 0 p φn − φn−1
I1 = −Dn x0n + Dn−1 xn−1
hn hn−1
= − Dn (φn+1 − φn ) + Dn−1 (φn − φn−1 ) ,
p p
Dn x0n Dn hn
Dn = = xn + .
hn hn 2
p=0
Dn = Dn /hn
I1 = − Dn−1 φn−1 + ( Dn−1 + Dn ) φn − Dn φn+1 .

n = 2, . . . , N
n=1
n = N +1 D0 = DN +1 = 0
D
n = 1, . . . , N + 1
n
x0n x0n
I2 = Σφxp dx = φn Σxp dx
x0n−1 x0n−1

xn x0n
= φn Σn−1 xp dx + Σn xp dx .
x0n−1 xn
φn 0 p+1 p+1
0

I2 = Σn−1 xp+1
n − x n−1 + Σ n x n − x p+1
n
p+1

I2 = Σn φn = Σ− +
n + Σn φ n ,
p+1 p
− Σ n−1 h n−1 Σn−1 hn−1 hn−1
Σn = x p+1
− xn−1 + = xn − ,
p+1 n 2 2 4
p+1 p
Σn hn Σn hn hn
Σ+
n = xn + − xp+1
n = xn + .
p+1 2 2 4
p = 0 Σn =
(Σn hn + Σn−1 hn−1 )/2
φn [x0n−1 , x0n ]
xn
Σ− +
1 = ΣN +1 = 0.
6.1 FINITE DIFFERENCE FORM OF DIFFUSION EQUATION 135
x0n x0n
p νΣf p
I3 = Sx dx = φx dx,
x0n−1 x0n−1 λ
1 1
I 3 = Sn = νΣf n φn = νΣ−
fn + νΣ +
fn φn ,
λ λ
p
νΣf,n−1 hn−1 hn−1
νΣ−
f n = xn − ,
2 4
p
νΣf n hn hn
νΣ+
fn = x n + .
2 4
p=0
νΣf n = (νΣf n hn + νΣf,n−1 hn−1 )/2
νΣ− +
f 1 = νΣf,N +1 = 0.
− Dn−1 φn−1 + ( Dn−1 + Dn + Σn )φn − Dn φn+1 = Sn ,
an φn−1 + bn φn + cn φn+1 = Sn , n = 1, . . . , N + 1,
an = − Dn−1 ,
bn = Dn−1 + Dn + Σn = Dn−1 + Dn + Σ− +
n + Σn ,
cn = − Dn ,
Sn = Sn .
a1 = cN +1 = 0 D0 =
DN +1 = 0
{φ1 , φ2 , . . . , φN +1 }
φ(x)
b1 bN +1
n
an = cn−1
an = −D/h = cn−1 ,
bn = 2D/h + Σh,
1
Sn = νΣf φn h.
λ
6.2 FLUX SOLUTION ALGORITHM: INNER ITERATION
AΦ = S.
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
b1 c1 0 · · 0 φ1 S1
⎢ a2 b2 c2 · · 0 ⎥ ⎢ φ2 ⎥ ⎢ S2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 a3 b3 c3 · 0 ⎥ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
A =⎢ , Φ =⎢ φ3 ⎥, S = ⎢ S3 ⎥ .
⎢ · · · · · ⎥ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 ⎢ · ⎥ ⎢ · ⎥
⎣ 0 0 · a N bN cN ⎦ ⎣ φN ⎦ ⎣ SN ⎦
0 0 0 · aN +1 bN +1 φN +1 SN +1
Q
F νΣf
1 1
AΦ = Q = F Φ,
λ λ
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
νΣf 1 φ1 νΣf 1 0 0 · · 0
⎢ νΣf 2 φ2 ⎥ ⎢ 0 νΣ 0 · · 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ f2 ⎥
⎢ νΣf 3 φ3 ⎥ ⎢ νΣf 3 · ⎥
Q=⎢ ⎥, F =⎢ 0 0 0 0 ⎥.
⎢ · ⎥ ⎢ 0 · · · · · ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ νΣf N φN ⎦ ⎣ 0 0 · 0 νΣf N 0 ⎦
νΣf,N +1 φN +1 0 0 0 · 0 νΣf,N +1
a1 = cN +1 = 0
6.2 FLUX SOLUTION ALGORITHM: INNER ITERATION 137
A L
U A LU
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
α1 0 0 · · 0 1 q1 0 · · 0
⎢ a2 α2 0 · · 0 ⎥ ⎢ 0 1 q2 · · 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 a3 α3 0 · 0 ⎥ ⎢ 0 0 1 q3 · 0 ⎥
L =⎢
⎢ 0
⎥, U=⎢
⎥ ⎢
⎥.
⎥
⎢ · · · · · ⎥ ⎢ 0 · · · · · ⎥
⎣ 0 0 · aN α N 0 ⎦ ⎣ 0 0 · 0 1 qN ⎦
0 0 0 · aN +1 αN +1 0 0 0 · 0 1
L U
cn
αn = bn − an qn−1 , qn = , n = 1, . . . , N + 1,
αn
a1 = cN +1 = 0 L
⎡ 1 ⎤
0 0 · · 0
⎢ α1 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 a2 1 ⎥
⎢ − 0 · · 0 ⎥
⎢ α1 α2 α2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ a2 a3 1 a3 1 ⎥
⎢ − 0 · 0 ⎥
L−1 =⎢ α1 α2 α3 α2 α3 α3 ⎥.
⎢ ⎥
⎢ · · · · · · ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ · · · · · 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1 ⎦
· · · · ·
αN +1
U Φ = L−1 S = M,
M mn
Sn − an mn−1 Sn − an mn−1
mn = = , n = 1, . . . , N + 1.
αn bn − an qn−1
U
⎡ ⎤
1 −q1 q1 q2 −q1 q2 q3 · ·
⎢ 0 1 −q2 q2 q3 · · ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 0 1 −q3 · · ⎥
U −1 =⎢
⎢
⎥,
⎥
⎢ 0 · · · · · ⎥
⎣ 0 0 · 0 1 −qN ⎦
0 0 0 · 0 1
Φ = U −1 M.
forward elimination step

backward
substitution step
φn = mn − qn φn+1 , n = 1, . . . , N.
φN +1 =
mN +1 xN +1
φn−1 φn
(cn −bn qn +an qn−1 qn )φn+1 +(an mn−1 +bn mn −an mn qn−1 −Sn ) = 0.
qn mn a1 = 0
c1 S1
α1 = b1 , q1 = , m1 = .
b1 b1
qn , mn n =
2, . . . , N
(q1 , m1 )
φN +1 qN +1 mN +1
φn , n = 1, . . . , N φ(x)
inner iteration
6.3 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FOR DIFFERENCE EQUATION
m1 q1
x1
xN +1 φN +1
6.3 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FOR DIFFERENCE EQUATION 139
Figure 6.2
Figure 6.3 x1
x = x1 φ(x1 ) = φ1 = 0
φ(x) x = x1
m1 − q1 φ2 = φ1 = 0,
a1 = 0 S1 = m1 = 0
q1 = 0.
x = x1 dφ(x1 )/dx = 0
x1
x01
d p dφ
0 p φ 2 − φ 1
I1 = − Dx dx = −D1 x1 = D1 φ1 − D1 φ2 .
x1 dx dx h1
D 0 = Σ−
1 = 0 a1 = 0 b1
b1 = D 1 + Σ +
1 ,
b1 φ 1 + c 1 φ 2 = S1 .
c1 S1
q1 = , m1 = ,
b1 b1
b1
x = xN +1 φ(xN +1 ) = φN +1 = 0
φN = mN ,
x = xN +1 dφ(xN +1 )/dx = 0
DN +1 = Σ+N +1 = 0 cN +1 = 0 bN +1
bN +1 = DN + Σ−
N +1 .
aN +1 φN + bN +1 φN +1 = SN +1
φN
SN +1 − aN +1 mN
φN +1 = ,
bN +1 − aN +1 qN
mN +1
M
6.4 SOURCE OR OUTER ITERATION

6.4 SOURCE OR OUTER ITERATION 141
S(x)
S(x) = νΣf φ(x)/λ
φ(x) λ
φ(x)
S(x)
A
inner iteration
outer iteration source iteration

power iteration
method
Q0 λ0 Φ1
1 0
AΦ1 = Q
λ0
Q1
Q1n = νΣf n φ1n , n = 1, . . . , N + 1
λ1
1 1
AΦ1 = Q .
λ1
i
1 i
AΦi+1 = Q.
λi
Φi+1
Qi+1
n = νΣf n φi+1
n , n = 1, . . . .N + 1,
1
AΦi+1 = Qi+1
λi+1
N +1
{φi+1
1 , φ2 , . . . , φN +1 }
i+1 i+1
{Qi+1
1 , Q i+1
2 , . . . , Q N +1 }
i+1
i+1
λ
λi+1
N +1
N"
+1 N"
+1
Qi+1
n Qi+1
n
i+1 n=1 n=1
λ = +1
N" = N +1
.
AΦ
i+1
1 i
Q
n=1 n λi n=1 n

N +1
λ0 = Q0n ,
n=1

N +1
N +1
λi+1 = Qi+1
n = νΣf n φi+1
n ,
n=1 n=1
i+1
λ − λi

λi+1 < ελ ,
i+1
Qn − Qin
max < εp ,
1≤n≤N +1 Qi+1
n

ελ εp
ω

1 i 1 1 i
S i+1
= i Q + ω i+1 Q i+1
− iQ ,
λ λ λ
Qi λi Qi+1 λi+1
ω
ω = 1.8
S ω > 1.0
Si Si+1
over-relaxation scheme over-relaxation parameter ω

6.5 RELATIVE POWER DISTRIBUTION AND OVERALL FLOW CHART 143
6.5 RELATIVE POWER DISTRIBUTION AND OVERALL FLOW

CHART
P (r) = Ef Σf (r)φ(r)
Ef
−3 −3
Ef · ·
relative power distribution

V
average core power density
1 1
S(r)dr = Q(r)dr = νΣf φ(r)dr = 1.0,
V λ V λ V
1
Prel (r) = V νΣf φ(r),
λ
Prel (r)
H
Q(z) 1 π πz
Prel (z) = S(z)H = H = H νΣf φ(z) = cos ,
λ λ 2 H
ψ0 (z)
φ(z)
H S(z)
Prel (z)
axial power peaking factor Fz
overall power peaking factor Fq
Prel (r)
n
average
flux
# $
−
νΣf n x+
n φn + xn+1 φn+1
Pn = V, n = 1, . . . , N,
λ x+ −
n + xn+1
p p
hn hn
x+
n = xn + x−
n+1 = xn+1 − .
4 4
H n

νΣf n φn + φn+1
Pn = H, n = 1, . . . , N.
λ 2
1
N
Pn = 1.0
N n=1
Pn Fz
face-centered differencing scheme

6.6 SINGLE-CHANNEL FLUX SYNTHESIS 145
Φ+ = λ
+
= < νΣ > φ +
+
λ+ =∑ +
λ + −λ
λ+
+
−
+
Figure 6.4
body-centered
6.6 SINGLE-CHANNEL FLUX SYNTHESIS

φ(r, z)
single-channel flux synthesis
φ(r, z)
φ(r, z) = θ(r)Z(z)
θ(r)
Z(z)

νΣf
D ∇2r + ∇2z θ(r)Z(z) + − Σa θ(r)Z(z) = 0.
λ
d2
∇2z = ,
dz 2

1 d d
∇2r = r .
r dr dr
D

% & 1 νΣf
Z(z)∇2r θ(r) + θ(r)∇2z Z(z) + − Σa θ(r)Z(z) = 0.
D λ
keff = λ

1 νΣf 2
− Σa = Bm = Bg2 .
D λ
DBg2
Σa
Br2 Bz2
∇2r θ(r) + Br2 θ(r) = 0

6.6 SINGLE-CHANNEL FLUX SYNTHESIS 147

νΣf
D∇2z Z(z) + − (Σa + DBr2 ) Z(z) = 0.
λ
2
Σeff
a,z = Σa + DBr .
Z(z) λ
Z(z)
transverse leakage in the radial direction
λ
DBr2
λ = keff
θ(r)
d2 Z(z)
∇2z Z(z) + Bz2 Z(z) = + Bz2 Z(z) = 0
dz 2

νΣf
D∇2r θ(r) + 2
− (Σa + DBz ) θ(r) = 0.
λ
θ(r) φ(r, z)
2
Σeff
a,r = Σa + DBz .
λ
keff
Figure 6.5 N =4
Example 6.1
h = 73.315 D = 4.61
−1 −1
Σa = 0.157 , νΣf = 0.161 Br2 = 3.39 × 10−4
−2
Φ = [φ2 , φ3 , φ4 ]T . × A
λ νΣf h/k
⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
b2 c2 0 φ2 φ2
AΦ = ⎣ a3 b3 c3 ⎦ ⎣ φ3 ⎦ = λ ⎣ φ3 ⎦ ,
0 a4 b4 φ4 φ4
b2 = b3 = b4 = 11.7508, c2 = a3 = c3 = a4 = −0.0628794, νΣf h = 11.80371.
eig M AT LAB
λ
Φ = [0.5000, 0.7071, 0.5000]T .
Φ = [0.0, 0.02513, 0.03550, 0.02513, 0.0]T ,
k
keff = νΣf /(Σa +
DBg2 ) = 1.0120
6.7 MULTIDIMENSIONAL FINITE DIFFERENCE FORMULATION 149
Figure 6.6
6.7 MULTIDIMENSIONAL FINITE DIFFERENCE FORMULATION
6.7.1 Two-Dimensional Matrix Formulation

V0
φ0 Σ0 S0
r-z
Jk = n · J Ak , k = 1, . . . , 4 V0 n
4

Jk Ak + Σ0 φ0 V0 = S0 V0 .
k=1
J1 A1
D0 V0 D1 V0
φ1/2 A1
φ0 − φ1/2 φ1/2 − φ1
J1 = D 0 = D1 .
ΔR0 /2 ΔR1 /2
ΔR0
ΔR1 r
A1 φ1/2
φ0 φ1
D1 φ1 ΔR0 + D0 φ0 ΔR1
φ1/2 = ,
D1 ΔR0 + D0 ΔR1
D0 D1 (φ0 − φ1 ) ΔR0 + ΔR1

J1 = · .
D1 ΔR0 + D0 ΔR1 (ΔR0 + ΔR1 )/2
V0
Dk (φ0 − φk )
Jk = , k = 1, . . . , 4,
k
k

(ΔR0 + ΔRk ) /2, k = 1, 2,
k =
(ΔZ0 + ΔZk ) /2, k = 3, 4,
Dk
⎧
⎪ D0 Dk (ΔR0 + ΔRk )
⎪
⎪ , k = 1, 2,
⎨ D ΔR + D ΔR
0 k k 0
Dk =
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩ D0 Dk (ΔZ0 + ΔZk ) , k = 3, 4.
D0 ΔZk + Dk ΔZ0
Dk k=1
1 ΔR0 /D0 + ΔRk /Dk
=
Dk ΔR0 + ΔRk
ck = Dk Ak / k
4

ck (φ0 − φk ) + Σ0 φ0 V0 = S0 V0 .
k=1
aij φi−1,j + bij φij + cij φi+1,j + dij φi,j−1 + eij φi,j+1 = Sij ,
i = 1, . . . , I, j = 1, . . . , J,
"
4
aij = −c1 , bij = ck + Σ0 V0 , cij = −c2 , dij = −c3 , eij = −c4 ,
k=1
φij = φ0 , φi−1,j = φ1 , φi+1,j = φ2 , φi,j−1 = φ3 , φi,j+1 = φ4 , Sij = S0 V0 .
AΦ = S
(x y) ΔR, ΔZ ΔX, ΔY
(x y)
z
6.7.2 Three-Dimensional Formulation
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
B1 C1 0 · · 0 Φ1 S1
⎢ A2 B2 C2 · · 0 ⎥ ⎢ Φ2 ⎥ ⎢ S2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 A3 B3 C3 · 0 ⎥ ⎢ Φ3 ⎥ ⎢ S3 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
A =⎢
⎢ 0 0 · · · · ⎥, Φ =⎢
⎥ ⎢
⎥, S = ⎢
⎥ ⎢ · ⎥.
⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ · ⎥ ⎢ · ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 0 · · · · ⎦ ⎣ · ⎦ ⎣ · ⎦
0 0 0 · AJ BJ ΦJ SJ
Aj Φj−1 + Bj Φj + Cj Φj+1 = Sj , j = 1, . . . , J.
Figure 6.7
Figure 6.8
Bj
⎡ ⎤
b1j c1j 0 0 0
⎢ a2j b2j c2j 0 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
Bj =⎢
⎢ 0 · · · 0 ⎥,
⎥
⎣ 0 0 · · cI−1,j ⎦
0 0 0 aIj bIj
Aj Cj dij eij
p+1 A
Bj Φp+1
j = −Aj Φp+1 p
j−1 − Cj Φj+1 + Sj = Qj , j = 1, . . . , J,
Qj j
Bj Φp+1
j
successive over-relaxation
Φp+1
j = Φpj + ω(Φp+1
j − Φpj ),
ω
Bj
successive relaxation Gauss-Seidel
algorithm
successive line over-relaxation
(L + D)Φp+1 + U Φp = S,
D L U
Figure 6.9
p+1
Φp+1 = D−1 [−LΦp+1 − U Φp + S].
6.7.3 Convergence Properties of Matrix Iteration Schemes
x
B z p
xp+1 = Bxp + z.
lim xp = x∞ , x∞ = Bx∞ + z,
p→∞
p x
p = xp − x∞ = B(p−1 + x∞ ) + z − x∞ = Bp−1 = B p 0 .
lim p = lim B p 0 = 0.
p→∞ p→∞
B
ei λi Bei = λi ei

0 = αi ei B p 0 = αi (λi )p ei
i i
{αi }
6.8 COARSE-MESH DIFFUSION EQUATION SOLVER 155
|λi | < 1.0, ∀i

spectral radius μ(B) = maxi |λi |
n
|λni − λn−1
i | ∝ ρn , ∀i,
dominance ratio ρ = k1 /k0 k0 k1
k
6.8 COARSE-MESH DIFFUSION EQUATION SOLVER
6.8.1 Nodal Expansion Method

nodal expansion method
∇ · J + Σφ = S A1
A2 x1 x2
Jk (x) φk (x) Sk (x) xk , k = 1, 2
1
Jk (x) = dydzJ(x, y, z),
Ak
1
φk (x) = dydzφ(x, y, z),
Ak
1
Sk (x) = dydzS(x, y, z),
Ak

1 ∂ ∂
Lk (x) = dydz + J(x, y, z),
Ak ∂y ∂z

1
= dz(J4 − J3 ) + dy(J6 − J5 ) ,
Ak
Figure 6.10 x
J , = 3, . . . , 6 y z
Lk (x) Sk (x)
Qk (x)
x0
J2 − J1 + Σφ0 h = Q0 h,
h
x2 x2
φk (x)dx = φ0 h, Qk (x)dx = Q0 h, Jk = Jk+ − Jk− , k = 1, 2.
x1 x1
N φ(x)

N
x
φ(x) = an fn (u), u = , u=0 ,
n=0
h
a11 J1− + a12 J2+ = g1 (φ0 , J1+ , J2− ),
a21 J1− + a22 J2+ = g2 (φ0 , J1+ , J2− ).
J1+ J2−
{φ0 , J1 , J2 , J1+ , J2− }
− +
0 N =2
f0 = 1, f1 = u, f2 = 3u2 − 0.25
N =4 Lk (x)
6.8 COARSE-MESH DIFFUSION EQUATION SOLVER 157

i+j+k≤N
x y z
φ(x, y, z) = cijk fi fj fk ,
hx hy hz
i,j,k=0
cijk
6.8.2 Pin-Power Reconstruction Algorithm
φf orm (x, y)
φglobal (x, y)
φreactor (x, y) = φf orm (x, y) · φglobal (x, y).
φglobal (x, y)
φglobal (x, y) =
φhomog (x, y)
assembly discontinuity factor ξ
φhet
ξ=
φhomog
φ∗homog
φreactor (x, y) = φf orm (x, y) · φ∗homog (x, y),

ξ − φ∗− + ∗+
homog = ξ φhomog ξ − < 1.0
+
ξ > 1.0
Figure 6.11 Source:
6.9 KRYLOV SUBSPACE METHOD AS A DIFFUSION EQUATION

SOLVER
Krylov subspace
method
{v1 , v2 , · · · , vm } n n
Ax = b
p(A) A−1
x0 r0 = b − Ax0 Km (A, r0 ) =
{r0 , Ar0 , · · · , Am−1 r0 } q m−1 (A) m−1
A−1 b xm x0 + q m−1 (A)r0 , x0 = 0
A−1 b q m−1 (A)b
6.9 KRYLOV SUBSPACE METHOD AS A DIFFUSION EQUATION SOLVER 159
Arnoldi’s method
A(n×n)
n v1 v1 2 = 1

j
wj = Avj − < Avj , vi > vi ,
i=1
vj+1 = wj /wj 2 , j = 1, 2, · · · m.
hij =< Avj , vi > hj+1,j = wj 2

j
j+1
Avj = wj + hij vi = vi hij ,
i=1 i=1
V (n×m) = [v1 , v2 , · · · , vm ] H(m×m)
AV = V H + wm eTm , eTm (1×m) = [0, 0, · · · , 1]T .
hm+1,m = wm 2
V H
V (n×m)
V T AV = (V T V )H = H, < vm , wm >= 0.
upper Hessenberg matrix H(m×m)

hij = 0, i > j + 1
i = 1, · · · , m A
Ax = λx x=Vy
AV y = λV y = V (λy) = V (Hy).
Hy = λy,
Ax = λx
x λ
H m y x
× × = × = > +
Figure 6.12 A
H A
QR
Example 6.2
A
AΦ = (1/λ)Q = (1/λ)F Φ λΦ = A−1 F Φ ≡ A∗ Φ. A
Q
Φ
A
T
v1
A∗ v1 = [1.00453, 5.37548 × 10−3 , 2.87646 × 10−5 ]T
< A∗ v1 , v1 >= h11 = 1.004533
w1 = A∗ v1 − < A∗ v1 , v1 > v1 = [0.0, 5.37548 × 10−3 , 2.87646 × 10−5 ]T .
v2 = [0.0, 0.999986, 5.35100 × 10−3 ]T .

6.9 KRYLOV SUBSPACE METHOD AS A DIFFUSION EQUATION SOLVER 161
⎡ ⎤
1.0 0.0 0.0
V = [v1 , v2 , v3 ] = ⎣ 0.0 0.999986 −5.35100 × 10−3 ⎦ ,
0.0 5.35100 × 10−3 0.999986
A∗ V = [A∗ v1 , A∗ v2 , A∗ v3 ]
⎡ ⎤
1.000453 5.37556 × 10−3 −2.64323 × 10−17
= ⎣ 5.37548 × 10−3 1.00458 −4.93963 × 10−15 ⎦
−5 −2
2.87646 × 10 1.07507 × 10 1.00449
⎡ ⎤
h11 h12 h13
= V H = [v1 , v2 , v3 ] ⎣ h21 h22 h23 ⎦ ,
0 h32 h33
⎡ ⎤
1.000453 5.375561 × 10−3 −2.64323 × 10−17
H = ⎣ 5.375561 × 10−3 1.004619 5.375022 × 10−3 ⎦
0.0 5.375022 × 10−3 1.004475
h43 = 4.94085 × 10−15 0.0.
eig M AT LAB
λ = {λ1 , λ2 , λ3 } = {1.0122, 1.0045, 0.9970}
⎡ ⎤
0.5000 0.7071 0.5000
Y = [y1 , y2 , y3 ] = ⎣ 0.7098 −0.0038 −0.7044 ⎦ .
0.4962 −0.7071 0.5038
x1 y1
x1 = V y1 = [0.5000, 0.7071, 0.5000]T ,
x2 = [0.7071, 0.0, −0.7071]T x3 = [0.5000, −0.7071, 0.5000]T .
λ1 = x1
k Φ
T
162 CHAPTER 6: FINITE DIFFERENCE SOLUTION OF THE NEUTRON DIFFUSION EQUATION
H(m × m)
m
implicit restarted Arnoldi method
condition number A
precondition
M MA AM
References
Proc. M&C Conf.
¨ Numerical Methods
Nucl.
Technol. 171
Trans. Am. Nucl Soc. 84

Prog. Nucl. Energy 17
ARPACK Users’ Guide:

Solution of Large-scale Eigenvalue Problems with Implicitly Restarted Arnoldi
Methods
−
Nucl. Sci. Eng. 32
Iterative Methods for Sparse Linear Systems
Nuclear Reactor Physics
Nucl. Sci. Eng. 120

Fundamentals of Matrix Computations
Problems
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
164 CHAPTER 6: FINITE DIFFERENCE SOLUTION OF THE NEUTRON DIFFUSION EQUATION
6.5 ω
6.6
6.7
6.8 A
L U L−1
−1
U
6.9 a11 , a12 , a21 , a22

g 1 , g2
0.5
duφ(u) = φ0 , φ(−0.5) = φ1 , φ(0.5) = φ2 ,
−0.5
an , n = 0, 1, 2, φ 0 , φ1 φ2
J ± (x) J1 = J(−0.5)
J2 = J(0.5) an , n = 0, 1, 2, φ0 , J1± J2±
6.10
β
CHAPTER 7
APPLICATIONS OF THE TWO-GROUP


©
166 CHAPTER 7: APPLICATIONS OF THE TWO-GROUP NEUTRON DIFFUSION EQUATION
7.1 DERIVATION OF MULTI-GROUP NEUTRON DIFFUSION

EQUATION
∞
1 ∂φ(r, E, t)
= χ(E) dE νΣf (E )φ(r, E , t) + Q(r, E, t)
v ∂t 0
∞
+ dE Σs (E → E)φ(r, E , t) − Σt (E)φ(r, E, t) + ∇ · D(E)∇φ(r, E, t).
0
lethargy
E0
u = ln ,
E
E0
E0
E0
φ(E)dE = φ(u)du

dE
φ(u) = φ(E) = Eφ(E).
du
7.1 DERIVATION OF MULTI-GROUP NEUTRON DIFFUSION EQUATION 167
Figure 7.1
∞
1 ∂φ(r, u, t)
= χ(u) du νΣf (u )φ(r, u , t) + Q(r, u, t)
v ∂t 0
∞
+ du Σs (u → u)φ(r, u , t) −Σt (u)φ(r, u, t)+∇ · D(u)∇φ(r, u, t).
0
n Δn = un − un−1 , n = 1, . . . , N
n
un
φn (r, t) = du φ(r, u, t) = du φ(r, u, t).
un−1 Δn
φn (r, t) n
−2 −1
duΣt (u)φ(r, u, t) duΣt (u)φ(r, u, t)

Δn Δn
Σtn = = .
φn (r, t)
du φ(r, u, t)
Δn
σ(v) σeff
σ(v) σeff
φ(r, u, t)
φn (r, t)
φ(r, u, t)
φ(r, u, t) = ψ(r, t)θ(u)
θ(u)
θ(u)
θ(u)
θ(u)
duΣt (u)
Δn
Σtn = .
Δn
θ(u) θ(E) ∝ 1/E

n
1 1 φ(r, u, t)
= du
vn φn Δn v
χn = duχ(u).
Δn
Δn
∞
N
du du Σs (u → u)φ(r, u , t) = du du Σs (u → u)φ(r, u , t)
Δn 0 j=1 Δn Δj

N
= Σs,j→n φj (r, t),
j=1
j Σs,j→n
7.1 DERIVATION OF MULTI-GROUP NEUTRON DIFFUSION EQUATION 169
du du Σs (u → u)φ(r, u , t)

Δn Δj
Σs,j→n =
du φ(r, u , t)
Δj
1
= du du Σs (u → u).
Δj Δn Δj
θ(u)
Dn
n
duD(u)∇φ(r, u, t) = Dn du∇φ(r, u, t)
Δn Δn
n
Jn = −Dn ∇φn .
∇φ(r, u, t)
duD(u)∇φ(r, u, t) ∇ duD(u)φ(r, u, t) = ∇(Dn φn ) = Dn ∇φn ,

Δn Δn
duD(u)φ(r, u, t)
Δn
Dn = .
φn
Σtn
Dn
transport cross section
{χn , n = 1, . . . , N }
Σj→n ≡ Σs,j→n
Qn (r, t) multigroup diffusion equation
1 ∂φn (r, t) "

N "
N
= χn νΣf j φj (r, t) + Qn (r, t)+ Σj→n φj (r, t)
vn ∂t j=1 j=1
−Σtn φn (r, t) + ∇ · Dn ∇φn (r, t).
(17 × 17)
7.2 STEADY-STATE MULTI-GROUP DIFFUSION EQUATION
n removal cross section

N
ΣRn = Σtn − Σn→n = Σan + Σn→j
j=n
ΣRn
χn
N N
−∇ · Dn ∇φn (r) + ΣRn φn (r) = νΣf j φj (r)+ Σj→n φj (r),
λ j=1
j=n
steady-state MGD equation

N
1 1
LΦ = χFT Φ = M Φ,
λ λ
7.2 STEADY-STATE MULTI-GROUP DIFFUSION EQUATION 171
⎡ ⎤
−∇·D1 ∇ + ΣR1 −Σ2→1 −Σ3→1 · −ΣN →1
⎢ −Σ1→2 −∇·D2 ∇ + ΣR2 −Σ3→2 · −ΣN →2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
L =⎢
⎢ −Σ1→3 −Σ2→3 −∇·D3 ∇ + ΣR3 · −ΣN →3 ⎥,
⎥
⎣ · · · · · ⎦
−Σ1→N −Σ2→N −Σ3→N · −∇·DN ∇ + ΣRN ,
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
χ1 νΣf 1 φ1
⎢ χ2 ⎥ ⎢ νΣf 2 ⎥ ⎢ φ2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
χ=⎢
⎢ · ⎥, F = ⎢
⎥ ⎢ · ⎥, Φ = ⎢
⎥ ⎢ · ⎥,
⎥
⎣ · ⎦ ⎣ · ⎦ ⎣ · ⎦
χN νΣf N φN
⎡ ⎤
χ1 νΣf 1 χ1 νΣf 2 . . χ1 νΣf N
⎢ χ2 νΣf 1 χ2 νΣf 2 . . χ2 νΣf N ⎥
⎢ ⎥
M =⎢
⎢ . . . . . ⎥.
⎥
⎣ . . . . . ⎦
χN νΣf 1 χN νΣf 2 . χN νΣf,N −1 χN νΣf N
effective multiplication
factor λ = keff = k
cadmium cutoff energy

Ecc = 0.625
fast epithermal
group thermal group
χ1 1.0 χ2
0.0
removal cross sections
ΣR1 = Σa1 + Σ1→2 ΣR2 = Σa2 + Σ2→1 two-group neutron
diffusion equations
1
−∇ · D1 ∇φ1 (r) + ΣR1 φ1 (r) − Σ2→1 φ2 (r) = [νΣf 1 φ1 (r) + νΣf 2 φ2 (r)],
k
−∇ · D2 ∇φ2 (r) + ΣR2 φ2 (r) = Σ1→2 φ1 (r).
effective slowing-down cross section Σr = Σ1→2 Σa2 /(Σa2 + Σ2→1 )
1
−∇ · D1 ∇φ1 (r) + (Σa1 + Σr )φ1 (r) = [νΣf 1 φ1 (r) + νΣf 2 φ2 (r)],
k
−∇ · D2 ∇φ2 (r) + Σa2 φ2 (r) = Σr φ1 (r).
Σr
ΣR1
Σr Σ1→2
Σ2→1
Σ1→2
Ecc
∼
keff
7.3 TWO-GROUP FORM OF EFFECTIVE MULTIPLICATION FACTOR
keff = k
7.3 TWO-GROUP FORM OF EFFECTIVE MULTIPLICATION FACTOR 173
B12 B22
∇2 φ1 (r) + B12 φ1 (r) = 0,
∇2 φ2 (r) + B22 φ2 (r) = 0.
1
(D1 B12 + Σa1 + Σr )φ1 = (νΣf 1 φ1 + νΣf 2 φ2 ),
k
(D2 B22 + Σa2 )φ2 = Σr φ1 .

k
νΣf 1 φ1 + νΣf 2 φ2
k= ,
(D1 B12 + Σa1 + Σr )φ1
φ2 /φ1
effective multiplication
factor

1 Σr
k = keff = 2 νΣf 1 + νΣf 2 2 .
D1 B1 + Σa1 + Σr D2 B2 + Σa2
B12 = B22 = 0 infinite

multiplication factor
νΣf 1 νΣf 2 Σr
k∞ = + ≡ k1 + k2 ,
Σa1 + Σr Σa2 Σa1 + Σr
k1 k2 k∞
fast thermal diffusion lengths L1 L2
D1 D2
L21 = , L22 = ,
Σa1 + Σr Σa2
k∞ (1 + k1 L22 B22 /k∞ )

k= .
(1 + L21 B12 )(1 + L22 B22 )
L22 B22
k = k∞ PN LT PN LF ,
fast thermal non-leakage probabilities
1 1
PN LF = , PN LT = .
1 + L21 B12 1 + L22 B22
B12 = B22 = B 2
L21 B12 L22 B22 L22 B22 L21 B12
k∞ k∞
k ,
(1 + L21 B 2 )(1 + L22 B 2 ) 1 + M 2B2
neutron migration area
D1 D2
M 2 = L21 + L22 = + .
Σa1 + Σr Σa2
L21 Fermi age

τ
k = k∞ PN L
total nonleakage probability

1
PN L = PN LF PN LT .
1 + M 2B2
Σr
resonance escape probability
Σr
p= .
Σa1 + Σr
7.3 TWO-GROUP FORM OF EFFECTIVE MULTIPLICATION FACTOR 175
p
thermal utilization f
ΣF
a2
f= ,
Σa2
number of neutrons released per thermal neutron absorption in fuel
νΣf 2
η= ,
ΣF
a2
k∞ = k1 + pf η.
four-factor
formula ε = 1 + k1 /k2 ,
k1 k2 /3 ε
fast fission factor
k∞
Example 7.1
k∞ Σr
−1 −1 −1
n D Σa νΣf Σn→j
×10−2 ×10−3 ×10−2
×10−2 ×10−1 ×10−3
Σ1→j = Σ1→2 Σ2→j = Σ2→1
φ1 /φ2 = (Σa2 + Σ2→1 )/Σ1→2 = 5.960

Σa = (Σa1 φ1 + Σa2 φ2 )/(φ1 + φ2 ) = 0.02168 −1
−1 −1
νΣf = 0.02215 Σr = 0.01524
−1
Σtr = 0.3192 D = 1.0442
B 2 = 4.056 × 10−4 −2
2
φ1 /φ2 = (D2 B + Σa2 + Σ2→1 )/Σ1→2 = 5.971
B 2 = 0.0
−1 −1
Σa = 0.02166 , νΣf = 0.02212 D = 1.0446
k∞ = 1.022 k1 = 0.247 k2 = 0.775
k∞
7.4 GENERAL TWO-GROUP DIFFUSION ANALYSIS
L1
L1
L2
(4 × 4)
k
φ1 (r φ2 (r)
inner iteration
outer iteration
−∇ · Dn (r)∇φn (r) + Σn (r)φn (r) = Sn (r), n = 1, 2,

7.4 GENERAL TWO-GROUP DIFFUSION ANALYSIS 177
()
()
()
Figure 7.2
Σ1 = Σa1 + Σr = ΣR1 , S1 = (νΣf 1 φ1 + νΣf 2 φ2 ) /λ,

Σ2 = Σa2 = ΣR2 , S2 = Σr φ1 .
An Φn = Sn , n = 1, 2.
S1 A1
Φ1 S2
A2 Φ2 Φ1
S1 λ
b a
φ1 (x)
φ(x)
φ2 (x)
φ2 (x) x=a
reflector savings
References
Wiley Encyclopedia of Electrical and

Electronics Engineering
−
Nucl. Sci. Eng. 32
Reactor Analysis
Problems
7.1 Σr
φ2 /φ1
7.2
B2
keff
7.3
H
φ( z) = φ0 exp(−Σr |z|), −∞ < z < H
φ2 (z)
−2 −1
7.4 S ·
D1 , Σa1 , Σr , D2 , Σa2
7.5
2H
D1 , Σa1 , Σr , D2 , Σa2
7.6 2H
φ1 (z) = S0 exp(−Σr |z|), −H < z < H Σr
φ2 (z)
D2 Σ2
7.7
B 2 = (k ∗ − 1)/M 2
∗ 2
k M
7.8
Σr
α11 , α12 , α21 , α22 J1
J2
φ1 φ2

J1 α11 α12 φ1
= .
J2 α21 α22 φ2
7.9
Cb ΔCb
Δk/k
−(ΔCb /Cb )fb k2 fb
k2 k∞
7.10
Br2 = 3.39 × 10−4 −2
−1 −1 −1
D Σa νΣf Σr
×10−3 ×10−3 ×10−2
×10−2
×10−4 ×10−2
×10−3
−2 −1
7.11 I0 ·
Σr D Σa
235 19
7.12 6 R
6
6 β
D, Σa νΣf
CHAPTER 8
NUCLEAR REACTOR KINETICS
φ(r, E, t).

©
182 CHAPTER 8: NUCLEAR REACTOR KINETICS
135
135
Simulink
M AT LAB
8.1 DERIVATION OF POINT KINETICS EQUATION
8.1.1 Representation of Delayed Neutron Production
87 87
35 β 36
86
36
8.1 DERIVATION OF POINT KINETICS EQUATION 183
87
Figure 8.1 35
87
36 t1/2
87
t1/2 β 35
87
t1/2 35
−4 235
2.5 × 10 %
8.0 × 10−5 239
87 t1/2 = t1/2 =
35 −−−−−−−→ 87
36 −−−−−−−→ 86
36 + 10 n.
t1/2 β
87 87
35 35
235 239
β
233 235 239 241 238

8.1.2 Point Kinetics Approximation

βi
λi , i = 1, . . . , 6
6
1 ∂φ(r, t)
= D∇2 φ(r, t)−Σa φ(r, t)+(1−β)νΣf φ(r, t)+ λi Ci (r, t)+S(r, t),
v ∂t i=1
S(r, t)
Ci (r, t)
φ(r, t)
∂Ci (r, t)
= −λi Ci (r, t) + βi νΣf φ(r, t), i = 1, . . . , 6.
∂t
i equivalent βi
point kinetics assumption
φ(r, t) = vn(t)ψ(r),
Ci (r, t) = Ci (t)ψ(r), i = 1, . . . , 6,
S(r, t) = S(t)ψ(r),
shape function ψ(r)

ψ(r)
∇2 ψ(r) + B 2 ψ(r) = 0,
B2
6
dn(t)
= −v(Σa + DB 2 )n(t) + (1 − β)νΣf vn(t) + λi Ci (t) + S(t).
dt i=1
8.1 DERIVATION OF POINT KINETICS EQUATION 185
effective multiplication factor keff
νΣf
keff =
Σa + DB 2
neutron generation time
1
= .
v(Σa + DB 2 )
1/(Σa + DB 2 ) effective mean free path
keff = k reactivity K normalized generation

time Λ
k−1
K= ,
kβ
Λ= ,
kβ
fractional yield i
βi
ai = .
β
6
dn(t) K(t) − 1
= n(t) + λi Ci (t) + S(t).
dt Λ i=1
dCi (t) ai
= −λi Ci (t) + n(t), i = 1, . . . , 6.
dt Λ
point reactor kinetics equations
normalized
β K
β
ρ [%Δk/k]
n(t) n(t)
P (t) φ(t)
n(t) Ci (t)
K = 0 keff = 1.0 delayed critical

prompt criticality K = 1.0
235
χ(E)
β βeff
8.1.3 One-Group Delayed Neutron Model
τ
6 6 6
1 ai 1
τ= β i τi = a i τi = ≡ .
β i=1 i=1 i=1
λ i λ
dn(t) K(t) − 1
= n(t) + λC(t) + S(t),
dt Λ
dC(t) n(t)
= −λC(t) + .
dt Λ
235
τ = τ = 13.29
239
Λ
10−4 10−2
= 3 × 10−7 ∼ 6 × 10−5
8.2 SOLUTION OF POINT KINETICS EQUATION WITHOUT FEEDBACK 187
6

λ= a i λi
i=1
8.2 SOLUTION OF POINT KINETICS EQUATION WITHOUT

FEEDBACK
K(0−) = 0 S(t) = 0 t>0
8.2.1 Step Insertion of Reactivity
K0
dn(0−) dC(0−)
= = 0,
dt dt
n(0+) = λΛC(0+) ≡ λΛC0 ≡ n0 .

dn(t)/dt
t=0
n(t) C(t)
dn(t) K0 − 1
= n(t) + λC(t),
dt Λ
dC(t) n(t)
= −λC(t) + .
dt Λ
K0 − 1
sn(s) − n(0+) = n(s) + λC(s),
Λ
n(s)
sC(s) − C(0+) = −λC(s) + .
Λ
C(s)
n(s)

1
n0 s + λ +
Λ
n(s) = .
K0 − 1 λ
s− (s + λ) −
Λ Λ
−1
λ 0.09 Λ = 10−4 ∼ 10−2

1
n0 s +
Λ
n(s) = ,
(s − s1 ) (s − s2 )
s1 s2

K0 − 1 λ
s− (s + λ) − = 0.
Λ Λ
|K0 − 1| λΛ (K0 − 1)2 4λΛK0
K0 − 1
s1 ,
Λ
⎡ ' ⎤
2
1 ⎣ K0 − 1 K0 − 1 4λK0 ⎦ λK0
s2 − + .
2 Λ Λ Λ 1 − K0
|s2 | |s1 | |s2 | 1/Λ

n0 K0 − 1 λK0
n(t) = K0 exp t − exp t .
K0 − 1 Λ 1 − K0
K0 < 1.0
transient solution
stable dominant solution

T = 1/s2 = (1 − K0 )/λK0 e
stable reactor period K0 < 1.0
K0 > 1.0
T = Λ/(K0 − 1)
n(t)
Example 8.1
−1
λ = 0.09 Λ = 0.01
K0 = 0.5
−1 −1
s1 = −50 s2 = 0.09 ,
K0 = −1.0
−1 −1
s1 = −200 s2 = −0.045 .
K0 < 1.0
n(0)
prompt jump
n0 n0 K0
=− − n0 = npj − n0 = .
K0 − 1 1 − K0
npj
n(t)

K0 − 1
n(t) n0 exp (λK0 t) − K0 exp t , |K0 | 1.0 ,
Λ

K0 − 1 K0
n(t) n0 exp t n0 exp t , K0 > 1.0 ,
Λ Λ
n0 −λt
n(t) − e , K0 −1.0 .
K0
n(t)
nn0 t 4 transient
n stable
total
3
−1
0 0.1 1 t 10
t (s)
Figure 8.2 K0 = 0.5
λ1
λ
8.2.2 Prompt Jump or Zero-Lifetime Approximation
d2 n(t) dK(t) n(t) K(t) − 1 dn(t) dC(t)

= + +λ ,
dt2 dt Λ Λ dt dt
d2 n(t) dK(t) dn(t)

Λ = n(t) + [K(t) − 1 − λΛ] + λK(t)n(t).
dt2 dt dt
Λ=0
1 dn(t) λK(t) + dK(t)/dt
.
n(t) dt 1 − K(t)
K(0−) = 0 K(0+) = K0 ,

1 − K(0−) λK0
n(t) = n0 exp t ,
1 − K(0+) 1 − K0

n0 λK0
n(t) = exp t .
1 − K0 1 − K0
K(t)
dn(t)/dt 0 K = K0
K0 − 1
n(t) = −λC(t)
Λ
dC(t) λC(t) λK0

= −λC(t) + = C(t).
dt 1 − K0 1 − K0
K0 − 1 K0 − 1 n0
n(t) + λC0 = n(t) + = 0.
Λ Λ Λ
n(t)
n0
npj = .
1 − K0
8.2.3 Inhour Equation
s = 1/T
K
n(t) = n0 est = n∗0 et/T ,

∗ st ∗ t/T
Ci (t) = Ci0 e = Ci0 e , i = 1, . . . , 6.
∗
n0 Ci0
t = 0
6

ai
K =s Λ+ ,
i=1
s + λi
6
Λ ai
K= + .
T i=1
1 + λi T
K = K0
s1 s2
T = 1/s
|K| 1.0 T
λi T 1
Λ τ τ
K + ,
T T T
τ
inhour of reactivity
T =1 K T
Λ τ
+ 1
K(inhr) T T = .
Λ+τ T
T
K K
T
K($) = K(inhr) × × (Λ + τ ),
3600
Λ
τ
inhour equation
K T
s = sn , n = 0, . . . , 6
n(t)
6

n(t) = An esn t .
n=0
An
6

n(0[Λ + f (sn )] ai
An = , f (sn ) = .
Λ + f (sn ) + sn f (sn ) i=1
s n + λi
2

n(t) = An esn t ,
n=1
K0 − 1 λK0 n0 K0 n0
s1 = , s2 = , A1 = , A2 = − .
Λ 1 − K0 K0 − 1 K0 − 1

1
K =s Λ+ .
s+λ
s0 ≥ 0 K≥0 s0 < 0 K<0

sn < 0, n = 1, . . . , 6
K<1 s0 , . . . , s5
s6
s K = s6 Λ + 1 s6 = (K − 1)/Λ
K>1 s0 = (K − 1)/Λ
s1
s1 , . . . , s6
T
|K| 1.0 T = τ /K =
1/(λK) 1/s2
K −1.0
scram |s0 | < λ1 < λ2 < · · · < λ6
λ1 K
s0 −λ1 .
a1 − K
T 75.0
T =
235
τ = 11.07
Figure 8.3
8.2.4 Linearized Kinetics Equation and Transfer Function
ΔK(t)
n(t) C(t)
n(t) = n0 + Δn(t),
C(t) = C0 + ΔC(t),
K(t) = K0 + ΔK(t),
S(t) = S0 .
K0 < 0 S0 > 0
Δn(t)ΔK(t)
dΔn(t) K0 − 1 n0
= Δn(t) + ΔK(t) + λΔC(t),
dt Λ Λ
dΔC(t) Δn(t)
= −λΔC(t) + .
dt Λ
ΔK(t)
Δn(0) = ΔC(0) =
0
n0 ΔK(s)
Δn(s) = .
1
s Λ+ − K0
s+λ
K0 = 0
Δn(s) 1
= ≡ G(s).
n0 ΔK(s) 1
s Λ+
s+λ
G(s)
G(s) = ,
zero-power reactor transfer function open-loop transfer

function
G(s)
S(s)
Λ
δ(t)/Λ
output
G(s) = ,
transfer
function zero-power transfer function
Δ Δ Δ
Δ Λ
Figure 8.4
KG(s) = 1,
zero-power transfer function
1
G(s) = .
"
6 ai
s Λ+
i=1 s + λi
G(s)
G(t) t
1 1
lim G(t) = lim sG(s) = = .
t→∞ s→o+ " ai
6 1
Λ+ Λ +
i=1 λi
λ
8.2.5 Infinite Delayed Approximation

infinite delayed approximation

S(t)
dn(t) K(t) − 1
= n(t) + λC0 ,
dt Λ
dn(t) K(t) − 1 n0
= n(t) + ,
dt Λ Λ
n(t)
K(t)
8.3 STATE SPACE REPRESENTATION OF POINT KINETICS

EQUATION
state space representation
Simulink MATLAB
Simulink
state space model

system state vector x system output z control input u
dx
= Ax + Bu,
dt
z = Cx + Du.
8.3 STATE SPACE REPRESENTATION OF POINT KINETICS EQUATION 199
A = ,
B = x,
C = x z,
D = z.
x, z u
A, B, C D
z system measure-
ments A, B, C D
sx(s) = Ax(s) + Bu(s),

z(s) = Cx(s) + Du(s).
x
x(0) = 0
sx = Ax + Bu,
z = Cx + Du.
(sI − A)x = Bu x = (sI − A)−1 Bu,
z = [C(sI − A)−1 B + D]u = (CφB + D)u ≡ Gu,
φ = (sI − A)−1 G
G(s)
z
G= ,
u
Figure 8.5 G = CφB + D u

z D
u z

ẋ A B x
= .
z C D u

A B
z= u.
C D
linear fractional transformation
⎡K −1 ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
0 1
λ
⎢ Λ ⎥
x=
x1
=
Δn
,A = ⎢ ⎥, B = ⎢
⎣
Λ ⎥, u = n ΔK,
⎦
x2 ΔC ⎣ ⎦ 0
1
−λ 0
Λ
C = [1 0], D = 0.
z Δn
Simulink Δn(t)
ΔK(t)
8.4 POINT KINETICS EQUATION WITH FEEDBACK 201
1.20
1.15
Power
1.10
1.05
1.00
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time (s)
Figure 8.6
Simulink Δn(t)
canonical representation
Example 8.2 Simulink
n(∞)
τ = 10
Simulink mdl
mat
n(∞)
τ = 10 n(∞) = 1.1 · n(0)

8.4 POINT KINETICS EQUATION WITH FEEDBACK
K(t)
n(t)
n(t)
8.4.1 The Ergen-Weinberg Model
n0
dn(t) K(t)
= n(t),
dt Λ
K(t)
K(t) = K0 − αT (t), α > 0.
K0 1
T
T
Cp
dT (t)
Cp = n(t) − n0 .
dt
Cp
−1
·
T (t)
n(t)
n(t)
t
dn(t) 1 α
= K0 − {n(t ) − n0 } dt n(t).
dt Λ Cp 0
(n, T )
{K(t), n(t), T (t)}
K(t)
dn Kn (K0 − αT ) n
= = .
Cp dT Λ(n − n0 ) Λ(n − n0 )
n T

n n Cp αT 2
− 1 − ln = K0 T − ,
n0 n0 Λn0 2
n(0) = n0 T (0) = 0
n
T
dT /dt = 0
n(t) = n0
2K0
Tmin = 0 Tmax = .
α
K(t) = 0 αT = K0
nmax ln(nmax /n0 )
nmax /n0
nmax Cp K02
1+ .
n0 2Λn0 α
nmin
nmin /n0

nmin Cp K02 nmax
exp − 1 + exp − .
n0 2Λn0 α n0
Figure 8.7
0.2
K(t)
0.0
−0.2
n(t) 5.0
n0
2.5
0.0
100
T (t)
50
0
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
t (s)
Power burst Cooling period
Figure 8.8
2K0 Cp
Qtot Cp Tmax = ,
α
n0
τosc
2K0 Cp
τosc = .
αn0
Example 8.3 (n, T )
n0 = 5.0 K0 = 0.25 Cp = 2.5
−1
· α = 5.0 × 10−3 · −1
Λ = 1.0 × 10−3
(n, T )
nmax /n0 = 5.88 Tmax = 100
nmax /n0 = 4.1 τosc = 0.05
nmax /n0 = 5.88 τosc = 0.080

nmax /n0 = 4.1
K0
τosc
8.4.2 The Nordheim-Fuchs Model
dT (t)
Cp = n(t).
dt
dK(t) dT (t) α
= −α = − n(t),
dt dt Cp
dn Cp dn Cp
=− K, = (K0 − αT ),
dK Λα dT Λ

Cp Cp αT 2
n(K) = (K 2 − K 2 ), n(T ) = K0 T − .
2Λα 0 Λ 2
nmax K(t) =
0 Tmax n(t) = 0
Cp K02 2K0
nmax = , Tmax = .
2Λα α
n(K)
dK 1
= − (K02 − K 2 ),
dt 2Λ
K0
K(t) = −K0 tanh t.
2Λ

K0
2 2 ωt K0
n(t) = nmax 1 − tanh t = nmax ,ω = .
2Λ 2 Λ
Γ
4 √ 3.524
Γ= cosh−1 2 = .
ω ω
Qtot nmax
Qtot Cp Tmax 4
= = ,
nmax nmax ω
1/ω = Λ/K0
n(t), T (t), K(t)
K(t) = K0 − αT (t) nmax K=0
Qtot = 2Cp K0 /α
8.5 REACTIVITY MEASUREMENTS 207
Figure 8.9
8.5 REACTIVITY MEASUREMENTS
reactivity scale
K
Figure 8.10
k = keff < 1.0

n
S0
S0
n = S0 + kS0 + k 2 S0 + . . . = ≡ M S0 .
1−k
multiplication M
M −1 = 0
τ n(0)
K[ ]=− ∞ .
0
n(t)dt
8.5 REACTIVITY MEASUREMENTS 209
∂ρ/∂CB
Δz differential reactivity
worth ∂ρCR /∂z
ΔCB
∂ρ ∂ρ
ΔCB + CR Δz = 0.
∂CB ∂z
n(t)
K(t)
n(t)
6
d ln n(t) 1 t
dn(τ )
K(t) = Λ + ai exp[−λi (t − τ )]dτ.
dt n(t) 0 dτ i=1
reactivity meter
8.6 SYSTEM STABILITY ANALYSIS
G(s) u(s)
H(s)
combined transfer function closed-loop transfer function T (s)
Δn G
= = T.
n0 ΔK 1 + GH
1/(1 + GH) F (s) = 1 + G(s)H(s)

H F (s)
Δ + Δ
−
Figure 8.11 G
H
T (s) Γ s
Nyquist diagram F (s)
G(s)H(s)
G(s)H(s)
(−1, 0) G(s)H(s) Re(GH) < −1
GH
phase margin
|GH| = 1 gain margin −π
Nyquist stability criterion
(0, 0)
F (s)
E = Z − P,
Z P
F (s) Γ P =0 G(s)H(s) E = 0
Z=0 F (s) = 1 + G(s)H(s)
G(s)H(s) (−1, 0)
8.6 SYSTEM STABILITY ANALYSIS 211
Figure 8.12 Γ
s Γ R→∞
T (s)
Example 8.4 G(s) = 1/s(s + a) H(s) = C/(s + b) a = 1, b =

2, C = 1 G(s)H(s)
GH s = σ + iω
C −C(a + b)ω + iC(ω 2 − ab)
G(iω)H(iω) = = ,
iω(iω + a)(iω + b) ω(ω 2 + a2 )(ω 2 + b2 )
(GH) = 0 ω 2 = ab
−C 1
(GH) = =− ,
ab(a + b) 6
s
s=0 GH nyquist
GH
C s
(∞, 0) GH GH
Z =P =0 E=0 GH
(−1, 0)
Figure 8.13 GH = 1/s(s + 1)(s + 2)
Bode diagram
GH log10 ω
N (ω) = 20 log10 |GH| ,
(GH)
δ(ω) = tan−1 ,
(GH)
8.7 POINT REACTOR AND SPACE-DEPENDENT REACTOR KINETICS 213
Example 8.5 G(s)H(s)
GH
C[ω 2 (a + b)2 + (ω 2 − ab)2 ]1/2 C

|GK| = = ,
ω(ω 2 + a2 )(ω 2 + b2 ) ω(ω 2 + a2 )1/2 (ω 2 + b2 )1/2
2
ω − ab
δ(ω) = − tan−1 = −π/2 ω → 0−,
ω(a + b) −3π/2 ω → −∞,
= −20 log10 (1/6) = 15.6 (GH) = 0,

−1
= δ(ω = 0.446) = tan 1.346 = 53.4◦ |GH| = 1.0,
bode 1∼2
ω = 1.0 ω = 2.0
break corner frequencies

G(s)
Λ = /β limω→∞ δ(ω) = −π/2 |G(ω)| 1.0

limω→∞ |G(ω)| = 1/(ωΛ)
ω = 1/Λ = β/
8.7 POINT REACTOR AND SPACE-DEPENDENT REACTOR

KINETICS
Simulink
MATLAB
Figure 8.14 GH = 1/s(s + 1)(s + 2)

◦
REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 8 215
Figure 8.15 G(s)

ω/2π Source:
References
Nuclear Reactor Kinetics
Nucl. Sci. Eng. 103

H2 H∞ IEEE Trans. Auto. Control

34
Dynamics of Nuclear Reactors
Physics of Nuclear Kinetics

Nuclear Reactor Kinetics and Control
ntroduction to Feedback Control
Nucl. Sci. Eng. 131
Nucl. Sci. Eng. 95

The Physical Theory of Neutron Chain
Reactors
Problems
8.1
8.2
8.3 Δn(s)
Δn(t)
G(s) Δn(s) = ΛG(s)S(s)
8.4 Simulink
235
τ = 10
8.5
8.6
8.7 K0 = 0.25 t = 0
n0
n(t)
n(t)
8.8 n0
S0 · −1
K0
S1 · −1 τ
n(s)
n1
8.9 n1 (t) K1
t=0
t = 0
S0 K1
n2 (t)
K1 < 0 K1 > 0 n2 (t) = C1 n1 (t) + C2 C1 C2

8.10
dΨ(t)
= A(t)Ψ(t), Ψ(t) = [n(t), C1 (t), . . . , C6 (t)]T ,
dt
A
8.11
n0
τ K(t) = K0 < 0 t<0 t>τ
K(t) = K1 > 1.0 0≤t≤τ
n(t) (0 < t < τ ) (t > τ )
8.12
235
235
k = 1.02
d ln k/dT = −1.0×10−5 −1
= Λkβ = 10−5 β = 0.0065
−1 −1
·
nmax Tmax Qtot
8.13

A1 B1 A2 B2
G1 = G2 = ,
C1 D1 C2 D2
G = G2 G1
8.14 u
⎡ ⎤
2 0 1
⎢ ⎥
G = ⎣ 0 −1 1 ⎦ .
1 1 0
y = Gu
235
8.15
t = 0
n0
K(t) = K0 δ(t)
−1
K0 = 1.28 λ = 0.090 Λ = 10−3
8.16
n(t) = n(0)eQ(t) Q(t)
t Q(t)
Q(t)
τ n(t)
8.17
λ
λ
8.18 GH = C[(s + a)(s + b)]−1 , a > 0, b > 0
MATLAB
a = 1, b = 2 C=2
CHAPTER 9
FAST NEUTRON SPECTRUM

CALCULATION

©
220 CHAPTER 9: FAST NEUTRON SPECTRUM CALCULATION
θ(u)
p
9.1 NEUTRON BALANCE EQUATION AND SLOWING DOWN DENSITY 221
9.1 NEUTRON BALANCE EQUATION AND SLOWING DOWN

DENSITY
P1
P1 B1
B1
ψ(z, u, μ)
∂ψ(z, u, μ)
Σt (u)ψ(z, u, μ) + μ = S(z, u, μ) + ρ(z, u, μ),
∂z
∞ 1
ρ(z, u, μ) = du dμ Σs (u → u, μ → μ)ψ(z, u , μ ).
0 −1
Pn ψ(z, u, μ)
1

2n + 1
ψ(z, u, μ) = φn (z, u)Pn (μ),
n=0
2
1

2n + 1
ρ(z, u, μ) = ρn (z, u)Pn (μ)
n=0
2
Pn
u
ρn (z, u) = du Σsn (u → u)φn (z, u ), n = 0, 1.
u−Δ
Σsn (u → u) Pn Δ = ln(1/α)

α = (A − 1)2 /(A + 1)2 A
α
u = ln(E0 /E) Δ maximum lethargy gain

per collision
u+Δ
ρn (z, u) du Σsn (u → u )φn (z, u),
u
[u − Δ, u]
u
u [u, u + Δ]
u → u

Ω →Ω μ0 = Ω · Ω u
u+Δ
ρ0 (z, u) du Σs (u → u )φ0 (z, u) = Σs (u)φ0 (z, u),
u
u+Δ
ρ1 (z, u) du μ0 Σs (u → u )φ1 (z, u),
u
+1
= dμ0 μ0 Σs (u; μ0 )φ1 (z, u) = μ0 Σs (u)φ1 (z, u),
−1
Σs1 (u → u) = μ0 Σs (u → u) μ0
P1
∂φ1 (z, u)
Σt (u)φ0 (z, u) + = S0 (z, u) + Σs (u)φ0 (z, u),
∂z
1 ∂φ0 (z, u)
Σt (u)φ1 (z, u) + = S1 (z, u) + μ0 Σs (u)φ1 (z, u).
3 ∂z
P1 S1 (z, μ)
φ0 (z, u) consistent P1 formulation
φ1 (z, μ)
∞
∇·J(r, u)+Σt (u)φ(r, u) = du Σs (u → u)φ(r, u ) + S(r, u),
0
∞
∇·J(r, E)+Σt (E)φ(r, E) = dE Σs (E →E)φ(r, E )+S(r, E).
0
φ(r, E)
slowing down density
q(r, E) = E
r .
9.1 NEUTRON BALANCE EQUATION AND SLOWING DOWN DENSITY 223
+
+
Figure 9.1
{r, E}
drdE
E + dE q(r, E + dE)dr
E
S(r, E)
drdE
q(r, E+dE)dr−q(r, E)dr+S(r, E)dEdr = ∇·J(r, E)dEdr+Σa φ(r, E)dEdr.
drdE
q(r, E)
∂q(r, E)
+ S(r, E) = ∇ · J(r, E) + Σa φ(r, E).
∂E
u
u
∂q(r, u)
− + S(r, u) = ∇ · J(r, u) + Σa φ(r, u).
∂u
q(r, E)
E
∞ E
q(r, E) = dE dE Σs (E → E )φ(r, E )
E 0
∞ E
− dE dE Σs (E → E )φ(r, E ).
E 0
E ∞

E
b(α) b
d db da ∂f
f (x, α)dx = f (b, α) − f (a, α) + dx
dα a(α) dα dα a ∂α
∞
∂q(r, E)
= dE Σs (E → E)φ(r, E )−Σs (E)φ(r, E).
∂E 0
drdE
collision density
r E
F (r, E) = Σt (E)φ(r, E).
dq(E) Σa (E)
+ S(E) = Σa (E)φ(E) = F (E),
dE Σt (E)
∞
F (E) = Σt (E)φ(E) = dE Σs (E → E)φ(E )+ S(E).
0
9.2 ELASTIC SCATTERING AND LETHARGY VARIABLE
σs (E0 → E) [αE0 , E0 ]
9.2 ELASTIC SCATTERING AND LETHARGY VARIABLE 225
Figure 9.2
∞ E0
Σs (E0 ) = dE Σs (E0 → E) = dE Σs (E0 → E).
0 αE0
α=0
Σs (E0 → E) E0
u = ln(E0 /E)
E = E0 e−u

dE
Σs (u → u) = Σs (E → E) −
du
⎧
⎨ Σs (u )e −u
u
= Σs (u )p(u → u) = , u − Δ ≤ u ≤ u,
⎩ 1−α
0,
Δ = ln(1/α)
p(u → u) u
1
p(E → E) = .
E (1− α)
φ(u) = Eφ(E) F (u) = EF (E).

q(E)
E
u
E
q(u) = q(E).
ξ
u
ξ = < Δu > = (u − u )p(u → u)du
u−Δ
Δ
u
eu −u 1
= (u − u ) du = xe−x dx.
u−Δ 1−α 1−α 0
conditional probability
p(u → u)
p(u → u) [u − Δ, u]
u
α
ξ =1+ ln α,
1−α
A 1, ξ
2
ξ .
A + 23
ξ
ln(E0 /E)
u
φ(E) ∝ 1/E φ(u)
ξ u
9.3 NEUTRON SLOWING DOWN IN INFINITE MEDIUM 227
9.3 NEUTRON SLOWING DOWN IN INFINITE MEDIUM
−3 −1
E0 Q ·
S(E) = Qδ(E − E0 ).
(1 − α)E0
αE0 αE0
αE0
αE0 < E < E0
E0
9.3.1 Slowing Down in the First Collision Interval
φ(E)
φ(E)
φ(E) = φc (E) + Aδ(E − E0 ),

φc (E) A
Σt (E)φc (E) + AΣt (E)δ(E − E0 )

E0
Σs (E )φc (E ) AΣs (E0 )
= dE + + Qδ(E − E0 ).
E E (1 − α) E0 (1 − α)
[E0 − , E0 + ] →0 φc (E)

E →0
AΣt (E0 ) = Q.
δ(E − E0 ) E = E0 Σt (E)
E = E0
φc (E)
E0
Σs (E )φc (E ) QΣs (E0 )
Σt (E)φc (E) = dE
+ .
E E (1 − α) Σt (E0 )E0 (1 − α)
E φc (E) collided flux
uncollided flux
Q
φ(E) = φc (E) + δ(E − E0 )
Σt (E0 )
F (E) = Fc (E) + Qδ(E − E0 ).

E < E0
φ(E) = φc (E) F (E) =
Fc (E) E0
collided component Fc (E)
E0
Σs (E )Fc (E )
Fc (E) = dE + Fc (E0 ),
E Σt (E )E (1 − α)
Fc (E0 ) source neutrons undergo first scattering
collisions E
QΣs (E0 )
Fc (E0 ) = .
Σt (E0 )E0 (1 − α)
QΣs (E0 )/Σt (E0 ) rate of source

neutrons suffering scattering collisions
E0 q(E0 )
1/E0 (1 − α) p(E0 → E)
E0
αE0
E
dFc (E) Σs (E)

=− Fc (E).
dE Σt (E)E(1 − α)
Fc (E) E0 Fc (E0 )

Σs (E )dE
E0
Fc (E) = Fc (E0 ) exp ,
E Σt (E )E (1 − α)
1/(1−α)
E0 E0
Σa (E )dE
= Fc (E0 ) exp − .
E E Σt (E )E (1 − α)
F (E)
F (E)
E0 E
Σs (E )φ(E )
q(E) = dE dE ,
E αE E (1 − α)
αE E
E
φ(E )
E0
Fc (E )Σs (E ) E − αE QΣs (E0 )(E − αE0 )
q(E) = dE +
E Σt (E ) E (1 − α) Σt (E0 )E0 (1 − α)
E0
Fc (E )Σs (E ) E − αE
= dE + Fc (E0 )(E − αE0 ),
E Σt (E ) E (1 − α)
E0
dFc (E )
q(E) = EFc (E) − αE0 Fc (E0 ) + α dE E .
E dE
E0
q(E) = (1 − α)EFc (E) − α Fc (E )dE .
E
QΣs (E0 )
q(E0 ) = (1 − α)E0 Fc (E0 ) = ,
Σt (E0 )
Fc (E0 )
αE0 < E < E0
q(E)
E1 E2
q(E2 )
p(E1 → E2 ) = , E2 < E1 .
q(E1 )
resonance escape probability
E < E0 α = 0

QΣs (E0 ) E0
Σa (E )dE
Fc (E) = exp − ,
Σt (E0 )E E Σt (E )E
q(E) = EFc (E) = q(u) = Fc (u) = q(E0 )p(E0 → E),

E1
q(E2 ) Σa (E)dE
p(E1 → E2 ) = = exp − , E1 > E2 ,
q(E1 ) E2 Σt (E)E

1 q(E)
φ(E) = + Qδ(E − E0 ) .
Σt (E) E
p(E0 → E)
E Fc (E)
E
q(E0 ) E0 × 1/E
E × p(E0 → E)
1/E
φ(E)
E < E0 Σa (E) = 0 α=0
Q
Fc (E) = , Fc (u) = Q,
E
q(E) = EFc (E) = Q = q(u) = Fc (u),
p(E1 → E2 ) = 1.0, E2 < E1 ,

Q 1
φ(E) = + δ(E − E0 ) .
Σs (E) E
E Q
1/(1−α)
Q E0
Fc (E) = ,
E0 (1 − α) E
q(E) = q(u) = Q,
p(E1 → E2 ) = 1.0, E2 < E1 ,

1/(1−α)
Q (E0 /E)
φ(E) = + δ(E − E0 ) .
Σs (E) E0 (1 − α)
9.3.2 Slowing Down below the First Collision Interval
α=0
αE0 < E < E0

α = 0
αE0
E < αE0 E0
φ(E) = φc (E) F (E) = Fc (E).
E/α
Σs (E )F (E )
F (E) = dE
E Σt (E )E (1 − α)
E0
Σs (E )Fc (E )
F (αE0 − ε) = Fc (αE0 − ε) = dE ,
αE0 Σt (E )E (1 − α)

E = αE0 +
E0
Σs (E )Fc (E )
Fc (αE0 + ε) = dE + Fc (E0 ).
αE0 Σt (E )E (1 − α)
F (E)
Fc (E0 ) E = αE0
Fc (E0 ) F (E)
F (E) E = αE0
E = αE0
F (E) dF (E)/dE E = αn E0 , n = 1, 2, . . .
n n > 3
E < α 3 E0
F (E)
α A
ξ
1/ξ
3
q(u) · u E = E0 e−u
F (u)
Figure 9.3

1
F (u) = q(u) 3
×
· ξ ·

q(u)
= .
ξ cm3 · · lethargy
E < αE0
E/α E
q(E) = dE dE Σs (E → E )φ(E ),
E aE
α
E
αE αE
u u +Δ

q(u) = q(E) = du du Σs (u → u )φ(u ),
u−Δ u
u
u
Σs (u )φ(u ) u −u
q(u) = du e −α .
u−Δ 1−α
u′ u′′
u −Δ u u′ +Δ
Figure 9.4
q(u)
φ(u)
d
Σs (u )φ(u ) Σs (u)φ(u) + (u − u) [Σs (u)φ(u)] ,
du
d
q(u) = ξΣs (u)φ(u) − γ ξ [Σs (u)φ(u)],
du
ξ
αln2 α
γ =1− .
2(1 − α)ξ
q(u) = ξΣs (u)φ(u)
dq(u)
q(u) ξΣs (u)φ(u) − γ .
du
dq(u)
= −Σa (u)φ(u),
du
q(u) [ξΣs (u) + γΣa (u)] φ(u).

1.0
ξ
0.8 γ
0.6
ξ, γ
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
α
Figure 9.5 γ ξ α
γ
ξ
q(u) ξΣt (u)φ(u),

q(E) ξEΣt (E)φ(E).
A1
Δ = ln(1/α)
q(u)
Σt (u) u Σs (u)
Q Q 1
φ(u) φ(E) ∝ .
ξΣs ξΣs E E
θ(u) =
Fermi approximation
continuous slowing down model
9.4 RESONANCE ESCAPE PROBABILITY
9.4.1 Effective Resonance Integral
q u

u
Σa (u ) φ (u )
q(u) = q (0) exp − du ,
0 q (u )
u2
q(u2 ) Σa (u) F (u)
p (u1 → u2 ) = = exp − du , u1 < u 2 ,
q(u1 ) u1 Σt (u) q(u)
p(u1 → u2 )
E1 u1
E2 u2 F (u) q(u)
φ(u) u
φ(u)
F (u)/q(u)
u2
Σa (u)
p (u1 → u2 ) = exp − du , u1 < u 2 .
u1 ξΣt (u)
9.4 RESONANCE ESCAPE PROBABILITY 237
F M
σa (E) σaF (E) σa,res,F (E)
σsF (E) = σpF (E) + σs,res,F (E) + σin,F (E) σpF (E),
σsM (E) = σpM (E) + σs,res,M (E) + σin,M (E) σpM (E)
σaF (E) σpF (E) σs,res,F (E)
NF NM
Σs (E) = NF σsF (E) + NM σsM (E) ΣpF (E) + ΣpM (E) = Σp (E),
Σa (E) NF σaF (E) NF σa,res,F (E) = NF σa (E).
NF ξΣs
u2
NF σa (u) NF
p (u1 → u2 ) = exp − du = exp − I
ξΣs u1 1 + σa (u) NF /Σs ξΣs
u2
1 σa (u) Σs
p (u1 → u2 ) = exp − du ,ρ = ,
ξρ u1 1 + σa (u) /ρ NF
I ≡ Ieff effective resonance integral ρ

dilution factor background cross sec-
tion
narrow resonance (NR) approximation
ξ
"
ξi Σsi
ξ= "
i
.
Σsi
i
9.4.2 Energy Self-Shielding Factor
φas (u) = 1.0

q(u)
u qas (u) = ξΣs
[u1 , u2 ]
u2 u2
Σs
I= σa (u) φ (u) du = σa (u) du.
u1 u1 Σt (u)
I
φas (u) = 1.0
[u1 , u2 ]
Σs ΣpM + ΣpF ρ
φNR (u) = = = ,
Σt (u) ΣaF + ΣpM + ΣpF ρ + σaF
ρ
ρ → ∞ φNR (u) φas (u) = 1.0
I flux-weighted effective absorption cross
section φNR (u)
shield the absorber itself from neutrons of resonance energy

φNR (u) energy self-shielding factor
u2
I∞ = I (ρ = ∞) = σa (u) du
u1
ρ1 > ρ2
I(ρ1 ) > I(ρ2 ) NF /ξΣs = 1/ξρ
ρ
p(ρ1 ) > p(ρ2 ) ρ1 > ρ2
u
Σt (u)φ(u) = Σs (u → u)φ(u )du = Σs ,
u−Δ
Σs (u → u)
Σs
u − Δ, u u
φ(u) 1.0 Σs
9.4.3 Wide Resonance Approximation
practical width Γp
Σp
' '
Σa0 NF σa0
Γp = Γ =Γ
Σp Σp
σa0
Γp (1 − αM )E0 .
Γp
Γp > (1 − αF )E0 .
narrow resonance infinite mass (NRIM) wide resonance (WR) approximation

AF → ∞
αF → 1.0
u
Σt (u)φ(u) = ΣsF (u → u)φ(u )du + ΣpM .
u−ΔF
αF → 1.0
Σt (u)φ(u) = ΣpF φ(u) + ΣpM ,
ΣpM Σs − ΣpF s ΣpM

φWR (u)= = = , s= ,
ΣpM + ΣaF (u) Σt (u) − ΣpF s + σaF (u) NF
s moderator potential scattering cross section per absorber atom
λ ∈ [0, 1]
u
Σt (u)φ(u) = (1 − λ)ΣpF (u → u)φ(u )du
u−Δ
uF u
+ λΣpF (u → u) + ΣpM (u → u) φ(u )du .
u−ΔF u−ΔM
intermediate resonance
(IR) approximation
s + λσpF
φIR (u) = ,
s + σaF + λσpF
λ ∈ [0, 1]
λ
λ = 1.0 λ = 0.0
∗
σpF = λσF
ΣpF Σ∗pF = NF σpF
∗
9.4.4 Probability Table or Subgroup Method

subgroup probability ta-

ble method
probability table method
σ(u)
p(σ) p(σ)dσ
dσ σ p(σ)
I∗ f [σ(u)] g, Δu = ug − ug−1
u
σ
ug σm
1
I∗ = duf [σ(u)] = dσp(σ)f (σ),
Δu ug−1 0
σm σ(u) Δu
f (σ)
p(σ)dσ σ
p(σ)
L subgroups σ
ω , = 1, . . . , L

L
p(σ) = δ(σ − σ )ω .
=1
p(σ)
1 ug
L
I∗ = duf [σ(u)] = ω f (σ ),
Δu ug−1 =1
σ , ω , = 1, . . . , L probability table
σ g
σ
multiband subgroup method
Example 9.1
g
242
σ CHAPTER 9: FAST NEUTRON SPECTRUM CALCULATION
σ
σ
Figure 9.6 σa (u)

238
u = [12.0, 14.5]
E = [37.3, 61.4] p(σ)
σa (u)
ρσa (u) L
σa
Ieff = du = Δu ω , σa (u) = σaF (u),
Δu ρ + σa (u) 1 + σa /ρ
=1

L
lim Ieff = I∞ = Δu ω σa .
ρ→∞
=1
238
Example 9.2 σa (u)
Δu = [12.0, 14.5]
σa Δu = 2.5
ωi σi
9.5 DOPPLER BROADENING OF RESONANCES 243
ρ=∞
I∞ = 351.4
I∞ = 357.9
Δu = 2.5 ρ = 106.7
I = 39.2
I = 38.6
σa = 140.6 ρ=∞

9.5 DOPPLER BROADENING OF RESONANCES
Doppler broadening of resonances
9.5.1 Qualitative Description of Doppler Broadening
v
N (V) T
P (v) = N0 σ(v)v = dV |v − V| σ(|v − V|)N (V),

V
σ(|v − V|) true

1/v
T
N (V)
T
σ a (v)
effective absorption rate I

I p
keff
σ a (E) E0 σa (E)
T φ(E)
1/E φ(E)
ρ→∞ φNR (u)
Figure 9.7 E0
9.5.2 Analytical Treatment of Doppler Broadening
σa0 Γγ E c − E0
σa (Ec ) , σa0 = σ0 , x = ,
1 + x2 Γ Γ/2
Ec
E0 μ = mM/(m + M )
m M
E
1 1 1 1 √
Ec = μ|v − V|2 = μv 2 − μv · V + μV 2 mv 2 − mvV = E − 2mEV,
2 2 2 2
V /v = mkT /M E [(0.1 /4.0 )m/M ]1/2
0.01 1.0 T = 1200 E = 4.0
238
M/m = A = 238 μm
v V
|v − V| v
∞
N0 σ(v) = σa (Ec )N (V )dV,
0
V
1/2
M MV 2
N (V ) = N0 exp − .
2πkT 2kT
E E0
σ a (v) = σa0 ψ(ξ, y) = σ a (E),
∞ 2
ξ ξ (y − x)2 dx
ψ(ξ, y) = √ exp − ,
2 π −∞ 4 1 + x2
E − E0 Γ
y= ,ξ = ,
Γ/2 Δ
Doppler width
1/2
4kT E0
Δ= .
A
σ a (v)
ρ = Σs /NF
sharp
∞ ∞
1 σ a (E)dE
I= σ a (E)φNR (E)dE =
0 E0 0 1 + σ(E)/ρ
∞
1 σa0 ψ(ξ, y) Γ
= dy,
E0 −2E0 /Γ 1 + σ0 ψ(ξ, y)/ρ 2
∞
Γ σa0 ψ(ξ, y) Γγ ρ
I dy = J(ξ, β),
2E0 −∞ 1 + σ 0 ψ(ξ, y)/ρ E0
∞
ψ(ξ, y)
J(ξ, β) = dy,
0 ψ(ξ, y) + β
ρ Σ s Γγ ρ Γγ
β= = = .
σ0 NF σa0 Γ σa0 Γ
σ0
Σs
"
ξi Σsi
Γγ
p = exp − J(ξ, β) , ξ = "
i
.
ξE0 Σsi
i
ψ(ξ, y) J(ξ, β)
J(ξ, β) T → 0
∞
δ(x − y) 1
lim ψ(ξ, y) = lim dx 2
= ,
T →0 ξ→∞ −∞ 1+x 1 + y2
∞ −1/2
dx π 1
lim J(ξ, β) = = 1+ ,
T →0 0 1 + β(1 + x)2 2β β
−1/2
π Γσa0 1
lim I = 1+ .
T →0 2 E0 β
ρ→∞
∞ ∞ ∞ 2
Γσa0 Γσa0 ξ dx ξ
I∞= dyψ(ξ, y)= √ dy exp − (y − x)2
2E0 −∞ 2E0 2 π −∞ 1 + x2 −∞ 4
πΓσa0
I∞ = .
2E0
σ a (E)
T = 0
Figure 9.8 J(ξ, β) β = 2k × 10−5

Source:
ψ(ξ, y)
χ(ξ, y)
ξ ∈ [0.1, 1]
J(ξ, β) ξ T β ∈
[1.6 × 10−4 , 2.6] ρ ∈ [8, 2000]
238
∂I/∂T 10−4 · −1
∂p/∂T −10−5 −1
238
J(ξ, β)
ξ T
∞
∂I Γγ Γρ ∂J(ξ, β) I∞ Γβ 2 ∂ψ(ξ.y)/∂ξ
=− 2 =− 2 dy.
∂Δ Δ E0 ∂ξ Δ π −∞ [ψ(ξ, y) + β]2
∂ψ(ξ, y) 2 ∂ 2 ψ(ξ, y)
=− 3
∂ξ ξ ∂y 2
∞
∂I 4I∞ β 2 Δ [∂ψ(ξ, y)/∂y]2
= dy > 0,
∂Δ πΓ2 −∞ [ψ(ξ, y) + β]3
∂I/∂T > 0 ∂p/∂T

√
Δ T
9.6 FERMI AGE THEORY
P1
B1
9.6 FERMI AGE THEORY 249
J(r, u) = −D(u)∇φ(r, u)
q(r, u) ξΣt (u)φ(r, u).
q0 (r, u) p(u) =
p(0 → u)
q(r, u) = q0 (r, u)p(u),
p(u)
u
∂q(r, u) ∂q0 (r, u)
= p(u) − Σa (u)φ(r, u).
∂u ∂u
S(r, u) =
0
∂q0 (r, u) D(u) 2
= ∇ q0 (r, u),
∂u ξΣt (u)
∂q0 (r, τ )
= ∇2 q0 (r, τ ),
∂τ
τ
u
D(u)
τ (u) = du .
0 ξΣt (u)
q0 (r, u) = q0 (r, τ )
τ
E0 τ Fermi
age
Fermi age equation age-diffusion equation
q0 (r, τ )
q(r, τ )
q0 (r, τ )
q(r, u)
A 1.0
q0 (r, τ )
q0 (r, τ ) = ψ(r)θ(τ )
1 dθ(τ ) 1
= ∇2 ψ(r) = −B 2 .
θ(τ ) dτ ψ(r)
θ(τ ) ψ(r)
−B 2 ψ(r)
Bn2 ψn (r)
∇2 ψn (r) + Bn2 ψn (r) = 0
∞
2
q0 (r, τ ) = An ψn (r)e−Bn τ .
n=0
E = Eth τ = τth
−D∇2 φ(r) + Σa φ(r) = q(r, τth ).
k
νΣf
q(r, 0) = q0 (r, 0) = φ(r).
k
9.6 FERMI AGE THEORY 251
∞
k
φ(r) = An ψn (r).
νΣf n=0
φ(r) ∝ ψ0 (r)
B02 = Bg2
A0 k
φ(r) = ψ0 (r).
νΣf
2
q0 (r, τ ) = A0 ψ0 (r)e−Bg τ .

νΣf p(τth ) exp −Bg2 τth k∞ exp −Bg2 τth
k= = ,
Σa + DBg2 1 + L22 Bg2
k∞ L2
νΣf p(τth ) D
k∞ = L22 = .
Σa Σa
PN LT
1
PN LT = ,
1 + L22 Bg2
exp(−Bg2 τth )
PN LF = exp(−Bg2 τth ).
neutron migration area
M 2 = L22 + τth
k∞
k= .
1 + M 2 Bg2
τth
D1
τth = L21 = .
Σa1 + Σr
τth
M2
L21
k∞
φ(r, u)
9.7 COMMENTS ON LATTICE PHYSICS ANALYSIS

spatial self-shielding factor
P1 B1
B1
B1
P1
φ0 (E)
φ1 (E)
References
Nucl. Sci. Eng. 1

Nucl. Sci. Eng. 155
Nucl. Sci. Eng. 180
Nucl. Sci. Eng. 13
Problems
−3 −1
9.1 E0 Q ·
Σa ΣsH
F (E)
q(E) E0
−3 −1
9.2 E0 Q ·
E 1 < E < E0 E1 < α 3 E0

E2 < E < E 1
E2 αE1 < E2 < E1
α
9.3 σ(E)
E σ1 E1 φ(E)
−2 −1 −1
· E1 , E2 E2 > E1
E1 , E2
−2 −1 −1
E1 , E2 φ(u) ·
9.4
−3 −1
9.5 E0 Q ·
Σs Σa = 0 E1 < E < E0
E1 > αE0 Σa = Σ ∗ E < E1 F (E)
E > αE0
CHAPTER 10
PERTURBATION THEORY AND

ADJOINT FLUX

©
256 CHAPTER 10: PERTURBATION THEORY AND ADJOINT FLUX
10.1 OPERATOR NOTATION FOR NEUTRON DIFFUSION EQUATION

L2
Lφ = L1 − φ = 0,
λ
L1 L2
λ
Example 10.1
νΣf
−∇·D∇φ + Σa φ − φ = 0.
k

L2
L1 − φ = 0,
k
L1 = −∇·D∇ + Σa ,
L2 = νΣf ,
λ = k.
Example 10.2
1
−∇·D∇φ1 + (Σa1 + Σr )φ1 = (νΣf 1 φ1 + νΣf 2 φ2 ),
k
−∇·D2 ∇φ2 + Σa2 φ2 = Σr φ1 .

−∇·D1 ∇ + Σa1 + Σr 0 φ1 1 νΣf 1 νΣf 2 φ1
= ,
−Σr −∇·D2 ∇ + Σa2 φ2 k 0 0 φ2
10.2 ADJOINT OPERATOR AND ADJOINT FLUX 257
λ=k
10.2 ADJOINT OPERATOR AND ADJOINT FLUX
L† L
f
f, Lφ = L† f, φ,
L†
f
conjunct
L†
φ†
1 † †
L† φ† = L†1 φ† − L φ = 0,
λ† 2
L† = L L
self-adjoint
Example 10.3
2H
d d
L1 = −∇·D∇ + Σa = − D + Σa .
dx dx
φ(H) = φ(−H) = 0,
H H
d dφ
f, L1 φ = − f D dx + f Σa φdx
−H dx dx −H
H
dφ H
df dφ
= −f D + D dx + Σa f, φ
dx −H −H dx dx
H H
dφ df H
d df
= −f D + D φ − D φdx + Σa f, φ
dx −H dx −H −H dx dx
= L+
1 f, φ.
L1
L†1 f, φ = L1 f, φ,
f
f (H) = f (−H) = 0.
L2
L = [L1 − (1/λ)L2 ]

λ†
1 † †
L†1 φ† = L φ
λ† 2
λ
1 † 1 1
L†1 φ† , φ = φ† , L1 φ = φ , L2 φ = L†2 φ† , φ = † L†2 φ† , φ.
λ λ λ
Example 10.4

−∇ · D1 ∇ + Σa1 + Σr 0 φ1
(φ†1 φ†2 )
−Σr −∇ · D2 ∇ + Σa2 φ2

1 νΣf 1 νΣf 2 φ1
= (φ†1 φ†2 )
k 0 0 φ2

−∇ · D1 ∇ + Σa1 + Σr −Σr φ†1 1 νΣf 1 0 φ†1
= ,
0 −∇ · D2 ∇ + Σa2 φ†2 k νΣf 2 0 φ†2
φ†2 φ†1

10.3 FIRST-ORDER PERTURBATION THEORY 259
10.3 FIRST-ORDER PERTURBATION THEORY
L

1
L φ = L1 − L φ ,
λ 2
L1 = L1 + δL1 ,
L2 = L2 + δL2 ,
λ = λ + δλ,
φ = φ + δφ.
φ†
φ† , L φ = 0,
φ† , L2 φ = λ φ† , L1 φ = λ φ† , L1 φ + δλ φ† , L1 φ .
δλ λ
δλ φ† , L2 φ − λ φ† , L1 φ
=
λ λ < φ† , L1 φ
φ† , L2 φ + φ† , δL2 φ − λ φ† , L1 φ − λ φ† , δL1 φ
= .
λ φ† , L1 φ
λ† = λ
L1 L2
δλ φ† , δL2 φ − λ φ† , δL1 φ
= .
λ λ φ† , L1 φ + λ φ† , δL1 φ
general strong perturbation equation
δL1
δL2
φ φ φ
δλ φ† , δL2 φ − λ φ† , δL1 φ
= .
λ λ φ , L1 φ + λ φ† , L1 δφ + λ φ† , δL1 φ
†
first-order perturbation
k
( )
1
φ† , δL2 − δL1 φ
δk δλ k
= =
k λ 1 †
φ , L2 φ
k
δL1 = −∇ · δD∇ + δΣa ,

δL2 = δ(νΣf ),

† 1
φ δ(νΣf )φ + ∇ · δD∇φ − δΣa φ dr
δk V k
= .
k 1
νΣf φ† φdr
k V
φ† = φ

1 2 2 2
δ(νΣf )φ − δD(∇φ) − δΣa φ dr
δk V k
= ,
k 1
νΣf φ2 dr
k V
10.4 ADJOINT FLUX FOR CONTROL ROD WORTH CALCULATION 261
∇φ x
Figure 10.1 δΣa δ(νΣf ) δD
νΣf Σa φ2
2
D (∇φ)
νΣf Σa
D
∇φ
10.4 ADJOINT FLUX FOR CONTROL ROD WORTH CALCULATION
Example 10.5 νΣf

δΣa
δ(νΣf ) = δD = 0
−kδΣa φ2 dr
δk δΣa
= V
=− ,
k 2 Σa + DB 2
νΣf φ dr
V
νΣf
k= .
Σa + DB 2

δ ln k = −δ ln Σa + DB 2 ,
Example 10.6
δΣa (r) = Aδ(r − r0 ) A r0
δk −kφ+ (r0 )Aφ(r0 )

= ≡ Δρ,
k V
νΣf φ2 dr
− νΣf φ2 dr
+ Δρ Δρ
φ (r0 ) = V
≡C .
k Aφ(r0 ) Aφ(r0 )
C
φ† (r0 ) Aφ(r0 )
r0 φ† (r0 )
r0
Example 10.7
x H
νΣf
δ(νΣf ) = δD = 0
ΔΣa

ΔΣa , 0 < x < x,
δΣa (x ) =
0, x < x < H.
πx
φ(x) = φ0 sin
H
H
δk − 0 δΣa (x )φ2 (x )dx ΔΣa x 1 2πx
= ρ(x) = H
= − − sin .
k νΣf 0 φ2 (x)dx νΣf H 2π H
integral rod worth

x differential rod worth
x
dρ(x) ΔΣa 2πx
=− 1 − cos .
dx νΣf H H
10.5 ADJOINT FLUX FOR VARIATIONAL FORMULATION 263
Figure 10.2 x

dρ(x)/dx = 0 x=0
bite position
10.5 ADJOINT FLUX FOR VARIATIONAL FORMULATION
φ
λ
φ φ†
λ
( )
L2
φ † , L1 − φ = 0,
λ
φ† , L2 φ
λ= .
φ† , L1 φ
δφ
∂λ φ† , L2 δφ − λ φ† , L1 δφ (L†2 − λL†1 )φ† , δφ

δλ(δφ) = δφ = = = 0,
∂φ φ† , L1 φ φ† , L1 φ
φ
φ†
λ
total λ
L1 L2
10.6 ADJOINT FLUX FOR DETECTOR RESPONSE CALCULATION
φ
f
Lφ = f,
L† φ † = g † .
g†
†
R = g , φ
φ†
R = g † , φ = L† φ† , φ = φ† , Lφ = φ† , f .
f
r1
f = δ(r − r1 )
†
g r0
Σd
g † = Σd δ(r − r0 ).
r0 r1
R(r1 → r0 ) = Σd φ(r0 ) = φ+ (r1 ),

10.6 ADJOINT FLUX FOR DETECTOR RESPONSE CALCULATION 265
r0 rn , n =
1, . . . , N
φ† (rn )
rn , n = 1, . . . , N
N N φ(r0 ) N
135 135
135
g † (r0 )
†
φ (r)
* + f (r)
φ† , f = R(r → r0 )
Figure 10.3 Source:
10.7 ADJOINT FORMULATION FOR FLUX PERTURBATION

CALCULATION
δφ(r) δL
φ (r) L φ = 0 δφ(r)
L (r) = L(r) + δL(r) φ (r) =

φ(r) + δφ(r) δL(r)δφ(r)

1 δλ
L(r)δφ(r) = −δL(r)φ(r) = − δL1 (r)− δL2 (r)+ 2 L2 (r) φ(r),
λ λ
δφ(r)

N
δφ(r) = ai φi (r).
i=1
δL(r) {ai , i = 1, . . . , N }
10.7 ADJOINT FORMULATION FOR FLUX PERTURBATION CALCULATION 267
Figure 10.4
Source:
lambda modes natural modes

L2
Lφi = L1 − φi = 0, i = 0, . . . , N,
λi
{λ†i =
λi , i = 0, . . . , N }
( ) , -
†
L 2 L
φ†i , L1 φj = φ†i , φj = δij = L†1 φ†i , φj = 2 †
φi , φj , ∀ i, j.
λj λ†i
λ0 = λ = keff
λ†i = λi , i ≥ 1
φ†i

1 δλ
φ†i , Lδφ =− φ†i , δL1 φ − φ†i , δL2 φ + 2 φ†i , L2 φ
λ λ

N
1
= aj φ†i , L1 φj − φ†i , L2 φj
j=1
λ

N
λj λi
= aj 1− δij = ai 1− ,
j=1
λ λ
δφ(r)
ai i φi
ai , i = 1, . . . , N,
δL1 δL2 φ
δλ
δφ(r)
N
235
ψ(r, E, t)

N
δψ(r, E, t) = ai φi (r, E) + f (r, E, t),
i=1
10.8 CONCLUDING REMARKS ON ADJOINT FLUX 269
Figure 10.5
235
Source:
f (r, E, t)
L1 f (r, E, t)
135
10.8 CONCLUDING REMARKS ON ADJOINT FLUX

References
Nucl. Technol. 41
Nucl. Sci. Eng. 86
Nucl. Sci. Eng. 18
Fundamentals of Matrix Computations
Nuclear Reactor Physics
Nucl. Sci. Eng. 179
Problems
10.1
a J+ (0) = J− (a) = 0
10.2
k∞ = 1.03
10.3 ρ
V δρ(r)
δK = V δρ(r)w(r)dr
w(r). R
φ(r) = sin(Br)/r B2
2
φ(r) = 1−q(r/R) 0<q≤1
w(r) = w(0)[1 − γ(r/R)2 ]
δρ/ρ = 0.05, q = 0.6, Σa = 2.652 × 10−3 −1

, νΣf = 3.788 × 10−3
−1
, D = 1.463 β = 3 × 10−3 , V = 6.0 3
δK
10.4 δΣa (x) = Σ∗ exp(−γx)

0<x<H
H
10.5 Δx
x H
D Σa = νΣf = 0.
10.6 Σa

ΔΣa , −H/2 ≤ x ≤ 0,
δΣa (x) =
−ΔΣa , 0 < x ≤ H/2,
H ΔΣa /Σa = 0.01
CHAPTER 11
LATTICE PHYSICS ANALYSIS OF

HETEROGENEOUS CORES

©
274 CHAPTER 11: LATTICE PHYSICS ANALYSIS OF HETEROGENEOUS CORES
Figure 11.1
φ(E)
∞
11.1 MATERIAL HETEROGENEITY AND FLUX DISTRIBUTION IN UNIT CELL 275
B1
11.1 MATERIAL HETEROGENEITY AND FLUX DISTRIBUTION IN

UNIT CELL
g
φ(r, E)
Eg−1
dr dEΣ(r, E)φ(r, E)
V Eg
Σg = Eg−1
,
dr dEφ(r, E)
V Eg
V
φg (r) Σg (r)
Eg−1
φg (r) = dEφ(r, E),
Eg
Eg−1
dEΣ(r, E)φ(r, E)
Eg
Σg (r ) = ,
φg (r)
drΣg (r)φg (r)

V
Σg = .
drφg (r)
V
φ(r, E) = ψ(r)φ(E).
Eg−1 Eg−1
dEσ(E)φ(r, E) dEσ(E)φ(E)
Eg Eg
σg = Eg−1
= Eg−1
,
ψ(r) dEφ(E) dEφ(E)
Eg Eg
r
N (r)
Σg (r) N (r)σg 2
φg (r)
φg (r)
VF VM
ΣgF φgF VF + ΣgM φgM VM

Σg = ,
φgF VF + φgM VM
11.2 NEUTRONIC ADVANTAGES OF FUEL LUMPING 277
1 1
φgF = φg (r)dr and φgM = φg (r)dr
VF VF VM VM
ΣgF
ΣgM g
non-lattice materials
11.2 NEUTRONIC ADVANTAGES OF FUEL LUMPING
νΣf 1 νΣf 2 Σr
k∞ = + = k1 + k2 = k1 + pf η,
k1 k2 k∞
k2 p
f η
Ef iss
ΣaF (E)
E1 E2
Er
ΣaF ΣaM
energy self-shielding
Figure 11.2
Figure 11.3
spatial self-shielding
11.2 NEUTRONIC ADVANTAGES OF FUEL LUMPING 279
k∞
narrow resonance
p(E)
E0 E < E 0
u
NF σa (u) NF
p(E0 → E) = exp − du = exp − I ,
ξΣs 0 1 + σa (u) NF /Σs ξΣs
u u
NF NF σa (u)Σs
p (0 → u) = exp − duσa (u)φNR (u) = exp − du ,
ξΣs 0 ξΣs 0 Σt (u)
I = Ieff effective resonance integral
φN R (u) = Σs /Σt (u) energy

self-shielding factor
g
thermal utilization
ΣFa2 φ2F VF ΣFa2

f= = ,
ΣF M
a2 φ2F VF + Σa2 φ2M VM ΣF M
a2 + Σa2 ζ2 VM /VF
thermal disadvantage factor

φ2M
ζ2 = .
φ2F
ζ2 ζ2
f thermal disadvantage factor
ζ2 ΣF
a2 ΣM
a2
η
η
k1
k1 k∞
νΣf 1
k1 = ,
(ΣF
a1 + ΣF
r ) + (ΣM M
a1 + Σr )ζ1 VM /VF
M F
ζ1 = φ1 /φ1
ζ1 ≤ 1 k1
k1
Σa2
ΣM φ2M VM
Σa2 = a2
· .
1 − f φ2F VF + φ2M VM
φ2F VF φ2M VM
ΣM
Σa2 a2
.
1−f
D2
D2M
11.3 DIFFUSION THEORY MODEL FOR THERMAL UTILIZATION 281
Figure 11.4 f p k∞
L2
L2 L2M 1 − f.
L2M L2
keff
p
f k∞
keff
f
p k∞ ∝ f p
11.3 DIFFUSION THEORY MODEL FOR THERMAL UTILIZATION
ζ2
f
Figure 11.5
b
b
a no net neutron leakage across the unit
cell boundaries x = ±b
ζ2
−3 −1
Q ·
d2 φF (x)
−DF + ΣaF φF (x) = 0,
dx2
2
d φM (x)
−DM + ΣaM φM (x) = Q,
dx2
x x b
φF (a) = φM (a), DF φF (a) = DM φM (a), φF (0) = 0, φM (b) = 0.
Q cosh κF x
φF (x) = ,
ΣaM CDF κF sinh κF a

Q cosh κM (b − x)
φM (x) = 1− ,
ΣaM CDM κM sinh κM (b − a)
κF = ΣaF /DF , κM = ΣaM /DM
coth κF a coth κM (b − a)
C= + .
D F κF D M κM
ζ2
b
a dxφM (x)
φ 1
ζ2 = M = a
a = aCΣaF 1− .
φF CΣaM (b − a)
(b − a) dxφF (x)
0
a b
a/b ζ2
ζ2
a C
ζ2

aΣaF (b − a)ΣaM
ζ2 = κF a coth κF a + (b − a)κM coth κM (b − a)−1 .
(b − a)ΣaM aΣaF
Figure 11.6 a
a/b
V F VM a b a

ΣaF VF ΣaM VM
ζ2 = F +E−1 ,
ΣaM VM ΣaF VF
lattice functions
F = aκF coth κF a,
E = (b − a)κM coth κM (b − a).

F surface-to-
average flux ratio in the fuel
φF (a)
F = ,
φF
E − 1) excess absorption due to the non-flat flux
distribution in the moderator
ΣaM VM [φM − φM (a)]

E−1= = .
ΣaF VF φF
E
DM
φM (x)
φM (a)

ΣaF VF ΣaM VM φF (a) ΣaM VM φM φM (a)
ζ2 = + − ,
ΣaM VM ΣaF VF φF ΣaF VF φF φF
ζ2
ζ2
F E
a b
κF aI0 (κF a)
F = ,
2I1 (κF a)

κM (b2 − a2 ) I0 (κM a)K1 (κM b) + K0 (κM a)I1 (κM b)
E= ,
2a I1 (κM b)K1 (κM a) − K1 (κM b)I1 (κM a)
In Kn n
1 ΣaM VM
−1= ζ2 ,
f ΣaF VF
1 ΣaM VM φM ΣaM VM
= +1= F + E.
f ΣaF VF φF ΣaF VF
E
kM b
⎧ 2
⎪ κM (b − a)2
⎪
⎪ :
⎨ 3
E−1=
⎪ (κ b) 2
ln(b/a) 3 1 a 2
⎪
⎪ M
⎩ 2 − 4 + 4 b :
2 1 − (a/b)
F
E
mean chord length s = 4V /A V

A
Example 11.1 ζ2 f
a
p = 1.4194
DF = 0.5201 , ΣaF = 0.2641 −1 , DM = 0.3062 , ΣaM = 0.0454 −1

b = 0.8008
p2 = πb2 κF = ΣaF /DF = 0.7126 −1
κM =
−1
ΣaM /DM = 0.3851 F = 0.3343 ×
1.0281/(2 × 0.1695) = 1.0138 E = 1.00864
VF /VM = a2 /(b2 − a2 ) = 0.5228
ζ2 = 1.0402 f = 0.7452
ΣaF + ΣaM VM ζ2 /VF −1

Σa cell = = 0.1186 .
1 + VM ζ2 /VF
Example 11.2 ζ2 , f Σa cell
as bs
sF = 4as = 4πa2 /(2πa) = 2a
sM = 4(bs − as ) = 4π(b2 − a2 )/ (2πa)
a b2 − a 2
as = , bs = as + .
2 2a
sF sM
as = 0.2346 bs = 0.6835
F = 1.0093
E = 1.0099 ζ2 = 1.0410, f = 0.7450, Σa cell = 0.1185
−1
11.4 IMPROVED METHOD FOR THERMAL DISADVANTAGE FACTOR

11.4 IMPROVED METHOD FOR THERMAL DISADVANTAGE FACTOR 287
11.4.1 Blackness or Simplified Collision Probability Method
F
blackness β ∗
ΣaF φF VF = −J(a)AF = J − (a)AF βF∗ .
βF∗
J(a) J − (a) − J + (a) J + (a)

βF∗ = − = = 1 −
J − (a) J − (a) J − (a)
J + (a)
= 1 − βF∗ .
J − (a)
φF (a)
total
φF (a) 2[J + (a) + J − (a)]

F = = − ,
φF J (a)AF βF∗ /(ΣaF VF )

1 1
F = − sF ΣaF .
βF∗ 2
βF∗ = sF ΣaF P0F

∗
∗
P0F
φF (a) 1 sF ΣaF
F = = ∗ − .
φF P0F 2
11.4.2 Amouyal-Benoist-Horowitz Method
E−1
∗
ΣaM φM VM = QVM (1 − P0M ) + J + (a)SF βM
∗
,
∗
P0M
J + (a)
∗
βM
QVM = ΣaM φM VM + ΣaF φF VF .

Q
∗

1 1 − P0M β∗ 1
−1= ∗ + ∗M − 1 ,
f P0M P0M βF∗
F
f
∗
1 ΣaM VM 1 − P0M 1
−1= F+ ∗ − sM ΣaM .
f ΣaF VF P0M 2
E − 1)
E−1 1.0
∗
P0M
f black absorber
d

1 dφM (x) 1
= ,
φM (x) dx x=a d

dφM (x)
= 0.
dx x=b
11.4 IMPROVED METHOD FOR THERMAL DISADVANTAGE FACTOR 289
∗ ΣaM φM VM
1 − P0M = ,
QVM
1 d
∗ = sM ΣaM + E,
P0M 4DM
E

1 ΣaM VM 1 d
−1= F+ −1 sM ΣaM + E − 1.
f ΣaF VF 2 2DM
F E
ζ2

φ 1 d E−1
ζ2 = M = ∗ + sF ΣaF −1+ .
φF P0F 4DM sM ΣaM
∗
P0F
PcF d
d
d λtr,M
Example 11.3 ζ2 , f Σa cell

ΣsF = 0.3932
−1 −1
ΣsM = 3.1302
PcF = 0.2893
aΣtF = 0.3084 γ = ΣsF /ΣtF = 0.5982
∗
P0F = (1 − PcF )/(1 − γPcF ) = 0.8594
F = 1/0.8594 − 0.2478/2 = 1.0397
F E = 1.00864
−1
f = 0.7404 ζ2 = 1.0657 Σa cell = 0.1174
d =
1.08/1.089 = 0.992 a/λtr,F = 0.301
Table 11.1 d λtr,M

a
λtr,F
a/λtr,F 0.0 0.25 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

d/λtr,M 1.28 1.13 1.03 0.94 0.84 0.80 0.77
Source:
0.5(d/2DM − 1)sM ΣaM =

0.5 × [0.992/(2 × 0.3062) − 1] × 0.08153 = 0.0253
F E f =
−1
0.7268, ζ2 = 1.1429 Σa cell = 0.1140
−1
f

Table 11.2
F 1.0138 1.0093 1.0397 1.0397 −

E −
ζ2 1.0
f
−1
Σa cell
11.5 RESONANCE ESCAPE PROBABILITY FOR HETEROGENEOUS CELL 291
11.5 RESONANCE ESCAPE PROBABILITY FOR HETEROGENEOUS

CELL
φF (E) φF (u)
11.5.1 Spatial Self-Shielding for Heterogeneous Unit Cell
I
φNR (u) = Σs /Σt (u)
φF (u)
u2
I= duσaF (u)φF (u),
u1
F (u)/q(u)
qas (u) = ξΣs

φas (u) = 1.0
φN R (u) = Σs /Σt (u)
φN R (u)
[u − Δ, u]
u
u
Σt (u)φ(u) = Σs (u → u)φ(u )du ,
u−Δ
Σs (u → u)
Σs φN R (u) = Σs /Σt (u)
u
s
ΣtF (u)φF (u) = PcF du ΣsF (u → u)φF (u ) + ΣtF (u)φF (u),
u−ΔF
s
PcF φF (u)
s
φF (u) = P0F φM (u)
φM (u)
NR approximation q(u) = ξΣs φF (u) = φM (u) = 1.0
[u − ΔF , u]
ΣtF (u)φF (u) = PcF ΣsF + P0F ΣtF (u),
ΣsF (1 − P0F )ΣsF + P0F ΣtF (u)

φF (u) = PcF + P0F =
ΣtF (u) ΣtF (u)
ΣaF (u) P0F + ΣpF σaF (u) P0F + σpF
= = ≡ φhet
N R (u).
ΣtF (u) σtF (u)
VM PM →F
VF
PF →M
(ΣpM φM VM PM →F )/VF = ΣtF φM PF →M ,

ΣtM ΣpM , PF →M = P0F .
φF (u)
spatial self-shielding factor

P0F P0F
homog
φhet
N R (u) < φN R (u)
∼9 ∼280
escape cross section σe
σe
P0F = .
σe + σtF
σaF σe + σpF (σe + σtF ) σe + σpF

φhet
N R (u) = = .
σtF (σe + σtF ) σe + σtF
Σs ρ ΣpM + ΣpF s + σpF Σs ΣpM

φhomog
NR (u) = = = = , ρ= , s= .
Σt (u) ρ + σaF Σt (u) s + σtF NF NF
ρ
s moderator
σe
s σe = s
ρhomog = s + σpF
ρhet = σe + σpF .
equivalence relationship
ρhet
ρ < ∞
ρ=∞
φ(E) ∝ 1/E φ(u)
Wigner’s rational approximation

1
P0 = ,
1 + sΣt
1
σe = .
s F NF
σe σpF
s
ρcell
σpF [ρhet = σe + σpF ]
ΣpM VM + ΣpF VF ΣpM VM
< ρhomog = ρcell = ,
N F VF N F VF
φ φ
ρ=∞
ρ=∞
ρ <∞
ρ <∞
Figure 11.7 Er ur =
ln(Er /E0 ) ρ<∞
ΣpM
ΣpF
NF /ξΣs
NF /ξΣs
NF NF VF
⇒ .
ξΣs ξ F ΣpF VF + ξ M ΣpM VM
ξF ξM
homog
ρhet < ρhomog ⇒ φhet
N R (u) < φN R (u) ⇒ Ihet < Ihomog
⇒ phet > phomog ⇒ khet > khomog .
11.5.2 Engineering Approaches for Resonance Integral

u2 u2
σaF (u) σaF (u)
I= du + du σaF (u)P0F .
u1 1 + σaF (u)/σpF u1 σtF (u)
AF
P0F
I
AF
I =a+b ,
MF
MF standard formula
Dancoff-Ginsberg factor C
Aeff
Aeff = AF (1 − C).
rod-shadowing effect
effective mean chord length
sF
seff = .
1−C
1 − βM βM
metal-oxide correlation
I 28 = 2.16x + 2.56 + (0.0279x − 0.0537) Teff ,

heterogeneous correction factor x
1/2
ΣsF 1−C
x= P0F + ,
N28 sF N28
NF N28
1/2
x = [σpF P0F + (1 − C)σe ]
√
x ρhet
Teff
Example 11.4 p28 238

28
I
235
2
−3
ρM = 0.727 ·
a = 0.4692 p = 1.4194
Teff = 1033 σs = σp
238 235 16 1
σs
−1
NF · 2
238 235
N28 N25
NF × 0.9732/238.0
N28 = = 0.02347 · )−1 ,
0.9732/238.0 + 0.0278/235.0
N25 = 6.787 × 10−4 · )−1 ,
−1
ΣsF = 0.4992
sF = 2a = 0.9382
P0F = 0.7766 C = 0.316
x = 6.90
I 28 = 21.9 NM = 0.0243 · −1
−1
(ξΣs )M = 0.828
−1
(ξΣs )F = 0.0252 VF /(VM + VF ) = 0.3433
−1 28
ξΣs = 0.5524 p = exp[−0.02347 × 0.3433 × 21.9/0.5524] = 0.727
ΣsF = 0.4992
−1 −1 −1
ΣsM = 0.911 Σs,cell = 0.7696
√
x = ρ = (Σs,cell /N28 )1/2 = 9.77 ρ
238
x = 9.77 I 28 = 30.69
p28 = 0.640
235
28
p p
k2
k∞ f
k2,het (f p)het (f p28 )het 0.7268 × 0.727

= = 1.10.
k2,homog (f p)homog (f p28 )homog 0.7525 × 0.640
k2
k∞

L
I T
ω I
238
B2
L I
p28
I 28
ω
1 − p28
ω=
p28
p28 L
B 2 =
ω
238
L
11.5.3 Implementation in the CPM-3 Code
P0F
βi αi 2
βα1 (1 − β)α2
P0F = + ≡ ,
x + alpha1 x + α2 i=1
x + αi
x = sF Σ∗tF = (σaF + σpF
∗
)/σe ,
∗
σpF = λσpF effective potential scattering cross section
λ
2

I= βi I(ρi ),
i=1
σaF (u) ∗
I(ρi ) = du , ρi = σpF + α i σe .
1 + σaF (u)/ρi
∗
σpF = λσpF
φ(ρi )
ρi
ρi
φ(ρi ) = ,
ρi + σaF (u)
I(ρi )
σaF (ρi ) = ,
Δu − I(ρi )/ρi
Δu
2

βi I(ρi )
i=1
σaF = 2
.

βi [Δu − I(ρi )/ρi ]
i=1
σaF resonance shielding

factor f (ρi ) = σ(ρi )/ σ(∞)
I(ρi ) Teff
ρi
11.6 THERMAL SPECTRUM CALCULATION
11.6.1 Wigner-Wilkins Model
T
σs
vr = |v − V|
σa
vr
∞
v [Σa (E) + Σs (E)] n(E) = v Σ (E → E)n(E )dE
0
⎧
⎪
⎪ Σf r E − E E
⎨ exp − , E < E,
Σs (E → E) = E kT kT
⎪
⎪ Σ E
⎩ fr , E ≥ E,
E kT
11.6 THERMAL SPECTRUM CALCULATION 301
Σf r V
NH σsH
Σf r = NH σsH .
x
v v
x= = = vβ,
2kT /m v0
[ ] v0
n(x) x
βγ Γ Σa0 /Σf r
harder Γ Σa0
v0 n(x)
x
x[Σa (x) + D(x)B 2 ] Σa0 + xD(x)B 2

Γ=
ξΣs ξΣs
11.6.2 Qualitative Behavior of Thermal Neutron Spectrum
Σa0
Figure 11.8 n(x) x βγ = Γ = Σa0 /Σf r

Source:
hardening of the spectrum normalized
spectral
hardening due to absorption heating.
11.7 INTEGRAL TRANSPORT METHODS 303
Figure 11.9
diffusion
cooling of the spectrum
M (E, T )
n(v) T
effective neutron temperature
φ(E) vM (E, Tn ),
Tn
Tn = T (1 + AΓ).
Γ A
Tn
g
11.7 INTEGRAL TRANSPORT METHODS

φ(r, E) = S(r , E)T (r → r, E)dr ,

V
transport kernel T (r → r, E)

|r−r |
r − r
exp − ds Σt r−s
0 |r − r |

T (r → r, E) =
4π |r − r |2
S(r , E, Ω) = S(r , E)/4π.
T (r → r, E)
exp [−Σt (E)|r − r |]
T (r → r, E) = .
4π |r − r |2
E r
r
|r − r | r ×
|r − r |
Σt
Q(r, E)
∞
S(r, E) = dE φ(r, E )Σ(r, E → E) + Q(r, E),
0
Σ(r, E → E)
∞

φ(r, E) = dr T (r → r, E) dE φ(r , E )Σ(r , E → E) + Q(r , E) .
V 0
11.7 INTEGRAL TRANSPORT METHODS 305
Vn g
r → n, r → n ; E → g, E → g ,
⎡ ⎤

φng = Tn →n,g Vn ⎣ (Σn ,g →g φn g ) + Qn g ⎦,
n g
Φ = T (ΣΦ + Q)
Φ
xy
Σt
Σ ≡ Σt
∂ψ(z, μ)
μ + Σψ(z, μ) = S(z, μ).
∂z
ψ(z, μ) = ψ(s) s = z/μ
θ = cos−1 μ
dψ(s)
+ Σψ(s) = S(s).
ds
s

ψ(s) = e−Σs S(s )eΣs ds + ψ(0) ,
0
ψ(0)
Ω
ϕ θ
s
11.8 B1 FORMULATION FOR SPECTRUM CALCULATION

11.8 B1 FORMULATION FOR SPECTRUM CALCULATION 307
B1
11.8.1 Basic Structure of B1 Formulation
u P1
∂ψ(z, μ)
Σt ψ(z, μ) + μ = S(z, μ) + ρ(z, μ).
∂z
P1
ψ(z, μ)
B1
P1
ψ(z, μ)
ψ(z, μ) = Z(z)ψ(μ) = eiBz ψ(μ)
∂ψ(z, μ)
= iBψ(z, μ).
∂z
Z(z)
d2 Z(z)
+ B 2 Z(z) = 0,
dz 2
B2
B1
ψ(μ) ψ(B, μ) B
Z(z)
B1 P1
ψ(μ) fundamental mode

Z(z) = eiBz
iBμψ(μ) + Σt ψ(μ) = S(μ) + ρ(μ)

P
S0
,S(μ) =
2
ρ0 3μ
ρ(μ) = + ρ1 .
2 2
Without invoking the P1 approximation ψ(μ)
μ ∈ [−1, 1]
iBφ1 + Σt φ0 = S0 + ρ0 ,
φ0 φ1
Z(z)
P0
Σt μ/(iBμ + Σt ) μ ∈ [−1, 1]
Σt φ1 = A01 (S0 + ρ0 ) + 3A11 ρ1 ,
1 1
1 Pi (μ)Pj (μ)dμ 1 Pi (μ)Pj (μ)dμ B
Aij = = , y= , i, j = 0, 1, . . . .
2 −1 1 + iBμ/Σt 2 −1 1 + iyμ Σt
i, j
1
1 dμ tan−1 y
A00 = = ,
2 −1 1 + iyμ y
1 1
1 μ dμ 1 iyμ + 1 − 1 i
A01 = = dμ = (A00−1) = A10 ,
2 −1 1 + iyμ 2iy −1 1 + iyμ y
1 2 2 1
1 y μ dμ 1 1 + y 2 μ2 − 1 1 − A00
A11 = = 2 dμ = .
2y 2 −1 1 + iyμ 2y −1 1 + iyμ y2
Σt φ1 = A01 (iBφ1 + Σt φ0 ) + 3A11 ρ1 ,

1
γΣt φ1 + iBφ0 = ρ1 ,
3
2
A00 y 2 tan−1 y 4 B
γ= = 1+ .
3A11 3(y − tan−1 y) 15 Σt
P1 ρ1 =
μ 0 Σs φ 1
Σtr = γΣt − μ0 Σs .
γ
Σtr
B1
ψ(z, μ)
φj
j P0 P1
j
B1
φj j
B1
11.8.2 Numerical Solution of B1 Equations

B1
q(u) P1 φ1 (B, u)
u u +Δ
q (B, u) = du du Σs (u → u )φ (B, u ), = 1, 2.
u−Δ u
Greuling-Goertzel
approximation
∂q (B, u)
λ + q (B, u) = ξ Σs (u)φ (B, u), = 1, 2,
∂u
ξ0 = ξ Δu λ0 = γ
μ0 ξ 2
ξ1 = μ0 ξ, λ1 = .
2ξ1
u+Δ u
∂q (B, u)
= φ (B, u) du Σs (u → u )− du Σs (u → u)φ (B, u )
∂u u u−Δ
∂q (B, u)
= Σs (u)φ (B, u) − ρ (B, u).
∂u
q (B, u) φ (B, u)
q (B, u) φ (B, u)
ρ (B, u) φ (B, u) ρ (B, u)
S(B, μ) B1
q0 (B, u) = q0H (B, u) + q0A (B, u),

q1 (B, u) = q1H (B, u),
q0A (B, u) P0
B1 = 0
= 0, 1
φ0 (B, u) φ1 (B, u) χ
Σin ρin
∂q0H ∂q0A
(Σa + Σin )φ0 + iBφ1 = χ + ρin − − ,
∂u ∂u
iB ∂q1H
Σtr φ1 + φ0 = − ,
3 ∂u
∂q0H
+ q0H = ΣsH φ0 ,
∂u
2 ∂q1H 4
+ q1H = ΣsH φ1 ,
3 ∂u 9
∂q0A
λ + q0A = ξA ΣsA φ0 ,
∂u

ξi Σsi λi ξi Σsi ξi Σsi
i=H i=H i=H
λ= , ξA = = .
ξi Σsi Σsi ΣsA
i=H i=H
ξ0 = λ0 = 1, ξ1 = 4/9, λ1 = 2/3
φ0 (B, u) φ1 (B, u)
E = 0.625
(2 × 2)
φ0 (B, u) φ1 (B, u)
B1
ρin (B, u) ρ0 (B, u)

P0 Σs0 (u → u)
Δj Δ n
du du Σs0 (u → u)φ0 (B, u )

Δn Δj 1
Σs0,j→n = du du Σs0 (u → u).
Δj Δn Δj
du φ0 (B, u )
Δj
ρ1 (B, u) Σs1,j→n
Σtj γΣtj G H
Gjn = Σtj δjn − Σs0,j→n Hjn = γΣtj δjn − Σs1,j→n ,
Φ
J
GΦ + BJ = M Φ HJ = BΦ,
M
B1
(G + B 2 H −1 )Φ ≡ LΦ = M Φ = χ,
L
Φ
χ B2
keff = 1.0
11.9 LATTICE PHYSICS METHODOLOGY FOR FAST REACTOR
∼ φ(u) = Eφ(E)
11.9.1 Bondarenko Formulation for Self-Shielding Factor
φ(u) =
Σs /Σt (u) Σs
σk (u)
σk (u)φ(u)du du
Σ (u)
σ k = σk = Δu
= Δu t ,
du
φ(u)du
Δu Δu Σt (u)
background
cross section Σt k
11.9 LATTICE PHYSICS METHODOLOGY FOR FAST REACTOR 313
Eφ E
Figure 11.10 Source:
nuclide, energy group, reaction type

nuclide index

Σt = Nk σ tk + Nj σ tj ≡ Nk (σ tk + σ 0k )
j=k
background cross section

1
σ 0k = Nj σtj
Nk
j=k
= k
resonance shielding factor f unshielded cross

section σk
σ k = f (σ0k , T )σk
f (ρi )
I(ρi )
T
σ tj
1
σ 0k = Nj σ tj .
Nk
j=k
11.9.2 MC2 -3 Code

2
2
11.9.3 ERANOS System

11.10 MONTE CARLO LATTICE PHYSICS ANALYSIS 315
11.10 MONTE CARLO LATTICE PHYSICS ANALYSIS
B1
11.11 OVERALL REACTOR PHYSICS ANALYSIS

Figure 11.11
T ρ r
E(r, t)
t
T ρ E
References
J. Nucl. Energy 6
Group Constants for Nuclear Reactor Calculations
Applied Numerical Methods
Introduction to the Theory

of Neutron Diffusion
Trans. Am. Nucl. Soc. 92
¨
318 CHAPTER 11: LATTICE PHYSICS ANALYSIS OF HETEROGENEOUS CORE
Nucl. Technol.
180
2
PHYSOR 2004
Proc. M&C Sun Valley 1
Nucl. Sci. Eng. 187
Nucl. Sci. Eng. 49
Phys. Rev. 119
Proc. Int. Conf. Fast Reactors and

Related Fuel Cycles
Proc. Intl. Conf. Math. Comp.

Reactor Phys. Env. Analyses
Proc. ANFM-IV
Nucl. Sci. Eng. 23
Problems
239
11.1
www.nndc.bnl.gov
T =0
11.2
a
11.3 ζ2
11.4
a (b−a)
Q · −3 −1
DF ΣaF DM
11.5
separate
−1
ΣsF = 0.418 , ΣaF = 5.64
−1 −1
, ΣsM = 0.983 , ΣaM = 0.0 a = 0.4096
fF = 0.332.
φhet
NR
(u) φhet
NR
(u)
homog
φNR (u)
11.6
only
f
11.7
ρ28
het
238
ρ28
het = (ΣsF + Σe )/N28
ρ28 28
homog = Σs cell / N cell
ρ28
het ρ28
homog
11.8
2×2
11.9
ρ
fI = I(ρ)/I(∞)
fx = σ(ρ)/ σ(∞) σ(∞) ρ
11.10
σ
11.11 H
Σa νΣf
ΣA
s
ΣHs ΣH
s (μ0 ) =

0.5Σs0 (1 + 0.5μ0 ) μ0 = Ω · Ω
H B1
keff
11.12
B1 φ0 (u) = φ(B, u)
Bn
B1 φ0 (u) φ1 (u)
ρn (u) = ρn (B, u) n=0
ρc0 (u)
ρc0 (u)
φc0 (u) q0 (B, u)
ρc0 (u)
Ajk ρc0 (u)
Ajk φ0 (u)
u
11.13 H B1
Σtr,1 = γΣt1 − Σs1 Σtr,2 =
γΣt2 − Σs2 P1 Σ1→2
Σ2→1 D1 D2
φ1 φ2
Σ1→2 Σ2→1
CHAPTER 12
NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE ANALYSIS

AND MANAGEMENT

©
324 CHAPTER 12: NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT
135
∼3
12.1 NUCLEAR FUEL MANAGEMENT
Incore fuel management

excore fuel
management
once-through uranium cycle
∼
2
front-end fuel cycle

back-end fuel cycle
12.1 NUCLEAR FUEL MANAGEMENT 325
Figure 12.1
2 transuranic
minor actinides
heavy metal
Figure 12.2
fertile
12.2 KEY NUCLIDE CHAINS FOR NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE 327
Figure 12.3
12.2 KEY NUCLIDE CHAINS FOR NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE
fissile
239
233
β
σ(n,f ) σ(n,γ)
∼
237
93Np
2×106 y
β− 100%
235 (n,γ) 236 (n,γ) 237

92U 92U 92U
7×108 y 99.4 b 2×107 y 5.13 b 6.75 d
(n,f)
587 b
241
95Am
433 y
β− 99.998%
239 (n,γ) 240 (n,γ) 241 (n,γ) 242

94Pu 94Pu 94Pu 94Pu
2×104 y 270 b 7×103 y 289 b 14.3 y 363 b 4×105 y
(n,f) β− 100% (n,f)

747 b 1012 b
239
93Np
2.36 d
β− 100%
238 (n,γ) 239

92U 92U
4×109 y 2.68 b 23.5 min
Figure 12.4
breeder
ηf issile
νσf νσf ν σγ
ηf issile = = = , α= .
σa σf + σγ 1+α σf
ηf issile
ηf issile
L
12.2 KEY NUCLIDE CHAINS FOR NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE 329
(n,f)
534 b
232 (n,γ) 233 (n,γ) 234 (n,γ) 235

92U 92U 92U 92U
68.9 y 75.4 b 2×105 y 42.3 b 2×105 y 101 b 7×108 y
β− 100% β− 100% β− 99.84% (n,f)

587 b
232 (n,2n) 233 (n,γ) 234m
91Pa 91Pa 91Pa
1.32 d 27.0 d 42.5 b 1.16 min
β− 100% β− 78%
232 (n,γ) 233 (n,γ) 234

90Th 90Th 90Th
1×1010 y 7.33 b 21.8 min 1290 b 24.1 d
Figure 12.5
Table 12.1 ηf issile = ν/(1 + α)
conversion ratio
ratio of fissile material produced to that destroyed
CR = ηf issile · ε − 1 − L,
ε
breeding ratio
232 233
232
232
γ
232
233
235
238
12.3 FUEL DEPLETION MODEL
12.3.1 Fuel Depletion Equation
Ni (r, t) i r t
∂Ni (r, t)
= − [σai (r, t)φ(r, t) + λi ]Ni (r, t) + γji Nj (r, t), i = 1, . . . , I,
∂t
j=i
I
i
σai (r, t) φ(r, t)
λi σai (r, t)
i γji
i j
transform j i
⎧
⎨ λj : j,
γji = σγj (r, t)φ(r, t), σsj (r, t)φ(r, t): (n, γ), (n, 2n)
⎩
yi σf j φ(r, t): j i,
j
i
(n, 2n) j
i
j yi
i j
σai (r, t)
12.3 FUEL DEPLETION MODEL 331
TF
ρM
burnup exposure E
σai (r, t) = f [E, TF (P ), ρM (TM )], E = E(r, t), P = P (r, t), TM = TM (r, t),
TF P (r, t) ρM
TM (r, t)
E(r, t) P (r, t)
ρM
void fraction
r
N(t) I
dN(t)
= A(t)N(t), A = A [φ(t), σai (t)] ,
dt
(I ×I) A
σai (r, t)
φ(r, t) A t
r
pointwise fuel depletion equation
∼
∼
12.3.2 Solution of Pointwise Depletion Equation

Δt t t + Δt
N(t + Δt) = eAΔt N(t),
matrix exponential
A2 Δt2 A3 Δt3
eAΔt = I + AΔt + + + ....
2! 3!
predictor-corrector algorithm
A
A
t
Np (t + Δt) = exp[A{φ(t), σ(t)}Δt]N(t).

predictor estimate Np (t + Δt)
t + Δt
t + Δt
Np (t + Δt) ⇒ {φ∗ (t + Δt), σ ∗ (t + Δt)}.

corrector step intermediate φ∗ (t + Δt)
∗
σ (t + Δt)
Nc (t + Δt) = exp[A{φ∗ (t + Δt), σ ∗ (t + Δt)}Δt]N(t).

Figure 12.6 Source:
t+Δt
1
Nf inal (t + Δt) = [Np (t + Δt) + Nc (t + Δt)] .
2
Nf inal (t + Δt) N(t)
12.3.3 Fuel Depletion Equation in Global MGD Calculation
E
∂E(r, t)
= P (r, t),
∂t
power density P (r, t)
P (r, t)
P (r, t)
E(r, t)
microscopic depletion scheme t t + Δt
{E(r, t), N(r, t), σ(E, TF , ρM )} ⇒ {φ(r, t), P (r, t)}

⇒ {E(r, t + Δt), N(r, t + Δt)},
N(r, t + Δt)
t + Δt
NF (r, 0)
σa (r) t
∂NF (r, t)
= −σa (r)φ(r, t)NF (r, t).
∂t
NF (r, t) = NF (r, 0) exp[−σa (r)θ(r, t)]
flux-time fluence
t
θ(r, t) = φ(r, t )dt .
0
φ(r, t) = φ(r) t
−2
θ(r, t) = φ(r)t ·
fluence
E TF ρM
Δt
E(r, t + Δt) = E(r, t) + P (r, t)Δt.
E(r, t + Δt)V = E(r, t)V + P (r, t)V Δt,
ΔE(r, t)V = P (r, t)V Δt.
P (r, t)
E(r, t + Δt) = E(r, t) + ΔE(r, t)V
P (r, t)V
= E(r, t) + Prel (r, t) ΔE(r, t)V ,
relative power distribution Prel (r, t)

Prel (r, t)
V Prel (r, t)V = 1.0
Prel (r, t) t
r
E(r, t) Prel (r, t)
ΔE(r, t)V Δt
Prel (r, t)
ΔE(r, t)V
macroscopic depletion algorithm

{E(r, t), Σ(E, TF , ρM )} ⇒ P (r, t) ⇒ Prel (r, t) ⇒ E(r, t + Δt),
N(r, t)
12.3.4 Simple Model for Fuel Burnup Estimation

6.022 × 1026
E = fima ×

200 1
× × ×
× 1023
= 939 fima [ ]
fima fissions per initial metal atom
fissions per initial fissile atom (fifa)
e
235
fima = fifa ×e .
12.4 EQUILIBRIUM CYCLE AND MASS BALANCE 337
fifa
# $
fifa = β ×F .
burnup fraction β
T
N 25 (0) − N 25 (T ) σf25
25
1 − e−σa θ T
β= 25 25
= ,θ = φ(t)dt,
N (0) σa 1 + α25 0
σf25 /σa25
β F
fifa fima E=
12.4 EQUILIBRIUM CYCLE AND MASS BALANCE
equilibrium cycle
transition cycles
12.4.1 Nuclide Balance Statement

cycle length T
T
# $
T
N(T ) = Nd = exp A(t)dt N(0) ≡ BN(0) = BNc
0
transmutation matrix B
N(0) N(T ) N(0)
charge nuclide vector Nc N(T ) discharge
vector Nd
B
A
A t
Nc
Nd
R
Nc
B
Nc Nd Nb
σφ B
Nf Nb
RCNd Nc
C
R RCNd
(I −RC)Nd
Figure 12.7
Figure 12.8
12.4.2 Material Flow Sheet
material flow sheet

B
Figure 12.9
L
(I − RC)
I
I = Ic + Ip .
C = D + B = (F + D)(1 − L),
(1 − L)
(F + D)
C makeup fuel flow
N
B
12.4.3 REBUS Equilibrium Inventory Calculation
k = keff k0 k1
e0 e1 Δe/Δk = (e1 − e0 )/(k1 − k0 )
e2 k = k2
Δe
e2 = e1 + (k2 − k1 ).
Δk
N
N
N
N
N
Figure 12.10
N
n 1/N n
Mn = Mf eed − (n − 1)ΔM, n = 1, . . . , N,
Mf eed ΔM
N
equilibrium cycling method
Mtotal N Mn
n = 1, . . . , N
12.5 SIMPLIFIED CYCLING MODEL 343

N
n−1
Mtotal = Mn = N Mf eed − ΔM ≡ N M .
n=1
2
N average batch inventory M = Mf eed − 3ΔM

Mf eed
12.5 SIMPLIFIED CYCLING MODEL
instant cycling method
reactivity-based cycling
k∞
135
12.5.1 Reactivity-Based Instant Cycling Method

N θ
N
k = keff
N
N θ
k N
k E∗
1
N
k(nθ) = k(E ∗ ) = 1.0,
N n=1
1
N
N +1
E∗ = nθ = θ.
N n=1 2
θ∗ = N θ
k∞
θ θ θ θ
Figure 12.11

N +1 1
k∞ θ∗ = ,
2N PN L
PN L N
PN L
E ∗ = 2θ
k∞
θ∗
12.5.2 Application of Instant Cycling Method
235
θ
θ1 = 3θ/2
E∗
θ∗ = N θ
out-in
θn n Bni
i = 1, . . . , N
Eni E∗
1 1
N N
Eni = Eni = (Bni + θn )
N i=1 N i=1
#N −1 $
1 N +1
= En−1,i+1 + θn N = θ,
N i=1 2
1 1N +1
E2i i = [θ1 (N − 1) + θ2 N ], θ2 = θ,
N 2 N
B11 = 0 θ1 = E ∗
n i=1
θn∗ = Eni = Bn1 + θn = En−1,2 + θn , n = 2, . . . ,

2
N N +1
B11 = 0 θ2∗ = θ.
2 N
n−1 n
1 N +1 N N +1
θn = θ θn∗ = θ, n = 2, . . . , N.
2 N 2 N
n=N
N
∗ N N +1
θN = θ,
2 N
n>N
θn
θn∗
Example 12.1
B1i = 0.0, i = 1, 2, 3
n=1 θ1 = 2θ
E1i = 2θ
θ1∗ = 2θ
n = 2 out-in
θ2 = 2θ/3 θ1 = 2θ
"3
Eni i = (1/3) 1 Eni = 2θ n = 2
θ2∗ = 2.67θ n = 3
θ2 = 0.89θ
θ3∗ = 3.56θ
θ4 = 1.18θ θ4∗ = 2.74θ

n = 6 θ6 = 0.99θ
θ6∗ = 3.09θ
θn = θ θn∗ = 3.0θ
θ
θn

Example 12.2
θn
pseudo burnup
θ1 = 1.5θ N =3
Eni = E ∗ = (N + 1)θ/2
effective discharge burnups θ1∗ = 2.5θ

θ2∗ = 2.83θ
actual discharge burnup
θ1∗
3θ
θ1 θ
θ1 = 3θ/2
Table 12.2
θ
n i
Bni Eni θn θn∗
2θ 2θ 2θ
2θ
2θ
2θ 2.67θ 0.67θ 2.67θ
2θ 2.67θ
0 0.67θ
2.67θ 3.56θ 0.89θ 3.56θ
0.67θ 1.56θ
0 0.89θ
1.56θ 2.74θ 1.18θ 2.74θ
0.89θ 2.07θ
0 1.18θ
2.07θ 2.99θ 0.92θ 2.99θ
1.18θ 2.10θ
0 0.92θ
2.10θ 3.09θ 0.99θ 3.09θ
0.92θ 1.91θ
0 0.99θ
k∞
1 1 2 3 2 1
k∞ (θ1 ) = [k (θ1 ) + k∞ (θ1 ) + k∞ (θ1 )] k∞ (θ1 ) = ,
3 ∞ PN L
i
k∞ i
i
k∞
θ∗ = 3θ
3θ
θ1 = 3θ/2
Table 12.3
θ
n i
Bni Eni θn θn∗
0.0θ + 1.0θ 1.5θ + 1.0θ 1.5θ 1.5θ + 1.0θ
0.0θ + 0.5θ 1.5θ + 0.5θ
0.0 1.5θ + 0.0θ
1.5θ + 0.5θ 2.33θ + 0.5θ 0.83θ 2.33θ + 0.5θ
1.5θ + 0.0θ 2.33θ + 0.0θ
0.0 0.83θ + 0.0θ
2.33θ 3.28θ 0.95θ 3.28θ
0.83θ 1.78θ
0 0.95θ
1.78θ 2.87θ 1.09θ 2.87θ
0.95θ 2.04θ
0 1.09θ
2.04θ 3.00θ 0.96θ 3.00θ
1.09θ 2.05θ
0 0.96θ
2.05θ 3.05θ 1.00θ 3.05θ
0.96θ 1.96θ
0 1.00θ
θ1 = 3θ/2
θ1
θ θ∗
PN L
θ θ1 20
12.6 FISSION PRODUCT XENON BUILDUP 349
θ∗ 2.45θ 3θ
X Y
FΔh Fq
approximate
0.7 ∼ 1.0 %Δk/k
1.0 %Δk/k % 235

1.0 %Δk/k
1.0 %Δk/k
12.6 FISSION PRODUCT XENON BUILDUP

12.6.1 Mechanism for 135 Xe Production and Balance Equation
135 β β β β
52 −−−−−−→ −−−−−−−→ −−−−−−→ −−−−−−−−−6→ .
t1/2 =19s t1/2 =6.57h t1/2 =9.1h t1/2 =2.3×10 y
γI γX
σI = 7 σX
λI = 2.89 × 10−5
−1
λX = 2.08 × 10−5 −1
σX 1.5
φ(r, t)
I(r, t) X(r, t)
∂I(r, t)
= γI Σf φ(r, t) − λI I(r, t) − σI φ(r, t)I(r, t),
∂t
∂X(r, t)
= γX Σf φ(r, t) + λI I(r, t) − λX X(r, t) − σX φ(r, t)X(r, t).
∂t
φ(r, t)
spatial
φ(r, t)
12.6.2 Time-Domain Solution of Xe-I Balance Equation
I(t) X(t)
dI(t)
= γI Σf φ(t) − λI I(t),
dt
dX(t)
= γX Σf φ(t) + λI I(t) − λ∗ (t)X(t), λ∗ (t) = λX + σX φ(t).
dt
φ
γ I Σf φ
I∞ (φ) = ,
λI
γΣf φ
X∞ (φ) = , γ = γI + γX ,
λ∗
t
φ(0−) = φ0 , φ(0+) = φ1 ,
X(0−) = X0 , I(0−) = I0 .
dI(t)
= γI Σf φ1 − λI I(t),
dt

t
λI τ γ I Σf φ 1
I(t) = e−λI t γI Σf φ1 e dτ + I0 = 1 − e−λI t + I0 e−λI t .
0 λI
I(t) = (I0 − I1∞ )e−λI t + I1∞ , I1∞ = I∞ (φ1 ).
dX(t)
= γX Σf φ1 + λI I(t) − λ∗1 X(t), λ∗1 = λX + σX φ1
dt
t
−λ∗ λ∗
X(t) = e 1t {γX Σf φ1 + λI I(τ )} e 1τ dτ + X0 .
0

−λ∗
t . / λ∗
X(t) = e 1t λ∗1 X1∞ + λI (I0 − I1∞ )e−λI τ e 1τ dτ +X0 , X1∞ = X∞ (φ1 ),
0
∗ λI (I0 − I1∞ ) −λI t ∗
∗
= X1∞ (1 − e−λ1 t ) + ∗ e − e−λ1 t + X0 e−λ1 t ,
λ1 − λI
∗ λI (I0 − I1∞ ) −λI t

−λ∗
X(t) = (X0 − X1∞ )e−λ1 t + e − e 1t + X1∞ .
λ∗1 − λI
φ0 = X0 = I0 = 0.
γ I Σf φ 1
I(t) = I1∞ (1 − e−λI t ) = (1 − e−λI t ),
λI
λI I ∞ ∗

X(t) = X1∞ 1 − e−A1 t − ∗ 1 e−λI t − e−λ1 t .
λ1 − λI
φ = φ0
I0 = I0∞ , X0 = X0∞ , φ1 = 0, λ∗1 = λX , I1∞ = X1∞ = 0.
I(t) = I0∞ e−λI t ,

λI I0∞ −λX t
X(t) = X0∞ e−λx t + e − e−λI t
λI − λX

λI I0∞ λI I0∞ −λI t
= X0∞ + e−λX t − e , λ I > λX .
λI − λX λI − λX
λ I > λX
λI λX
tm

1 λI /λX
tm = ln .
λI − λX 1 + (1 − λX /λI ) X0∞ /I0∞
I0∞ → ∞ X0∞ → γΣf /σX
1 λI
tm = ln 11.3
λI − λ X λX
∼
Figure 12.12
Σ∞
aX
2
Σa + DB
δk Σ∞ σX X0∞
ρX = = δ ln k = −δ ln Σa + DB 2 = − aX
2
=− ,
k Σa + DB νΣf
X0∞
φ = φ0
γΣf Δk
ρX = − 2.7% .
νΣf k
12.6.3 Effect of Samarium Buildup
149 β β
60 −−−−−−−→ −−−−−−→
t1/2 =1.73h t1/2 =2.2d
12.7 GENERAL INCORE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS 355
Δk/k
12.7 GENERAL INCORE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
12.7.1 Reactivity Variation over Fuel Cycle
2
∼
2
k = keff
k
k
k
4 2 3
k ∼
Δkcontrol
Figure 12.13
Δkcontrol
2 3
2 3
12.7.2 Thermal-Hydraulic Feedback and Power Distribution
pointwise thermal-hydraulic (T/H) feedback

axial offset
PT − PB
,
PT + PB
PT PB
double-hump
12.7.3 Control Requirements for Light Water Reactor
NH /N25
f p NH /N25
k NH /N25
Δkcycle
k
Δk/k
∼ Δk/k
∼ Δk/k
Δk/k
Figure 12.14
Table 12.4 %Δk/k
135 149
Δk/k
Δk/k
Δkcycle = 17∼19 %Δk/k
Δkcycle
6 ∼ 7 %Δk/k ∼ Δk/k soluble boron
letdown curve k
Δkcycle = 19 %Δk/k
Δkcycle
β
12.7.4 Power Distribution Control
cruciform
deep control rods

shallow control rods
wide-wide (W-W) gap (2 × 2)
narrow-narrow (N-N) gap

R
2×2
4×4
4×4
Haling power distribution
PA (z)
PH (z) Fz
PA (z) PH (z)
E(z)
k∞
E(z) k∞
Fz PA (z) PH (z)
PA (z)
PH (z)
12.8 RADIOACTIVE WASTE AND USED NUCLEAR FUEL

MANAGEMENT
12.8.1 Classification of Radioactive Waste

12.8 RADIOACTIVE WASTE AND USED NUCLEAR FUEL MANAGEMENT 361
Figure 12.15
α Z
−1
·
12.8.2 Characteristics of Radioactive Waste
radiological toxicity (index)
−1
·
A Tx derived
air concentration
A
Tx = ,
DAC
−3
μ · annual limit
on intake
ALI [ μ ]
DAC = 3]
.
[
2.4×103 3
3 −1
· DAC
ALI
Example 12.3 ALI DAC Tx

A = 1.0
3
ALI 8×104 μ μ · −3
μ · −3
3
Tx 5 × 104 3
ALI μ DAC
−3 −3
μ · DAC μ ·
Tx 2 × 107 3
T x(137 2 × 107
= = 400
T x(3 5 × 104
137
DAC
−1 −1
· ·
DAC
−3 −3
μ · ·
Fission product decay heat

−1 −1
f (t) ·
β γ t
23

f (t) = αi exp (−λi t) ,
i=1
{αi , λi }
Pd (t, T ) t
P T
Q
0
P P
Pd (t, T ) = dt f (t − t ) = F (t, T )
−T Q Q
P/Q
t − t

dt t
−T F (t, T )
−1
· t
−T
[−∞, 0] [−T, −∞]
F (t, T ) = F (t, ∞) − F (t + T, ∞).
F (t, ∞)
t t+T
F (t, T )
F (t, T ) t T
∼ P
∼ P
Q
3.1 × 1010
12.8.3 Status of Used Nuclear Fuel Inventory

∼ ∼
12.8.4 Partition and Transmutation of Waste

Figure 12.16
t1/2 ∼
5
t1/2 ∼ 107
106
6
10
109
Table 12.5
Source:
References

ing
ICONE 8
Trans. Am.
Nucl. Soc. 94
The Linear Reactivity Model

for Nuclear Fuel Management
The Bridge
Nucl. Technol.
180
Nuclear Fuel Management
Trans. Am.
Nucl. Soc. 40
Prog. Nucl. Energy 31
Trans. Am. Nucl. Soc. 14 Suppl.

Nucl. Technol. 108

tems
Wiley Encyclopedia of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering
2
Nucl. Sci. Eng. 187
Code of Federal
Regulation
Proc. MIT Int’l
Conf. Next Generation of Nuclear Power Technology
Nuclear Wastes: Technologies for Separations and

Transmutation
Nucl. Sci. Eng. 22
Nucl. Sci. Eng. 73
Trans. Am. Nucl.

Soc. 94
Nucl. Sci. Eng. 158
PSAM-10
The Nuclear Fuel Cycle
Waste Management 2004 International Symposium, Tucson, AZ
Proc. Global
’95 Int. Conf. on Evaluation of Emerging Nuclear Fuel Cycle
Nucl. Sci. Eng. 151
Problems
12.1
235
2 σa
235
σf φ = 5.0 × 1013
−2 −1
·
235
N (t) t
235
T =
235
β
12.2
Σf φ
−1
Σf = 0.065
135
σX =
135 135
I0∞ X0∞
135
12.3 2
235
235 239
e = 4.0
σa25 = 400
σf25 = 330 σa28 = 2.0 σf28 = 0.6
12.4 F (t, T )
12.5 f (t) β γ t
235
f (t) = 2.66 t−1.2
−1 −1
·
6 235
t∈
235
235
12.6
P T
Pd (t, T ) t
12.7
235
f (t) t f (t) = αλ exp(−λt)
−1 −1 −1
· α= · λ = 3×10−7 −1
ξ
12.8
I = 36.65
−1
S = 0.257 ·
· −1
−1
F = 12.22 · L = 0.001
−1
B = 0.64 ·
Ψ
14
12.9
135 3 137
CHAPTER 13
THERMAL-HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS OF
REACTOR SYSTEMS

©
374 CHAPTER 13: THERMAL-HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS OF REACTOR SYSTEMS
13.1 EMPIRICAL LAWS FOR ENERGY AND MOMENTUM TRANSPORT 375
Figure 13.1
13.1 EMPIRICAL LAWS FOR ENERGY AND MOMENTUM

TRANSPORT
13.1.1 Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction
Y
T0 T1 T1 > T0
qy
T1 − T0
qy = k ,
Y
q = −k∇T,
Figure 13.2
k thermal conductivity
Fourier’s law of heat conduction

−1 −1
k ·
q · −2 k
thermal diffusivity α = k/ρCp ρ Cp
k
k
k
13.1.2 Newton’s Law of Viscosity
Y
V
vx (y)
x y
τyx shearing tangential stress in the fluid
plane normal to y due to fluid motion in the x-direction
V
τyx = μ .
Y
Newton’s law of viscosity

∂vx
τyx = −μ ,
∂y
μ viscosity
13.1 EMPIRICAL LAWS FOR ENERGY AND MOMENTUM TRANSPORT 377
shear stress τyx viscous

flow of x-momentum in the y-direction due to the velocity gradient
x vx x y z
ij × shear stress
τ
∂vi ∂vj 2 κ
τij = −μ + − − (∇ · v)δij ,
∂xj ∂xi 3 μ
κ bulk viscosity modulus of elasticity
generalized Newton’s law of viscosity
Newtonian Stokes fluid
μ Poise
−1 −1
· centipoise · τ
kinematic viscosity ν = μ/ρ
13.1.3 Newton’s Law of Cooling
Ts q
Newton’s law of cooling
q = h(Ts − Tb ),
h heat transfer coefficient Tb

bulk fluid temperature
k μ
h
Tb
Tb
Tb
cup-mixing temperature
q
q
h k
−2 −1
· k h
Figure 13.3
13.2 DERIVATION OF FLUID CONSERVATION EQUATIONS
13.2.1 Equation of Continuity
r dr
dS n
ΔV = ΔxΔyΔz
ΔA ΔV
ΔA
dS
Figure 13.4
13.2 DERIVATION OF FLUID CONSERVATION EQUATIONS 379
( )=( )
= −( ),
n · [ρ(r, t)v(r, t)]ΔA = dAn · [ρ(r, t)v(r, t)] = dr∇ · [ρ(r, t)v(r, t)]
ΔA ΔV
= ΔV ∇ · [ρ(r, t)v(r, t)] = ∇ · [ρ(r, t)v(r, t)]dr,
dr ∇· ρv
equation of continuity
∂ρ(r, t)
= −∇ · [ρ(r, t) v(r, t)].
∂t
substantial derivative
D ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
= + vx + vy + vz = + v · ∇,
Dt ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
Dρ
= −ρ∇ · v.
Dt
time-derivative
for a path following the fluid motion steady-state flow
∇ · (ρ v) = 0,
incompressible flow
∇ · v = 0.
13.2.2 Equation of Motion and Navier-Stokes Equation
ρv
( )
= −( )
+( ).
p g
τ
= dA
dA n · (ρvv) = dr ∇ · (ρvv)
= dA
dA n · τ = dr ∇ · τ
=− dA
dA np = −dr ∇p
= dr ρg
ρv
equation of motion
Navier-Stokes equation
∂
ρv = −∇ · (ρvv) − ∇ · τ − ∇p + ρg,
∂t
= −∇ · (ρvv) − ∇ · (τ + pI) + ρg,
vv τ
j
∇·τ
∂
(∇ · τ )j = τij
i
∂xi
j ∇ · (ρvv
∂
[∇ · (ρvv)]j = (ρvi vj ).
i
∂xi
∂ ∂v
ρv = ρ − v∇ · (ρv),
∂t ∂t
∇ · (ρvv
∇ · (ρvv) = ρv · ∇v + v∇ · (ρv),
∇v
∂vj
(v · ∇v)j = vi .
i
∂xi
Dv ∂v
ρ =ρ + ρv · ∇v,
Dt ∂t
Dv ∂
ρ = ρv + ∇ · (ρvv) = −∇ · (τ + pI) + ρg.
Dt ∂t
ρ μ
Dv
ρ = μ∇2 v − ∇p + ρg,
Dt
Navier-Stokes equation ∇·τ
inviscid fluid Euler’s equation
Dv
ρ = −∇p + ρg.
Dt
v τ
ρ p
13.2.3 Equations of Energy Conservation
E
U

1
E=ρ U+ .
2
( )
= −( )
+( )
−( )
+( ).
= dA n · (vE) = dr∇ · (vE)
= −dA n · q = −dr∇ · q
= −drv·(ρg) = −drρ(v·g)
= dA n · vp = dr∇ · (pv)
= dA n · (τ · v) = dr∇ · (τ · v)
= drS(r)
equation of conservation of total energy

∂E ∂ v2
= ρ U+ = −∇·(Ev)−∇·q+ρv·g−∇·(pv)−∇·(τ · v)+S.
∂t ∂t 2
τ ·v i

(τ · v)i = τij vj .
j
DE ∂E
= + v · ∇E = −E∇ · v − ∇ · q + ρv · g − ∇ · (pv) − ∇ · (τ · v) + S
Dt ∂t

D v2 ∂ v2 v2
ρ U+ =ρ U+ + ρv · ∇ U +
Dt 2 ∂t 2 2
= −∇ · q + ρv · g − ∇ · (pv) − ∇ · (τ · v) + S.
conservation of mechanical energy

v

D 2
ρ v = −v · ∇p − v · (∇ · τ ) + ρv · g.
Dt
equation of internal energy conservation

DU
ρ = −∇ · q − p∇ · v + v · (∇ · τ ) − ∇ · (τ · v) + S,
Dt
DU ∂
ρ = ρU + ∇ · (ρU v) = −∇ · q − p∇ · v − τ : ∇v + S
Dt ∂t
∂ ∂τij ∂vi
τ : ∇v = ∇ · (τ · v) − v · (∇ · τ ) = (τij vj ) − vj = τij .
i,j
∂xi i,j
∂xi i,j
∂xj

∂U ∂U ∂p
dU = dV + dT = T − p dV + Cv dT,
∂V T ∂T V ∂T V
Cv V = 1/ρ

DU ∂p DV DT
ρ = T −p ρ + ρCv ,
Dt ∂T V Dt Dt
DV /Dt

DV D 1 1 Dρ
ρ =ρ =− = ∇ · v.
Dt Dt ρ ρ Dt
T
DT ∂p
ρCv = −∇ · q − T ∇ · v − τ : ∇v + S.
Dt ∂T V
(∂p/∂T )V = p/T
DT
ρCv = −∇ · q − p(∇ · v) + S.
Dt
Cp = Cv
DT DT
ρC = ρCp = −∇ · q + S.
Dt Dt
time-dependent heat conduction
equation
∂T
ρCp = −∇ · q + S = ∇ · k∇T + S,
∂t
h = U + pV
∂ Dp
ρh = −∇ · (ρhv) − ∇ · q − τ : ∇v + + S.
∂t Dt
v · ∇p = 0
∂ ∂p
ρh = −∇ · (ρhv) − ∇ · q + + S.
∂t ∂t
steady-state heat conduction in solids
∇ · q = −∇ · k∇T = S.
13.3 SIMPLE SOLUTIONS OF FLUID CONSERVATION EQUATIONS 385
steady-state fluid
flow
∇ · (ρhv) = −∇ · q + S,
13.2.4 Comments on Fluid Conservation Equations
% &
ψ = 1, v, U + v 2 /2, U, h
Dψ ∂
ρ = (ρψ) + ∇ · (ρψv).
Dt ∂t
13.3 SIMPLE SOLUTIONS OF FLUID CONSERVATION EQUATIONS

Table 13.1
∂ρ
= −∇ · (ρv)
∂t
Dρ
= −ρ∇ · v
Dt
∂
ρv = −∇ · (ρvv) − ∇ · τ − ∇p + ρg
∂t
Dv
ρ = −∇ · τ − ∇p + ρg
Dt
∂E
= −∇ · (Ev) − ∇ · q + ρv · g − ∇ · (pv) − ∇ · (τ · v) + S
∂t
D(E/ρ)
ρ = −∇ · q + ρv · g − ∇ · (pv) − ∇ · (τ · v) + S
Dt

D
ρ v2 = −v · ∇p − v · (∇ · τ ) + ρv · g
Dt
DU
ρ = −∇ · q − p∇ · v − τ : ∇v + S
Dt
DT ∂p
ρCv = −∇ · q − T ∇ · v − τ : ∇v + S
Dt ∂T V
∂T
ρCp = −∇ · q + S = ∇ · k∇T + S
∂t
∂ Dp
ρh = −∇ · (ρhv) − ∇ · q − τ : ∇v + +S
∂t Dt
Example 13.1 Couette flow

Table 13.2
∂(ρψ)
+ ∇ · (ρψv) = −∇ · J + φ
∂t
ψ J φ
v τ + pI ρg
v2
U+ q + (τ + pI) · v ρv · g + S
2
U q −p∇ · v − τ : ∇v + S
Dp
h q − τ : ∇v + S
Dt
2
∂vx ∂vx ∂ vx ∂ 2 vx
ρ vx + vy =μ + .
∂x ∂y ∂x2 ∂y 2
x vx = vx (y) vy = 0
d2 v x
μ = 0.
dy 2
vx (y) = C1 y + C2 ,
C1 C2
y = 0 V y = Y
vx (0) = V
vx (Y ) = 0
C2 = V C1 = −V /Y
y
vx (y) = V 1 −
Y
dvx μV
τ yx = −μ = = .
dy Y
Figure 13.5
τ yx
Example 13.2 vz Hagen-

Poiseuille flow
ρ μ R
L
vz
vz = vz (r)
∂vz ∂p 1 ∂
ρvz =− − (rτrz ) − ρg
∂z ∂z r ∂r
1 d dp d
(rτrz ) = − − ρg = − (p + ρgz).
r dr dz dz
P
P = p + ρgz,
p1 = p(0) p2 = p(L)
1 d dP P1 − P2 (p1 − p2 ) − ρgL
(rτrz ) = − = = .
r dr dz L dz
τrz r=0
υ
υ
Figure 13.6
vz (R) = 0

P1 − P2 dvz (r)
τrz (r) = r = −μ
2L dr

P1 − P2 2 r2
vz (r) = R 1− 2 ,
4μL R

P1 − P2
vz,max = vz (0) = R2
4μL
R
2π vz (r)rdr
P1 − P2 1
vz = 0
= R2 = vz,max .
πR2 8μL 2
mass flow rate W
πρ(P1 − P2 )R4
W = ρ vz πR2 =
8μL
Fz
Fz = 2πRLτrz (R) = 2πRLτw = πR2 (P1 − P2 ),
τw wall shear stress

Fz
πR2 (P1 − P2 ) Δp
8μL W
Δp = p1 − p2 = (P1 − P2 ) + ρgL = + ρgL.
πR4 ρ
Δp
Re Reynolds number
ρ vz D
Re =
μ
Re Re
Example 13.3
ρ μ
y=0
x
V vx (y, t) x
x
vx ∇p ρg

∂vx ∂vx ∂vx ∂ 2 vx
ρ = −ρ vx + vy +μ 2 .
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂y
vx = f (x) vy = 0
∂vx ∂ 2 vx
=ν ,
∂t ∂y 2
kinematic viscosity ν = μ/ρ
vx (y, t) = 0 t≤0
υx
Figure 13.7
vx (0, t) = V t>0
vx (∞, t) = 0 t>0
similarity variable
√
η = y/ 4νt
vx /V = φ(η)
η
φ(0) = 1
φ(∞) = 0
∂(vx /V ) dφ ∂η η
= = − φ (η),
∂t dη ∂t 2t
∂ 2 (vx /V ) η 2
= φ (η),
∂y 2 y2
φ + 2ηφ = 0,
ψ = φ
ψ + 2ηψ = 0.
Figure 13.8
ψ = φ
ψ = φ = C1 exp(−η 2 )
φ
η
φ(η) = C1 exp(−u2 )du + C2 .
0
φ(η)
C1 C2
η
2
φ(η) = 1 − √ exp(−u2 )du = 1 − (η),
π 0

vx (y, t) y
=1− √ .
V 4νt
vx η
y t
boundary layer thickness

δ √ V
φ(2) 0.01 δ = 4 νt
δ
δ t
Figure 13.9 δ
13.3.1 Heat Conduction in Cylindrical Fuel Rod
a L
S
Ts
1 d dT (r)
(rqr ) = S, qr (r) = −k .
r dr dr
qr (0) = 0
T (a) = Ts
Sr dT (r)
qr (r) = = −k
2 dr
T (r)
S
a
Sa2 r2
k(T )dT = rdr = 1− 2 .
Ts 2 r 4 a
P L πa2 S =
P/L
T (r)
P/L r2
k(T )dT = 1− 2 .
Ts 4π a
Tc = T (0)
Tc
P/L
k(T )dT = .
Ts 4π
k(T )
Ts Tc
P/L
k(Tc − Ts ) = .
4π
linear heat generation rate P/L
Tc Ts
a
S S
P/L a
k(T ) 2
T
N
k(T )dT = an T n .
0 n=0
k(T ) 2

18.86
k = + 8.775 × 10−11 (T − 273)3 , T .
· 1 + 4.49 × 10−3 T
T (r)
r T
T k
r
T
T (r), r
Figure 13.10 2
Source:
13.3.2 Heat Conduction through Composite Wall
T0 x = x0 = 0
x = x3
Tb h
dq
= 0,
dx
Figure 13.11
T (x0 ) = T0
q(x3 ) = h[T (x3 ) − Tb ] = q0
T1 − T0 T2 − T1 T3 − T2
q0 = −k1 = −k2 = −k3 = h(T3 − Tb ),
x1 − x0 x2 − x1 x3 − x2
3
3

xi − xi−1 1
T0 − Tb = (Ti−1 − Ti ) + (T3 − Tb ) = q0 + .
i=1 i=1
ki h
overall heat transfer coefficient U

(T0 − Tb )
q0 = U (T0 − Tb ),
3
−1
Δxi 1
U= + , Δxi = xi − xi−1 .
i=1
ki h
U
Figure 13.12 T (r)
a tc tg
T (r)
S
Tb kf
kc hg h
q
q = Uc (Tc − Tb ),
Tc overall heat transfer coefficient

Uc
−1
a 1 a a + tg + t c a 1
Uc = + + ln + .
2kf hg kc a + tg a + tg + tc h
hg
gap conductance
S
coring
fuel
densification
13.3.3 Forced Convection in Laminar Flow
ρ μ k Cp
R L
Δp = p1 −p2
q0

∂T (r, z) 1 ∂ ∂T ∂2T
ρCp vz =k r + .
∂z r ∂r ∂r ∂z 2
vz
k

∂T (r, z) 1 ∂ ∂T
ρCp vz =k r ,
∂z r ∂r ∂r
vz (r)
T (r, z) r = 0 ∀z
T (r, 0) = T0 ∀r
T (r, z) z
q0 ψ(r)
z T (r, z)
T (r, z) = C0 z + ψ(r),
C0
bulk fluid temperature Tb (z)
A = πR2
R
2π ρvz (r)T (r, z)rdr
ρvz (r)T (r, z)r 0
Tb (z) = = .
ρvz (r)r ρπR2 vz r
Tb
cup-mixing temperature flow-average temperature
∂T (r, z) dTb (z)

= .
∂z dz
T (r, z) − Tb (z)
r z
θ(r) r
T (0, z) − T (r, z) Tb (z) − T (r, z)
θ(r) = =1+ .
T (0, z) − Tb (z) T (0, z) − Tb (z)
T0
Tb
dz
W Cp dTb = 2πRdz · q0 = M q0 dz
dTb (z) M q0 ∂T (r, z)

= = =
dz W Cp ∂z
W wetted perimeter M = 2πR
vz (r)

1 ∂ ∂T r 2 M q0 4q0 r2
k r = 2ρCp vz 1 − 2 = 1− 2 .
r ∂r ∂r R W Cp R R
T (r, z) r=0

q0 r 2 r2
T (r, z) = C1 (z) + 1− ,
kR 4R2
C1 (z) z

q0 r 2 r2
T (r, z) − T (0, z) = 1−
kR 4R2

R
r2 r2
4π vz r3 1 − 1 − dr
q0 0 4R2 R2 7 q0 R
Tb (z) − T (0, z) = = .
kR πR2 vz 24 k
θ(r)

T (0, z) − T (r, z) 24 r2 r2
θ(r) = = 1− .
T (0, z) − Tb (z) 7 R2 4R2
Nusselt number Nu
Prandtl number Pr
hD
Nu = = ,
k
Cp μ ν
Pr = = = ,
k α
D ν = μ/ρ kinematic viscosity α = k/ρCp
thermal diffusivity Nu
qo
(∂T /∂r)R

∂T
q0 = h[T (R, z) − Tb (z)] = k
∂r r=R

(∂T /∂r)R ∂ T (r, z) − Tb (z)
Nu = 2R = 2R
T (R, z) − Tb (z) ∂r T (R, z) − Tb (z) r=R

∂ Tb (z) − T (r, z) T (0, z) − Tb (z)
= 2R · .
∂r T (0, z) − Tb (z) Tb (z) − T (R, z) r=R

d [θ(r) − 1] 1
Nu = 2R
dr r=R θ(R) −1

18 dθ 24
θ(R) = =
7 dr r=R 7R
Nu = 48/11
Nu = 0.023 Re0.8 P r0.4 , 0.7 ≤ P r ≤ 100, Re ≥ 104 .
13.3.4 Velocity Distribution in Turbulent Flow
Re
Figure 13.13
v = v + v ,
T = T + T ,
v T
v T v T
v T
104 ≤ Re ≤ 105
v
r 1/7 v 4
v = v max 1 − .
R v max 5
plug flow
v T
Reynolds stress v v large
eddy simulation
k ε model k
ε
13.3.5 Friction Factor and Hydraulic Diameter
friction factor f

2πRL · τw τw 1 R P1 − P2
f= 2 = 2 = 2 ,
2πRL · ρ vz /2 ρ vz /2 2 L ρ vz /2
wall shear stress τw
(P1 − P2 )
R P1 − P2 8μL 16μ 16
f= = = .
2L ρ vz /2 (P1 − P2 ) R2 ρ vz D Re
f Fanning friction factor
0.0791
f= , 2100 ≤ Re ≤ 105 .
Re
f
Re
f Re
f
Re Nu Pr
A M
equivalent hydraulic diameter Dh
4A
Dh = .
M
D Dh = D
Reynolds
number
ρ vz Dh
Re = .
μ
ΔP
2
2f ρ vz L
ΔP = P1 − P2 = .
Dh
13.4 CONSERVATION EQUATIONS FOR CHANNEL FLOW
vz Tb (z) vz (r) T (r, z)
A M
13.4.1 Equation of Continuity

A
∂ ρr ∂ ∂
=− ρvz r − ( ρr vz r ) ,
∂t ∂z ∂z
ρ(z) = ρr v(z) = vz r

mass flow rate W
W (z) = ρ(z)v(z)A = G(z)A

−1
W · mass velocity momentum flux G
−2 −1
· W G
∂ρ ∂G 1 ∂W
=− =− .
∂t ∂z A ∂z
W
13.4.2 Equation of Motion and Pressure Drop
∇ · (ρvv)

∂ * 2+ ∂ 2 ∂ G2
ρv r ρ v = .
∂z ∂z ∂z ρ
13.4 CONSERVATION EQUATIONS FOR CHANNEL FLOW 405
τw ∇·τ
dz Adz
∇ · τ dr τ · ndA
Adz M dz τw M
= = .
Adz Adz A
ρv
∇p ρg z

∂G ∂ G2 τw M ∂p ∂p
=− − − − ρg = − + R,
∂t ∂z ρ A ∂z ∂z
R

dp dp dp dp
=R= + + .
dz dz mom dz f ric dz elev
Δp
L
Δp = Δpmom + Δpf ric + Δpelev .
Δpmom
Δpacc
Δplocal Δpf orm
2
1 Gi 2 2 G2
Δpmom = Δpacc +Δplocal = G Δ + (σi+1 − σi2 )+ Ki i ,
ρ i
2ρi i
2ρi
σi
i Ki
loss factor i
2
21 Gi 2 G2 2G2 L
f L
Δp = G Δ + (σi+1 − σi2 )+ Ki i + dz+ ρgdz.
ρ i
2ρi i
2ρi Dh 0 ρ 0
pumping
power Fp
ΔpW
Fp = ΔpA vz = ,
ρz
vz ρz
Δp
13.4.3 Equation of Energy Conservation
∂ ∂ Mq ∂p
(ρh) = − (Gh) + + + S,
∂t ∂z A ∂t
qw
W
dh(z)
W = M qw (z) + AS(z).
dz
Tb
dTb (z)
W Cp = M qw (z) + AS(z).
dz
13.5 AXIAL TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION IN REACTOR CORE

13.5 AXIAL TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION IN REACTOR CORE 407
single-channel flow
model
qw (z)
13.5.1 Power Distribution and Heat Flux in Reactor Core
Σf (r) φ(r)
S(r)
S(r) = Ef Σf (r)φ(r),
Ef
z
r F (ρ)
ρ
S(r, z, ρ) = Ef Σf (r, z)φ(r, z)F (ρ).
R H
φ(r, z) r z
φ(r, z) = φ(0, 0)ψ(r)X(z),


2.405r
ψ(r) = J0
R
πz
X(z) = cos .
H
q(r, z) z
r
S(r, z, ρ) A = πa2 a
M = 2πa
a a
2π S(r, z, ρ)ρdρ 2π F (ρ)ρdρ
0 0
q(r, z) = = Ef Σf (r, z)φ(r, z) .
M M
F (ρ)
< F >ρ = 1
A A
q(r, z) = Ef Σf (r, z)φ(r, z) = P (r, z) ,
M M
wall heat flux into the channel
power distribution P (r, z)
Σf
Σf
Σf
r
q(r, z) = q(0, 0)X(z)ψ(r) = q(z)ψ(r),
q(z) = q(0, 0)X(z).
ψ(r)
13.5.2 Axial Temperature Profile in PWR Core
Tb
S
dTb (z)
W Cp = M q(z),
dz
q(z)
H T1 T2
z
M q(0, 0)
Tb (z) − T1 = X(z )dz ,
W Cp −H/2
M H q(0, 0) πz πz0
Tb (z) − T1 = sin + sin ,
πW Cp H H
z0 = H/2 Tb (z0 ) = T2
2M H q(0, 0) πz0
T2 − T1 = sin ,
πW Cp H
θb (z)

Tb (z) − T1 1 sin πz/H
θb (z) = = 1+ .
T2 − T1 2 sin πz0 /H
δ
H = H
1 πz
θb (z) = 1 + sin .
2 H
Tb (z)
Ts (z) q(z)
q(z) = h(z)[Ts (z) − Tb (z)],

h(z)
q(0, 0) πz
Ts (z) − Tb (z) = cos , δ = 0,
h(z) H
Ts (z) − T1 Tb (z) − T1 Ts (z) − Tb (z)

θs (z) = = +
T2 − T1 T2 − T 1 T2 − T1
1 πz πW Cp πz
= 1 + sin + cos , δ = 0.
2 H 2M Hh(z) H
q(z)
Tc
Uc
q(z) = Uc (z)[Tc (z) − Tb (z)],

Tc (z)
Ts (z) h(z) Uc (z)
Tf (z)
Uf (z)
q(z)
Uf (z) = ,
Tf (z) − Tb (z)
q(z)

Tf (z) − T1 1 sin πz cos πz
θf (z) = = 1+ + Af (z)
T2 − T1 2 H H
πW Cp
Af (z) = .
2M HUf (z)
zm
z
dθf (z) 1 πz πz
= cos − Af (z) sin =0
dz 2 H H
πzm 1 M HUf
tan = = .
H 2Af πW Cp
zm
0
1 1 1
θf m = 1+ = 1 + 1 + 4A2f , δ = 0.
2 sin πzm /H 2
P (r) r
T1 T2
maximum fuel temperature Tf m
P (r) = W Cp [T2 (r) − T1 ]
2W Cp [Tf m (r) − T1 ] W Cp [Tf m (r) − T1 ]

P (r) = 0 = .
1 + 1 + 4A2f θf m
Tf m
θb (z) θf (z)
zm
θb (z)
q(z)
θf (z) θb (z)
q(z)
hot spot
Af
Uf
13.5.3 Axial Temperature Profile in BWR Core
h(z) S
h1 h2
M Hq(0, 0) πz
h(z) − h1 = 1 + sin , δ = 0,
πW H
2M Hq(0, 0)
h2 − h 1 = ,
πW
Figure 13.14
h(z) − h1 1 πz
θ(z) = = 1 + sin ,
h2 − h1 2 H
Tb
zb
Tsat
1
Tb (z) − T1 1 + sin πz/H
, z ≤ zb ,
θb (z) = = 1 + sin πzb /H
Tsat − T1 1, z > zb .
Tf (z) − T1 Tb (z) − T1 Tf (z) − Tb (z)

θf (z) = = +
Tsat − T1 Tsat − T1 Tsat − T1
⎧
⎪ 1 + sin πz/H 2Af (z) cos πz/H
⎪
⎨ 1 + sin πz /H + 1 + sin πz /H , z ≤ zb ,
b b
θf (z) =
⎪
⎪ 2A f (z) cos πz/H
⎩1 + , z > zb .
1 + sin πzb /H
Figure 13.15
θ(z)
θb (z) θf (z)
13.5.4 Hot Channel Factors
overall hot channel factor overall power peaking factor
qmax (Σf φ)max

Fq = = = .
qr,z Σf φr,z
enthalpy rise hot

channel factor
Δhmax
FΔh = = .
Δhr
H/2
M M H q(r, z)z P (r) P (0)ψ(r)
Δh(r) = q(r, z)dz = = = ,
W −H/2 W W W
P (r) r
qz,max Σf φz,max P (0) 1

FΔh = = = = .
qr,z Σf φr,z P r ψ
FΔh
radial power peaking factor Fxy axial power peaking factor Fz
qmax
Fz = = ,
qz,max
qz
Fq = FΔh · Fz .
r z
Fq Fq
Pt N H
M
qmax
Pt = N M H qr,z = N M H .
Fq
Σf q(r, z)
FΔh
ψ(r)

1 P r 2 R
2.405r 2
= = ψ = 2 J0 rdr = J1 (2.405),
FΔh P (0) R 0 R 2.405
ψ δ Fz
X(z)
H/2
1 1 2
= X = X(z)dz = , δ = 0.
Fz H −H/2 π
Fq
rz X(z)ψ(r)
1 π
Fq = = · 2.32 = 3.64.
X ψ 2
q(r, z)
r z
Fq Fq
nuclear hot channel

factors
engineering hot channel factor FqE
uncertainty hot channel factor FqU
FqN
Fq = FqN · FqE · FqU .
FqU
FqU
FqE
FqU FqE
FqE

Δe Δρ
Fq = FqN 1+ + .
e ρ
σx σy x y σz
z = f (x, y)
2 2
∂z ∂z
σz2 = σx2 + σy2 .
∂x ∂y
Fq

2 σe2 σρ2 2
σF2 q = FqN 2 + 2 ≡ FqN σFqE .
e ρ
σFq
Fq
Pk k
{Fq < FqN + kσFq } = Pk
Fq = FqN + kσFq = FqN (1 + kσFqE ) ≡ FqN · FqE .
k
Pk FqE
13.6 BOILING HEAT TRANSFER AND TWO-PHASE FLOW

13.6 BOILING HEAT TRANSFER AND TWO-PHASE FLOW 417
Figure 13.16
ΔTw
13.6.1 Pool Boiling Regimes
qw
wall superheat ΔTw = Tw − Tsat
Tw Tsat
AB φ
B
BC
nucleate boiling
local boiling
bulk boiling
CD partial film boiling transition boiling
C departure from nucleate boiling

boiling crisis C qDNB burnout heat flux
critical heat flux
D
DE
stable film boiling E
qDNB
13.6.2 Flow Boiling Regimes and Two-Phase Flow Patterns

local boiling subcooled nucleate boiling

Tw
Tb = Tsat
qw zLB
zBB
wall superheat ΔTw
steam
Figure 13.18
quality void fraction
13.6.3 Homogeneous Equilibrium Flow Model

φ homogeneous equilibrium
model
1V 1T UV UT
ρf ρg Wf Wg
ρh

1 Wg Wf 1 x 1−x
= + = + ,
ρh ρg ρf W ρg ρf
flow quality x
W
Wg Wg
x= = .
W Wf + Wg
x saturated liquid and vapor enthalpies hf hg
h
h = xhg + (1 − x)hf .
x = (h − hf )/hf g ,
hf g = hg − hf latent heat of vaporization
ρ h
ρh
13.6.4 Slip Flow Model

slip flow
model
2V 1T
f g
ρf ρg vf vg Af
Ag
Wf = ρf vf Af ,
Wg = ρg vg Ag .
υ ρ
υ ρ
Figure 13.19
A void fraction α
Ag Ag
α= = .
A Af + Ag
local (average) density
slip density
ρ = αρg + (1 − α)ρf = ρs .
α x
Wg = ρg vg Ag = αρg vg A = xW,
xGA xG
vg = =
ρg Ag αρg
(1 − x)G
vf = .
(1 − α)ρf
slip ratio
vg x 1 − α ρf
s= = .
vf 1 − x α ρg
−1
1 − x ρg
α= 1+ s ,
x ρf
α
1
pc
=
p
p
0 x
0 1
Figure 13.20
γx
α= ,
1 + x(γ − 1)
slip factor γ
v f ρf 1 ρf
γ= = .
vg ρg s ρg
γ
p γ p = pc
p pc
α x x
γ(p)
α
x
α x α x
α
x x
G = αρg vg + (1 − α)ρf vf

dp d G2 d % &
= = αρg vg2 + (1 − α)ρf vf2 .
dz mom dz ρ dz

dp d G2
= ,
dz mom dz ρm
momentum density ρm
2
1 x2 (1 − x)
= + .
ρm αρg (1 − α)ρf
ρh ρs ρm
two-phase friction
multiplier φ2TP

dp
dz
φ2T P = FTP
dp
dz FLO

dp
= ,
dz FTP

dp
= .
dz FLO
φ2T P

dp dp dp 2G2 fTP 2G2 f 2
= = φ2TP = = φ .
dz f ric dz FTP dz FLO ρ Dh ρf Dh TP
φ2T P φ2LO
φ2TP
ρm
Ki
KTP,i
ρs
Δp

1 f 2 2G2 L L
Δp = G2 Δ + φTP dz + ρgdz
ρm 0 ρf Dh 0
G2 G2
2
+ i
(σi+1 − σi2 ) + KTP,i i .
i
2ρm,i i
2ρf,i
ρh
ρh = αρg hg + (1 − α)ρf hf ,
αx

ρf
ρh = ρ · h − hf g − ρg α(1 − x).
γ
Gh = αρg vg hg + (1 − α)ρf vf hf = G [xhg + (1 − x)hf ] = G · h,
Gh
G h
ρh ρ·h
∂ ∂ M qw ∂p
(ρh) = − (G · h) + + + S,
∂t ∂z A ∂t
ρh
αx
x
zb
Figure 13.21
Table 13.3
P
W · −1
H
Tin
−2 −1
G ·
2
A
−1
Δh ·
Dh
v · −1
Δpc
Example 13.4
• Re = GDh /μ = 3.12 × 105 × 10

μ = 9.02 −5
·
−1 −1
1 1
• ρ = 0.726 · −3 Δpacc = G2 − = 0.97
ρout ρin

G2 1 1
f = 3.35 × 10−3 , Δpf ric = f + H = 16.4
Dh ρout ρin
Δpelev = 26.1 Δpc = 43.4
• Re = GDh /μ = 1.79 × 105 , f = 3.85 × 10−3 μ = 9.39 × 10−5 · −1 −1
• hin = 1227 · −1 hf = 1273 · −1 hf g = 1496 · −1
hout = 1491 · −1
• f = H(h f − hin )/Δh
= 0.484 g = 2.26
2 1 1
• Δpacc = G − = 0.0388 Δpf ric
ρf ρin
G2 1 1
=f + f = 0.402 Δpelev = 3.54 Δp1−φ = 3.98
D h ρf ρin
G2 G2 f
• Δpacc =
r2 = 3.48 Δpf ric = 2 g r3 = 5.12
ρf Dh ρf
Δpelev = ρf g g r4 = 9.31 Δp2−φ = 17.9
Δpc = 21.9
Δpc = 21.9
Δpc
f
Re
r2 , r3 , r4 ρm

13.6.5 Drift Flux Model

drift
flux model
six-equation two-fluid model
V T
v
g f
drift
velocity vDF volumetric flux j
vDF = vv − j,
j α
j = αvv + (1 − α)v = (Wv /ρv + W /ρ )/A.
j
G = αρv vv + (1 − α)ρ v ρ = αρv + (1 − α)ρ
G 1−α ρ
= vv − ρ (vv − v ) = vv − vDF
ρ ρ ρ
G ρ
vv = + vDF ,
ρ ρ
G α ρv
v = − v .
ρ 1 − α ρ DF
relative speed vr
vDF
vDF
vr = vv − v = .
1−α
vDF α
constitutive relations
G α
vv v
x
G
α
α x h
s
vv v
vDF
drift flux
jv = α(vv − j)
j = (1 − α)(v − j).
h
vapor mass concentration c = αρv /ρ
h = chv + (1 − c)h
x c
x = c + D/G,
mass diffusion rate D = cvDF α
c
γc
α= ,
1 + (γ − 1)c
γ = ρ /ρv

dp ∂ % & ∂ G2 DvDF
= αρv vv2 + (1 − α)ρ v2 = + ,
dz mom ∂z ∂z ρ 1−α
G2 /ρm
∂ ∂ ∂ M qw ∂p
(ρ · h) = − (G · h) − D (hv − h ) + + + S.
∂t ∂z ∂z A ∂t
ρh ρ h
h
D
∂h ∂h M q ∂(1 − α)p

(1 − α)ρ = − [(1 − c)G − D] + + ,
∂t ∂z A ∂t
q
13.7 THERMAL HYDRAULIC LIMITATIONS AND POWER

CAPABILITY
13.7 THERMAL HYDRAULIC LIMITATIONS AND POWER CAPABILITY 431
qDNB
13.7.1 DNB Ratio and Number of Fuel Rods Reaching DNB
q(z)
P
qDNB
DNBR(z) = > 1.0,
q(z)
P
qDNB
qDNB P x
G Dh hin
hf
M
qDNB
P
qDNB ±20%
P M
qDNB
/qDNB
σ
M
P (DNB) qDNB
q(z)
M
qD q(z)
P (DNB) = P {qDNB < q(z)} = P
M
P
NB
< P
qDNB qDNB
P
qDNB
=P M
> DNBR = 0.05 DNBR = 1.30,
qDNB
σ MDNBR = 1.30
DNBR = 1.30
DNBR > 1.30
−
×
−
× Δ
−
×
Figure 13.22
N
Fxy DNBR
DNBR P (DNB|DNBR)
DNBR
fuel census curve
N DNBR
Fxy FΔh DNBR
ΔNi i
DNBR = DNBRi , i = 1, . . . , I N (DNB)
ΔNi P (DNB|DNBRi )

I
N (DNB) = ΔNi × P (DNBi |DNBRi ) ≤ 5 ∼ 50 ,
i=1
MDNBR = 1.30
13.7.2 Non-Uniform Heat Flux Correction

}}
}}
ρυ ρυ ρυ + ρυ
}}
Figure 13.23
qDNB
M z H(z)
s ρ v μ Cp
dH(z)
sM ρv + hM [T (z) − Tb ] = M q(z)
dz
q(z)
h
T (z) Hb
Tb
d C ∗ Cp h
[H(z) − Hb ] + C ∗ [H(z) − Hb ] = q(z), C ∗ ≡ .
dz h ρCp vs
z H(0) = Hb Hb
Hb hf
C ∗ Cp z
H(z) − Hb = q(z ) exp[−C ∗ (z − z )]dz ,
h 0
Cp q
= [1 − exp(−C ∗ z)], q(z) = .
h
boiling length z = DNB H( DNB
)
characteristic enthalpy
W Dh M
H( DNB
) DNB,U DNB,N
H(0) hf DNB
z= DNB
∗ z
C
qDNB,U (z) = q(z ) exp[−C ∗ (z − z )]dz ≡ F (z)qDNB,N (z),
1 − exp(−C ∗ z) 0
correction factor F (z)
C∗ z
F (z) = qDNB,N (z ) exp[−C ∗ (z − z )]dz .
qDNB,N (z)[1 − exp(−C ∗ z)] 0
equivalent non-uniform DNB heat flux

qDNB,U (z)
qDNB,N (z) = ,
F (z)
F (z) q(z) qDNB,N (z)
qDNB,U (z)
C∗
xDNB G
0 < xDNB ≤ 0.1
C∗ C∗ DNB
1.0
C ∗ q(z) 1 − exp(−C ∗ z)
qDNB,U (z) ∗ = q(z) z= .
1 − exp(−C z) C∗ DNB
F (z) 1.0
xDNB > 0.1 C ∗ DNB

1
q [0, z]
C∗ 1 − exp(−C ∗ z)
qDNB,U (z) ∗ q = q = F (z)qDNB,N (z),
1 − exp(−C z) C∗
F (z) <
1.0
13.7.3 Iterative Determination of DNB Ratio

F (z)
qDNB,U (z) = qDNB,U [x(z)] C ∗ [x(z)] F (z)

q(z) x(z)
qDNB,N (z) = qDNB,U (z)/F (z)
MDNBR = min{qDNB,N (z)/q(z)} ≡ MDNBRA
x(z) qDNB,N
q(z) 2
q(z) qDNB,N MDNBR = MDNBRB
Figure 13.24
x(z)
qDNB x(z)
MDNBRB
MDNBRA qDNB x
q(z) x
MDNBR MDNBR
Fz
MDNBR
MDNBR = 1.54
FqE FqU
critical power ratio
Pc
CPR(z) = ,
P (z)
critical power Pc
P (z)
critical quality
xc p
G Dh
xc = f (p, G, Dh , B
, ),
boiling length B
DNB
x
qDNB
Pc CPR
x
minimum critical power ratio MCPR =

1.04 ∼ 1.05
MDNBR = 1.30
13.7.4 Power Capability Determination

Tf m fuel melting point Tmp
total power output Pt
Σf N H
= ×
Figure 13.25
M
N W Cp (Tmp − T1 )
Pt = N P r = N ψr P (0) = ,
FΔh θf m
θf m
Tmp
P (0) θf m
Tmp
FΔh Pt FΔh
Pt θf m
Fz
Fq Tmp
Tmp
qDNB
x
qr,z qmax N M H qDNB

Pt = N P r = N M H qr,z = N M H q .
qmax qDNB DNB Fq MDNBR
Pt
Tf m
Tf m
Fq Fz
flyspec curve
constant axial offset control
Fq
Fq
MDNBR = 1.30
∼ 9%
13.8 THERMAL-HYDRAULIC MODELS FOR NUCLEAR PLANT

ANALYSIS
13.8.1 Light Water Reactor System Modeling Codes

13.8 THERMAL-HYDRAULIC MODELS FOR NUCLEAR PLANT ANALYSIS 439

⋅ −
< ⇒ ∝
} =
Figure 13.27
α αv
1−α α ρv vv
ρ v
∂ ∂
(αv ρv ) + (αv ρv vv ) = Γ,
∂t ∂z
∂ ∂
(α ρ ) + (α ρ v ) = −Γ,
∂t ∂z
Γ
∂vv αv ρv ∂vv2 ∂p
α v ρv + = −αv − αv ρv g − Fwv − Fiv + Γ(vi − vv ),
∂t 2 ∂z ∂z
∂v α ρ ∂v2 ∂p
α ρ + = −α − α ρ g − Fw − Fi − Γ(vi − v ),
∂t 2 ∂z ∂z
Fwv , Fw =
Fiv , Fi =
vi Γ
U
∂ ∂(αv ρv vv Uv ) ∂(αv vv ) ∂αv
(αv ρv Uv )+ = −p −p +Qwv +Qf v +Qiv +Γhv ,
∂t ∂z ∂z ∂t
∂ ∂(α ρ v U ) ∂(α v ) ∂α
(α ρ U )+ = −p −p +Qw +Qf +Qi −Γh ,
∂t ∂z ∂z ∂t
Qwv , Qw = ,
Q f v , Qf =
Qiv , Qi =
hv h Γ
Fiv + Fi Qiv + Qi

Γ=− =− .
vv − v hv − h
Figure 13.28 i
Fwv Fw
Fw Qwv Qw
Qf v Qf Qw
Qf
ρb
xn
[p, α, vv , v , Uv , U ]
[ρb , xn ]
α
Γ
ρ = f (h, p) ρ h
p ρv
ρ
W
p
ρ h
best-estimate
Final Acceptance Criteria
emergency core cooling system
loss of coolant accident
13.8.2 Subchannel Analysis Codes

Figure 13.29
13.8.3 Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor Codes
13.8.4 Containment Analysis Codes

u
Mk,i
k i
u
dMk,i
= u
fk,j u
Wj→i − fk,i
u u
Wi→j u
+ Wk,i,source − Wk,i,sink
u
,
dt j
u u
" u
fk,j = Mk,j / n Mn,j
u
k j Wj→i j
u u
i fk,j Wj→i k
j i
k i
Mip p
Wj→i
i
dMip p p p p
= Wj→i − Wi→j + Wi,source − Wi,sink .
dt j
13.8.5 Computational Fluid Dynamics Codes

13.9 COMMENTS ON THERMAL-HYDRAULIC MODELS 447
Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes

(RANS) equation
v = v+v ≡ v+v
v
v ≡ v
ρ∇ · vv = ρ∇ · ( v + v )( v + v ) = ρ v · ∇ v + ρ∇ · v v ,
ρ v∇ · v
i vi
RANS equation
3 3 3
∂v i ∂v i ∂vi vj ∂τij ∂p
ρ +ρ vj = −ρ − − +ρgi , i = 1, . . . , 3,
∂t j=1
∂xj j=1
∂xj j=1
∂xj ∂xi
Reynolds stress ρvi vj τij
ρ eddy viscosity ν k

∂v i ∂v j 2
vi vj = −ν + + kδij
∂xj ∂xi 3
τij vi , i =
1, . . . , 3 k
k
k
kω
ω = /k
kω
direct numerical solution

k kω
large eddy simulation detached eddy simulation
13.9 COMMENTS ON THERMAL-HYDRAULIC MODELS

q(z)
References
Transport Phenomena
Nucl. Eng. Design 21

Convective Boiling and Condensation
Nucl. Sci. Eng.

77 et al.
Tracking Turbulent Flow in Engineering

Statistical Theory and Modeling
for Turbulent Flows
Two-Phase Flow, Boiling, and Condensation: In Con-

ventional and Miniature Systems
J. Comp. Phys. 8
Nucl. Sci. Eng. 127

tems
Nucl. Sci. Eng. 10
ASME Inter-
national Steam Tables for Industrial Use
Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow
Turbulent Flows
J.
Comp. Phys. 30
Engineering Analysis with

ANSYS Software
Finite Difference Schemes and Partial Differential Equa-

tions
Proc. Topl. Mtg. Advances in Reactor Physics
Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 7
Proc. 7th Int. Conf. Nucl. Eng.

Nuclear Systems I: Thermal Hydraulic

Fundamentals; II: Elements of Thermal Hydraulic Design
Nucl. Eng.
Design 6
Thermal Analysis of Pressurized Water Reac-
tors
Boiling Heat Transfer and Two-Phase Flow
One-Dimensional Two-phase Flow
Fluid Mechanics
Problems
13.1
s = 1.0
−1
13.2 ·
a = 4.757
b = 7.137
13.3
N = 41, 448
a = 4.12 tc = 0.572 tg = 0.056

−3
P ·
−2
q ·
2 kf
−1 −1 −1 −1
· kc ·
−2 −1
hg ·
−2 −1
h ·
13.4 H
2
T1
Tm T2
⎡ ' ⎤
2
Tm − T1 1 πW Cp
θf m = = ⎣1 + 1+ ⎦ = 2.
T2 − T1 2 M HU
T1
W
U
13.5 q(z) H
q(z) = q0 cos πz/H
T1
U
M W
13.6
13.7 Uc
13.8
2 ∼
−1
·
2
−1 −1
k = 2.9 ·
−3
2 ·
13.9
κR R L
vz
r
vz (r) τrz (r) W
13.10
q
T (z, 0) − T (z, r)
θ(r) = ,
T (z, 0) − Tb (z)
Q
ψ
ψ = 0.75
13.11
Tmp
Us
Ur
W
T1 Ur /Us = 3
13.12
A1 A2
A1 < A2
13.13
M H U
Tp
Ts (z) hs (z) z
W Cp Tin xe
z0
Ts (z) z ≤ z0
13.14 H
z = H/6
W
T1
13.15
Tc (z)
P (z)
238
13.16 2
−3
S = 5.2 ·
α α
S
238
2
Ts = 575 Tm = 3030
238
2 k = 4.0
−1 −1
·
Pth
238
Pe R 2
13.17 a x x=a
Ts x = 0
y z
y z
−3
S(x) = Q cosh κx · x
Q T (x)
−2
Tm P/A ·
CHAPTER 14
POWER COEFFICIENTS OF
REACTIVITY
power coefficient of reactivity
keff

©
456 CHAPTER 14: POWER COEFFICIENTS OF REACTIVITY
14.1 PHYSICAL PHENOMENA AFFECTING CORE REACTIVITY
indirect
direct
δTF δTM
δρF δρM
δρF δρM
δNF δNM δΣF δΣM
δρF δρM
δTF δTM
δΣF δΣM
14.1 PHYSICAL PHENOMENA AFFECTING CORE REACTIVITY 457
σ a (v) v
Doppler broadening keff
δTM
TM E0
v0
TM
1
E0 = mv 2 = kTM ,
2 0
k
moderator temperature coefficient
power defect of reactivity

14.2 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN REACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS
Δρ = Δk/k = Δ ln k αp
∂ ln k ∂ ln k ∂TF ∂ ln k ∂TM ∂ ln k ∂ρM

αp = + + ,
∂p ∂TF ∂p ∂TM ∂p ∂ρM ∂p
∂ ln k/∂TM
∂ ln k/∂ρM
fuel temperature coefficient αF αM

∂ ln k ∂TF ∂ ln k ∂ ln k ∂ρM ∂TM
αp = + +
∂TF ∂p ∂TM ∂ρM ∂TM ∂p
∂ ln k ∂TF ∂ ln k ∂ρM ∂TM
+
∂TF ∂p ∂ρM ∂TM ∂p
∂TF ∂TM
= αF + αM .
∂p ∂p
void coefficient of reactivity

αV
∂ ln k ∂TF ∂ ln k ∂ ln VM
αp +
∂TF ∂p ∂ ln VM ∂p
∂TF ∂ ln VM
= αF + αV .
∂p ∂p
14.3 TWO-GROUP REPRESENTATION OF REACTIVITY FEEDBACK 459
◦
%Δk/k
−5
Δk/k
%Δk/k %Δk/k
isothermal temperature coefficient
∂ ln k ∂ ln k ∂ ln k
= + = αF + αM .
∂T ∂TF ∂TM
ΔT = ΔTF = ΔTM
αF
∂TM /∂p ∂TF /∂p
power defect of reactivity

hot zero power hot full
power
14.3 TWO-GROUP REPRESENTATION OF REACTIVITY FEEDBACK
k∞
νΣf 1 νΣf 2 Σr
k∞ = + = k1 + k2 = k1 + pf η,
k1 k2
k2
resonance escape probability p thermal utilization f
number η of neutrons released per thermal neutron absorption in fuel
p
effective resonance integral I
u
NF NF
p = exp − I = exp − duσa (u) φ(u) ,
ξΣs ξΣs 0
I flux-weighted effective absorption
cross section
TF T
φ(u) I
p
2
ΣF
a2
f= .
ΣF
a2 + ΣM
a2
ΣM
a2
ΣF
a2
f
TM
p Σs
TM
Σs I
Σs
p TM
TM
k1 η keff k∞
p f p f
NM /NF
ρM TM
p f
ρM k∞
14.4 PARAMETRIC DEPENDENCE OF LWR REACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS 461
Figure 14.1
keff TM
under-moderated regime
TM ρM keff
αM TM
keff
αM αV
αV
14.4 PARAMETRIC DEPENDENCE OF LWR REACTIVITY

COEFFICIENTS
keff
Δk/k
ΣM
a2 NM
10
ΣM
a2
f
TM
ΣP
a2
ΣF
a2
f=
ΣF M P
a2 + Σa2 + Σa2
T M ΣM
a2
ΣP
a2
ΣM
a2
TM
L2
ΣF M
a2 + Σa2 L2
L2
TM effectively ΣP
a2
ΣM a2
14.5 REACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS IN SODIUM-COOLED FAST REACTOR 463
f TM
ΣP
a2
αV
keff
αV
ρM keff
αV
αV
αM αV
14.5 REACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS IN SODIUM-COOLED FAST

REACTOR
α = σc /σf
239
Figure 14.2
Figure 14.3 Source:
η = ν/(1 + α) k∞
D
14.5 REACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS IN SODIUM-COOLED FAST REACTOR 465
Figure 14.4 Source:

14.6 REACTIVITY FEEDBACK MODEL FOR SODIUM-COOLED FAST

REACTOR
δK(t) P (t) F (t)

P (t)
δK(t) = A[P (t) − 1] + B − 1 + CδTc,in (t) 0,
F (t)
A
B
C
A B
A B C
δK 0.0.
Tc,in
P (t) 1 + A/B
= .
F (t) 1 + (A/B)F (t)

P (t)
δ[ΔTc (t)] = ΔTc (0) −1 ,
F (t)
ΔTc (0)
F (t)
P (t) A
lim =1+ > 1.0.
t→∞ F (t) B
A
δTc,out (∞) = ΔTc (0),
B
P (∞) = 0
F (t)
14.6 REACTIVITY FEEDBACK MODEL FOR SODIUM-COOLED FAST REACTOR 467
Table 14.1
δTc,out (∞) δTc,in (∞)

A($) B ($) C ($
−0.15 −0.30 −0.003
−1.70 −0.40 −0.004
A+B power coefficient of reactivity

δTc,in (∞) = = .
C inlet temperature coeffcient of reactivity
ΔTc
A B C ΔTc (0) = 140 K
αp
αc
∂ ln k ∂TF ∂ ln k
δK = δP + δTc = αp δP + αc δTc 0.
∂TF ∂p ∂Tc
αp αc δTc > 0
δP < 0
αp
δKex
δK = δKex + αp δP 0.
δP
αp
References

Code of
Federal Regulations
Nucl. Sci. Eng. 99
Nucl. Sci. Eng. 100

Problems
14.1
f p
η
k1
PN L
ΣP M
a2 = Σa2
Σs
14.2
ΣM
a2
ΣP
a2
14.3
ΣP
a2 = 0
f = 0.76 p = 0.80
αV
η = 1.285 ΣP M
a2 /Σa2 = 0.2
ΣF M
a2 /Σa2 = 3.403 αV
14.4
δTc,in P (t)
F (t)
F (t) = exp(−t/τ ) τ = 30
t = 90
14.5 Tin =
600 Tout = 900
q(z) = q(0) cos πz/H
β = −2.0 × 10−4 −1
1/v Tin
W
Tb
θb (z)
αp
CHAPTER 15
NUCLEAR ENERGY ECONOMICS

©
472 CHAPTER 15: NUCLEAR ENERGY ECONOMICS
15.1 ELECTRICAL ENERGY COST
busbar cost
∼
∼ $50∼
∼ ∼
n
15.1 ELECTRICAL ENERGY COST 473
Figure 15.1 Source:
overnight construction cost
finance charges interest during construction

Direct cost
Indirect cost
carrying charges financing charges

discount rates
15.2 OVERVIEW OF ENGINEERING ECONOMICS
Sn
P n j
n
Sn = P (1 + j) ,
15.2 OVERVIEW OF ENGINEERING ECONOMICS 475
P present value present worth Sn

Sn
P
n
P 1
= = un ,
Sn 1+j
u
n=1
stepwise payments R
Sn sinking fund n
n−1 n−2 0
Sn = R(1 + j) + R(1 + j) + . . . , R(1 + j)
n n
R[(1 + j) − 1] R[(1 + j) − 1]
= = .
1+j−1 j
capital recovery factor
R
=
P
R Sn j n j j
= = n · (1 + j) = = .
Sn P (1 + j) − 1 1 − [1/(1 + j)]n 1 − un
n
j j
n
⎧
⎨ 0.102 n=
−1
] = 0.120 n=
⎩
0.187 n=
15.3 CALCULATION OF NUCLEAR ELECTRICITY GENERATION

COST
15.3.1 Capital Cost
Table 15.1
15.3 CALCULATION OF NUCLEAR ELECTRICITY GENERATION COST 477
= $4.77 × (10%/year × × 0.5) = $0.95B.
total capital cost Cp = Cpo + IDC =

Cpo
P

n j·n
Sn = P (1 + j) P 1+ .
2
F Pe
levelized capital cost
revenue required ($
xp =
Cp ($) · CRF (1 )
=
Pe · F · (8760 )
9
$5.72 × 10 × 0.102
= = $0.071
1.0 × 106 × 0.93 × 8760
capacity factor F
F = .
15.3.2 Fuel Cost

xc
Cc
Cu
Cenrich Cf ab Cstorage
Cs&t
Cc = Cu + Cenrich + Cf ab + Cstorage + Cs & t .

Cs & t interim
storage
wt% TRU in MOX

Cc = Crep × + Cf ab + Cstorage ,
wt% TRU in UNF
Crep
xc Cc
discharge fuel burnup B

conversion efficiency η
xc
Cc ($
xc ($ = ,
B ·η
B thermal
B
cycle length
incore residence time Tc
Pt
B = Pt · F · Tc ,
F · Tc equivalent full-power days

Cc ($ ) × (103 $) Cc mill
xc = 3 = ,
MWe MWd hr 10 kW 24ηB kWh
η ×B × 24 ×
MWt kgHM day MW
Cc
Cenrich
∼
Figure 15.2
F
P W
F =P +W
235
xF F = xP P + xW W,
{xi , i = F, P, W } atom fraction
xF =
tails enrichment xW =
xW = xP =
F xP − xW 0.047 − 0.002
= = = 9.0,
P xF − xW 0.007 − 0.002
W xP − xF 0.047 − 0.007
= = = 8.0.
P xF − xW 0.007 − 0.002
separative potential

xi
φ(xi ) = (2xi − 1) ln , i = F, P, W,
1 − xi
separative work unit
W F
= φ(xP ) + φ(xW )− φ(xF ).
P P
P
kg
swu
∼
6
Table 15.2
Cu
Cenrich
Cf ab
Crep
Cf ab
Cstorage
Example 15.1 xc
Pt
η
e
Tc
F
B
B
xW = xP =
Cc = Cu + Cenrich + Cf ab + Cstorage ,

$110 F $120 $300 $200
= × = 9.0 + × 8.2 + + ,
kgHM P
=$ ,
enriched
uranium
F/P
Cc B

Cc $ mill
xc = = = 6.6 .
24ηB × 0.321 × 49 MWd/kgHM kWh
Example 15.2
%
Cc = Crep × + Cf ab + Cstorage ,
wt%

$2,500 5% $2,300 $200 $15,000
= × + + = .
1% kgHM kgHM
1 3 $5,606
Cc = Cc (MOX) + Cc (LEU) = .
4 4 kgHM
xc
15.3.3 Operation and Maintenance Cost
xom
Com = $130
Com ($)
xom = = $0.016 .
Pe · F · (8,760 )
15.3.4 Decommissioning Cost
∼
15.4 IMPACT OF INCREASED CAPITAL AND O&M COSTS 483
xp
Cdecon Tp
decommissioning component
Cdecon · (R/Sn )
xdecom = .
Pe (kWe) · F ·
R
Sn Tp
Cdecon
j=
R j 0.05 0.05
= = 40
= = 8.27 × 10−3 .
Sn (1 + j) − 1
n (1.05) − 1 6.04

$1.14 × 109 × 8.27 × 10−3 mill
xdecom = = 1.1 .
1.0 × 106 (kWe) × 0.93 × 8,760(hr/year) kWh
levelized cost of electricity
15.4 IMPACT OF INCREASED CAPITAL AND O&M COSTS
∼
∼ ∼
Cp0
Pe
n
Pe∗ Pe
Pe∗ = 0.25Pe
0.4
Pe
Cpo (Pe∗ ) = Cpo (Pe ) = 1.74Cpo (Pe ),
Pe∗
References

ing
Proc. 8th Int. Conf. Nucl. Engineering
Proc.
9th Int. Conf. Nucl. Engineering
Nucl. Technol
150
Global 2003
Conference
Nuclear Fuel Management
Nuclear Wastes: Technologies for Separations and

Transmutation
The Economics of Future Nuclear Power
Problems
15.1
15.2
15.3
CHAPTER 16
SPACE-TIME KINETICS AND

REACTOR CONTROL

©
490 CHAPTER 16: SPACE-TIME KINETICS AND REACTOR CONTROL
135
16.1 SPACE-TIME REACTOR KINETICS
β χd (E)
C(r, t) χp (E)
∞
1 ∂φ(r, E, t)
= (1 − β)χp (E) dE νΣf (E )φ(r, E , t) + Q(r, E, t)
v ∂t 0
∞
+ χd (E)λC(r, t) + dE Σs (E →E)φ(r, E , t)
0
− Σt (E)φ(r, E, t) + ∇ · D(E)∇φ(r, E, t),
L2 net
L1
1 ∂φ(r, E, t)
= (1−β)χp (E)L2 φ(r, E, t) + Q(r, E, t)
v ∂t
+ χd (E)λC(r, t)−L1 φ(r, E, t).
χp (E)
∂C(r, t)
= −λC(r, t) + βL2 φ(r, E, t).
∂t
β
χp (E) χd (E)
β βeff
16.1 SPACE-TIME REACTOR KINETICS 491
16.1.1 Numerical Solution of Space-Time Kinetics Equation
φ(r, E, t)
16.1.2 Direct Solution of Space-Time Kinetics Equation

φ(r, E, t) L = (1−β)χp (E)L2 −
L1 Q(r, E, t) = 0
1 ∂φ(r, E, t)
≡ Lφ(r, E, t) + χd (E)λC(r, t) ≡ R(r, E, t),
v ∂t
θ φn (r, E) =
φ(r, E, tn ), Cn (r) = C(r, tn ), Rn (r, E) = R(r, E, tn ) Δt =
tn − tn−1
1 φn (r, E) − φn−1 (r, E)

= θRn (r, E) + (1 − θ)Rn−1 (r, E)
v Δt
= θ[Lφn (r, E) + χd (E)λCn (r)] + (1−θ)Rn−1 (r, E).
θ = 1.0
Cn (r) − Cn−1 (r)

= −λCn (r) + βL2 φn (r, E).
Δt
Cn (r)

1 Cn−1 (r)
λ+ Cn (r) = + βL2 φn (r, E)
Δt Δt
λ[βL2 φn (r, E)Δt + Cn−1 (r)]

λCn (r) = .
1 + λΔt

λΔt 1
L+ βχd (E)L2 − φn (r.E)
1 + λΔt θvΔt
θ−1 χd (E) φn−1 (r, E)
= Rn−1 (r, E) − λCn−1 (r) − .
θ 1 + λΔt θvΔt
φn (r, E) tn
tn−1
θ Δt
θ = 1.0
θ = 0.5
tn − t
φ(r, E, t) = φn (r, E)+ [φn−1 (r, E)−φn (r, E)], Δt = tn −tn−1 ,
Δt
Δt
λCn (r) = λCn−1 (r)e−λΔt + βλL2 φ(r, E, τ )e−λ(tn −τ ) dτ
0
= λCn−1 (r)e−λΔt + a1 L2 φn (r, E) + a2 L2 φn−1 (r, E).
a1
a2
16.1.3 Quasi-static Formulation of Kinetics Equation

quasi-
static formulation
shape function ψ(r, E, t)

amplitude function n(t)
φ(r, E, t) = ψ(r, E, t)n(t),

φ(r, E, t) n(t)
ψ(r, E, t)
W (r, E)
W (r, E) = φ† (r, E), L†1 φ† (r, E) = χ(E)L†2 φ† (r, E)

χ(E) = χp (E)(1 − β) + χd (E)β.
1
φ† (r, E), ψ(r, E, t) = = γ,
v
E
V
1 ∂ψ(r.E, t) ψ(r, E, t) dn(t)

n(t)+ = (1 − β)χp (E)L2 ψ(r, E, t)n(t)
v ∂t v dt
−L1 ψ(r, E, t)n(t)+χd (E)λC(r, t).
φ† (r, E) E V
dγ dn(t)
n(t) + γ = (1 − β) φ† , χp (E)L2 ψ(r, E, t)n(t)
dt dt
− φ†(r, E), L1 ψ(r, E, t)n(t) + λ φ†(r, E), χd (E)C(r, t).
γ = 1
n(t)
dn(t) K(t) − 1
= n(t) + λC(t),
dt Λ
1 φ† (r, E), χ(E)L2 ψ(r, E, t)

= , k(t) = ,
φ† (r, E), L1 ψ(r, E, t) φ† (r, E), L1 ψ(r, E, t)
φ† (r, E), βχd (E)L2 ψ(r, E, t) φ† (r, E), χd (E)C(r, t)
βeff = , C(t) = ,
φ† (r, E), χ(E)L2 ψ(r, E, t) φ† (r, E), L1 ψ(r, E, t)
k(t) − 1
K(t) = ,Λ = .
k(t)βeff kβeff
n(t)
Λ
dC(t) n(t)
= −λC(t) + .
dt Λ
Λ
ψ(r, E, t)
Λ
ψ(r, E, t)

1 ∂ψ(r.E, t) 1 ṅ(t) χd (E)
= L− ψ(r, E, t) + λC(r, t),
v ∂t v n(t) n(t)
∂C(r, t)
= −λC(r, t) + βL2 ψ(r, E, t)n(t),
∂t
n(t)
K(t) Λ C(t)
L1 L2
ψ(r, E, t)
Example 16.1 Λ
βeff
1.0 × 10−4 %
K(t)
ψ(r, E, t)
1.0
0.8
K(t)
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10
t (s)
Figure 16.1 K(t)
16.1.4 Reactivity Determination from Multiple Detectors
K(t)
1.25
PKE
1.25 PARCS
1.00
0.75
n(t)
1.00
0.50 0.55 0.60
0.50
0.25
0.00
0 2 4 6 8 10
t (s)
Figure 16.2 n(t)

K(t)
n(t)
K(t)
R(r0 , t) Σd (E)
r0 φ(r0 , E, t)
R(r0 , t)
n(t) = ,
Σd (E), ψ(r0 , E, t)
ψ(r0 , E, t) R(r0 , t)
n(t)
ψ(r, E, t) = h(r, E, t) + f (r, E, t)
f (r, E, t)
h(r, E, t)
δL L = (1 − β)χp (E)L2 − L1
1 ∂f (r, E, t)
+ L1 f (r, E, t) = δLψ(r, E, t),
v ∂t

1 ∂h(r, E, t) 1 ṅ(t)
= L− h(r, E, t)
v ∂t v n(t)

1 ṅ(t) χd (E)
+ (1 − β)χp (E)L2 − f (r, E, t) + λC(r, t).
v n(t) n(t)
f (r, E, t)
L1
δLδψ(r, E, t)
L1 f (r, E, t) = δLψ(r, E, 0),
h(r, E, t)
φn (r, E)

N
h(r, E, t) = an (t)φn (r, E),
n=1
χ(E)
χ(E)
L1 φn (r, E) = L2 φn (r, E), χ( E) = (1 − β)χp (E) + βχd (E).
λn
φ†m (r, E)
E V
an (t)
C(r, t)
h(r, E, t) C(r, t)
ψ(r, E, t) n(t)
an (t)
ψ(r, E, t)
Figure 16.3
Source:
ψ(r, E, t)
(r θ z)
n(t)
(3.87 ± 0.23)
(3.91 ± 0.12)
16.2 SPACE-TIME POWER OSCILLATIONS DUE TO XENON POISONING 499
Figure 16.4
Source:
Figure 16.5
Source:
16.2 SPACE-TIME POWER OSCILLATIONS DUE TO XENON

POISONING
135
Figure 16.6
Source:
135
135
135
16.2.1 Modal Analysis of Space-Time Xenon-Power Oscillations
I(z, t) X(z, t)
∂X(z, t)
= γX Σf φ(z, t) + λI I(z, t) − λ∗ (z, t)X(z, t),
∂t
∂I(z, t)
= γI Σf φ(z, t) − λI I(z, t),
∂t
λ∗ (z, t) = λX + σX φ(z, t)
δφ δ
δ δ
⇒
Figure 16.7
φ(z, t)
X(z, t)
δφ(z, t)
λI
φ(z, t)
δφ(z, t)
δX(z, t) δI(z, t)

L2
L0 φ0 (z) = L1 − φ0 (z) = 0, λ0 = keff = 1.0,
λ0
X0 (z) I0 (z)
135 135
n

n
φ(z, t) = φ0 (z) + δφ(z, t) φ0 (z) + ai (t)φi (z),
i=1

n
X(z, t) = X0 (z) + δX(z, t) X0 (z) + bi (t)φi (z),
i=1

n
I(z, t) = I0 (z) + δI(z, t) I0 (z) + ci (t)φi (z).
i=1
δφ(z, t), δX(z, t), δI(z, t)

φ1 (z)
L0
ai (t), bi (t) ci (t)

δL
δLc
σX δX(z, t)
αT δφ(z, t)
δL = δLc + σX δX(z, t) + αT δφ(z, t),
δL δφ(z, t)
δLφ0 (z) + L0 δφ(z, t) = 0.
∂δX(z, t)
= [γX Σf −σX X0 (z)]δφ(z, t)−λ∗X (z, t)δX(z, t)+λI δI(z, t),
∂t
∂δI(z, t)
= γI Σf δφ(z, t) − λI δI(z, t).
∂t
φ†i (z)
H
φ†i , δLφ0 + φ†i , L0 δφ = 0

φ†i , δLc φ0 + φ†i , σX bj φj φ0 + φ†i , αT aj φj φ0
j j

+ φ†i , L0 aj φj = 0.
j
( ) , -
L2 L†2 †
φ†i , φj = δij = φ , φj = L†1 φ†i , φj ,
λj λj i

n
λj
φ†i , L0 δφ = aj 1− δij = ai (1 − λi ), ∀i.
j
λ0
φ1 (z)
a(t) = a1 (t) b(t) = b1 (t) c(t) = c1 (t)
φ†1 , δLc φ0 + φ†1 , σX φ1 φ0 b(t)+ φ†1 , αT φ1 φ0 a(t)+(1−λ1 )a(t) = 0.
a(t)
a(t) = g1 b(t) + u(t) ≡ x1 (t) + u(t),
φ†1 , σX φ1 φ0 φ†1 , δLc φ0

g1 = − , u(t) = − .
1 − λ1 + φ†1 , αT φ1 φ0 1 − λ1 + φ†1 , αT φ1 φ0
a(t)
axial offset
(AO) of power
PT − PB
= ,
PT + PB
PT PB
a(t) x1 (t)
u(t)
b(t) c(t)
db(t)
= (γX Σf − σX X0 )a(t) − (λX + σX φ0 )b(t) + λI c(t),
dt
dc(t)
= γI Σf a(t) − λI c(t),
dt
Σf = φ†1 , Σf L1 φ1 , σX X0 = φ†1 , σX X0 L1 φ1 , σX φ0 = φ†1 , σX φ0 L1 φ1 .
g1
dx1 (t)
= f3 a(t) − (λX + σX φ0 )x1 (t) − f2 x2 (t),
dt
= f1 x1 (t) − f2 x2 (t) + f3 u(t),
dx2 (t)
= λI [a(t) − x2 (t)] = λI x1 (t) + λI u(t) − λI x2 (t),
dt
f1 = −g1 (σX X0 − γX Σf ) − (λX + σX φ0 ),
f2 = −g1 γI Σf , f3 = −g1 (σX X0 − γX Σf ).
x(t) = [x1 (t), x2 (t)]T

dx(t) d x1 (t) f −f2 x1 (t) f
= = 1 +u(t) 3 ≡ Ax(t)+u(t)B,
dt dt x2 (t) λI −λI x2 (t) λI
a(t) = x1 (t)+u(t)
x(t)
135 135
135
135
f 1 , f2 f3 u(t)
16.2.2 Stability of Space-Time Xenon-Power Oscillations

u(t) = 0
ξ (2 × 2) A
Ax = ξx =⇒ x(t) = x(0)eξt , ξ = α ± iω.
(2 × 2) A
ξ 2 + (λI − f1 )ξ + λI (f2 − f1 ) = 0,
f 1 − λI 2
α= , ω = −(λI + α)2 + λI f2 .
2
ξ
(λI + α)2 + ω 2
f1 = λI + 2α, f2 = .
λI
stability index α > 0
T = 2π/ω exp(αT )
decay ratio α>0 exp(αT ) > 1.0
T α
f1 f2
f3
a(0+) = u0
da(0+) dx1 (0+) dx1 (0−)

= = f1 x1 (0+)−f2 x2 (0+)+f3 u0 = +f3 u0 = f3 u0 .
dt dt dt
f3
f1
Figure 16.8 f3
Σf X0
φ0
Σf Σf , σ X X 0 σ X X 0 , σ X φ 0 σ X φ 0 ,
αT = 0
(f1 − λI ) > 0
φ†1 , σX φ0 φ1 (σX X0 − γX Σf )
−(λI + λX + σx φ0 ) + > 0.
1 − λ1

σX σ X X 0 − γ X Σf 1
φ0 > − 1,
νΣf λI + λ X + σ X φ 0 λ1
−1
σX γ 1 γX λI +λX 1
F (φ0 ) = − 1+ > −1,
νΣf ν 1+λX /(σX φ0 ) γ σX φ 0 λ1
F (φ0 )
Example 16.2
135 135
γI = 0.064, γX = 0.002, σX = 1.5 , λI = 2.89×10−5 −1

, λX = 2.08×10−5 −1
,
−1 −1
Σf = 0.065 νΣf = 0.0159 φ0 = 5.28 × 1013
−2 −1
−1
I0 = γI Σf φ0 /λI = 7.60 × 10−9 −1
,
−1
X0 = γΣf φ0 /(λX + σX φ0 ) = 2.26 × 10−9 −1
.
φ0

σX 1 1
F (φ0 ) = 0.027 − 0.03 = 0.013.
νΣf 1.26 1.63
M2 B2
PN L = 1/(1 + M 2 B 2 ) =
0.975, λ0 = k0 = 1.0
λ1 = (1 + M 2 B 2 )/(1 + 4M 2 B 2 ) =
1/1.073. λ1 σX F (φ0 )/νΣf < 1/λ1 − 1
B 2 = 5.42 × 10−5 −2
M 2 = 50 2
λ1 = 1/1.0081

(H/M )2 < 1, 000 H M2

2
(H/M ) = 3, 600
αT
α T = 2π/ω
Table 16.1
−1
αT
x1 (t) u(t) ∼
135 135
f 1 , f2 , f3
TM
δφ(z, t)
TM (z, t)
δTM (z, t)
αT δφ(z, t)
δTM (z, t)
δL
δφ
δ α δφ
Figure 16.9
X(z, t)
TM
TM
16.2.3 Space-Time Xenon-Power Oscillations in X-Y plane
H R
φ1 (z) λ1
αn
Bg2 = B02
R
φ(r, θ, t) r θ

φ(r, θ, t) = Tnk (t)φnk (r, θ) = Tnk (0) exp(−αnk vDt)φnk (r, θ)
n,k n,k
φnk (r, θ) = Jn (Bnk r) sin nθ
∇2 φnk (r, θ) + Bnk

2
φnk (r, θ) = 0, φnk (R, θ) = 0 ∀ θ,
2
Bnk = B02 + αnk
αn αnk
r, θ Jn n
α01 = 0
B02 = Bm
2
= (2.405/R)2 ν0 = 2.405 J0
α02 = 4.27B02 , α11 = 1.54B02 , α12 = 7.51B02 , α21 = 3.56B02 ,
2
φ11 (r, θ) = J1 (B11 r) sin θ, B11 = 2.54B02 ,
2
φ21 (r, θ) = J2 (B21 r) sin 2θ, B21 = 4.56B02 ,
φnk (r, θ)
θ=π
+ − + ×
+ =
− + − ×
Figure 16.10 φ1 (r, θ, t)
θ = −π/4
φ1 (r, θ, t) = T11 (t)J1 (B11 r) sin(θ − π/4) + T21 (t)J2 (B21 r) sin 2θ.
Δ
×
α11 = 1.54B02
quadrant tilts of power
×
−1
α = −0.076 T =
×
Figure 16.11
Source:
16.3 TIME-OPTIMAL REACTOR CONTROL
16.3.1 Optimal Control of Xenon-Induced Transients

135
135
135 135
135
16.3 TIME-OPTIMAL REACTOR CONTROL 513
135 135
−2 −2
x1 (t) = I(t)/Σf x2 (t) = X(t)/Σf
T
x = (x1 , x2 ) f = (f1 , f2 )T
dx1 (t)
= γI φ(t) − λI x1 (t) ≡ f1 (x, φ),
dt
dx2 (t)
= γX φ(t) + λI x1 (t) − λ∗ (t)x2 (t) ≡ f2 (x, φ),
dt
λ∗ (t) = λX +σX φ(t).
H (x1 , x2 )
p1 (t) p2 (t) p = (p1 , p2 )T
η S(x) = x2 − x2m
H = p1 (t)f1 (x, φ) + p2 (t)f2 (x, φ) + η T S(x) = pT f + η T S

= (γI φ − λI x1 )p1 + (γX φ + λI x1 − λ∗ x2 )p2 + η(x2 − x2m ),

= 0, S < 0,
η=
≥ 0, S = 0.
φ(t)
x2m tf
x2 (tf ) = 0 x2 (t) ≤ x2m , t ∈ [0, tf ]
(x1 , x2 )
H
GH Ω0
φ0 = φ(0) G ξ
U S(x) = 0 x2 = x2m
Ω0 (0, 0)
x2m Ω0
Q
U R Ω
x2 ≤ x2m
φ(t)
T
∂H ∂f
= p=0
∂φ ∂φ
Γ ξ
Figure 16.12
p(t)
T T
dp ∂H ∂f dS
=− =− p− η.
dt ∂x ∂x dx
⎧
⎪ ∂H
⎨ 0, > 0,
φ= ∂φ
⎪
⎩ φmax ,
∂H
< 0.
∂φ
t3
Ω
t = t3
2

pT(t3 )ẋ(t3 ) = 0 =⇒ pi (t3 )dxi (t3 ) = 0,
1=1
p(t3 ) = [p1 (t3 ), p2 (t3 )]T

R Ω
x1 (t) = x10 exp(−λI t)

x10 x10 λX
x2 (t) = x20 + exp(−λX t) − exp(−λI t), ω = ,
1−ω 1−ω λI
(x10 , x20 ) R
Ω
x2m

x2m (ωx2m )(1−ω) (ω−1) 1
x2 ≡ g(x1 ) = + x1 − .
(ωx2m ) ω 1−ω 1−ω
∂H/∂φ < 0 φ(t3 −) =
φmax Ω R ∂H/∂φ > 0
φ(t3 +) = 0 R
∂H
= γI p1 + (γX − σX x2 )p2 = 0,
∂φ

d ∂H p1 γ x λx σX x1
= γ I λ I p2 −1+ − ≥ 0.
dt ∂φ p2 γ I λI γI
Ω
dp1 ∂H
=− = p1 λ I − p2 λ I ,
dt ∂x1
dp2 ∂H
=− = p2 λ ∗ .
dt ∂x2
dx2 /dx1 = dg(x1 )/dx1
<0 p2 (t) > 0 p1 (t) > 0
p = (p1 , p2 )T Ω
t = t3 Ω
Γ Ω R

1 γ X λX
x2 = x1 + γ− = x1 + C0 , C0 = 4.3 × 10−8 b−1 .
σX λI
Γ R = (x10 , x20 )
Ω Q = [x1 (t2 ), x2m ] t2
U
p = (p1 , p2 )T φ(t) = φmax
t2 Q
dx2 (t)/dt = 0 x2 (t) = x2m U
φ(t) Q H
U
S(x) = x2 − x2m = 0
η
H Q
R Ω (0, 0)
φ=0
H t1 U Q
φ
φ
Figure 16.13
t2 R Ω t3
(t2 − t1 ) = 2.5
φ(t) = φmax (t3 − t2 ) = 1.8
135
135
16.3.2 Control of Spatial Xenon Oscillations
x = (x1 , x2 )T = −uA−1 B = uz u
Figure 16.14
Source:
L1
L1 = {x|x = γz, U − ≤ γ ≤ U + },

K f3 − f2 f3 − f1
z= , K= ,L = , f3 − f 1 = λ∗ .
L f2 − f1 f2 − f1
α>0
u [U − , U + ]
a(t)

dx(t) d x1 (t) −λ∗ x1 (t) − f2 x2 (t) + f3 a(t)
= = ,
dt dt x2 (t) −λI x2 (t) + λI a(t)
dx(t)
= Cx(t) + a(t)B
dt
∗
−λ −f2 f3
C= ,B = ,
0 −λI λI
a(t)
a(t)
p(t)
H = pT ẋ = pT (Cx + aB),
L2
L2 = {x|x = γy, A− ≤ γ ≤ A+ },

−1 K/L 1 K
y = −C B= = z, z = .
1 L L
L2
a(t) ∈ [A−1 , A+ ]
a
∂H/∂a
⎧
⎪ ∂H
⎪
⎪ A− , > 0,
⎨ ∂a
a(t) = ∂H
⎪
⎪ A+ , < 0.
⎪
⎩ ∂a
p(t)
dp(t) ∂H
=− = −C T p(t),
dt ∂x
p(t) = exp(−C T t)p(0).

a(t)
S(t)
S(t) = pT (t)B

λi f 2 ∗ λI f2 p1 (0)
= f3 − p1 (0) exp(λ t) + λI p2 (0) + exp(λI t),
λI − λ∗ λi − λ∗
a(t) = A+ A−
x0 = x(0)
x(t) = ay + exp(Ct)(x0 − ay),
y L2
L2
pT (t1 )y = 0
t1
t1 = 0 −ts
S(−ts ) = 0 x(t)
λ∗
exp[(λ∗ − λI )ts ] = ,
λI
exp(λI ts )
x(−ts ) = ay + (γ − a)B.
λI
+ − + −
1 1 2 2
+ − − +
1 1 a(t) a=A A A+ A−
+ −
2 2 a(t) = A+
A− x 0 = A− y A+ y
x1 x2 a(t) L2
GHIJ
x = γy γ ∈ [A− , A+ ]
a=γ x1 x 2
x1 x 2
a(t) IJ
a(t) =
A+ a(t) = A− L2
−1
α = 0.02 T = 2π/ω = 33.1
a(t) ∈ [−15%, 15%] t=5
IJ
a = −15%
−15% 1.25
a(t) = −15% R = x1 /x2
L2 R = K/L
a(t) = x2 (t) −5%
16.4 MODEL-BASED REACTOR CONTROL 521
16.4 MODEL-BASED REACTOR CONTROL
H2 H∞
16.4.1 Linear Quadratic Regulator

x
z
# $
A B
z= u ≡ Tzu u, Tzu = T (u → z),
C D
ẋ = Ax + Bu = f (x, u),
z = Cx + Du,
z
Tzu J
H2 tf
tf tf
1 1
J= |z(t)|2 dt = z T (t)z(t)dt
2 0 2 0
tf tf
1
= (xT C T Cx + uT DT Du)dt = − L(x, u)dt,
2 0 0
C D z
CT D = 0 DT D = I
p(t)
1 T T
H = −L + pT f = (x C Cx + uT u) + pT (Ax + Bu),
2
J
tf tf
J∗ = − [L + pT (ẋ − f )]dt = (H − pT ẋ)dt.
0 0
J∗
∂H
= pT B + uT = 0, u = −B T p,
∂u
∂H
= f = Ax + Bu = Ax − BB T p = ẋ,
∂p
dp ∂H
=− = −(AT p + C T Cx).
dt ∂x
3
H

d x A − BB T x A −R x 3 x
= = ≡ H .
dt p −CC T −AT p −Q −AT p p
p(t) = X(t)x(t)
−Ẋ = XA + AT X − XRX + Q,
X(t) Φ
tf → ∞ Ẋ = 0 algebraic Ricatti equation
XA + AT X − XRX + Q = 0.
X are(A, R, Q)
care(A, B, Q) 3
ric(H) linear
quadratic regulator (LQR) linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) controller
4
ẋ = (A + BKc )x ≡ Ax, Kc = −B T X u = Kc x.
Example 16.3
√
0 1 0 2 0
A= ,B = ,C = .
0 −3 1 0 1
are(A, R, Q) R = BB T Q = CC T

5.0653 1.4142
X= , Kc = −B T X = (−1.4142 − 0.5817),
1.4142 0.5817

dx(t) 4 0 1.0
= Ax(t) = x(t).
dt −1.4142 −3.5817
{−0.4518, −3.1299}

16.4.2 H2 Controller
y
w
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞
ẋ A B1 B2 x
⎝ z ⎠ = ⎝ C1 0 D12 ⎠⎝ w ⎠.
y C2 D21 0 u
Tzu = T (u → z)

ẋ A B2 x x
= = Tzu .
z C1 D12 u u
u = Kc x = −B2T Xx

ẋ A − B2 B2T X 0 x x
= = K ,
u −B2T X 0 z z

3 3 = A −B2 B2T
X = ric(H) H .
−C1T C1 −AT
y w

ẋ A B1 x x
= = Tyw ,
y C2 D21 w w
Tyw w
(y − y4) y4 w
d n w = (d n)T
ẋ = Ax + B1 d,
T
y = C2 x + D21 n, D21 D21 = I.
H2
w
tf tf
1 1
J= |w(t)|2 dt = (dT d + nT n)2 dt,
2 0 2 0
p(t)
1 T 1
H= (w w +pT f ) = [dT d+(y −C2 x)T (y −C2 x)]+pT f, f = ẋ.
2 2
worst disturbance
∂H
= dT + pT B1 = 0, d = −B1T p,
∂d

d x A − B1 B1T x 0
= + y.
dt p −C2T C2 −AT p C2T
4=x+Yp
x
x dx
d4
= + Ẏ p + Y ṗ,
dt dt
x +Y C2T (y−C2 x
= A4 4)+(Ẏ −AY −B1 B1T +Y C2T C2 Y −Y AT )p.

3 3 = AT − C2T C2
Y = ric(H) H
−B1 B1
T
−A
H2 controller
d4
x
= A4x + B2 u + Kf (y − y4),
dt
= (A + B2 Kc − Kf C2 )4x + Kf y,
4x + Kf y,
≡ A4
Kf = Y C2T y4 = C2 x
4
4
x
4 = −B2T Xx
u = Kc x
Y
B 2 u = B 2 Kc x 4
B 2 Kc x
H2

4
A Kf
u= y ≡ Ky,
Kc 0
K
4 −1 Kf = Kc ΦKf , Φ = (sI − A)
K = Kc (sI − A) 4 −1 ,
Kc Kf H2
model-based controller G
u Kc G
y Kf
4
x
4 = Φ[Kf (y − C2 x
x 4) + B2 Kc x
4],
16.4.3 H∞ Controller
H∞ z
w
Tzw = T (w → z) H∞ norm
singular value σi [Tzw (jω)]
||Tzw ||∞ = sup ||Tzw (jω)||∞ = sup max σi [Tzw (jω)],
ω ω i
∗
σi (Tzw ) = [λi (Tzw Tzw )]1/2 ,
Figure 16.17 K Kc Kf
Φ u G
y K
λi ||Tzw ||∞
H∞ K
worst-case disturbance
||Tzw ||∞ ≤ γ γ
∞
1
||z||22 = ||Tzw w||22 = |Tzw (jω)w(jω)|22 dω
2π −∞
∞
1
≤ ||Tzw ||2∞ |w(jω)|2 dω = ||Tzw ||2∞ ||w||22
2π −∞
||z||22 − γ 2 ||w||22 ≤ 0,
tf
1
J= (|z|2 − γ 2 |w|2 )dt
2 0
p(t)
1 T T
H= (x C1 C1 x + uT u − γ 2 wT w) + pT (Ax + B1 w + B2 u),
2
T
D12 D12 = I C1T D12 = 0. H
u = −B2T p,
w = −γ −2 B1T p.
H2

A γ −2 B1 B1T − B2 B2T
X∞ = ric ,
−C1T C1 −AT

AT γ −2 C1T C1 − C2T C2
Y∞ = ric ,
−B1 B1T −A
Kc = −B2T X∞ ,
Kf = Y∞ C2T .
4∞ = A + B2 Kc − Z∞ Kf C2 + γ −2 B1 B T X∞ ,
A 1
Z∞ = (I − γ −2 Y∞ X∞ )−1 .
γ γ
Kf
Z ∞ Kf γ −2 B1 B1T X∞
H∞
16.4.4 Augmented Plant Representation

K H2
H∞
w P
y W1 W2 loop shaping
z
z
W1 W2
P G W1 W2
w u
z y K
u y
⎛ ⎞
z1
z w
=P = ⎝ z2 ⎠ ,
y u
y
+
− ⇔
Figure 16.18 P G
W1 W2 K P
P
⎛ ⎞ # $
W1 −W1 G Pzw Pzu
P =⎝ 0 W2 G ⎠ ≡ ,
I −G Pyw Pyu

W1 −W1 G
Pzw = , Pzu = , Pyw = I, Pyu = −G.
0 W2 G
u = Ky = K(I + GK)−1 w Tzw

z w

W1 S
z = Tzw w = ,
W2 T
sensitivity transfer function S = (I + GK)−1 complementary

sensitivity transfer function T = GK(I + GK)−1
S+T =I
W1 W2 Tzw
||W1 (ω)S(ω)|| ≤ γ ω,
||W2 (ω)T (ω)|| ≤ γ ω,
H∞ H∞
16.5 ALTERNATE REACTOR CONTROL TECHNIQUES 529
H∞
y
u
0.1s3 + s2 200
W1 (s) = , W2 (s) = .
325 400s + 1
H∞

H∞
H∞
H∞
H∞
H2 H∞
H2 H∞
16.5 ALTERNATE REACTOR CONTROL TECHNIQUES
simulated annealing
E
Figure 16.19 H∞
Source:
Figure 16.20
Source:
M (E) = exp(−E/kT )
k T
M (E)
J
u
M (J) = exp(−J/kT ) T

1, ΔJ < 0,
p( )=
exp(−ΔJ/kT ), ΔJ ≥ 0.
T
M (J)
V (r)
r E =K +V
K r = r0 M (E)
M (J)
u = u0 J
105
genetic algorithm
Figure 16.21
flyspec curve
mechanical shim
black
gray
chemical shim
Tin P P/F
droop
∼
16.6 KALMAN FILTERING FOR OPTIMAL SYSTEM ESTIMATION
x(k) Φ(k|k − 1) Q
y(k) R k
x(k) = Φ(k|k − 1)x(k − 1) + w(k), wT (k)w(k) = Q,
y(k) = M (k)x(k) + v(k), v T (k)v(k) = R.
k
4− (k) = Φ4
x x(k − 1),
P − (k) = ΦP (k − 1)ΦT + Q(k).
% &
4− (k) + K(k) y(k) − M x
4(k) = x
x 4− (k)
P (k) = [I − K(k)M ] P − (k).
% &−1
K(k) = P − (k)M T M P − (k)M T + R
Example 16.3
x1
41 (0) = 95
x
42 (0) = 1
x
x(0) = (100 0)T

dx(t) ẋ1 0 1 0
= = x(t) + = F (t)x(t) + u(t),
dt ẋ2 0 0 −g
u(t) g

1 1 0.5 0 0
x(k) = x(k − 1) − g = Φx(k − 1) + u, Q = ,
0 1 1.0 0 0
x1 (k)
v(k) = N (0, 1)

x1 (k)
y(k) = (1 0) + v(k) = M (k)x(k) + v(k), R = 1.
x2 (k)
16.6 KALMAN FILTERING FOR OPTIMAL SYSTEM ESTIMATION 535

95 10 1
4(0) =
x , P (0) = ,
1 0 1
g=1

1 1 95 0.5 95.5
4− (1) = Φ4
x x(0) + u(1) = − = ,
0 1 1 1 0

− T 1 1 10 0 1 0 11 1
P (1) = ΦP (0)Φ + Q = = .
0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1

− T − 0.9167
T −1
K(1) = P (1)M [M P (1)M + R] = ,
0.0833

99.64
4+ (1) = x
x 4− (1) + K(1)[y(1) − M x
4− (1)] = , y(1) = 100.0,
0.375

+ − 0.9163 0.0833
P (1) = [I − K(1)M ]P (1) = .
0.0837 0.9167
x1 (0) = 95
k =1
k=3
u(t)

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
P
⎜ M1 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ M2 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
x=⎜
⎜ h1 ⎟=⎜
⎟ ⎜
⎟
⎟
⎜ h2 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ Wre ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
Wsu
Figure 16.22
y = (P L)T
L
Wre
Wsu
P L
References

Figure 16.23
Source:
Nucl. Sci. Eng. 6

Steam – Its Generation and Use
H∞
Nucl. Technol. 137
H2 H∞ IEEE Trans. Auto. Control

34
Proc. 17th Int. Conf.

Nucl. Eng. (ICONE17)
Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization, and Machine

Learning
Nucl. Sci. Eng. 102
Stochastic Processes and Filtering Theory
Proc. Tech. Meeting and Workshop on In-core Fuel

Management: Reloading Techniques
Nucl. Sci. Eng. 25
Nucl. Sci. Eng. 54

tems

Nucl. Eng. Int.
57-694
Nucl. Sci. Eng. 111
J. Chem. Phys. 21
Nucl. Technol. 126
Nucl. Sci. Eng. 86
Nucl. Technol. 124
Nuclear Reactor Kinetics and Reactor Con-

trol
Nucl. Sci. Eng. 36
Nucl. Technol. 191
Nucl. Technol. 199
The Mathematical Theory of Optimal Processes

Nucleonics
16
Nucl. Sci. Eng. 22
Nucl. Sci. Eng. 27
Nucl. Sci. Eng. 20
Nucl. Sci. Eng. 73

Nucl. Technol. 31
Prog. Nucl, Energy 30

H∞
Nucl. Sci. Eng. 115
Nucl. Sci. Eng.

182
Problems
16.1 a1 a2
16.2 φnk (r, θ) = Jn (Bnk r) sin nθ

16.3 p(t)
S(t)
16.4
16.5
16.6 h
um
0 ≤ u ≤ um um > g
m
m = 1.0
x1 x2
x1 = 0
16.7
x0
H
16.8

0 1
A= .
0 −1
16.9
16.10 x y
x=y
P− x tk
σx2
R σy2
K t = tk
x+ y
y x−
16.11
nmax
16.12 x0 v0
x1 v1
0 ≤ u ≤ um
−C0 v C0 > 0 m = 1
v1
16.13
x(t) φ(t − t0 ) = φ(t, t0 )
t
x(t) = φ(t, t0 )x(t0 ) + φ(t, τ )Bu(τ )dτ.
t0
16.14 Ω
16.15
16.16
16.17
CHAPTER 17
ELEMENTS OF NEUTRON
TRANSPORT THEORY
17.1 COLLISION PROBABILITY METHOD

©
544 CHAPTER 17: ELEMENTS OF NEUTRON TRANSPORT THEORY
17.1.1 Integral Transport Equation
Ω · ∇ψ(r, Ω) + Σ(r)ψ(r, Ω) = S(r, Ω),
S(r, Ω)
V A s
Ω
Ω
s
′−
Figure 17.1
r = r − sΩ
∂
− ψ(r − sΩ, Ω) + Σ(r − sΩ)ψ(r − sΩ, Ω) = S(r − sΩ, Ω).
∂s
17.1 COLLISION PROBABILITY METHOD 545
s
ψ(r − sΩ, Ω) = exp ds Σ(r − s Ω) ψ(r − s0 Ω, Ω)
s0
s s
− S(r − s Ω, Ω) exp ds Σ(r − s Ω) ds .
s0 s
V
s0 Ω
ψ(r − s0 Ω, Ω) = 0
S(r, Ω) = 0 V s0 = ∞
∞ s
ψ(r − sΩ, Ω) = S(r − s Ω, Ω) exp ds Σ(r − s Ω) ds .
s s
s=0 r r s → s
∞
ψ(r, Ω) = S(r − sΩ, Ω)e−τ (r,r−sΩ) ds,
0
s
τ (r, r − sΩ) = Σ(r − s Ω)ds .
0
∞

ψ(r, Ω) = S(r , Ω)e−τ (r,r ) ds,
0
optical path length r r

s
τ (r, r ) = Σ(r − s Ω)ds ,
0
sΣ Σ
ψ(r, Ω) r

Ω exp[−τ (r, r )] r
r Ω
Ω

r − r

φ(r) = 4π S r, T (r, r )dr ,
V | r − r |

e−τ (r,r )
T (r, r ) = 2
4π| r − r |
point transport kernel dΩ
dA s dΩ = dA/s2
dr
dsdΩ = 2.
| r − r |
T (r, r )
r r
Ω = (r − r )/| r − r |
1 dr
φ(r) = S(r )T (r, r )dr = S(r )e−Σ|r−r | 2.
V 4π V | r − r |
17.1.2 Reciprocity Relationship

Q · −1 Ω0
r0
S(r , Ω) = Qδ(r − r0 )δ(Ω − Ω0 ),
∞

ψ(r, Ω) = S(r , Ω)e−τ (r,r ) ds δ(Ω − Ω )dΩ
0 Ω
dr
= Qδ(r − r0 )δ(Ω − Ω0 )e−τ (r,r ) δ(Ω − Ω )

2
V | r − r |

Qe−τ (r,r0 ) r − r0
= 2 δ − Ω δ(Ω − Ω0 ) = ψ(r, Ω | r0 , Ω0 ).
| r − r0 | | r − r0 |
reciprocity relationship for angular flux
ψ(r, Ω | r0 , Ω0 ) = ψ(r0 , −Ω0 | r, −Ω),
ψ(r, Ω)
r0 Ω0 ψ(r0 , −Ω0 )
r −Ω
17.1 COLLISION PROBABILITY METHOD 547
φ(r | r0 ) r
r0
1 dr
φ(r | r0 ) = δ(r − r0 )e−Σ|r−r | 2
4π V | r − r |
e−Σ|r−r0 |
= 2.
4π| r − r0 |
reciprocity relationship for scalar flux
φ(r | r0 ) = φ(r0 | r),
17.1.3 Transport Kernel and Collision Probability

T (r, r )
r
r
T (r, r )
V N
Vn , n = 1, . . . , N Σ = Σt
Σ(r) = Σn , ∀r ∈ Vn , n = 1, . . . , N.
Pmn Vm
Vn

r − r

dΩ drΣn dr S r , T (r, r )
4π Vn Vm | r − r |
Pmn = ,
drS(r)
Vm

r − r

drΣn φ(r) = dΩ drΣn dr S r , T (r, r ),
Vn m 4π Vn Vm | r − r |

N
Σn φ n V n = Pmn S m Vm , n = 1, . . . , N,
m=1
1 1
φn = drφ(r) = dr dΩψ(r, Ω),
Vn Vn Vn Vn 4π
1 1
Sn = drS(r) = dr dΩS(r, Ω).
Vn Vn Vn Vn 4π
S(r)
N φn
Pmn
S(r, Ω)
Vn
Σn
Σm Pmn Vm = drΣm dr S n T (r, r ) = Σn Pnm Vn .
Sn Vm Vn
VF VM
ΣM PM F VM = ΣF PF M VF .
PF M = 1 − PF F ,
PM M = 1 − PM F .
PF F
Pc
PF M PM F PM M
Figure 17.2
17.2 FIRST-FLIGHT ESCAPE PROBABILITY AND DIRAC CHORD METHOD 549
17.2 FIRST-FLIGHT ESCAPE PROBABILITY AND DIRAC CHORD

METHOD
P (r) r V
A V
P0 S(r) V
drS(r)P (r)
V
P0 = .
drS(r)
V
dΩ dA s
Figure 17.3
r P (r)
e−Σs dΩ
P (r) = (n · Ω) dA = e−Σs ,
A 4πs2 Ω 4π
dΩ = (n·Ω)dA/s2 n
1
P0 = dr dΩe−Σs .
4πV V Ω
P0 first-
flight escape probability Σa = Σ = Σt P0
P0 Σ
first-flight
collision probability Pc
Pc = 1 − P0 ,
P0 Pc
P0
V (ni · Ω)dA
s dr
dr = (ni · Ω)dAd .
n ni dA
s(Ω) Ω
dA
Ω
=
Figure 17.4 V
s
1
P0 = dA dΩ d e−Σ (ni · Ω)
4πV A Ω 0
1
= dA dΩ(1 − e−Σs )(ni · Ω),
4πV Σ A Ω
ni · Ω > 0
s(Ω) dA(ni · Ω)
V = dA(ni · Ω) s(Ω)
A
s s + ds
dΩ ni · Ω
ni Ω dA h(s)ds
s s + ds V
dA dΩ ni · Ω
A Ω=Ω(s)
h (s) ds = .
dA dΩ ni · Ω
A ni ·Ω>0
s ∼ s + ds
Ω A
V
ni · Ω > 0
1 2π
dA dΩ ni · Ω = dA dμμ dϕ = πA.
A ni ·Ω>0 A 0 0
1 V 4V
s= ds s h(s) = dΩ dA s(Ω)(ni · Ω) = dΩ = ,
s πA Ω A πA 4π A
dA
mean chord length
A A/4
Ω
P0
smin , smax
smax smax
πA 1
P0 = ds h(s)(1 − e−Σs ) = ds h(s)(1 − e−Σs ).
4πV Σ smin sΣ smin
Example 17.1 a
P0
μ = cos θ
μ+dμ 2π
1
h(μ)dμ = dA dμ μ dϕ = 2μdμ = −h(s)ds,
πA A μ 0
h(s) = 2a2 /s3 h(s)

∞
a ds 1 1
P0 = (1 − e−Σs ) 3 = − E3 (Σa) .
Σ a s aΣ 2
Figure 17.5 a
1 1
1 −Σx/μ Σ(a−x)/μ 1
P (x) = e dμ + e dμ = [E2 (Σx) + E2 {Σ(a − x)}] ,
2 0 0 2
a s = 2a

Example 17.2 a
Figure 17.6 a
s h(s)
μ = cos θ
μ+dμ 2π
1 s
h(s)ds = dA dμ μ dϕ = 2μdμ = ds.
πA A μ 0 2a2
h(s)
3 2a
sds 3
2
P0 = (1 − e−Σs ) = 2(Σa) − 1 + (1 + 2Σa)e −2Σa
,
4Σa 0 2a2 8(Σa)3
4a
s=
3
Pc
P0
PF F PM M
P0
Table 17.1
sΣ
sΣ P0
sΣ
α1 = 2, α2 = 3, β1 = 2, β2 = −1
2
βi αi
βα1 (1 − β)α2
P0 = + ≡ , x = sΣ.
x + α1 x + α2 i=1
x + αi
17.3 FLUX DEPRESSION CALCULATION AND BLACKNESS
17.3.1 Escape Probability and Flux Depression Factor
P0
φ∞
Ni
17.3 FLUX DEPRESSION CALCULATION AND BLACKNESS 555
φ∞ φ∞ A
Ni = dA dΩ (ni · Ω)ψ(r, Ω) = dA dΩ (ni · Ω) = ,
A ni ·Ω>0 A ni ·Ω>0 4π 4
ψ(r, Ω)
N0
φ∞
N0 = dA dΩ (ni · Ω)e−Σs ,
A ni ·Ω>0 4π
s Ω
Na
φ∞
Na = Ni − N0 = dA dΩ(1 − e−Σs )(ni · Ω),
4π A ni ·Ω>0
Na = ΣφV.
Na = Σφ∞ V P0 .
φ
P0 = ,
φ∞
flux depression Σt = Σ
Na Ni
β
Na
β= = sΣP0 = sΣ(1 − Pc ),
Ni
Pc
first-flight collision probability β for incoming neutrons
first-flight blackness
P0 Pc
17.3.2 Net Escape Probability and Collision Probability
V A
Σa , Σ s , Σt = Σa + Σs
P0
V V,
Pc
V V
β = sΣt P0 = sΣt (1 − Pc ).
Pc net escape
probability
P0∗
V V
Figure 17.7 P0 φ φ∞
17.3 FLUX DEPRESSION CALCULATION AND BLACKNESS 557
1 − Pc
P0∗ = (1 − Pc ) + Pc γ(1 − Pc ) + Pc γ Pc γ(1 − Pc ) + . . . = ,
1 − γ Pc
γ Σs /Σt blackness
β∗
V V
β ∗ = β[(1 − γ) + γ Pc (1 − γ) + γ Pc γ Pc (1 − γ) + . . .]

β(1 − γ) 1 − Pc
β∗ = = sΣa = sΣa P0∗ .
1 − γ Pc 1 − γ Pc
β ∗ = β[(1 − γ) + γ (1 − P0∗ )] = β (1 − γP0∗ ) .
P0 β P0∗ β∗
Pc
β∗ P0∗
β P0
17.3.3 Dancoff Factor for Fuel Lattice
rod shadowing
Dancoff factor
Ω
− ′
′
Σ=Σ
Figure 17.8
A
V Σ = ΣM
−3 −1
Q · V
P (r)
J− A
r
e−Σs
J− A = Q dA dr (n · Ω) , s = |r − r |.
A 4πs2
dr = s2 dsdΩ r
s
Q
J− = dA dΩ(1 − e−Σs ) (n · Ω) .
4πΣA A n·Ω<0
Dancoff factor C

Q 1
J− = 1− dA dΩe−Σs (n · Ω) = J−
∞
(1 − C),
4Σ πA A n·Ω<0
∞
J− = Q/(4Σ)
Q
dA
dΩ
J−
QVM ∞ ∞
J− = P0M = J− sM ΣM P0M = J− βM ,
A
17.4 NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF NEUTRON TRANSPORT EQUATION 559
C = 1 − βM
∞
J−
A 1−C rod shadowing effect

C = 1 − βM
P0M
s M ΣM
1−C βM .
1 + s M ΣM
P0F (1 − Ceff ) = P0F βM + P0F (1 − βM )(1 − βF )βM + . . .

P0F (1 − C)
= ,
1 − C(1 − βF )
C = 1 − βM βF
17.4 NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF NEUTRON TRANSPORT

EQUATION
Figure 17.9
17.4.1 Collision Probability Calculation for Annular Geometry
R
P (0 → R)
P (0 →
R)
τ (R
R
τ (R) = Σ(s)ds, Σ = Σt .
0
P (0 → R) P (τ )
π
1
P (τ ) = P (0 → R) = exp(−τ / sin θ) sin θdθ
2 0
π/2
= exp(−τ / sin θ) sin θdθ.
0
cosh u = 1/ sin θ, du = − cosh udθ
∞
exp(−τ cosh u)
P (τ ) = du = Ki2 (τ ),
0 cosh2 u
n
∞
exp(−τ cosh u)
Kin (τ ) = du .
0 coshn u
Figure 17.10 Pi→j
P (τ )
τ
Pi→j
Vi Vj
P (τ ) P (x, y, ϕ)
(x, y) ϕ
Vi Vj
P (τ )
(x, y) Vj Vj
P (x, y, ϕ) = Ki2 [Σi (a − x) + τij ][1 − Ki2 (τj )]

= Ki2 [Σi (a − x) + τij ] − Ki2 [Σi (a − x) + τij + τj ],
τj τij Vj
Vi Vj Pi→j
Vi Vj
P (x, y, ϕ) Vi
ϕ
2π ymax (ϕ) a
1
Pi→j = dϕ dy dxP (x, y, ϕ),
2πVi 0 ymin (ϕ) 0
2π ymax (ϕ)
1
= dϕ dy[Ki3 (τij ) − Ki3 (τij + τi )
2πVi Σi 0 ymin (ϕ)
− Ki3 (τij + τj ) + Ki3 (τij + τi + τj )],
τi Vi
Ki3
Vi Vj Vi
Vj
Vi Vj
Vi Vj
ϕ
2π
yi,max
Σi Vi Pi→j = dy[Ki3 (τij )+Ki3 (τi +τj +τij )−Ki3 (τi +τij )−Ki3 (τj +τij )].
yi,min
Vj
ri
1 − − − −
Σi Vi Pi→j = dy[Ki3 (τi,j−1 ) + Ki3 (τi−1,j ) − Ki3 (τi−1,j−1 ) − Ki3 (τi,j )],
2 0
Vi
Vj
0 0
±
τij = τ j ± τi = rj2 − y 2 ± ri2 − y 2 , i < j,
Σi Vi Pi→j = 2(Si−1,j−1 + Sij − Si−1,j − Si,j−1 ),
ri
+ −
Sij = dy[Ki3 (τij ) − Ki3 (τij )].
0
Pi→i
yi,max
1
P0,i = dy[Ki3 (0) − Ki3 (τi )]
Σi V i yi,min
Vi
Σi Vi Pi→j = Σi Vi δij + 2(Si−1,j−1 + Sij − Si−1,j − Si,j−1 ), i ≤ j.
Example 17.3
−1 −1
ΣF = Σ1 = Σ M = Σ2 =
P1→1 PF F = Pc
τj
Vj
τi
Δri uk
y rj
ri
Vi
τ ij+ τ ij−
Figure 17.11
Sij
±
Ki3 (τij ) y
ri
i r
i 1
± ± ±
dyKi3 [τij (y)] = dyKi3 [τij (y)] = Δr duKi3 [τij (u)],
0 =1 r−1 =1 0
Δr = r − r−1 .
u u = x2
n
ri
i 1
i
n
± ± 2 ± 2
dyKi3 [τij (y)] = Δr 2Ki3 [τij (x )]xdx = Δr 2wk Ki3 [τij (xk )],
0 =1 0 =1 k=1
xk wk n=2
(x1 , x2 ) = (0.35505, 0.84494) (w1 , w2 ) = (0.18195, 0.31804).
Sij r1 = 4.75 r2 = 7.108

0.27582 0.23099
P (i → j) = .
0.10447 0.32719
P (1→1) = 0.27582
Pc = 0.2765
P (1→1) = 0.27662
P (1→1) = 0.27633

Pi→j
T (r, r )
Ti→j,g = Pi→j,g /(Σj,g Vj ),
xy
17.4.2 Discrete Ordinates Method
Pn
∂ψ(z, μ)
Σt ψ(z, μ) + μ = S(z, μ) + ρ(z, μ),
∂z
ψ(z, μ) P (μ)
φ (z) φ (z)
ψ(z, μ)
Sn discrete ordinates
method ψ(z, μ)
μ
1
φ(z) = ψ(z, μ)dμ = ωn ψ(z, μn ),
−1 n
ωn
μn
Δzj = zj+1/2 − zj−1/2
ψ(zj+1/2 , μn ) − ψ(zj−1/2 , μn )
Σt ψ(zj , μn ) + μn = S(zj , μn ) + ρ(zj , μn ),
Δzj
ψ(zj , μn )
ψ(zj−1/2 , μn ) ψ(zj+1/2 , μn ) diamond differencing scheme
1
ψ(zj , μn ) = [ψ(zj−1/2 , μn ) + ψ(zj+1/2 , μn )].
2
S(zj , μn ) ρ(zj , μn )
μn
linear
discontinuous scheme ψ(z, μn ) μn
ψ(z, μn )
S(z, μn ) ρ(z, μn )
ψ(z, μn )
spectral radius γ
c = Σs /Σt
diffusion synthetic acceleration
scheme
ψ(z, μn )
Pn
γ = 0.23c
P0 φ0 (z)
dφ1 (z)
Σt φ0 (z) + = S0 (z) + Σs φ0 (z),
dz
P1
ψ(z, μ)
1
d
Σt φ1 (z) + [Eφ0 (z)] = Σs1 φ1 (z), Eφ0 (z) = μ2 ψ(z, μ)dμ,
dz −1
P1 S1 (z) Eddington
tensor Eφ0 (z) ψ(z, μ)
4
D
d 1 dφ0 (z) 4 0 (z), Σtr = Σt − Σs1 .
[Eφ0 (z)] = − Σtr Dφ
dz 3 dz
P1 4
D
1 dφ0 (z) 4 0 (z),
+ Σt φ1 (z) − Σs1 φ1 (z) = Σtr Dφ
3 dz
4
D

4= 1 1 dφ40 (z) 4
D + φ1 (z)
φ40 (z) 3Σtr dz
φ40 (z) φ41 (z) high-order

transport solution
P1
17.4.3 Method of Characteristics
ϕ
y
method of characteristics
Ω · ∇ψ
s
s = z/μ μ = cos θ
∂ψ(z, μ) dψ(s)
μ = = −Σt (s)ψ(s) + S(s) + ρ(s),
∂z ds
Σt
s

ψ(s) = exp(−Σt s) ds [S(s ) + ρ(s )] exp(Σt s ) + ψ(0) .
0
(x y)
17.4.4 Monte Carlo Algorithm

f (x) X
X
x x + dx
P (x ≤ X ≤ x + dx) = f (x)dx,
F (x)
x
P (X ≤ x) = f (x )dx = F (x).
−∞
Y y =
F (x)
F −1 (y)
P (Y ≤ y) = P (X ≤ x) = P [X ≤ F −1 (y)] = f (x )dx
−∞
= F [F −1 (y)] = y.
X g(y)
Y
g(y)dy = P (y ≤ Y ≤ y + dy),

1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1,
g(y) =
0, .
Y
x F −1 (y) y
Figure 17.12
Σ X
Σ
x
x + dx
P (x ≤ X ≤ x + dx) = f (x)dx = Σ exp(−Σx)dx,
x x
F (x) = f (x )dx = f (x )dx = 1 − exp(−Σx) = ξ.
−∞ 0
ξ [0, 1]
x
1 1
x=− ln(1 − ξ) = − ln ξ.
Σ Σ
ξ
1−ξ
xi , i = 1, . . . , N "N
x = n=1 xn /N
1/Σ N
B1
References
Handbook of Mathematical Functions

with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables
J. Nucl. Energy 6

Kin (x)
n=1 n = 16 Phil. Mag. 20
Introduction to the Theory
of Neutron Diffusion
Nuclear Reactor Analysis
Nucl.
Technol. 171
Nucl. Technol.
180
Nuclear-Reactor Analysis
J. Comp. Phys.
307
Nucl. Sci. Eng. 169
Proc.
PHYSOR 2004
Monte Carlo Methods
Proc. M&C Sun Valley 1
Transport Theor. Stat. Phys. 13

tems
Computational Methods of Neutron Trans-
port
Proc. ANFM IV
Variational Methods in Nuclear Reactor Physics
Methods of Steady-State Reactor

Physics in Nuclear Design
Theory and Problems of Statistics
Nucl. Sci. Eng. 156
Nucl. Sci. Eng. 155
The Physical Theory of Neutron Chain

Reactors
Nucl. Sci. Eng. 181
Problems
17.1
17.2
17.3 P1
ψ(0, μ) = 0, μ < 0 z <0
z=0
17.4 P1
ψ(0, μ) ψ(0, μ)
17.5 φ(x)
−2 −1
x S ·
17.6
ΣtF
a
F = φF (a)/φF α = −J(a)/φ(a)
α
P1
ψ(a, μ) ψ(−a, μ)
17.7 x<0
−2 −1
Σa S0 ·
a Σ0 b
φ(a + b)
17.8
φ(x) x x0
Σ
17.9 a βF∗
βF∗ C b
17.10 Pi→j
hi xi
hj xj Σ
Σs
17.11
z > 0 S2
ψ1 (z) = ψ(z, μ1 ) ψ
√2 (z) = ψ(z, μ2 ),
μ1 = −μ2 = 1/ 3, w1 = w2 = 1.
ψ + (z) = ψ1 (z) + ψ2 (z)
z0 .
17.12
qi Δ xi
ψi+1/2 = ψi−1/2 fi + qi (1 − fi )/Σi , ψi±1/2 = ψ(xi±1/2 , μj ), ∀μj .
fi i = Σi Δ/μj ψi
Δ xi
17.13
fi (1 − 0.5i )/(1 + 0.5i ).
APPENDIX A
KEY PHYSICAL CONSTANTS
Table A.1
×10−27
×102
NA ×1023 −1
k ×10−23 · −1
λc ×10−12
×1010
qe ×10−19
me ×10−31
×10−19
R · −1 · −1
mn ×10−27
h ×10−34 ·
×10−15 ·
mp /me ×103
mp ×10−27
c ×108 · −1
Source:

©
APPENDIXB
COMPARISONOFMAJORREACTORTYPES

©
578 APPENDIX B: COMPARISON OF MAJOR REACTOR TYPES
References
Table B.1
∼ 2
×
+
−3
·
235 235
∼
∼
%Δk/k ∼
∼ ∼ ∼
REFERENCES FOR APPENDIX B
∼ ∼
∼
∼
579
+
−150 ∼ −10 −150
Table B.1 continued
580
−1
· − ∼ − ∼ −1
−1
· ±0.4 ∼ 1.0 −(5 ∼ 10) −(10 ∼ 80)
Fq ∼
+
APPENDIX B: COMPARISON OF MAJOR REACTOR TYPES
∼ ∼
+
APPENDIX C
SPECIAL MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS
C.1 GAMMA FUNCTION
∞
Γ(z) = e−t tz−1 dt, e(z) > 0,
0
1 · 2 · 3···n
= lim nz , z = 0, −1, −2, −3, . . . ,
n→∞ z(z + 1)(z + 2) · · · (z + n)
∞
1 z −z/n
= zeγz 1+ e ,
Γ(z) n=1
n

©
582 APPENDIX C: SPECIAL MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS
γ = 0.5772156619 · · ·
Γ(z + 1) = zΓ(z),
Γ(n + 1) = n!, n = ,
π
Γ(z)Γ(1 − z) = ,
sin zπ
1 √
Γ = π.
2
Γ(x) x
− − −
−
−
−
−
−
Figure C.1 Γ(x + 1) x Source:
incomplete gamma function

x
γ(z, x) = e−t tz−1 dt,
0
γ(z + 1, x) = zγ(z, x) − xz exp(−x).
C.2 LEGENDRE POLYNOMIAL AND SPHERICAL HARMONICS 583
γ(z, x) Γ(z) x→∞

exponential integral function
∞
En (z) = x−n exp(−zx)dx,
1
∞
= z n−1 x−n exp(−x)dx, n = 1, 2, . . . ,
z
1
= xn−2 exp(−z/x)dx,
0
1
= [e−z − zEn−1 (z)], n > 1.
n−1
En (z)
e−z
E0 (z) = ,
z
dEn (z)
= −En−1 (z).
dz
error function
2 z
γ(0.5, z 2 )
erf(z) = √ exp(−u2 )du = √ .
π 0 π
C.2 LEGENDRE POLYNOMIAL AND SPHERICAL HARMONICS
d2 P (x) dP (x)

(1 − x2 ) − 2x + ( + 1)P (x) = 0,
dx2 dx
P (x) |x = cos θ| ≤ 1.0 Legendre polynomial

1 d
P (x) = (x2 − 1)
2 ! dx
Pn (−x) = (−1)n Pn (x),

(2n + 1)xPn (x) = (n + 1)Pn+1 (x) + nPn−1 (x), n > 1,
dPn+1 (x) dPn−1 (x) dPn (x)
+ = 2x + Pn (x),
dx dx dx
dPn+1 (x) dPn−1 (x)
− = (2n + 1)Pn (x).
dx dx
Table C.1
P0 (x) = 1
P1 (x) = x
P2 (x) = 12 (3x2 − 1)
P3 (x) = 12 (5x3 − 3x)
P4 (x) = 18 (35x4 − 30x2 + 3)
P5 (x) = 18 (63x5 − 70x3 + 15x)
1
2
Pn (x)Pm (x)dx = δnm ,
−1 2n + 1
Kronecker delta

1, n = m,
δnm =
0, n = m.
associated Legendre polynomial Pm (x)
m

d2 Pm (x) dPm (x) m2
(1 − x2 ) − 2x + ( + 1) − Pm (x) = 0.
dx2 dx 1 − x2
Pm (x)
dm
Pm (x) = (−1)m (1 − x2 )m/2 P (x),
dxm
( − m)! m
P−m (x) = (−1)m P x).
( + m)!
1
2 ( + m)!
Pm (x)Pnm (x)dx = δn .
−1 2 + 1 ( − m)!
spherical har-
monics

2 + 1 ( − m)! m
Ym (Ω) = Ym (θ, ϕ) = P (μ)eimϕ , μ = cos θ,
4π ( + m)!
C.3 BESSEL FUNCTION 585
2π 1
dΩYm (Ω)Yαβ∗ (Ω) = dϕ dμYm (μ, ϕ)Yαβ∗ (μ, ϕ) = δmβ δα .
4π 0 −1
4π

P (Ω · Ω ) = P (μ0 ) = Ym (Ω)Ym∗ (Ω ),
2 + 1
m=−
θ0 Ω Ω
μ0 = cos θ0 = cos θ cos θ + sin θ sin θ cos(ϕ − ϕ ).
m=0 eimϕ = 1.0

4π
P (μ0 ) = Y0 (Ω)Y0∗ (Ω ) = P (μ)P (μ ).
2 + 1
C.3 BESSEL FUNCTION
d2 f (x) df (x)
x2 +x + (x2 − n2 )f (x) = 0,
dx2 dx
Jn (x) Bessel function of the first kind
(−1)m x n+2m
∞
Jn (x) = = (−1)n J−n (x).
m=0
m!(n + m)! 2
2n
Jn−1 (x) + Jn+1 (x) = Jn (x),
x
dJn (x)
Jn−1 (x) − Jn+1 (x) = 2 ,
dx
dJ0 (x)
= −J1 (x),
dx
d n
[x Jn (x)] = xn Jn−1 (x),
dx
d −n
[x Jn (x)] = −x−n Jn+1 (x),
dx
dJn±1 (x) n±1
Jn (x) = ± + Jn±1 (x).
dx x
Jn (x)
Mathematica Maple
Figure C.2 J0 (x), J1 (x) J2 (x) Source:
Table C.2
J0 (x) J1 (x) J2 (x)
Bessel functions of the second kind
cos nπJn (x) − J−n (x)

Yn (x) = ,
sin nπ
2n
Yn−1 (x) + Yn+1 (x) = Yn (x),
x
dYn (x)
Yn−1 (x) − Yn+1 (x) = 2 ,
dx
Y−n (x) = (−1)n Yn (x).
Yn (x)
modified Bessel functions
d2 f (x) df (x)
x2 +x − (x2 + n2 )f (x) = 0,
dx2 dx
C.4 DIRAC DELTA FUNCTION 587
Figure C.3 Yn (x) Source:
modified Bessel functions of the first kind Jn (x)
In (x) = i−n Jn (ix) = I−n (x).

modified Bessel functions of the second kind
π n+1
Kn (x) = i [Jn (ix) + iYn (ix)].
2
In (x) Kn (x)
2n
In−1 (x) − In+1 (x) = In (x),
x
dIn (x)
In−1 (x) + In+1 (x) = 2 ,
dx
2n
Kn−1 (x) − Kn+1 (x) = − Kn (x),
x
dKn (x)
Kn−1 (x) + Kn+1 (x) = −2 .
dx
In (x) Kn (x)
C.4 DIRAC DELTA FUNCTION

1 (x − x0 )2 1 a
δ(x − x0 ) = lim √ exp − = lim ,
a→0 a π a2 π a→0+ (x − x0 )2 + a2
588 APPENDIX C. SPECIAL MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS
Figure C.4 In (x) Kn (x) Source:
δ(x − x0 ) = 0, x = x0 ,
∞
δ(x − x0 )dx = 1.0,
−∞
∞
f (x)δ(x − x0 )dx = f (x0 ).
−∞
δ(x) = δ(−x)
1
δ(ax) = δ(x), a = 0,
|a|
δ(x − a)
δ[f (x)] = , f (a) = 0,
|f (a)|
∞
dδ(x − a) df (a)
f (x)dx = − .
−∞ dx dx
References
Handbook of Mathematical Functions with

Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables
REFERENCES FOR APPENDIX C 589
Mathematical Methods for Physicist: A

Comprehensive Guide
Fundamental Aspects of Reactor Shielding
The Mathematics of Physics and Chemistry
APPENDIX D
INTEGRAL TRANSFORMS
Jordan’s lemma
D.1 LAPLACE TRANSFORM

©
592 APPENDIX D: INTEGRAL TRANSFORMS
Figure D.1
f (t)
∞
f¯(s) = f (t)e−st dt = L{f (t)},
0
1 γ+i∞
f (t) = f¯(s)est ds = L−1 f¯(s) .
2πi γ−i∞
f¯(s) f (t) s = σ + iω
σ = γ γ
f¯(s) Bromwich path
D.2 FOURIER TRANSFORM
∞
1
f¯(ξ) = √ f (x)eiξx dx = F{f (x)},
2π −∞
1 ∞
f (x) = √ f¯(ξ)e−iξx dξ = F−1 f¯(ξ) .
2π −∞
D.3 JORDAN’S LEMMA 593
Table D.1
f (t) f¯(s)
1 ¯ s
f (at), a > 0 f
a a
−as ¯
f (t − a), a > 0 e f (s)
e−at f (t) f¯(s + a)
t
f¯(s)
f (τ )dτ
0 s
df (t)
sf¯(s) − f (0+)
dt
dn f¯(s)
(−1)n tn f (t)
dsn
tn /Γ(n + 1), n > −1 s−(n+1)
t
f (τ )g(t − τ )dτ f¯(s)ḡ(s)
0
1
e−at
s+a
e−as
u(t − a), a > 0
s
δ(t − a) e−as
s
cos at
s 2 + a2
a
sin at
s 2 + a2
u(t)
δ(t)
D.3 JORDAN’S LEMMA
R
f¯(s)
R→∞
f¯(ξ) −∞, +∞
Jordan’s lemma
594 APPENDIX D: INTEGRAL TRANSFORMS
Table D.2
f (x) f¯(ξ)
sin ax π1
2
, |ξ| < a; 0, |ξ| > a
x 2
i eip(ω+ξ) − eiq(ω+ξ)
eiωx , p < x < q; 0, √
2π ξ
i 1
e−cx+iωx , x > 0; 0, √
2π (ω + ξ + ic)
2 1 2
e−px , Re(p) > 0 √ e−ξ /4p
2p
2
1 ξ π
cos px2 √ cos −
2p 4p 4
2
1 ξ π
sin px2 √ sin +
2p 4p 4
1 1
|x| |ξ|

cosh ax 2 cos(a/2) cosh(ξ/2)
, −π < a < π
cosh πx π cos a + cosh ξ

sinh ax 1 sin a
, −π < a < π
sinh πx 2π cos a + cosh ξ
in
Pn (x), |x| < 1; 0, |x| > 1 √ Jn+ 1 (ξ)
π 2
f (z) → 0 CR R
I = lim eiξz f (z)dz, ξ > 0.

R→∞ CR
|f (z)| < , z = Reiθ dz = iReiθ dθ

π π/2
π
|I| ≤ R e−ξR sin θ dθ ≤ 2R e−2ξRθ/π dθ < → 0.
0 0 ξ
CR
References
Mathematical Methods for Physicist: A
Comprehensive Guide
Fourier Transforms
APPENDIX E
CALCULUS OF VARIATION FOR OPTI-
MAL CONTROL FORMULATION
E.1 EULER-LAGRANGE AND HAMILTON EQUATIONS
T
V L = T −V

©
596 APPENDIX E: CALCULUS OF VARIATION FOR OPTIMAL CONTROL FORMULATION
J L [0, tf ]
tf
δJ(δx) = 0 J= L(x, ẋ)dt.
0
Figure E.1 δx
x ẋ
δx
tf
∂J ∂L ∂L
δJ(δx) = δx = δx + δ ẋ dt.
∂x 0 ∂x ∂ ẋ
δ ẋdt
tf t
∂L d ∂L ∂L f
δJ(δx) = − δxdt + δx .
0 ∂x dt ∂ ẋ ∂ ẋ 0
δx(0) = δx(tf ) = 0 δJ(δx) = 0 Euler-Lagrange equation

∂L d ∂L
− = 0,
∂x dt ∂ ẋ
mẋ2
H = T + V = pẋ − L(x, ẋ) = H(x, p), T = ,
2
p = mẋ Hamilton’s equations
∂H dx
= ẋ = ,
∂p dt
∂H ∂L dp
=− =− ,
∂x ∂x dt
E.2 PONTRYAGIN’S MAXIMUM PRINCIPLE 597
p = ∂L/∂ ẋ
p
u
ẋ = f (x, u).
E.2 PONTRYAGIN’S MAXIMUM PRINCIPLE
J
[0, tf ]
J = φ[x(tf )].
p η
tf
J ∗ = φ[x(tf )] + dt[pT(f − ẋ) + η T S],
0
S(x) = 0 η

η=0 S < 0,
η≥0 S = 0.
p η
J J∗
J
H = pT f + η T S
J∗
tf
J ∗ = φ[x(tf )] + dt(H − pT ẋ).
0
u δJ ∗ = 0

∂φ tf
∂f ∂f d T dS
δJ ∗ = δx(t ) + dt p T
δx + δu − δx + η δx =0
∂x tf
f
0 ∂x ∂u dt dx
tf
∂φ T
tf
T ∂f ∂f dpT T dS
= δx(t ) − p δx + dt p δx + δu + δx + η δx ,
∂x tf
f
0 0 ∂x ∂u dt dx
δx(0) = 0
T T
dp ∂f dS ∂H
=− p− η=− ,
dt ∂x dx ∂x
T
∂H ∂f
= p = 0, u,
∂u ∂u
δ
Δ
δ
+δ
Figure E.2 tf

∂φ
pT (tf ) = , .
∂x tf
tf terminal condition
δtf
Δx(tf )
Δx(tf ) = δx(tf ) + ẋ(tf )δtf .
Δx(tf ) δx(tf )

∂φ T ∂φ
Δx(tf )− p (tf )δx(tf ) = − p (tf ) Δx(tf ) + pT (tf )ẋ(tf )δtf = 0,
T
∂x tf ∂x tf

n
pi (tf )dxi (tf ) = 0,
i=1
n transversality condition
tf
pT (tf )x(tf ) = 0.
J
Pontryagin’s maximum principle
u p(t)
H
u
H bang-bang control
u ∈ [Umin , Umax ]
⎧
⎪ ∂H
⎨ Umin , > 0,
u= ∂φ
⎪
⎩ Umax ,
∂H
< 0.
∂φ
S(x) = 0
η p(t)
t1
t+ t+ T t+ T
1 dp(t) 1 ∂f 1 dS
dt = − p(t)dt − ηdt,
t−
1
dt t−
1
∂x t−
1
dx
(∂f /∂x)T
p(t) dS/dx
η junction condition
T
dS
p(t+ −
1 ) − p(t1 ) = − μ(t1 ),
dx
μ(t1 ) ≥ 0
Example E.1 x(t)
d2 x(t)
= u(t), |u| = 1,
dt2
[x = 0, ẋ = 0] [x(0) = x10 , ẋ(0) = 0]
(x1 , x2 ) = (x, v = ẋ)

d x1 x2 f1
= = ,
dt x2 u f2
J = tf
H = p1 f1 + p2 f2 .

d p1 −∂H/∂x1 0
= = ,
dt p2 −∂H/∂x2 −p1
p1 = C1 , p2 = −C1 t + C2 , C1 C2 ,
H = C1 x2 + (C2 − C1 t)u.
u(t) = ±1 ∂H/∂u = p2 (t) ≶ 0,
p2 (t) C1 C2
ts > 0
u(t) = ±1 s1 , s1 , s2 , s2
Table E.1
u(t) x2 (t) x1 (t)

−1 −t + s2 −(x2 )2 /2 + s1
+1 t + s2 (x2 )2 /2 + s1
C2 > 0 u = 1 t = 0
(0, 0) u = −1
(x10 , 0) u = +1 t = ts s2 = 0, s1 = x10 , s2 =
−2ts , s1 = 0 x22 (ts ) = x10 , x1 (ts ) = x10 /2, tf = 2ts
u=1 u = −1
p(t)
H = C1 x2 (t) + C1 (ts − t)u(t)

−C1 t − C1 (ts − t) = −C1 ts , u(t) = −1,
=
C1 (t − 2ts ) + C1 (ts − t) = −C1 ts , u(t) = +1,
H
autonomous systems dx/dt
Example E.2
|x2 | ≤ ξ
S = −x2 − ξ ≤ 0
H = p1 x2 + p2 u + η(−x2 − ξ)

d p1 −∂H/∂x1 0
= = ,
dt p2 −∂H/∂x2 −p1 + η
= =−
Figure E.3 u = ±1
=+ =−
−
Figure E.4
η
x2 (t)
p2 (t) t1 t2
u(t) = ∓1 p2 (t)
p1 (t) = C1 C1
H
∂H/∂u = 0 p2 (t) = 0 u(t) = 0
μ=0 p2 (t)
t1 t2 t2 − t1 = tf − 2ξ
x10 = ξ(tf − ξ)
Table E.2
p2 (t) u(t) x2 (t) x1 (t)

0 ≤ t ≤ t1 S < 0, η = 0 C1 (ξ − t) −1 −t −x22 //2 + x10
t1 ≤ t ≤ t2 S = 0, η ≥ 0 0 0 −ξ ξ(ξ/2 − t) + x10
t2 ≤ t ≤ tf S < 0, η = 0 C1 (tf − ξ − t) +1 t − tf x22 //2
−ξ
Figure E.5
References
AIAA Journal
1
H2 H∞ IEEE Trans. Auto. Control 34

Classical Mechanics
J. Math. Anal.
Appl. 35
The
Mathematical Theory of Optimal Processes
APPENDIX F
KALMAN FILTER ALGORITHM
x(t)
y(t) x(t) y(t)
(t)
x
linear Kalman filter
F.1 LINEAR KALMAN FILTER
x(t)
w(t) Q
dx(t)
= F (t)x(t) + w(t), w(t) = 0, w(t)wT (t ) = Qδ(t − t ),
dt
©
604 APPENDIX F: KALMAN FILTER ALGORITHM
x(t) y(t)
v(t) R

y(t) = M (t)x(t) + v(t), v(t) = 0, v(t)v T (t ) = Rδ(t − t ).
(t)
x
x(t) y(t)
(t) = x(t) |y(t) ,

x

P (t) = [x(t) − x (t)]T
(t)] [x(t) − x
[tk−1 , tk ]

tk
Φ(k|k − 1) = exp F (t)dt ,
tk−1
x(k) = Φ(k|k − 1)x(k − 1) + w(k) = Φx(k − 1) + w
y(k) = M (k)x(k) + v(k) = M x(k) + v.
k−1 k

P (k − 1) = [x(k − 1) − x (k − 1)]T ,
(k − 1)] [x(k − 1) − x

P (k) = [x(k) − x (k)]T .
(k)] [x(k) − x
prior
estimate k
− (k) ≡ x
x (k|k − 1) = Φ
x(k − 1).
− (k)
x
(k |k − 1 )
x
(k − 1)
x k−1
F.1 LINEAR KALMAN FILTER 605
w = w(k)

P − (k) ≡ P (k|k − 1) = [x(k) − x
− (k)][x(k) − x− (k)]T

= {Φ [x(k − 1) − x(k − 1)] + w} {Φ [x(k − 1) − x (k − 1)] + w}T

= Φ [x(k − 1) − x (k − 1)]T ΦT + wwT .
(k − 1)] [x(k − 1) − x
[x(k − 1) − x
(k − 1)] k−1 w = w(k) k
P − (k) = ΦP (k − 1)ΦT + Q(k) ≡ ΦP (k − 1)ΦT + Q.
correction step k
− (k),
ξ(k) = y(k) − M x
posterior estimate
!
+ (k) = x
(k) ≡ x
x − (k) + K y(k) − M x
− (k)
ε(k) = x(k) − x
(k)
P (k)
K
ε(k)
ξ(k)
− (k) = M [Φx(k − 1) + w] + v(k) − M x

ξ(k) = M x(k) + v(k) − M x − (k),
k−1
ξ(k) = M [Φ {ε(k − 1) + x − (k)

(k − 1)} + w] + v − M x
= M [Φε(k − 1) + w] + v.
ε(k) = x(k) − x
(k) = Φ [x(k − 1) − x
(k − 1)] + w − Kξ(k)
= Φε(k − 1) + w − KM [Φε(k − 1) + w] − Kv
= (I − KM ) [Φε(k − 1) + w] − Kv.
R

P (k) = P + (k) = ε(k)εT (k)
" #
= (I − KM ) Φ ε(k − 1)εT (k − 1) ΦT + Q (I − KM )T + KRK T ,
P (k) = P + (k) = (I − KM )P − (k)(I − KM )T + KRK T .
P (k)
P (k) K
−2(I − KM )P − (k)M T + 2KR = 0,
P − (k)M T − KM P − (k)M T = KR
Kalman gain matrix k

" #−1
K(k) = P − (k)M T M P − (k)M T + R .
P (k) = P + (k) = (I − KM )P − (k).
F.2 UNSCENTED KALMAN FILTER
extended Kalman filter

particle filter
unscented Kalman filter
sigma points
F.2 UNSCENTED KALMAN FILTER 607
Figure F.1
x(k) = F [x(k − 1), w(k − 1)],

y(k) = M [x(k), v(k)].
(k − 1)
x P + ≡ P (k − 1) ≡
Pxx (k − 1) n k−1 2n x∗i (k − 1)
Wi
√
x∗i (k − 1) = x
(k − 1) − ( nP + )i , i = 1, . . . , n,
√
x∗i+n (k − 1) = x(k − 1) + ( nP + )i , i = 1, . . . , n,
1
Wi = , i = 1, . . . , 2n,
2n
2n k
x− ∗
i (k) = F [xi (k − 1)],
yi (k) = M [x−
1 (k)].

2n
− (k) =
x Wi x−
i (k),
i=1

2n
2n
y(k) = Wi yi (k) = Wi M [x−
1 (k)],
i=1 i
−

2n
Pxx (k) = Wi [x− − (k)][x−
i (k) − x − (k)]T + Q(k),
i (k) − x
i=1

2n
Pxy (k) = Wi [x− − (k)][yi (k) − y(k)]T ,
i (k) − x
i=1

2n
Pyy (k) = Wi [yi (k) − y(k)][yi (k) − y(k)]T + R(k).
i=1
− (k), y(k)
x
− (k) + K(k) [y(k) − y(k)] ,

(k) = x
x
−1
K(k) = Pxy (k)Pyy (k),
− T
P (k) = Pxx (k) − K(k)Pxy (k) ≡ Pxx (k).
(k)
x P (k)
References
Proc. M&C + SNA, Am. Nucl. Soc.
IEEE Trans. Sign. Proc.

50
Stochastic Processes and Filtering Theory
Optimal State Estimation
IEEE Trans. Auto.

Cont. 45
Proc.
IEEE 92
Int. J. Bifurcation and Chaos 14

ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS
Chapter 2
2.2 ×109 · −1 −1 252

· −1 −1
27 26
2.3 13 12
E A (1 + γ)2 + (1 − Aγ)2 + 2A(1 + γ)(1 − Aγ)]cosθc
2
V
2.5 = ,γ = ,
E0 (1 + A)2 v
E/E0 ≥ 1.0 Aγ ≥ 1.0
2.6
12
2.9 6 ×108 · −1

2.10 vc = v0 /2 θ = π/4
2.11 λ − λ = (h/mc)(1 − cos θ)
mc2 mc2 32
2.12
= + 1 − cos θ × 0.511
E E 9
2.13 E = E0 (1 + α)/2 23.
95 141 95 93
2.16 37 59 42 37
2.17
2.18 v = vCM + vc = 0 vc = vcM = mv0 /(m + M ).
1 1 1 m M
2 2 2
mvc + M Vc = mvc 1 + = E0
2 2 2 M M +m
1 m m
= m(vc )2 1 + + Q, Q = E0 1 − .
2 M M
609
610 ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS
1 1 m
M V = mv0 , v = 0, Q = mv02 − M (V )2 = E0 1 − .
2 2 M
Chapter 3
3.1 ×1013 φ0 ψ(r, v, Ω) = mvψ(r, E, Ω) φ(r) = Φ(r)

3.2 3.84 × 1012 .
R |v0 − V0 |
3.3 = Iσ(|v0 − V0 |) , |v0 − V0 | = (v02 + V02 − 2v0 V0 cos θ)1/2 .
N v0
∞
∂I(E, x)
3.4 = −Σ(E)I(E, x), I(H) = dEI0 (E) exp(−N σ0 E0 /E · H)
∂x 0
N σ0 H = 73.06, I(H)/I0 = 1.85 × 10−6 .
3.6 J+ (r) = J− (r) = φ(r)/4.
3.7 R = dv dVn(v)|v − V|σ(|v − V|)N (V) = N0 dvn(v)vσ(v),
v V v
σ(v0 )v0 $
σ(|v − V|) = v0 = 2200 · −1 N0 = V dVN (V).
|v − V|
1 v0
σ(v) = dV|v − V|σ(|v − V|)N (V) = σ(v0 ) .
vN0 v v
∞
E E E E E
φ = φ0 exp − , φ0 = = φ d ,
E1 E1 E 1
0 E 1 E 1

E E0 E1
σ(v) = σ = σ(v0 ) = σ(v1 ) ,
E1 E E
1 1
E = mv 2 , E0 = kT0 = mv02 , T0 = 300 E1 = kT1 , T1 = 350
2
∞ 2
1 E E E E0 3
σ = σ φ d = σ(v0 ) Γ = 1641
φ0 0 E1 E1 E1 E1 2
Chapter 4
A √ π
4.1 S0 √ exp(− 2Σa H) cos .
4π( 2H) 2 4
−1
Σs sin θ 1 1
4.3 p(θ → θ ) = +
2Σt cos θ cos θ cos θ
Σs μ
p(θ) = 1 + μ ln , μ = cos θ
2Σt 1+μ
4.5 E = 2.5 R = 1.0
SE μe −1
= 1.1 · ×
4πR2 ρ
1
exp(−Σx/μ)
4.6 S(μ)dμ = S0 dμ, R(x) = ΣS0 dμ = ΣS0 E1 (Σx).
0 μ
4.7 R(x) = ΣS0 E2 (Σx).
ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 611
Chapter 5
∞
exp(−κr) 2 1
5.1 R(r)dr = Σa φ(r) · 4πr2 dr, φ(r) = S0 , r = r2 R(r)dr
4πDr S0 0
= 6/κ2 = 6L2 .
S sinh κ(H − z) + 2κD cosh κ(H − z)
5.4 φ(z) = ,
2κD cosh κH + 2κD sinh κH
S sinh κ(H + 2D − z)
φ(z) =
2κD cosh κ(H + 2D)
S sinh κ(H − z)
φ(z) = , Σtr = Σa + Σs (1 − μ0 ).
2κD cosh κH
Q cosh κx
5.5 φ(x) = 1− .
Σa cosh κH
Q ΣIn φ(0)a Q 2κD
5.6 φ(x) = − a exp(−κx), φ(0) = ,
Σa 2κD Σa ΣIna a + 2κD
φ(0 2κD
F = = In = 0.83 = 1.02Q.
φ(∞) Σa a + 2κD
∞ ∞
exp(−κ|x − x |)
5.7 φ(x) = S(x )φ(x → x)dx = [Q−ΣIn a φ(0)aδ(x )] dx .
−∞ −∞ 2κD
S exp{−κ(r − R)
5.8 φ(r) = .
4πD(1 + κR) r
5.9 1 − e−2σN H .
5.10 I(H) = I(0) exp[−{Σa0 √ + Σs0 }H] √
I(H) = I(0) exp[−{Σa0 + 2Σs0 }H], |V − v0 | = 2v0 .
S0 π 2
5.12 φc (x) = sin Bx, B 2 = .
Σa 2H
5.14 φ1 (x) = (Q/Σa )[1 − exp(−κH) cosh κx], φ2 (x) = (Q/Σa ) sinh κH exp(−κx).
x H
Q
5.15 φ1 (x) = exp{−κ(x − x )}dx + exp{κ(x − x )}dx .
2κD −H x
2 π νΣf /k − Σa k∞
5.18 Bg = = ,k = = 0.9628.
(H0 − H1 )2 D 1 + L2 Bg2
%
5.20 J(a)/φ(a) = κM DM coth κM b, κ= ΣaM /DM ,
J(a) = (νΣf /keff − ΣaF )φ(a)a J(0).
A J + (R)
5.22 φ(r) = sinh κr, κ2 = Σa D, = − .
r J (R)
2 2
∂V0 B R0 ∂V0
5.25 BR1 = tan B(R1 − R0 ), = , lim
2 R2 R →0 ∂V
= π2 .
∂V 1 1 + B 1 1 1
H J+ (0+) J+ (0+)
5.26 φ(x) = A sin B −x , γ= = ,
2 J + (0−) J − (0+)
d ln φ(0+) 1 1−γ BH
D = = −BD cot .
dx 2 1+γ 2
5.27 B cot BH = −κ, B = (νΣf − Σa )/D, κ2 = Σa /D.
2
Chapter 6
6.9 a0 = φ0 , a1 = φ2 − φ1 , a2 = φ1 + φ2 − 2φ0
+ − +
a 1 = −(h/2D)(J
2 − J2 + J1 − J1− ), a2 = −(h/6D)(J

+ − +
2 − J2 − J1 + J1 ),
−
1 h h + φ0 h 1 h −
+ J− − J = + − J+ − J ,
2 12D 1 24D 2 4 12D 2 1 24D 2
h − 1 h φ0 h + h 1
− J + + J2+ = − J + − J2− .
24D 1 2 12D 4 24D 1 12D 2
d ln φ(x1 ) 1 1−β
6.10 =α=−
dx 2D 1 + β
I1 = −D1 φ2 + D1 φ1 + D1 αφ1
b1 = D1 + Σ+1 + D1 α, a1 = 0,
c1 = −D1 .
Chapter 7
φ2 Σ1→2
7.1 =
φ1 Σa2 + Σ2→1
2S Σa1 + Σr
7.4 φ1 (z) = A1 exp(−κ1 z), A1 = , κ21 = ,
1 + 2κ1 D1 D1
Σr A 1 Σa2
φ2 (z) = A2 [exp(−κ1 z) − exp(−κ2 z)], A2 = , κ22 = .
D2 (κ22 − κ21 ) D2
S Σa1 + Σr
7.5 φ1 (z) = A1 sinh κ1 (H − z), A1 = , κ21 = ,
2κ1 D1 cosh κ1 H D1
2
φ2 (z) = A2 sinh κ1 (H − z) + C2 sinh κ2 (H − z), κ2 = D2 /Σa2 ,
A2 Σr C2 κ1 cosh κ1 H
= , =−
A1 D2 (κ22 − κ21 ) A2 κ2 cosh κ2 H
J2+ (H) Σr 1 1
= − .
S/2 2D1 (κ22 − κ21 ) cosh κ1 H cosh κ2 H
2
7.6 φ2 (z) = C1 exp(−Σr z) + C2 sinh κz + C3 cosh κz, κ = Σ2 /D2 ,
Σr S 0 Σr C 1 C1 −Σr H Σr
C1 = − , C 2 = , C 3 = − e + sinh κH .
D2 (Σ2r − κ2 ) κ cosh κH κ
7.7 k∗ = k∞ /λ, M 2 = D1 /(Σa1 + Σr ).
7.8 x = 0, φ1 (x) = C1 exp(−κ1 x),
κ21 = (Σa1 + Σr )/D1 , J1 (0) = κ1 D1 φ1 (0), φ2 (x) = C2 exp(−κ2 x) + C3 φ1 (x),
κ22 = Σa2 /D2

α11 α12 κ1 D 1 0
= .
α21 α22 −Σr /(κ1 + κ2 ) κ2 D2
D0 (φ1/2 − φ0 )
J1 = αφ1/2 =
ΔR0 /2
αD0
J1 = φ0
D0 − αΔR0 /2
Δk k − k f − f
7.9 = = (k1 + ηpf ) − (k1 + ηpf ) = k2
k k f
Σa2
= − 1 k2 , Σa2 = ΣF M
a2 + Σa2 + Σb .
Σa2 − ΔΣb
7.10
Br2 = 3.39 × 10−4 −2
k = 0.9698 Fz = 1.462
I0 Σr −Σr x −κx 1 Σr 2 Σa
7.11 φ(x) = (e −e ), xm = ln ,κ = .
Σa − DΣ2r Σr − κ κ D
sinh κr 2 Σa
7.12 J2− (R) = β[J2+ (R) + J1+ (R)], φ2 (r) = A ,κ = ,
r D
R
1
J1+ (R) = νΣf φ2 (r)4πr2 dr.
4πR2 0
−1
1−β C0 βνΣf 1+β
tanh κR = C0 κ + , C0 = D − .
4 R Σa 2
Chapter 8
n(s) S0
8.2 sn(s) − n(0) = − + λC(s) + S(s), S(s) = (1 − e−τ s ),
Λ s
n(s) n1 (s + λ)S(s)
sC(s) − C0 = −λC(s) + , n(s) = + ,
Λ s s(s + 1/Λ)
n(∞) − n(0) S0 λΛτ.
1 λ 1
8.3 s + − n(s) = n(0) 1 + + S(s),
Λ Λ(s + λ) Λ(s + λ)
n(0) (s + λ)S(s) ΛS(s)
n(s) − = = .
s s(s + λ + 1/Λ) s[Λ + 1/(s + λ)]
8.4
8.8 K0 = −S0 Λ/n 0,

K0 − 1 λ
s− (s + λ) − n(s)
Λ Λ
1 s+λ
= n0 +s+λ + [S0 + S1 (1 − exp(−τ s)], n(∞) = n0 .
Λ s
n2 (0) S0 Λ S0 Λ
8.9 C1 = + , C2 = − .
n1 (0) n1 (0)K1 K1
Q0 Q0 K1 − 1
8.11 n(t) = + n 0 e α1 t − , α1 = ,
α1 α1 Λ
n0 n0 Λ(K1 − K0 )
Q0 = (1 − K0 ), Q = exp(α1 τ )).
Λ (K1 − 1)2
Q0
n(t) = [exp{α0 (t − τ )} − 1] + n(τ ) exp[α0 (t − τ )],
α0
K0 − 1
α0 = < 0.
Λ
8.12 nmax = 2.28 Tmax = 2622 Qtot = 6.82 2.1 × 1017
8.13 ⎡ ⎤
A2 B2 C1 B 2 D1
⎢ 0 A1 B1 ⎥
G = G2 G1 = ⎣ ⎦.
C2 D2 C1 D2 D1
2s − 1
8.14 G = .
(s − 2)(s + 1)
8.15 n(∞) = (1 + K0 λ)n0 = 1.1n0 .
dQ(t) K0 − αT dT (t) ΛC
8.16 = ,C n(0)Q(t), T = 2π .
dt Λ dt αn(0)
C(2 − ω 2 ) −3Cω
8.18 (GK) = (GK) = , (GK) =
(1 + ω 2 )(4 + ω 2 ) (1 + ω 2 )(4 + ω 2 )
3ω
tan−1 2 . C=2 −π
ω −2
Chapter 9
E2 /α E2
F (E )
9.2 αE1 ≤ E2 < E1 < α3 E0 < αE0 , q(E2 ) = dE dE ,
E (1 − α)
E1 αE
Q q(E2 ) 1 E2 E1
F (E) = E > E1 , =1− 1− − α ln = p(E2 ).
ξE Q (1 − α)ξ E1 E2
E1 1/ξ
dE E2
p(E2 ) = exp − = .
E2 ξE
E1

E2 1 E2
α 1, 1− = 1, p(E2 ) = 1 − 1− (1 − )1/ξ .
E1 ξ E
1
σ 1 E1 E2 σ 1 E1 1 1
9.3 σa = ln σb = − . σb > σa .
E 2 − E1 E1 ln E2 /E1 E1 E2

u
eu −u du
9.4 Σt (u)φ(u) = ΣpM + ΣsF φ(u) lim , ΔF → 0.
αF →1 u−Δf 1 − αF
1/(1−α)
Q E0
9.5 F (E) = , E 1 ≤ E ≤ E0 ,
(1 − α)E0 E
α/(1−α)
QE0
F (E) = Σ∗ /[(1−α)Σt ]
E −Σs /[(1−α)Σt ] , αE0 ≤ E ≤ E1 .
(1 − α)E1
Chapter 10
10.2 ΔΣa /Σa = −0.05 = Δ ln ρ = Δ ln νΣf = −Δ ln D, δΣa (x) = ΔΣa Δxδ(x),

Δx = 0.05H, δρ −2(0.05)2 (0.03)Δk/k = −15
10.3 q = B 2 R2 /6, a = δΣa /Σa = δ ln νΣf = −δ ln D = δ ln ρ,
δ ln Σ
D[(∇φ)2 + B 2 φ2 ] r2 6qD
w(r) = $ = w(0) 1 − γ , w(0) = ,
βρ V νΣf φ2 dr R2 βρνΣf V (1 − 6q/5 + 3q 2 /7)R2
−5
γ = 4q/3, w(0) = 1.4 × 10 /ρ, δK = δρw(0)(1 − 3γ/5)V = 2.18 $
4Σ∗ π 2 1 − e−γH
10.4 δρ = − · 2 2 .
νΣf γH γ H + 4π 2
δk (Σa − νΣf )φ2 (x)Δx
10.5 = $H
k νΣf 0 φ2 (x)dx

2 πx 2 2πx
10.6 φ0 (x) = cos φ1 (x) = sin
H H H H
φ†1 , Lδφ0 8ΔΣa Σa + 4DB 2
a1 = = 0.11.
1 − λ1 3πΣa 3DB 2
Chapter 11
(2J + 1) 3
11.1 Γn = 0.08 Γγ = 39.82 Γf = 56.20 g = =
2(2I + 1) 4
2
2.604 × 106 240 Γn
J = 1, Γ = 96.10 σ0 = g = 5.545 σt =
0.29562 239 Γ
σ0 + 4πR2 = 5.556 σγ = σ0 Γγ /Γ = 2.298 σf = σ0 Γf /Γ = 3.243
R = 9.46
aΣaF
11.3 ζ2 = κF a coth κF a + [b(1 − γ)κM coth κM b(1 − γ) − 1],
(b − a)ΣaM
γ = a/b lim x coth x = 1.
x→0
Q(b − a)
11.4 φF (x) = cosh κF x,
κF DF sinh κF a
Q Q(b − a)
φM (x) = [(a − b)2 − (x − b)2 ] + coth κF a,
2DM κF D F
φ coth κF a b−a
ζ = M = aΣaF + .
φF κ F D F 3D M
Σe + ΣpF 1.221 + 0.418

11.5 φhet
N R (u) = = = 0.225,
Σe + ΣpF + ΣaF 1.221 + 0.418 + 5.64
Σs cell
φhomog (u) = = 0.298.
NR
Σs cell + Σa cell
11.6 φ(x) = (Q/Σa )[1 − C cosh κ(b − x)], C = [cosh κ(b − a) + 2κD sinh κ(b − a)]−1
−J(a) DCκ sinh κ(b − a)
−J(a) = −J− (a), f = = .
Q(b − a) Σa (b − a)
0.4992 + 1/0.9382 0.7696
11.7 ρ28
het = = 66.6 ρ28 homog = = 95.5
0.02347 0.02347 · 0.3433
σ(ρ)Δu
11.9 I(ρ) = , ρ = ΣsM /NF = f (u),
1 + σ(ρ)/ρ
I(ρ) = σ(u)φ(u)du, I(∞) = σ(u)du = σ(∞)Δu,
Δu Δu
σ(ρ)/σ(∞) fx
fI = = .
1 + fx σ(∞)/ρ 1 + fx σ(∞)/ρ
&2 −1
i=1 βi f (ρi )ρi [ρi + σ(ρi )] σ(∞)
11.10 σ = &2 .
1 − i=1 βi f (ρi )[ρi + σ(ρi )]−1 σ(∞)
$1 iBφ0
11.11 ΣH s = −1 dμ0 Σs (μ0 ) = Σs0 , Σs1 = Σs0 /6, φ1 = −
H H
3Σtr
Σs0 B2 νΣf
Σtr = γΣt − , Σa φ 0 + φ0 = φ0 ,
6 3Σtr keff
keff = νΣf /(Σa + DB ), D = 1/(3Σtr ), B = (π/H)2 .
2 2

11.12 S0 (B, u) ≡ S0 (u) = δ(u), Σsn (u → u) = Σeu −u Pn [e(u −u)/2 ]
c
φn (u) = φn (u) + Kn δ(u), n = 0, 1
Σ[φcn (u) + Kn δ(u)] = A0n δ(u) + A0n ρ0 (u) + 3A1n ρ1 (u)
ρn (u) = ρcn (u) + A0n e−u Pn (e−u/2 ), ρc1 (u) = 0,
u
dρc0 (u)
= Σφc0 (u) − Σ eu −u φc0 (u )du = Σφc0 (u) − ρc0 (u)
du 0
ρc0 (u) = q0H (u)
dρc0 (u)
= (A00 − 1)ρc0 (u) + A200 e−u + 3A210 e−3u/2
du
6A210
ρc0 (u) = A00 [e(A00 −1)u − e−u ] + [e(A00 −1)u − e−3u/2 ]
1 + 2A00
c
dρ (u)
Σφc0 (u) = 0 + ρc0 (u), φ0 (u) = φc0 (u) + φu0 (u) = φc0 (u) + A00 δ(u)/Σ,
du
1 8 2 1
φc0 (u) 1 − y 2 e−y u/3 − y 2 e−3u/2 + O(y 4 ) , y = B/Σ,
Σ 9 9
q(u) = ρc0 (u) = Σφc0 (u)
2 2 2
= exp(−DB u/Σ) = exp(−y u/3) = exp[−B τ (u)].
Σtr,2 + Σ2→1 φ2 /φ1 Σtr,1 + Σ1→2 φ1 /φ2
11.13 D1 = , D2 = .
3(Σtr,1 Σtr,2 − Σ1→2 Σ2→1 ) 3(Σtr,1 Σtr,2 − Σ1→2 Σ2→1 )
Chapter 12
12.1 T =3 N (T ) = N (0) exp(−σa φT ), 1 − N (T )/N (0) = 0.882,

σf
β= [1 − exp(−σa φT )] = 0.61.
σa
12.2 Σf φ = 109.7 · −3 · −1
= 3.43 × 1012 · −3 −1
13 −2 −1 −5 −1
φ = 5.28 × 10 · , σX φ = 7.92 × 10 ,
λ∗ = λX + σX φ = 1.00 × 10−4 −1 , I0∞ = 7.60 × 10−9 · −1 −1
∞ −9 −1 −1 −9
X0 = 2.26 × 10 · X(tm ) = 3.28 × 10 · −1 −1
ρX = σX X(tm )/(νΣf ) = −3.15 %Δk/k.
235
12.3 β = [1 − exp(−σa25 θ)]σf25 /σa25 = 0.7,
25
θ = φT, exp(−σa θ) = 0.15 exp(−σa28 θ) = 9.5 × 10−3 , N 49 (T )/N 25 (0)
28
σa θβ/e = 0.16, 0.78.
12.5
12.6 Pd (t, T ) = 13.3(P/Q)[t−0.2 − (t + T )−0.2 ] · −1 Q = 200 · −1
12.7 ξ = 0.026
S+B
12.8 Ψ = = 74.
F ·L
14
12.9 ALI = 2 × 106 μ DAC = 2 × 106 μ 2.4 × 103
3 −3 14 3 3 135
= 700 μ · , T x( = 1.4 × 10 ALI = 103 μ DAC =
3 135 6 3 137 135 3
0.5 μ , T x( ) = 2 × 10
14
Chapter 13
13.2 A = π(b2 − a2 ) = 89.1 2
μ = 8.709 × 10−5 · −1 −1 Tb = 576.4 ρ = 0.721 · −3 , W = 0.325

· −1 v = 5.08 · −1 Re = ρvDh /μ = 5.01 × 105 ,
−3
f = 2.97 × 10 , ΔPf ric = 39.5 ΔPelev = ρgH = 30.1 ΔPlocal = 139.3
ΔP = 0.209
13.3 N = 41, 448 Δh = 252.4 · −1
−1 −1
ΔTb = 46.4 Cp = 5.44 ·
P = 109.7 · −3 · −3
q = P A/M = 642 · −2
Uc = 1.12 · −2 −1 Tc = Tb +q/Uc =
1149
13.4 P1 = W Cp (T2 − T1 ) =
W Cp (Tm − T1 )/θf m = W Cp (Tm − T1 )/2 √
P2 = 2M HU (Tm − T1 )/π P2 /P1 = 2.
13.5 q(z) = U [Tc (z) − Tb (z)],
q(z) M Hq0 πz
Tc (z) − T1 = + 1 + sin .
U πW Cp H
2 2q0 2M q0 H
q(z) = q0 , Tc (z) − T1 = + z+ .
π πu πWCp 2
1 d dT S 2 R2
13.8 − rk = S, T (r) − T1 = (R22 − r2 ) 1 − ln .
r dr dr 4k (R22 − r2 )/R12 r
2 2
R1 /R2 = 0.2, S = (P/L)/[π(R2 − R1 )], Tmax = 1724
Tmax = Ts + (P/L)/(4πk) = 1853

dp 1 d ΔP R r R dvz (r)
13.9 − − (rτrz ) − ρg = 0, τrz (r) = − λ2 = −μ ,
dz r dr Δz 2 R r dr
ΔP R r 1 − κ2 R
τrz (λR) = 0, τrz (r) = − ,
2 Δz 2 R 2 lnκ r
2 2
ΔP R r 1−κ r
vz (r) = 1− − ln ,
Δz 4μ R2 ln κ R
2
ΔP ρπR (1 − κ2 )2
W = ρvz A = 1 − κ2 + .
Δz 8μ ln κ
∂T (r, z) 1 ∂ ∂T
13.10 ρCp vz (r) =k r + Q,
∂z r ∂r ∂r
dTb (z) AQ ∂T (r, z) πR2 Q + 2πRq
= ψ= = ψ= , q < 0.
dz W Cp ∂z
πR2 Q
2 2
Qr r R2 Q
T (r, z) − T (0, z) = 2ψ 1 − 2
− 1 , Tb (z) − T (0, z) = (7ψ − 4),
4k 4R 48k
6r2 r2 % 8
θ(r) = 2
4 − 3 2 , θmax = θ( 2/3R) = .
5R R 5
Tf (z) − T1 1 πz πz πW Cp
13.11 θ(z) = = 1 + sin + A cos ,A = ,
T2 − T1 2 H H 2M HU
Tf (z) = √
θsm = 1.5 zm = H/6, As = 3/2.
As 1 2
Ar = , θrm = 1+ √ = 1.077,
3 2 3
Pr Tmp − 1 θsm 3 2
= = √ = 1.39.
Ps θrm Tm p − T1 2 1 + 2 3
2
W 1 1
13.12 Δp = p1 − p2 = − 2 < 0.
2ρ A22 A1
dhs (z)
13.13 W = M U (Tp − Tf ),
dz
hs (H) − hf = γ(Tp − Tsat )(H − z0 ) = xe hf g , γ = M U/W z0 .
Ts (z) = Tp − (Tp − Tin ) exp(−γz/Cp ), z ≤ z0 .
πz πW Cp πz
13.14 q(z) = cos = h[Ts (z) − Tb (z)], θs (z) = cos +
H " hM H H
πz ±H B πzm #−1
sin zm,B = , θs,m = sin ,
H 6 H
B
Ts,m − T 1 PB πzm 3
PB = 2W Cp B
, = 1 + sin = .
θs,m PA H 2
z
q(z) M M Uc
13.15 Tc (z) − T1 = + q(z )dz , q(z) = C2 exp − z
Uc W Cp −H/2 W Cp
P (z)
= .
M
1 d 2 dT SR2 4πR3 S
13.16 −k 2 r = S, Tm − Ts = , Pth = = 8πkR(Tm − Ts ),
r dr dr 6k 3
Pth = 26 Pe = 1.3 R = 0.11
Q P Q sinh κa
13.17 Tm − Ts = (cosh κa − 1), = = q(a).
kκ2 A κ
Chapter 14
−1
14.1 ·
14.2
14.3 f = 0.76, f = 0.7656, p = 0.7945, αV = 6.0 · −1
f = 0.7442, αV = −3.8 · −1
14.4 P (t) = 0.073 F (t) = 0.05

1 1 Σa,Li
14.5 δΣa (z) = −2 β + Σa,Li θb (z)δTb , αT = − β +
2Tb 2Tb νΣf
= −8.7 · −1 αp = αT (Tb − T1 ) = −0.013,
Chapter 16
ν 2 π 2
16.4 J = B2 = + , ν = 2.405, V = πR2 H
R H
= J λ(πR2 H − V ) J ∗ H = 1.85R.
dx1 dx2
16.6 = x2 , = u − g, 0 ≤ u ≤ um , H = C1 x2 + (C2 − C1 t)(u − g),
dt dt 1/2
2(um − g)h
u=0 ts = u = um
um g
16.7 H = p0 ux2 + p1 x2 + p2 (u − g) p0 x2 + p2 = 0.
16.10 x+ = (σy2 x− + σx2 y)/(σy2 + σx2 ).
16.11 Kc tm n(tm ) = nmax K(t) = 0
Kc (t) = αT (t) = αT (tm ) + αnmax (t − tm )/Cp .
dx1 dx2
16.12 = x2 , = u − C0 x2 ,H = C1 x2 + p2 (t)(u − C0 x2 ),
dt dt
C0 t
p2 (t) = (C1 /C0 + C2 e ) p2 (t)
Chapter 17
17.3
$0
−1
μψ(0, μ)dμ = J− (0) = 0
√
μ = −1/ 3, P2 (μ) = (3μ2 − 1)/2 = 0.
17.4 φ(0) = φ0 (0) = 2φ1 (0)= 2J(0).
1
S Σa x 2
17.5 φ(x) = exp − dμ, x > 0 .
0 2μ μ 3Σ2a
φF (a) φF (a) ΣtF VF ΣtF VF J(a) 1 1 − 2E3 (2ΣtF a)
17.6 F = =− = α=− = .
φF J(a) AF αAF φ(a) 2 1 + 3E4 (2ΣtF a)
−2aΣ0
S0 1 − e
17.7 φ(a + b) = .
2Σa 2aΣ0
1
17.8 φ(x0 → x) = E1 (Σ|x − x0 |)
2
17.9 βF∗ C = (a/b)βF∗ .
17.10 φ(x0 → x)
1
Pi→j = [E3 {Σ(xj − xi − hi )} − E3 {Σ(xj − xi )} − E3 {Σ(xj + hj − xi − hi )} +
2hi Σ
E3 {Σ(xj − xi + hj )}].
dψj (z) Σs
17.11 μj + Σψj (z) = [ψ1 (z) + ψ2 (z)], j = 1, 2.
dz 2
d2 ψ + (z) ΣΣa + μ1 1
μ1 − ψ (z) = 0, z0 = √ = √ .
dz 2 μ1 ΣΣa 3ΣΣa
∂ψ(x, μ)
17.12 μ +Σψ(z, μ) = q, Δ xi
∂x
μj > 0, ψi+1/2 = ψi−1/2 fi + qi (1 − fi )/Σi , fi = e−i i = Σi Δ/μj
qi 1
ψi = − (ψi+1/2 − ψi−1/2 ) μj > 0 fi < 1.0 ψi+1/2
Σi i
ψi ψi−1/2 > 0.
17.13 (1 + Ci )ψi+1/2 − (1 − Ci )ψi−1/2 = qi Δ/μj , Ci = Σi Δ/(2μj ).
INDEX
1/v
B1
B1
H2
H∞
H∞
N
P1
Pn
λ
k
135
Z ≥ 90

©
622 INDEX
k
kω
Jn Yn
239
INDEX 623
238
239
10
12
624 INDEX
k
k
INDEX 625
θ
626 INDEX
F E
INDEX 627
In Kn
628 INDEX
INDEX 629
J(ξ, β)
630 INDEX
In Kn
Jn Yn
In Kn
INDEX 631

John C. Lee - Nuclear Reactor - Physics and Engineering-Wiley (2020)

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NUCLEAR REACTOR

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for

Cover design by Wiley

Set in 9/11pt, NimbusRomNo9L by SPi Global, Chennai, India.

Printed in the United States of America

Permissions and Copyrights xvi

List of Tables xviii

List of Figures xix

1 Nuclear Power Plants 1

2 Neutron-nucleus Reaction and Neutron Cross Section 27

3 Neutron Flux, Reaction Rate, and Effective Cross Section 59

4 Derivation of the Neutron Diffusion Equation 77

5 Applications of the One-Group Neutron Diffusion Equation 99

6 Numerical Solution of the Neutron Diffusion Equation 131

7 Applications of the Two-Group Neutron Diffusion Equation 165

8 Nuclear Reactor Kinetics 181

9 Fast Neutron Spectrum Calculation 219

10 Perturbation Theory and Adjoint Flux 255

11 Lattice Physics Analysis of Heterogeneous Cores 273

12 Nuclear Fuel Cycle Analysis and Management 323

13 Thermal-Hydraulic Analysis of Reactor Systems 373

14 Power Coefﬁcients of Reactivity 455

15 Nuclear Energy Economics 471

16 Space-Time Kinetics and Reactor Control 489

17 Elements of Neutron Transport Theory 543

Appendix A: Key Physical Constants 575

Appendix C: Special Mathematical Functions 581

Appendix D: Integral Transforms 591

Appendix E: Calculus of Variation for Optimal Control Formulation 595

Appendix F: Kalman Filter Algorithm 603

Answers to Selected Problems 609

Ann Arbor, Michigan

Convective Boiling and Condensation

233 235 238 239 241

J0 (x), J1 (x) J2 (x)

NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

Nuclear Reactor Physics and Engineering, First Edition. 1

1.1 HISTORY AND CURRENT STATUS OF NUCLEAR POWER

Figure 1.1 Source:

1.2 BASIC FEATURES OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

Figure 1.2 Source:

1.3 PRESSURIZED WATER REACTOR SYSTEMS

Figure 1.6 Source:

1.4 BOILING WATER REACTOR SYSTEMS

Figure 1.8 Source:

Figure 1.10 Source

1.5 ADVANCED REACTOR DESIGNS

Figure 1.12 Source:

Figure 1.13 Source:

Figure 1.14 Source:

Figure 1.15 Source:

Figure 1.17 Source

SFR VHTR MSR

Figure 1.18 Source

Figure 1.19 Source

Proc. 8th Int. Conf. Nucl. Eng. (ICONE-8)

Proc. Int. Cong. Adv.

Technology Roadmap Update for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems

Nucl. Appl. Technol. 4

Risk and Safety Analysis of Nuclear Sys-

The Westinghouse Pressurized Water Reactor Nuclear Power

NEUTRON-NUCLEUS REACTION AND