STUDY LIST FOR COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION

1. MSC203C- METHOD OF CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH WITH DATA ANALYSIS IN CRIMINAL

JUSTICE
2. MSC213A- ECONOMICS OF CRIMES
3. MSC215- CRISIS MANAGEMENT INTERVENTION
4. MSC221- MODERN PENOLOGY
5. MSC219B- JUVENILE OFFENDING, DOMESTICE VIOLENCE CRIME VICTIMIZATION AND THEIR
INTERVENTION
6. MSC223A- FORENSIC SCIENCES

POSSIBLE QUESTIONS IN EVERY SUBJECTS

1. MSC203C- METHOD OF CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH WITH DATA ANALYSIS IN CRIMINAL

JUSTICE

Conceptual Understanding:

 Research Design:

o Differentiate between quantitative and qualitative research approaches.

o Explain survey research methods and sampling techniques.
o Discuss the ethical considerations of conducting research with vulnerable
populations.
o Analyze the strengths and limitations of case studies in criminology.
 Data Analysis:

o Describe basic statistical concepts like mean, median, and standard

deviation.
o Interpret correlation coefficients and their significance in criminal justice
research.
o Explain the difference between hypothesis testing and descriptive
statistics.
o Discuss software tools like SPSS or R commonly used for data analysis.
 Integration and Application:

o Formulate research questions based on a given criminal justice issue in

the Philippines.
 o Choose the appropriate research design and data analysis methods for a
specific problem.
o Interpret and critically evaluate findings from existing research studies on
crime in the Philippines.
o Analyze the ethical implications of using big data in crime prevention or
investigation.

University of Cebu Specific Topics:

 Consider incorporating elements of criminological research relevant to the local

context of Cebu, such as:
o The impact of drug trafficking and organized crime on communities.
o Factors contributing to juvenile delinquency and gang activity.
o Effectiveness of community-based rehabilitation programs for offenders.
o The role of traditional justice systems in conflict resolution within
indigenous communities.

Remember:

 These are just examples, and the actual exam questions will depend on your
specific course content and instructor.
 Utilize your understanding of both theoretical concepts and practical applications
of research methods and data analysis.
 Support your answers with relevant evidence from research studies and course
materials.
 Maintain a clear, concise, and well-organized writing style.

2. MSC213A- ECONOMICS OF CRIMES

Conceptual Understanding:

 Define and differentiate between positive and normative economics in the context
of crime.
 Explain the basic economic model of crime, including the roles of costs and
benefits for both criminals and victims.
 Discuss the concept of rational choice theory and its application to explaining
criminal behavior.
  Analyze the economic impact of crime on individuals, society, and the economy
as a whole.
 Describe the different types of economic costs associated with crime
(e.g., direct, indirect, intangible).

Application and Analysis:

 Given a specific type of crime (e.g., drug trafficking, white-collar crime), apply
economic models to analyze its causes and consequences.
 Evaluate the economic effectiveness of different crime prevention and
punishment strategies.
 Discuss the potential unintended consequences of economic policies on crime
rates.
 Analyze the role of income inequality and poverty in criminal activity.
 Interpret and critically evaluate findings from empirical studies on the economics
of crime.

Critical Thinking and Problem-Solving:

 Identify and address potential limitations of using economic models to explain

complex social phenomena like crime.
 Formulate research questions based on current debates and controversies in the
economics of crime.
 Design a cost-benefit analysis of a proposed crime prevention program.
 Propose alternative explanations for observed relationships between economic
factors and crime rates.
 Evaluate the ethical implications of economic approaches to crime control.

Specific Topics:

 The role of corruption in organized crime and illicit markets.

 The economic costs of violence and victimization.
 The impact of incarceration on labor markets and economic productivity.
 The effectiveness of economic incentives to deter criminal behavior.
 The ethical issues surrounding economic inequality and its relationship to crime.

Remember:
  These are just examples, and the specific questions on your exam will vary
depending on the course curriculum and instructor.
 Pay attention to keywords and instructions in each question to understand what
is being asked.
 Demonstrate your understanding of both theoretical concepts and practical
applications of economic theories to crime.
 Support your answers with relevant evidence from research studies, economic
data, and course materials.
 Be clear, concise, and well-organized in your writing.

Exams in Economics of Crimes

1. What are the different kinds of the economics of crime? (Explain each)
Answers:

1. Fraud- is a type of economic crime that involves deception or misrepresentation for the
purpose of obtaining a financial gain. Fraud can be committed against individuals,
businesses, and governments This includes activities such as Identity theft, Credit card
fraud, Insurance fraud, Investment fraud, Mortgage fraud, Tax fraud and Healthcare
fraud.

Fraud can have a significant economic impact on victims. It can lead to financial losses,
emotional distress, and damage to credit scores. Fraud can also damage the economy as a
whole by reducing trust in financial institutions and making it more difficult for
businesses to obtain credit and investment.

Fraud can reduce economic growth by discouraging investment and

innovation. Businesses are less likely to invest in new ventures if they are afraid of being
defrauded. Fraud can also lead to job losses and decreased productivity. Fraud can
damage the reputation of the financial system by making it appear that banks and other
financial institutions are not safe or reliable. This can make it more difficult for
businesses to obtain credit and investment, and it can also discourage consumers from
saving and investing.
2. Money laundering- is a type of economic crime that involves the process of making
illegally-gained proceeds (i.e. "dirty money") appear legal (i.e. "clean"). Money
laundering is typically done in three stages: 1) Placement: This stage involves
introducing the illegal proceeds into the financial system. This can be done through a
variety of methods, such as depositing cash into bank accounts, buying assets, or
investing in businesses. 2) Layering: This stage involves moving the illegal proceeds
around the financial system to make them more difficult to trace. This can be done
through a variety of methods, such as transferring money between different bank
accounts, investing in different assets, or moving money to different countries. 3)
Integration: This stage involves bringing the laundered money back into the legal
economy. This can be done by using the money to buy assets, invest in businesses, or
fund personal expenses.

Money laundering is a serious economic crime because it allows criminals to profit from
their crimes and to reinvest their profits in new criminal activities. Money laundering
can also have a number of negative economic consequences. Money laundering can
damage the reputation of the financial system and make it more difficult for legitimate
businesses to obtain financing. Money laundering can facilitate other crimes, such as
drug trafficking and terrorism, by providing criminals with a way to clean their proceeds
and reinvest them in their criminal activities. Money laundering can distort economic
activity by allowing criminals to purchase assets and invest in businesses with their
laundered proceeds. This can lead to higher prices for assets and businesses, and it can
also make it more difficult for legitimate businesses to compete.

3. Embezzlement- is a type of economic crime in which a person or organization entrusted

with the assets of another or the government funds misappropriates those assets for their
own personal gain. Embezzlement can be committed against individuals, businesses, and
governments, such as Malversation of Public funds, Estafa and Qualified theft.

Embezzlement can reduce economic growth by discouraging investment and innovation.

Businesses are less likely to invest in new ventures if they are afraid of being embezzled.
Embezzlement can also lead to job losses and decreased productivity. Businesses and
 consumers often have to incur additional costs to protect themselves from
embezzlement. For example, businesses may need to invest in internal controls and
accounting software to detect and prevent embezzlement. Consumers may need to pay
for credit monitoring services and identity theft insurance. Embezzlement can reduce tax
revenue by allowing individuals and businesses to avoid paying their fair share of taxes.
This can lead to higher taxes for other taxpayers or cuts to government services.
Embezzlement can damage the reputation of the business community by making it
appear that businesses are not trustworthy. This can make it more difficult for businesses
to obtain credit and investment, and it can also discourage consumers from buying goods
and services from businesses.

4. Bribery and corruption- are types of economic crime that involve the misuse of public
office or power for personal gain. Bribery is the act of offering or giving something of
value to a public official in order to influence their behavior. Corruption is a broader
term that encompasses bribery, as well as other forms of misuse of public office or
power, such as extortion, embezzlement, and abuse of authority.

Bribery and corruption can reduce economic growth by discouraging investment and
innovation. Businesses are less likely to invest in countries where bribery and corruption
are common, as they know that they may have to pay bribes in order to get things done.
Bribery and corruption can also lead to the misallocation of resources, as corrupt
officials may award contracts to businesses that are willing to pay bribes, rather than to
businesses that are most qualified. Bribery and corruption can reduce tax revenue by
allowing individuals and businesses to avoid paying their fair share of taxes. For
example, corrupt officials may accept bribes to overlook tax evasion, or to award tax
breaks to businesses that are willing to pay bribes. Bribery and corruption can damage
the reputation of the government and make it more difficult to attract foreign investment.
Corruption can also lead to social unrest and political instability.

5. Tax evasion- is a type of economic crime in which a person or organization intentionally

fails to pay or underpays taxes that they are legally obligated to pay.
 Tax evasion reduces government revenue, which can lead to cuts in public services,
higher taxes for other taxpayers, or increased government debt. Tax evaders have an
unfair competitive advantage over businesses and individuals who pay their taxes
honestly. This can lead to job losses and decreased economic growth. Tax evasion can
damage the economy by undermining trust in the tax system and making it more difficult
for businesses to obtain financing.

6. Cybercrime- is a type of economic crime that involves the use of computers and
networks to commit crimes. Cybercrime can take many different forms, including: 1)
Hacking: Gaining unauthorized access to a computer system or network. 2) Malware:
Creating or distributing malicious software, such as viruses, trojans, and ransomware. 3)
Phishing: Sending fraudulent emails or text messages that attempt to trick people into
revealing personal information or clicking on malicious links. 4) Denial-of-service (DoS)
attacks: Flooding a website or server with traffic in order to make it unavailable to
legitimate users. 5) Crypto jacking: Using someone else's computer to mine
cryptocurrency without their permission.

Cybercrime can have a significant economic impact on individuals, businesses, and

governments. It can lead to financial losses, identity theft, and damage to reputation.
Cybercrime can also disrupt critical infrastructure and services. The economic
consequences of cybercrime are significant and far-reaching. Some of the most notable
impacts include: 1) Direct financial losses, Cybercrime can lead to direct financial losses
for individuals and businesses. For example, victims of phishing attacks may lose money
to fraudulent bank transfers, and businesses may have to pay ransoms to recover data
that has been encrypted by ransomware. 2)Identity theft, Cybercrime can also lead to
identity theft, which can have a devastating impact on victims' financial and credit
histories. Identity thieves can use stolen personal information to open new accounts in
victims' names, apply for loans, and even commit crimes. 3) Damage to reputation,
Cybercrime can also damage the reputation of businesses and organizations. For
example, a data breach at a major retailer can lead to a loss of customer trust and damage
to the company's brand. 4) Disruption of critical infrastructure and services, Cybercrime
can also disrupt critical infrastructure and services, such as power grids, transportation
 systems, and financial institutions. This can have a significant economic impact, as it can
lead to lost productivity and revenue.

7. Intellectual property theft- are the legal rights granted to the creators of original works,
such as inventions, literary and artistic works, designs, and symbols, names and images
used in commerce. These rights give creators the exclusive right to make, use, sell, or
distribute their creations for a certain period of time.

Intellectual property rights infringement is a type of economic crime that involves the
unauthorized use or exploitation of intellectual property. It can take many different
forms, including: 1) Counterfeiting: Producing and selling goods that are identical or
substantially similar to a trademarked product without the trademark owner's permission.
2) Piracy: Copying and distributing copyrighted works without the copyright owner's
permission. 3) Plagiarism: Copying and using someone else's work without giving them
credit. 4) Misappropriation of trade secrets: Disclosing or using someone else's trade
secrets without their permission.

Intellectual property rights infringement can have a significant economic impact on the
creators of intellectual property and on the economy as a whole. It can lead to financial
losses, job losses, and reduced innovation. Intellectual property rights infringement can
have a number of negative economic consequences, including: 1) Reduced revenue for
creators: IPR infringement can reduce the revenue of creators of intellectual property.
This can make it difficult for creators to invest in new projects and can discourage them
from creating new works. 2) Job losses: IPR infringement can lead to job losses in
industries that rely on intellectual property, such as the creative industries and the
pharmaceutical industry. 3) Reduced innovation: intellectual property right infringement
can reduce innovation by making it less profitable for businesses to invest in research
and development. 4) Damage to the economy: Intellectual property rights infringement
can damage the economy as a whole by reducing economic growth and tax revenue.

2. Current international problems of the economics of crime?

Answer:

The current international problems of the economics of crime includes, the rise of
transnational crime. Crime is increasingly becoming transnational in nature, with criminals
operating across borders and exploiting global supply chains. This makes it more difficult
for law enforcement to investigate and prosecute crime, and it also makes it easier for
criminals to launder their proceeds.

The impact of crime on development: Crime can have a significant impact on economic
development. It can deter investment, reduce productivity, and increase the cost of doing
business. This can make it difficult for countries to attract and retain foreign investment and
to grow their economies.

The disproportionate impact of crime on the poor and vulnerable: Crime often has a
disproportionate impact on the poor and vulnerable. This is because they are more likely to
live in areas with high crime rates, and they are less likely to have access to the resources
needed to protect themselves from crime.

Cybercrime is a major global problem, costing businesses and governments billions of

dollars each year. Cybercriminals are increasingly using sophisticated methods to attack
computer systems and networks, and they are targeting a wide range of victims, including
individuals, businesses, and governments. Drug trafficking: Drug trafficking is another
major global problem. The illegal drug trade is worth hundreds of billions of dollars each
year, and it generates significant profits for criminals. Drug trafficking is also linked to a
range of other crimes, such as violence, corruption, and money laundering. Human
trafficking: Human trafficking is a form of modern slavery that affects millions of people
around the world. Human traffickers exploit vulnerable people for forced labor and sexual
exploitation. Human trafficking is a highly profitable crime, and it is estimated to generate
billions of dollars each year.

Intellectual property theft: Intellectual property theft is the unauthorized use or exploitation
of intellectual property, such as patents, copyrights, and trademarks. Intellectual property
theft costs businesses billions of dollars each year, and it can stifle innovation. Corruption:
 Corruption is the misuse of public office for private gain. Corruption can have a significant
impact on the economy, as it can lead to inefficiency, waste, and fraud. Corruption can also
deter investment and make it difficult for businesses to compete fairly.

According to the study conducted by Moriyama et al., entitled “ECONOMIC CRIME IN A

GLOBALIZING SOCIETY: IT’S IMPACT ON THE SOUND DEVELOPMENT OF THE
STATE”, result among countries involves in the study that, the most relevant and concern
issues of economic crime were corruption, and the growing transnational crime, like drug
trafficking on the six countries including Philippines, and it also denoted that poor
implementation laws affects the vast economic crisis brought by economic crimes, which the
some of the government officials are involved. Lack of legislation create a significant impact
on the economic suffering of this countries. Result also showed that countries were
developing legislation to addressed the current issues that hinders the economic growth of
their countries.

3. Explain briefly the motives or the causes of economics of crime?

Answer:

Economic theories of crime focus on the role of economic factors in causing crime. These
theories argue that crime is a rational decision that individuals make in order to maximize
their economic gains. Some of the most common economic theories of crime include:

Rational choice theory: This theory argues that individuals weigh the costs and benefits of
crime before deciding whether or not to commit a crime. If the expected benefits of crime
outweigh the expected costs, then an individual is more likely to commit a crime.

Routine activities theory: This theory argues that crime is more likely to occur when there is
a suitable target, a motivated offender, and an absence of capable guardians. Suitable targets
are those that are easy to access and steal from, such as unlocked cars or homes. Motivated
offenders are those who have the skills, resources, and desire to commit crime. Capable
guardians are those who are able to protect property and people from crime, such as police
officers or security guards.
 Social disorganization theory: This theory argues that crime is more likely to occur in
neighborhoods that are characterized by high levels of poverty, unemployment, and social
disorder. These neighborhoods often lack the social cohesion and formal controls that are
necessary to deter crime.

The economics of crime is a subfield of economics that studies the economic causes and
consequences of crime. It examines the factors that motivate individuals to commit crimes,
the costs and benefits of crime, and the effectiveness of different crime prevention and
control strategies.

Economic crimes are committed for a variety of motives, but the most common motive is
financial gain. Criminals may commit economic crimes to: 1)Obtain money or property:
This is the most common motive for economic crimes. Criminals may steal money, property,
or services, or they may defraud victims by using false pretenses or taking advantage of their
trust. 2) Avoid paying taxes: Criminals may evade taxes by underreporting their income or
by hiding their assets. 3) Gain a competitive advantage: Criminals may commit economic
crimes to gain an unfair advantage over their competitors. For example, a business may
bribe a government official to get a contract, or a company may engage in price fixing to
drive out competitors. 4)Launder money: Criminals may launder money to disguise the
origins of their ill-gotten gains. This can be done through a variety of methods, such as
moving money through shell companies or investing it in legitimate businesses. 5) Fund
other crimes: Economic crimes can be committed to fund other crimes, such as terrorism or
drug trafficking.

4. What are victimless crimes? And why they are considered as crimes?
Answer:

Drug possession and use: Possession and use of illegal drugs is a crime in many countries,
even though there is no direct victim. The argument for criminalizing drug use is that it can
lead to addiction and other health problems, which can harm the user and society as a whole.
In the Philippines, illegal possession and use of illegal drugs were considered as a victimless
crime, it is considered as crime as it affect the social norms and punishable under the
Philippine Law, RA9165 also know as Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002

Prostitution: Prostitution is the act of engaging in sexual activity for payment. While
prostitution is legal in some countries, it is criminalized in many others. The argument for
criminalizing prostitution is that it can lead to exploitation and human trafficking.

Prostitution in the Philippines is considered as crime since the Philippines is a conservative

country who still believe in cultural preservation, and under the Philippine Law prostitution
is punishable under Revised Penal Code Article 202.

Gambling: Gambling is the act of wagering money or other valuables on an event where the
outcome is uncertain. Gambling is legal in many countries, but it is regulated and restricted
in others. The argument for regulating gambling is that it can lead to addiction and financial
problems.

Gambling or engaging illegal gambling is also considered as a victimless crime which is

punishable under Philippine law, in provision under Article 195 to 199 of Revised Penal
Code, except those legitimate gambling site like PCSO lottery and other gambling
establishment identified and regulate by the PAGCOR.

In other words, this victimless crimes were considered as crime as they are punishable under
the law.

1. Explain briefly in your understanding about benefits and costs of drug

legalization and dynamic effects on public health, order, tax revenues, and
criminal justice spending.
Answer:
The benefits of drug legalization in term of public health;
legalization could improve public health outcomes by allowing for drug
product regulation and quality control, lowering the danger of
contamination and overdose. Furthermore, legalization may promote more
open talk about drug use, leading to improved prevention and treatment
efforts. Meanwhile, in terms of public order, legalization of some illegal
drugs may lower crime rates associated with the illegal drug trade, such as
gang violence and drug-related robberies. In term of economic growth,
legalizing and taxing drugs could generate extensive tax revenue for
governments, which could be used to fund important social programs,
education, and infrastructure projects. Moreover, legalization and
regulation of drugs might greatly reduce the burden of enforcing drug
prohibition, such as law enforcement, incarceration, and court processes.
These savings could be used to fund more effective criminal prevention and
rehabilitation initiatives.
In terms of cost of drug legalization, it will raise worries that it can
widen existing social and economic breakdown, especially for communities
that are underrepresented or those in the lower-class communities. It means
that the government needs to focused on their actions and cautious
regulation are required to guarantee that the advantages of legalization are
distributed fairly. While, some people oppose that legalization might
increase drug use and addiction, especially in populations that are already at
risk. Studies have revealed that this isn't always the true and that
legalization can occasionally result in a drop in drug usage, particularly
among youth. There are concerns about the potential negative health effects
of increased drug use, such as respiratory problems, mental health issues,
and impaired cognitive function.
Other concerns with the drug legalization the government will have
difficulties on tracking down illegal farming, drug trafficking, and
smuggled product of legalized drug will rise. The public health will become
an issue when there is only limited establishment or facilities for harm
 reduction. On the hand, legalization of selected drugs require a long
research and studies on the different approaches and policies to ensure that
once legalization of selected drugs were implemented or when it is already
in the market, the harmony of the society, regulations and control were
afforded. If all the process and necessary steps in planning and regulating
the legalization of illegal drugs it can help the judicial function of the
government, where expenditure for illegal drugs cases is not anymore, a
problem. The budget for hearing involving illegal drugs can be utilized to
other important needs on the regulation of legalization of selected drugs
and can strengthen its control. This action by some government in other
countries which are prepared had already legalized some listed illegal drugs
as they can see the benefit for large tax revenue that they can collect.
Furthermore, in the Philippine setting, based on my observation that
the Philippines is not yet ready for legalization of selected drugs as to the
current situation of high numbers of illegal drugs users and the facilities of
rehabilitation are lacking. Another issue is the corruption of some
government official, and I recommend that death penalty should
reestablished or revived so that corrupt official will be deter in the
involvement of regulated former illegal drugs.

2. The effect of legalizing marijuana in the Philippines what are the pros and
cons?
Answer:
As to the benefit of legalization of marijuana in the Philippines, since
marijuana is scientifically proven as effective medicine that can cure the
following illness: Alzheimer's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
(ALS), HIV/AIDS, Crohn's disease, Epilepsy and seizures, Glaucoma,
Multiple sclerosis and muscle spasms, and Severe and chronic pain.
Legalization of marijuana in the Philippines is a big help to address and
cure health problem. Since, marijuana is a herbal medicine it cannot affect
the internal organs of human being rather than taking synthetic drugs or
manufactured drugs. In line with the law enforcement, the law enforcement
agencies in the Philippines will shift its focused-on apprehension of other
crimes and other prohibited drugs, it can also lessen the expenditure in
conducting surveillance, planning, filing of cases in court when marijuana
is properly regulated and controlled by the government, except for
recreational purposes.
Meanwhile, legalization of marijuana in the Philippines can help the
justice system of the Philippines in term of court proceedings wherein the
burden of court will be lessened when all illegal drug cases involving
marijuana will be taken out from the court. Which also implies that can
saved financial expenditure in court proceedings. Legalization of marijuana
will help the economic growth of the Philippine, wherein the government
can generate taxes or revenue. Since the life blood of every country is
taxation, collecting taxes from farming up to the processing of marijuana to
be ready in the market.
Moreover, legalization of marijuana has its bad effect also, in term of
health, marijuana can increase heart attack or stroke if the doses taken by
the patient was higher than the prescribed amount of dose provided by the
physicians. Marijuana can also impair the concentration and memory of a
person taking when it is not controlled. Obesity can be seen as a problem
since taking marijuana can lose appetite that allows people using marijuana
to eat too much. Public tranquility can be viewed also as a problem when
marijuana is not properly regulated and controlled, when marijuana can be
 easily accessed by the people, especially teenagers, in which the study
confirmed that these ages are prone in using marijuana. It can also creates
social fare, people may avoid to walk at night alone because of the fact that
he or she can be a victim of crime such as robbery rape and other crimes.
In term of economic issues, criminals can cultivate at home for their
consumption and for their illicit trading of marijuana which can affect the
legitimate farmers. It can cause also high addiction rates in the Philippines
in which the government need to provide intervention to address the issue.
When marijuana users are rampant investors will be afraid in investing their
assets, which cause the weakening of the economic growth of the country.
Furthermore, legalization of marijuana is good for economic growth,
address health issues, saved financial resources from the law enforcement
agencies and court, however, the government should conduct in-depth
research on ways of implementation, regulation and control to effectively
attain the goal of legalization. Moreover, with the kind of social structure
that we have in the Philippines, legalization of marijuana is difficult to
pursue.
3. In Philippine settings common crimes on human trafficking, characteristics
and organization of these criminal activities, their impact for victims and the
economic?
Answer:
Under the Philippine law, Republic Act 9208 known as Anti-
Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003, which was amended by Republic Act
10364 also known as Expanded Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2012.
The law defines, human trafficking/trafficking in person as an illegal act and
is considered a violation of human rights. It has three (3) inter-related and
interdependent elements for a situation to be considered trafficking in
persons such as Act, Means, and Purpose. As to act, human
trafficking/trafficking in person involves the recruitment, obtaining, hiring,
providing, offering, transportation, transfer, maintaining, harboring, or
receipt of persons with or without the victim’s consent or knowledge, within
or across national borders, while, as to means, human trafficking/trafficking
in person is committed by use of threat, or use of force, or other forms or
coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or of position, taking
advantage of the vulnerability of the person, or the giving or receiving of
payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over
another person, and the purpose of committing trafficking in person/human
trafficking is done for the purpose of exploitation or the prostitution of
others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or services,
slavery, involuntary servitude or the removal or sale of organs is a grave
offense that severely damages both the victims and the economy. Human
trafficking is a serious issue in the Philippines, where between 300,000 and
500,000 persons are thought to be trafficked annually.
Human trafficking syndicates in the Philippines are often well-
organized and have connections to powerful people in government and
business. They may use violence and intimidation to control their victims,
and they may also use corrupt officials to facilitate their activities. The
impact of human trafficking on victims is devastating. They may suffer from
physical and psychological trauma, and they may be denied access to
education, healthcare, and other essential services. Many victims of human
trafficking are also at risk of being re-trafficked. But a lot of victims of
human trafficking suffer post traumatic syndrome disorder that affect the
emotional and mental health of the victims. Other victims of human
trafficking suffer emotional stressed which can lead to depression due to
 maltreatment from the hand of the trafficker. Human trafficking has a
significant economic impact on the Philippines. It is estimated that the
Philippines loses around $6 billion to $8 billion each year due to human
trafficking. This money could be used to fund important social programs,
such as education, healthcare, and infrastructure projects.

4. In your own opinion what are the programs of the Philippine government to
combat transnational crime in general?
Answer:
The Philippine government has implemented various programs to
combat transnational crime, encompassing a range of initiatives aimed at
preventing, investigating, and prosecuting transnational criminal activities.
These programs address various aspects of transnational crime, including
illegal drug trafficking, human trafficking, cybercrime, terrorism, and arms
smuggling.
Philippine Center on Transnational Crime (PCTC): The PCTC serves
as the lead agency for coordinating and implementing the government's
anti-transnational crime efforts. It facilitates interagency cooperation,
conducts intelligence gathering and analysis, and provides support to law
enforcement agencies in investigating and prosecuting transnational crimes.
Inter-Agency Council Against Trafficking (IACAT): The IACAT is tasked
with formulating and implementing policies and strategies to combat
trafficking in persons. It coordinates the efforts of various government
agencies, civil society organizations, and international partners to prevent,
protect, and prosecute trafficking cases. National Anti-Drug Agency
(PDEA): The PDEA is the primary agency responsible for combating
illegal drug trafficking in the Philippines. It conducts drug raids, arrests
drug suspects, and investigates drug trafficking networks. The PDEA also
implements drug prevention and rehabilitation programs. National Bureau
of Investigation (NBI): The NBI is a multi-function law enforcement
agency that plays a crucial role in investigating transnational crimes,
including human trafficking, cybercrime, and economic crimes. It provides
technical assistance to local law enforcement agencies and conducts
specialized investigations. Cybercrime Investigation and Coordination
Center (CICC): The CICC is responsible for investigating and prosecuting
cybercrimes in the Philippines. It also conducts cybersecurity awareness
campaigns and trainings to educate the public about online threats.
Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP): The AFP plays a vital role in
securing the country's borders and preventing the entry of illegal goods,
including firearms and drugs. It also cooperates with law enforcement
agencies in addressing transnational crime threats. Department of Justice
(DOJ): The DOJ provides legal support to law enforcement agencies in
investigating and prosecuting transnational crimes. It also oversees the
Bureau of Corrections, which is responsible for the safekeeping and
rehabilitation of convicted criminals. International Cooperation: The
Philippine government actively engages in international cooperation to
combat transnational crime. It participates in regional and global initiatives,
such as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), to share
intelligence, coordinate law enforcement efforts, and strengthen border
security.
Another, law enforcement agency under the supervision and control
by the Department of Justice is the Bureau of Immigrations, wherein the
this law enforcement is responsible for recording the entry and exit of
 aliens in the Philippines in which the records be used for the detection and
apprehension of aliens or Filipino citizens that are involve in human
trafficking. In the success of apprehension and detection of organized
criminal who are engaging human trafficking the Bureau of Immigration
need to upgrade their system that include wanted persons from other
countries with government-to-government policy making and cooperation.
All of this program and preventive measure can reduce human trafficking if
all concerns agencies and authorities help one another in battling the issue,
and provide scientific approach to victims of human trafficking, and proper
implementation of laws were needed for the fulfillment of objective in
eliminating human trafficking.

3. MSC215- CRISIS MANAGEMENT INTERVENTION

Conceptual Understanding:

 Define and differentiate between crisis, crisis intervention, and hostage

negotiation.
 Explain the various stages of a crisis and the psychological dynamics at play.
 Discuss the different theoretical models of crisis intervention
(e.g., psychoanalytic, cognitive-behavioral, systemic).
 Analyze the importance of communication and de-escalation techniques in crisis
situations.
 Describe the ethical considerations and professional boundaries in crisis
intervention.

Application and Analysis:

 Given a specific crisis scenario (e.g., suicidal person, hostage situation), identify
the appropriate crisis intervention strategies.
 Evaluate the effectiveness of different communication techniques in de-
escalating a crisis.
  Discuss the potential challenges and risks associated with crisis intervention.
 Analyze the ethical dilemmas that may arise in a crisis situation and propose
solutions.
 Interpret and critically evaluate case studies of successful and unsuccessful
crisis interventions.

Critical Thinking and Problem-Solving:

 Identify and address potential cultural or language barriers in crisis intervention.

 Formulate a crisis intervention plan based on a given scenario.
 Adapt and improvise intervention strategies based on the evolving dynamics of a
crisis.
 Propose alternative approaches to traditional crisis intervention methods.
 Evaluate the effectiveness of crisis intervention training programs for law
enforcement and mental health professionals.

Specific Topics:

 The use of technology in crisis intervention and hostage negotiation.

 The role of mental health professionals in crisis response teams.
 The impact of trauma on individuals experiencing crisis.
 The importance of self-care for crisis intervention professionals.
 The ethical considerations of using force in crisis situations.

Remember:

 These are just examples, and the specific questions on your exam will vary
depending on the course curriculum and instructor.
 Pay attention to keywords and instructions in each question to understand what
is being asked.
 Demonstrate your understanding of both theoretical concepts and practical
applications of crisis intervention techniques.
 Support your answers with relevant evidence from research studies, case
studies, and course materials.
 Be clear, concise, and well-organized in your writing.

I hope this information helps you prepare for your comprehensive examination!
Here are some additional tips for success:

 Get a good night's sleep before the exam.

 Arrive early and relax before the exam starts.
 Read each question carefully before answering.
 Answer the questions you know best first and come back to the more difficult
ones later.
 Manage your time effectively and don't spend too much time on any one
question.
 Proofread your answers before submitting the exam.

I believe in you! Do your best and you will succeed.

Exams in Crisis Management

UNIVERSITY OF CEBU
Graduate School
Cebu City

MSC 215-MIDTERM EXAMINATION

(Crisis Management Intervention)

ESSAY:

1. Discuss the effective steps in managing man-made and natural crisis, and what are
the objectives in managing crisis?
The following are the effective steps in managing man-made: as to the hostage
taking, a Critical Incident Management Committee shall be activated immediately; the
desk officer upon receiving the call should note all necessary information and put it
in blotter report and it will be submitted to the COP and investigator for verification
of incidents, the COP will make decision based on the current situation on what
specific action to apply on a situation and sent a first responder to secure or isolate
the area. The law enforcement unit should identify the stronghold of the areas to
install or deploy operative in their specific function. Also, the communication line
must be secure and cut all other line such as electricity and water supply. It is also
important, that the witnesses must be secured and arrest the perpetrator. As to the
kidnapping, the desk officer must take down note all valuable information as
necessary in conducting evaluation, if the incident falls in any kinds of kidnapping
categories.
Meanwhile, as to the natural crisis, the concern agencies upon the hearing the news
from TV, radio and other broadcasting companies, must prepare ahead of time with
 their equipment to be needed during the natural crisis such as typhoon, preparation
on the relief goods to be distributed to the affected areas in order for the affected
resident to have basic needs.
2. Explain the role of the local government unit against man-made crisis.
The rule of the local government unit during the man-made crisis is to help the
operative the necessary equipment, give information with the areas and strategic
deployment of man power to control the unnecessary force, example during the
State of the National Address by the President, it is prevalent that there is always a
presence of rallyist or demonstrator the local government unit should help the law
enforcer in providing guidelines and providing place for the demonstrator to avoid
any commotion.
3. How does terrorism affect the society, and what are the counter-terrorism
programs of the government?
It highly notable that the tranquility of the community was disturbed and it creates
fear to the society. The government in so far as counter-terrorism is concern,
strengthen their intelligence system to intercept valuable information that can be
utilized for effective planning and operation. The effective strategy of the
government was the creation of NTF-ELCAC, wherein it provides a national
approach in dealing terrorism.
4. Discuss the importance of negotiation during the hostage crisis, and what are the
effective techniques to calm the hostage takers?
The importance of negotiation during hostage crisis, it prevent the scalation of
situation. During the negotiation process the negotiator must stabilized situation,
and utilized relevant tools and information to strengthen the negotiation process
and to calm down tension. It also effective that the assigned negotiator is a well
verse in term of communication and can make good decision out from the situation.
5. Identify the motives of the hostage takers, and how do you consider a successful
negotiation?
The following identified motives of hostage takers, is material and political, this two
motives considered as easy to handle rather than those mentally disturbed. I
consider successful negotiation if there were no victim injured or died during the
negotiation process and effect arrest to the perpetrator.
6. Discuss the objectives of political terrorism, and how does terrorism affects the
economy and human rights?
The most and notable objective of this political terrorism like NPA, is to overthrow
the government, burning satellite and equipment of big projects can affect the
economic stability of the nation, and they also violate human rights, by killing
innocent people.
7. Identify the causes and effects of man-made crisis in general, and what is the role of
the national crisis management committee?
The causes of man-made crisis arise when there is poor management, abuse of
power, corruption from organization, which effect significantly on the peace and
order of the community, it escalate situation as the feeling of the affected people is
dominant, that why the crisis management committee should always be prepare in
 establishing systematic approach in dealing this crisis, and can propose law in aid of
legislation in addressing the crisis issues.
8. Discuss the objectives of conducting investigation in kidnapping for ransom, and
what are the possible recommendations by the investigators?
Investigation plays a vital role in identifying facts and gathering relevant information
that can be utilized in immediate apprehension or filing of case to the perpetrator.
With this being said, it is highly recommended that the investigation department
must be given sufficient funds to exhaust all necessary means in gathering relevant
and factual information.

UNIVERSITY OF CEBU
Graduate School
Cebu City

MSC 215-FINAL EXAMINATION

(Crisis Intervention Management)

PEDRO D. FENELLERE, JR

ESSAY

1. Explain the purposes and objectives of crisis intervention, and what are the precautionary
measures should be taken by the authorities during the demolition?
ANSWER: The goal of crisis intervention is to offer quick, efficient aid to people or
groups who are in distress or going through a crisis. Crisis intervention is to lessen the
crisis's immediate effects and stop it from getting worse. Its objectives are to encourage
rehabilitation and enhance the afflicted people's general mental health and wellbeing.
Authorities should take many safety precautions during demolition to maintain the
security and safety of everyone engaged. These could consist of:

 Establishing a safety perimeter

 Planning and Preparation
 Communicating with the public
 Monitoring and supervision
 Provide support services
 Provide safety plans
 Established Communication command
 Provide Safety Protocol to the responder
 Proper Negotiation plans
 Inter-agency collaboration
 Moreover, the most effective objective in crisis intervention, is ensuring the safety
and wellbeing of everyone participating in the demolition process should be the
authorities' top priority, along with limiting the demolition's negative effects on the
neighborhood.

2. Identify the best practices in crisis intervention, and discuss the effective measures
against kidnapping.
ANSWER: Effective practices against kidnapping include a number of things, some of
which are as follows:
 Rapid response is the first stage in crisis intervention. Rapid action can help
contain the issue and stop the crisis from getting worse.
 The cornerstone to crisis intervention is communication, sustaining open
dialogue, and active listening.
 Creating a safe environment is crucial because it protects both the victim and the
people who are helping.
 To comprehend the scale of the issue and the steps needed to address it, the
situation must be objectively and thoroughly examined.
 Collaborate approach, with the other agencies such as police, ambulance services,
and social services can be helpful in resolving the crisis and providing the best
possible support to victims.

Effective Measures against Kidnapping:

 Vigilance, community should aware of any possible treats and risk, caregiving by
parents and by community well help to prevent such situation.
 Educate Children, children should educate on how they deal with stranger to them
to aware any possible situation maybe had during the event.
 Monitoring CCTV, monitoring cctv well help to detect suspicious acts and report
to the law enforcer for possible arrest.
 Background Check, check the background for those who are near and taking care
of their children.
 Reporting, report any suspicious act to prevent the possible situation.

3. Discuss the basic duties and responsibilities of the police in case of labor disputes, and
what are the programs and strategies of the DOLE in order to prevent labor conflict?
ANSWER: The primary responsibility of the police during a labor dispute is to prevent
any uncontrolled events that can endanger anyone. If at all possible, law enforcement
should do a pre-assessment and have a clear strategy in place for any circumstance that
could result in an uncontrollable crisis. To maintain the respect and dignity of those
employees who are most negatively impacted by the situation, DOLE would create a
 program for the affected employees. DOLE should intervene the issues and concern of
the employee, cater them and provide immediate action to give notice to the employer or
company regarding the issues.

4. Explain the basic approaches by the crowd control personnel in case of rally or
demonstrations.
ANSWER: The non-lethal strategy, which is essentially the must necessary and the must
practice should, is the most crucial approach for law enforcement's fundamental methods
of crowd control. Law enforcement should obtain non-lethal tactics during the dispersal
of the rally in lieu of lethal ones. In order to protect its citizens and its property, the
Philippines must adhere to both the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and its own
constitution. Moreover, the law enforcer also must observed a maximum tolerance in
implementing crowd control.
5. Present the effective emergency preparedness programs during jail riots and other related
incidents.
ANSWER: To carry out its mission and uphold the rules and regulations governing
institutional correction, the jail must offer its employees highly regarded training. When
this occurs, the jail management staff will be prepared and aware of what to do both
during and after the incident. The fundamental component of good emergency
preparedness is providing workers with proper training and instruction.
Meanwhile, immediate response is needed during the riot but with the used of
baton to control the riot situation inside the prison facilities.
6. Discuss the challenges of the crisis management team in case of man-made and natural
disasters.
ANSWER: The Philippines faces several unique challenges in crisis management due to
its geographical, demographic, socio-economic, and political characteristics. As an
archipelago of over 7,000 islands, accessibility and logistics can pose significant
difficulties, especially in delivering aid to remote regions. Infrastructure is often
inadequate, particularly in rural areas, slowing down relief and recovery efforts.

The country is frequently subject to natural and man-made disasters, including typhoons,
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, fires, and conflicts. This high frequency and
variety of disasters puts enormous pressure on the crisis management teams.

Resource limitations, both financial and human, can hinder effective crisis response and
recovery. The diverse social and cultural contexts in the Philippines require tailored
approaches for different communities, adding to the complexity of crisis management.

Furthermore, coordination between different levels of government, NGOs, and

international aid agencies can pose challenges, and political dynamics can influence the
distribution of resources and effectiveness of response. To overcome these challenges,
proactive measures like risk assessment, disaster preparedness, capacity building, and
improved coordination are crucial.

7. Discuss the ethical practices and decision making in crisis intervention management in
case of demolition, labor strikes, and demonstrations.
 ANSWER: Law enforcement and concerned authorities must establish a mandate to
exercise the greatest amount of tolerance when managing labor strikes and demolitions in
order to prevent any needless situations from developing during the aforementioned crisis
circumstances.

 Apply non-lethal strategies in dealing demolition, labor strikes and

demonstrations
 Make communication command to easily reach out concerns and issues, and can
provide immediate actions to the issues.
8. Discuss the common approaches in addressing issues and problems in responding hostage
crisis.
ANSWER: The following common approaches in addressing issues:

 Proper coordination with all participating elements shall be done to consolidate

efforts in solving the crisis.
 Safety of Hostage(s) In negotiating for the release of a hostage, the safety of the
hostage shall always be paramount.
 Situation must be stabilized first and contained before the start of the negotiation
 All relevant tools and information that can strengthen a negotiator’s position and
create a favorable climate for a successful negotiation must be prepared e.g. facts
relevant to the situation, financial and non-financial terms, issues and concerns,
etc.
 Do not introduce outsiders (non-law enforcement officers) into the negotiation
process, unless their presence is extremely necessary in the solution of the crisis.
If so introduced, they shall be properly advised on the do’s and don’ts of hostage

negotiations In case the negotiator breaks down or he/she finds himself/herself in a

deadlock, it is recommended to employ the service of a mediator.
 Police officers without proper training shall not be allowed to participate in
hostage negotiations.
 Whatever the scale of an incident and the extent of resources deployed, it is
essential that proper liaison exist between Tactical/Assault Team, Technical
Support Team and the Negotiation Team.
 The mediator will act as a referee, helping the negotiators resolve their
differences.
 The mediator must be well-versed about the issues in order to be able to
eventually recommend an effective solution.
 The main object is to reconcile the object of the negotiator with that of the other
party.
 4. MSC221- MODERN PENOLOGY

Possible Questions in University of Cebu Graduate

Studies Comprehensive Exam (Modern Penology):
Conceptual Understanding:

 Define and discuss the evolution of modern penology.

 Compare and contrast the major philosophical approaches to modern penology
(rehabilitation vs. retribution vs. incapacitation).
 Critically analyze the effectiveness of restorative justice practices in modern
correctional systems.
 Discuss the ethical considerations in implementing technology like AI within
correctional facilities.
 Evaluate the role of private prisons in modern penological systems.

Application and Analysis:

 Critically assess the Philippine Bureau of Corrections' current rehabilitation

programs. Suggest potential improvements based on modern penological
principles.
 Analyze the challenges and opportunities for implementing restorative justice
programs in the context of Cebu City's criminal justice system.
 Develop a proposal for a new correctional facility design that incorporates
modern penological best practices.
 Evaluate the effectiveness of a specific modern penological intervention (e.g.,
cognitive-behavioral therapy, educational programs) based on research findings.
 Compare and contrast the approaches to modern penology in two different
countries and discuss the factors influencing these differences.

Case Studies:

 Analyze a historical or contemporary case study of a successful or failed

penological reform effort. Identify the key factors contributing to the outcome.
 Present a fictional or real-world ethical dilemma faced by a correctional officer in
a modern penological setting. Discuss the different options and justifications for
potential courses of action.

Essay Questions:
  What are the biggest challenges facing modern penology in the 21st century?
Discuss potential solutions and their feasibility.
 To what extent can modern penology effectively achieve both rehabilitation and
public safety goals?
 Is the concept of "prison abolition" a viable solution to the problems of the current
penal system? Discuss the arguments for and against.

Additional Notes:

 These are just a few examples, and the actual questions could vary depending
on the specific focus of the exam and the professor's preferences.
 It's important to stay updated on current trends and debates in modern penology
to demonstrate your depth of knowledge and critical thinking.
 Be prepared to apply your understanding of theory and research to real-world
scenarios and present well-reasoned arguments in your answers.

Remember: Thoroughly review your course materials, relevant research articles, and
current news/developments in modern penology to prepare for a comprehensive exam.
Best of luck!

types of Sentences

Sentences are punishments for convicted defendants. Prescribed punishments for

crimes can be found in state and federal statutes. The Eighth Amendment places limits
on the severity of punishments.

The death penalty

Thirty‐eight states and the federal government impose capital punishment. It is usually
reserved for those who commit first‐degree murder under aggravating circumstances.
Defendants convicted of capital offenses have a right to bring mitigating circumstances
to the attention of the sentencing authority in order to ensure that only those individuals
who deserve to die for their crimes receive the death penalty. Similarly, defendants also
have a right to be free from the arbitrary and capricious imposition of death as a penalty.

To prevent the arbitrary application of the death penalty, death‐penalty statutes contain
many safeguards. Particularly significant are requirements that limit the discretion of the
sentencing jury or judge, that require the presence of aggravating circumstances, that
allow the introduction of evidence showing mitigating circumstances, that mandate a
two‐part proceeding (one for the determination of innocence or guilt and the other for
deciding the sentence), and that provide for the automatic review by an appellate court
of all death sentences.

Incarceration

Jails are short‐term lock‐up centers normally run by counties and operated by county
sheriffs. Inmates housed in jails include unconvicted defendants awaiting trial who are
unable to make bail, convicted misdemeanants, and felons serving jail time as a result
of probation violations. Prisons are long‐term penal facilities operated by state and
federal governments. Most prison inmates are convicted felons serving sentences of
more than one year.

Probation

Probation, the most frequently used criminal sanction, is a sentence that an offender
serves in the community in lieu of incarceration. Probationers are required to adhere to
conditions of probation, such as obeying all laws, paying fines or restitution, reporting to
a probation officer, abstaining from drug usage, refraining from travel out of the area
where the offender lives, and avoiding certain people (for example, other criminals or
victims) and places. If a probationer violates any condition of probation or commits a
new crime, the judge can revoke (take away) probation and incarcerate the offender.
Probation officers monitor offenders and hook them up with various services in the
community. Probation officers handle such large caseloads (on average, 118 per officer
in 1994) that they are left with limited time to track or supervise offenders.
Probation is the preferred sentence when the crime is nonviolent, the offender isn't
dangerous, the convicted criminal isn't a repeat offender, and/or the criminal is willing to
make restitution. Due to prison overcrowding, judges have been forced to place more
felons on probation. A Rand Corporation study found that 60 percent of the felons on
probation were rearrested for a new crime.

Intensive supervision probation (ISP)

Intensive supervision probation is used for offenders needing more supervision. It

allows offenders to live in the community but under severe restrictions. ISP offenders
can be required to meet with their probation officers as often as five times a week, to
submit to random drug urinalysis tests, to work, to attend drug treatment, and to be
under tight surveillance. In 1994, the average ISP caseload was 29 cases for each
probation officer. At least one jurisdiction in each state has implemented ISP, primarily
for those convicted of crimes against property.

How cost‐effective is ISP? A study of 14 jurisdictions across the country, sponsored by

the U.S. Department of Justice and conducted by the Rand Corporation, indicated ISP
didn't reduce the cost of correctional services, in part, because the offenders targeted
for participation wouldn't have done much prison time. The study also showed that ISP
didn't reduce recidivism. Recidivism among ISP participants, however, was often related
to violations of the conditions of intensive probation rather than to new crimes.

Boot camps

Offenders sentenced to boot camps live in military‐style barracks and undergo rigorous
physical and behavioral training for three to six months. Boot camps are generally
reserved for first‐time offenders in their late teens or early twenties. These highly
regimented programs are designed to instill discipline and hold youths accountable for
their actions. Offenders who successfully complete the program are resentenced to
probation, avoiding confinement in prison. Research has failed to confirm that boot
camps lower recidivism rates.
House arrest and electronic monitoring

An offender sentenced to house arrest must spend all or most of the day at home.
Compliance is enforced in some states by requiring the offender to wear a small
transmitter on the wrist or ankle, which sends electronic signals to monitoring units.
House arrest can stand alone as a sanction or be used with electronic monitoring. It can
also be coupled with fines, community service, and other sanctions. Some electronic
monitoring devices can analyze an offender's breath to see if the offender has drunk
any alcohol in violation of conditions of the house‐arrest sentence.

Fines

Fines are common for first‐time offenders convicted of crimes such as shoplifting, minor
drug possession, and traffic violations. In more serious cases, judges combine fines
with incarceration or other punishments. If fines aren't paid, offenders go to jail. Fines
discriminate against the poor. Day fines are a creative response to this problem. They
require offenders to pay a percentage of their weekly or monthly earnings, thus
attempting to equalize the financial impact of the sentence on the offender.

Restitution

Restitution requires an offender to pay money to a victim, whereas a fine requires an

offender to pay money to the government. The idea behind restitution is to make the
offender pay the victim back for economic losses caused by the crime. The offender
may, for example, be required to pay the victim's medical bills or pay a sum of money
equal to the value of property stolen. The biggest problem with restitution is collecting
the money. To enforce restitution orders, a judge can attach, or garnish, an offender's
assets or wages. Another way to enforce restitution is possible in cases in which
restitution is a condition of probation. If the offender fails to pay restitution, a judge can
revoke the probation and incarcerate the offender.

Community service

Paying the community back for harm done, through doing work that benefits the public,
is the essence of community service. Offenders can be required, for example, to pick up
trash in parks, plant trees, and wash away graffiti.

“Scarlet-letter” punishments

Punishing by shaming provides a cheap and morally satisfying alternative to

punishment. Courts have ordered people convicted of assault or child molestation to put
signs in their yards, announcing their crimes. Still other judges have ordered chronic
drunk drivers to put bright orange bumper stickers on their cars, announcing their
problem and urging other drivers to report erratic driving to the police. Critics say this
form of punishment is unlikely to succeed in changing the behavior of repeat offenders
because those people are used to breaking society's rules anyway.

Asset forfeiture

Asset forfeiture consists of the government's seizing of personal assets obtained from or
used in a criminal enterprise. For example, an airplane may be seized if it was used in
smuggling drugs into the country. Law enforcement usually keeps the assets.

Both civil and criminal forfeiture are possible. Civil‐forfeiture laws empower the
government to take property without charging a person with a crime and without a
criminal conviction. Property can be seized if police believe it was bought with profits of
illegal activity or used to facilitate a crime. Police need only to show probable cause to
seize property under civil law. If the owner wants to reclaim seized property, the owner
usually has to file a lawsuit. At the trial in civil court, the burden of proof rests on the
owner to prove the property is innocent by a preponderance of evidence — a higher
standard than the probable cause standard used to take the property.

The differences between civil and criminal forfeiture are that criminal forfeiture arises
after the criminal conviction of a defendant and that a defendant in a criminal case is
afforded full due process rights. Important parts of the Bill of Rights don't apply to civil
forfeiture. For example, the property owner has no Sixth Amendment right to an
attorney, no Fifth Amendment right to be protected from self‐incrimination, and no
Eighth Amendment right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment that is
disproportionate to the crime charged against the property. The American Civil Liberties
Union believes civil forfeiture violates fundamental constitutional rights, including the
right not to be deprived of property without due process of law and the right to be free
from punishment that is unreasonably harsh.

5. MSC219B- JUVENILE OFFENDING, DOMESTICE VIOLENCE CRIME VICTIMIZATION AND THEIR

INTERVENTION

Possible Questions in University of Cebu Graduate

Studies Comprehensive Exam (Juvenile Offending,
Domestic Violence, Crime Victimization & Intervention):
Juvenile Offending:

 Compare and contrast the major theoretical explanations for juvenile delinquency
(e.g., biological, psychological, sociological).
 Critically evaluate the effectiveness of different juvenile justice interventions (e.g.,
diversion programs, restorative justice, juvenile detention).
 Discuss the ethical considerations in handling and processing juvenile offenders
within the criminal justice system.
 Analyze the impact of poverty, family environment, and peer pressure on juvenile
offending in the Philippines.
 Develop a proposal for a community-based intervention program aimed at
reducing juvenile delinquency in Cebu City.

Domestic Violence:
  Define and discuss the different forms of domestic violence (physical, emotional,
sexual, economic).
 Analyze the factors that contribute to domestic violence, including cultural
attitudes, gender roles, and mental health.
 Evaluate the effectiveness of legal and social interventions for victims and
perpetrators of domestic violence.
 Discuss the challenges and opportunities for addressing domestic violence in the
context of Philippine society.
 Develop a training program for law enforcement officers to improve their
response to domestic violence cases.

Crime Victimization:

 Define and categorize the different types of crime victimization (direct, indirect,
primary, secondary).
 Analyze the psychological and social impacts of crime victimization on individuals
and communities.
 Discuss the importance of victim-centered approaches in the criminal justice
system and beyond.
 Evaluate the effectiveness of victim support services in the Philippines, and
suggest potential improvements.
 Develop a public awareness campaign aimed at preventing crime victimization
and supporting victims in Cebu City.

Intersections and Case Studies:

 Analyze the connection between juvenile offending, domestic violence, and crime
victimization, providing relevant examples from the Philippine context.
 Present a case study of a juvenile offender whose criminal behavior stems from
family violence. Discuss the intervention strategies and support systems needed
in such cases.
 Analyze a real-world example of a successful or failed crime victim support
program and identify the key factors contributing to its outcome.
 Discuss the ethical considerations and challenges faced by social workers or
counselors working with victims of domestic violence and/or juvenile offenders.

Essay Questions:
  What are the most promising strategies for preventing and intervening in juvenile
offending, domestic violence, and crime victimization in the Philippines?
 To what extent can the criminal justice system effectively address the issues of
juvenile offending and domestic violence? Discuss alternative approaches.
 How can communities and government agencies work together to create a more
supportive environment for victims of crime?

Additional Notes:

 Remember to tailor your answers to the specific exam requirements and

professor's expectations.
 Demonstrate your ability to integrate knowledge from various disciplines
(criminology, psychology, sociology, law) to address complex issues related to
juvenile offending, domestic violence, and crime victimization.
 Support your arguments with relevant research findings, data, and real-world
examples from the Philippines or other relevant contexts.
 Be prepared to discuss the ethical considerations and challenges involved in
intervention and support work related to these sensitive topics.

By thoroughly reviewing your course materials, relevant research, and current trends in
these areas, you can prepare for a comprehensive and successful exam. Good luck!

6. MSC223A- FORENSIC SCIENCES

Possible Questions in University of Cebu Graduate

Studies Comprehensive Exam (Forensic Sciences):
Conceptual Understanding:

 Define and discuss the role of forensic science in the criminal justice system.
 Explain the different types of forensic evidence (biological, physical, digital) and
their collection methods.
 Compare and contrast the strengths and limitations of various forensic analysis
techniques (e.g., DNA profiling, fingerprints, ballistics).
 Discuss the ethical considerations in handling and analyzing forensic evidence.
 Explain the admissibility of forensic evidence in court and the role of the forensic
scientist as an expert witness.

Application and Analysis:

  Analyze a hypothetical crime scene scenario and identify the potential types of
forensic evidence that could be collected.
 Interpret the results of a specific forensic analysis (e.g., DNA match report,
fingerprint comparison) and explain its significance in a criminal investigation.
 Critically evaluate the reliability and limitations of a particular forensic technique
in light of recent scientific advancements.
 Discuss a real-world case where forensic evidence played a significant role in
solving a crime or exonerating a wrongful conviction.
 Develop a proposal for enhancing the utilization of forensic science in the
investigative practices of Cebu City law enforcement agencies.

Case Studies:

 Analyze a historical or contemporary case where forensic science was key to

identifying a perpetrator or exonerating a wrongly accused individual.
 Present a fictional or real-world ethical dilemma faced by a forensic scientist
during an investigation. Discuss the different options and justifications for
potential courses of action.

Essay Questions:

 What are the biggest challenges facing the field of forensic science in the 21st
century? Discuss potential solutions and their feasibility.
 To what extent can forensic science be considered an objective and reliable tool
in the criminal justice system?
 How can law enforcement agencies and forensic laboratories work together to
optimize the use of forensic evidence in criminal investigations?

Additional Notes:

 Remember to stay updated on the latest advancements and controversies within

the field of forensic science.
 Demonstrate your understanding of the scientific principles and methodologies
underlying various forensic techniques.
 Be able to critically analyze and interpret forensic evidence within the context of a
criminal investigation.
 Consider incorporating current examples and trends in forensic science specific
to the Philippines or the Cebu City region.
Bonus Question:

 Describe a new or emerging forensic technology that has the potential to

revolutionize criminal investigations and discuss its potential applications and
limitations.

By thoroughly reviewing your course materials, staying informed about recent

developments in forensic science, and practicing the application of your knowledge to

Name: PEDRO D. FENELLERE, JR. Date and Time: 03/25/2023 5:00PM

MIDTERM EXAMINATION
FORENSIC SCIENCE
1. In polygraph examination there are questions test use and one of the standard question is GQT.
Formulate a question using GQT and explain the process in formulating your question.
2. Give the fingerprint classification as given below and explain the process on how to classify.
RIGHT HAND: 1 = \; ridge count: 26 , 2 = R; ridge count: 12, 3 = W; ridge traced: O, 4 = \; ridge
count: 17, 5 = \; ridge count: 12; LEFT HAND: 6 = W; ridge traced: I, 7 = W; ridge traced: M, 8
= /; ridge count: 18, 9 = W; ridge count: I, 10 = /; ridge count 15.
3. You have dusted and lifted the latent print below (EVIDENCE #17) from the handle of a knife at
a crime scene you are investigating. The knife was used as a murder weapon. Use your forensic
skills to correctly identify which suspect used the knife (Place an “X” by the suspect that
matches). To prove a perfect match you must also locate TEN Special Ridge Characteristics
shared by the Evidence and Suspect print. Color TEN matching Ridge Characteristics in each
print with a red colored pencil and neatly number them 1-10. Name these Special Ridge
Characteristics in the spaces provided.

Special Ridge Characteristic Identification #1 Crossover or ridge bridge #2 Ridge Ending

#3 Ridge Ending #4 Bifurcation
#5 Short Ridge # 6 Enclosure or Eyelet
#7 Enclosure or Eyelet # 8 Dot
#9 Spur # 10 Ridge Ending
Answers:

1. In general question test (GQT) it is compose of 10 questions which

answerable by yes or no with the following sequence or order of irrelevant,
relevant and disguise control questions. It is most useful technique in
obtaining favorable results during the conduct of polygraph examination.
Irrelevant question must be placed in question no. 1, 2, 6, and 10, while,
relevant question must be placed at question no. 4, 5, 7, and 8, and disguised
control questions must be placed at question no. 3 and 9. To have more
clearer understanding on what is irrelevant, relevant and disguise control
questions, here is the following example:
1. Is today Saturday?
2. Is this a month of March
3. Are you going to lie to any of my questions?
4. Did you know that there is stolen Rolex Watch?
5. Do you know who stole the Rolex Watch?
6. Is your name Jerick?
7. Are you the one who stole the Rolex Watch?
8. Do you know where is the stolen Rolex Watch?
9. Have you lied to me from the start of our conversation?
10. Is your family name Reposo?
 This example of questioning is called General Question Test, now, to
elaborate more what is General Question Test, lets explain the three types of
questions being used, irrelevant questions: are questions which has no direct
concern or has no direct point towards the issue or issues. Relevant
question: are question which is directly pointing the issue or issues (refer to
the above-cited example and its sequence based on the above-explanation).
Disguise control questions: are questions which is not obviously asked to the
subject or indirect manner of questioning.
2. Below is the result of fingerprint classification as samples of fingerprint
pattern presented in question number 2.

Key Major Primary Secondary Sub- Final

Secondary
26 L 5 OOO -R--- 12
I 12 MOI -W--- 15

Explanation:
In conducting fingerprint classification, as a general rule, although the
arrangement of the classification is different on how it acquires. First, you
have to start at the primary classification, in order to obtain the result of the
primary classification you have to undergo the five steps, called pairing,
assigning numerical values, designating numerators and denominators, after
designating the numerators and denominators you can start the blocking and
summing up the value. To further explain this matter, I had made a sample
of fingerprint classification card and put the given fingerprint impressions
samples. (below is the sample of fingerprint classification card)

16 8 4

/
RIGHT
THUMB INDEX N MIDDLE RING N LITTLE
ULNAR RADIAL WHORL ULNAR ULNAR
(26) (12) (OUTER) (17) (12)
D D D

LEFT
/ W
 WHORL ULNAR ULNAR
WHORL WHORL
(INNER) (18) (15)
(MEETING) (INNER)
D D
W W / W /
/
4 2 1
On the primary classification, pairing is necessary, Right Thumb and Right
Index is the first pair, Right Middle Finger and Right Ring Finger second
Pair, Right Little Finger and Left Thumb is the third pair, Left Index Finger
and Left Middle Finger is fourth pair and lastly, Left Ring Finger and Left
Little Finger is the fifth pair. Right after the fairing, you have to assign the
given numerical values based on the paired fingers, 16 for first pair, 8 for
second pair, 4 for third pair, 2 for fourth pair, and 1 for fifth pair.
Designating numerators and denominator are the next step, wherein, as a
general rule all even number will be the numerators, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10, while,
denominators are 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9. After designating the numerator and
denominators, the blocking was the next step and summation of all whorl
present on the designated numerical values and its place if numerator or
denominator.

Meanwhile, in obtaining the secondary classification, both index

finger is considered represented by the capital letter groups and the rest of
the fingers were represented by small letter group but limited only if the
present fingerprint patterns were to be, Plain Arch (a), Tented Arch (t), and
Radial Loop (r). On the sub-secondary, only the index, middle and ring
finger of both hands is concerned, considering the pattern affairs on this
finger were whorl and loop patterns. In major classification, both thumb is
being considered, concerning the loop and whorl pattern since the pattern
appears on the right thumb is radial we will have to identify the ridge count,
since the ridge count is 26 it is considered as large and on the other thumb,
the pattern was whorl with inner tracing. On the final classification, the
number of ridge count is considered since the pattern appears on both little
were loop. And the key classification the first loop appear is on the right
thumb with a ridge count of 26.
3. My finding on the given fingerprint impression and the 5 samples of
fingerprint impression from the suspect, it was suspect number 3 posses the
same fingerprint print impression to further prove my finding, I will be
matching 10 the same ridge characteristics on evidence and suspect no. 3.

10

2
9

5 7

2
10
3