02/07 Class M60 Limits - Section 2.1 Instructor: Bhagi Anand The Tangent and Velocity Problems The word tangent means “touches ” Thus tangent to a curve is a line that touches the curve. NS Ya-¥I Xy—H The Slope of a line joining two points (x.y) and (x,y) is x71 x-1 xol ‘The Slope of the secant line joining (1, 1) and (x,y)on a parabola y= Nina The Slope of the tangent line is the .---- of the slopes of the secant lines. Example : Find an equation of the tangent line to the parabola y = x? at the point P(1, 1). 0) ‘We choose a nearby point Q(x,x") on the parabola to find the slope of the secant line PQ. = We choose x#1 so that Q#?. Then -- ( fill in the blank) For instance, for the point Q(1.5,2.25) we have 2.25-1 2. 2:$__ (fill in the blank) Mg = Se Create atable to compute my for several values of x close to 1. (use the graphing calculator ex: PCI,1) @(2,4) Pl ty @(11, 1.21) hen sove for mpa= Sat x (values from right of 1) | ™o x (values from left of 1) | ] 2 3 0 1 15 25 0.5 Ls Ll 2.1 09. 4 1.01 2.01 [0.99 a4 1.001 2.001 | 0.999 [449 1 approaching 2 Be Poi) ichvose 2 determines the slope 2 values from night ind lett of X- Coorclihate, X=]it The HALE ofthe slopes my of the secant lines is + (Gil inthe Example: bank) Te rocks thrown upward onthe planet Mars with velociyof 10 m/s itsheight in meter seconds ter Iegiventy y= /()=10/-1860, cintewel of time were does the value of my (slopes of secant lines joining P and Q) tend to inthe previous 8) Find the average velo oer th given time infra. table? [62] GH [13] GLH. 1.1] Go [L101] of, 1.001] 2 1) Estimate th instantaneous velocity t ‘The slope of the tangent line at P(t, 1) —-2———— (nthe ban) ‘The equation of the tangent line to the parabola y=»? at the point P(t, 1) is Y= 2%—! a1 mis fufebon) LOL yp > 442 (erage voi over enteral 5} = LD=LO yg = 5.35 IS = ADL aye G09 emis » eit pine (xt s Do nen omits reas ts Coma erie (0= ABLE ae Gay mis Sas Wher year ease a “ What is the pattern do you see in the above computations? Te eeetige wewweriice approach ©.28 mis 8) (average velocity over the interval (1.21= ‘Try Now — Exercise ‘The point 2,—1) lies on the curve iy average veloity over the interval [11.1] (average velocity over the interval [1 use your calultor to find the slope ofthe secant line PO (crest os 1) Using the rests of art (a, eves the vale ofthe slope ofthe tngeat lin tothe curve at R21) ©) Using the slope from pr (b), nd an equation of the tangent line othe curve at P¢2,~D) Use a graphing calculater to compute the above. ‘haat Pxpan yu wae he spgdatr of cara yo dv, ou oe a te nada oe Re Aan vey ae arcs conan How's ‘eemanesa wcty , yueet e280 eto by Thc instantaneous veloc at ot ST SOE the average velveity) i a Now= ere ae : (ielest —ongeasale onan (a mee) odes ovina sept ghenby sore 8, whe preety = inet) ne anes a et aol ov echie p. ine a OT a fers) (4 ar aS . Finite nstantantous voce when =| Cina ene cy = 2. he ae vlies ove share an shrine roe al monet mane cet Ser21050 FR vest ae gee we Enero [2 ‘A carn monitors used to measure the heart ate o pation er srgery. It compiles the number of| area fer mies, When the dain eal at rap te ope fhe age ine epee ‘in 36 = Ja = ca Hewbeats | 2550, 266i 2806 2988 3080 monitor eimats this value by calculating the slope of secant Tn. Use the data etna te i's art rate afer 42 ints using the Scan Ine between the point with the given values 1 ft) f=36 and f= 42) fa3h and t=82 o) 140 andr =2 6) 42 and 148 what are yourconclusions? Aver 2 min, fwere Ie a suldlden drop in heart beats jer) ‘The point (2,-1lies onthe curve y= 6 Woe in (57!) yee dt st fet i eo iol plces) forthe following values of DIS G19.” (N99 GW) 1999 (925 (921 “(201 “id 2001 ©) Using the results fpr) guess the val of th slope ofthe tangent line to he cuve st P=): 1 Using the slope fom part (), fd an exuation of the tangent ine tothe curve at P2.—1) “secant Whe Ppo [eeu Orne) [mea Ye re Tra rock is thrown upward onthe planet Mare with veloc of 10 m/s is eigt in meters t seconds ner Isgiventy y=10—1.867 1b) Find the average velocity over the given ine interval [U3] G [15] GL, Lt} oo fh 01} [1.000] ‘Estimate he instantaneous velocity a =1 PO) 9 S,2.25) ee rae cn 1 is gi Seen — ge —ttss Ls Tin —[o eo : a) Find he average velocity Tr each tine period @ Pal a Ba} CD(S] Go (86) (6) Find the instansaneous veloc when =4 = eet then @ C1, 02)example: [Kiet x= 2 = [ed Fra» Ya ¥ a= Catculator £)-#0) a Ye 2 _ pug in _ a loe- 1. eee as 10x~ 1.Box? yare Y vars de thie for all Intewals fe Find the linail of average velocity. 2a4e- uel BAS bem W236 : enwam waa tae i bem (4o, 260) (42,2448) 42-4 pees la) Geta and touy SPRPE Gy bpm (42,244e) (44,3060) G4 4 olor ©-Me0 Secon 22: The Lint ofa Function Let's intesgat the behavior ofthe function defined by f(s sites of ner 2. The allowing bl gives vals ff ‘oro Cy ‘ot equal 0 Bauduciror + tio * 7) * Ta] Zoom 30 — |“ waooa ts | 2s |) 23 | srsou0 18 3.440000 22 4.640000 yoaaen 19 | som fat | Stowe ; 19s | sass00 |} 2as | Sse 1 ts | ssraim |) 200 | damien i ses | sonsms |) aoe | Sots aia te | sssro1_|] 3001 | Soom ! . rr qt ror 4 ee Assia 2 From the able andthe graph of f(a parabola) shown in Figure 1 we see thatthe closer - wd I /=7 Leer mit 3 Fighr fait ind soni at i eit Ep, Cyn Fea Use the given graph off ostate he value ofeach quantity, iit exists. It does no exis x ivy 8) im f0)= 3 lim fo) = lim s)= NE WER ®) £2) -e) lim f= = 0 ) JQ) =3 ) fig = 4 918) = ONE A eeoned pesara bop are aN FFD For the fnctiong whose raph sve, state the value ofeach quant, iit exits it doesnot exit, explain why. 2 ing = 4% -1 © limaty > ONE eR 8) linet = D linet) = ONE WA RL Bp eae! [PT 5) Forihe finan 7 whose graphs shown, sate he Tlowing @) lin fey “00 ©) lim f()= 22 © ims =c0 Fee) (Othe equations ofthe vetTry Now= exercise. QD Point (2,1) lies on curve GA & (x, =z) tind mPq ——_______— Dusex iy xe. a) ‘Sketch te graph ofan example ofa function f that satisfies al of the given conditions. 2%) lig fey=4 1) im F002 ©) Him fe=2 8 FO=3 9 feat Ey ‘Use a table of values to estimate the value ofthe limit Ifyou have graphing device use tt confirm your result graphy. snd "an20 = yee 2: reoxjor_|sectivn 2.2 a - ya ir fn _— = wT retire Lin Fan = - X52 [— | ft £8, im £0 = | ra [ee a a re Pre = | Se does not exist : re Section 23 - - - © La - [BQ — greatest integer funerrun stop functivn _ Floor _funer®on, ozpia (23: Caleulating Limits Using the Limit Laws Unitows Sippsetiatctaconsantandtetiats = im a) and tind sc ermeatnenes 440 teagan cnner | ‘Example 4: Use the Limit Laws andthe graphs of fandg in Figure 1 to evaluate the following lt, they exis, in(saesie) ugh reatele One uy = _ 1 LP 4 ores te go" 0 v es xo oo BD lim Ceeogee defined a) me Ee PNE £ Hien FO)» tina Cg 6) Py eae 2 greatest integer 0) (a) q era 3 tea-a — misapoanve mug © dim GE tome oe ATE st i 1 tim g/705 = fim 7H} wheres a postive integer aot (fers) EGRaD, fen Sears [Pre tsevn. we ase atin) >a] al 5a _ we : hs ' = “AD A 3 bo * ae Example 2 Evaluate te folowing kts and jstiy each step, = J _—! st. in a -” oat tpg? Sores 03 33” _ga0# as fa © (9) Ener -area= y {H] emom tim) = LAfandony hs) = = i (F-30944 = OF = Ease} Example 7 Show that in=0, ini. ims 2an-te4y Sa . gy TENE tm 5 2 -15 4 MEE tim ial = Nimo = © \ “<3 ore {iets Pop fi polynomial ora ational action anda so the domain of Ltben plug In a Fo x, (pig end PIF tderiereineror #0) ara | | Example Find lim. x fs nor in the etomein Ba po © -1wpereRMaNnre PNET gm LecED . Bim (ue) = at sen er) 12) = =(tmcaosdy® pin ricures lim itl= 9 and timixt 2g wcH 0" Ie Jo 8: eta tin dons nt et an Example 8: Prov Fj Wml = tinixt RUF LL oo tim bed We Ie x ot * 0" * Pe xt ey When x20) x tim I 7+) Py Wee nem x0, 3 Fenece gop aso petiGURE « 4 TE thm 1) «gf wen re a xe py ade ts SF fo ens apes tn | : eee EE cardi tneeremn! Re — [Ey these tr 1) =e) = we rs a ac Foi ata nd me a fe = ty Me) = L a ‘Squeeze Theorem, sometimes called the Sandwich (Pinchng) Theorem aI ac + [sina £1 cure 7 -1£sine £1 Example 1: Show at ln +0". sin (5) = undetmed By squeere teerem, can concude Hoar Ke & sine) Sey nxt £ oe sin) St flim (18) & Hin 120K) L tint fy 99 & fe fetes 0 & fim (sin). 0 Buereie 23 Pra) ‘The graphs off and ate given Use ther to evaluate each limi it exists. I the Hint does not exis, explain wy 9 tml 70-200] © fin Fer] © tial #00)] nycoeh a) onl] Evalate te limi, Fox, Pris) Powter tayon(2)-0 [YAN Fn nic i exis i ae ar a Jinerele-% fret itect s00-f ay ea 8) Find i f(s) andl f(s) | b) Does in 70) exit? 6) Sth gop =a eb] ome gi O igeF20 uedony ‘IF misan integer evaluate () fim = (© For what values ofa does lim x exit? @ lim = Lim FO) = CO xo is a honizonta| losymptore @ Lim (e-30) 004 5x43) mo = (14-3, Exercise 2.3 rr© UES: -143) (44 3)(I-S #3) Lim Sere wen os @ Sea + 3c) +e alte-ere =e = (9) @ ter et if XI vertex: . FOd= on Ae? iF KDI verte: (2,0) ® ion £00 firm xo! xout = Lin (x41) or = him (1-2 oth xo the pHe®@ =0-272O fim Fx) = ) 5) Lim €00 = Que)Section 2.3 SES eis mes frre ca example: W3=3 Ed Dade greatest integer x however, T38}=3 + T2sa=-3 st tim Dae-2 oe t i) Lim B= one rt ULF RL . be tt. © ©y gin x2 04 fim PA=-3 ae ii tim XD =-3 1a Bele I yeas L torr bot LL and Ri limit exists when @ Whole number. (all_non-whole +s). is nor any Profesor And 02/14/19 (C24: The Precis Definition of Limit Tomotvte he pre dtnion of it es cooidethefecton Bet tees nivel. i ile that when clove 03 ba #3. he Js he Sando fim, fd = 5. ” To obtain mre dete information stout how fs aes when is chs 3, we skh allowing gue Ho ne 3 desea at) ilo oy leh ‘The sane from ro 3x ~ 3] ante distance om a} 3/12) ~ 5h 00 problem io fad umber 8 ach a [r= s] 0. than 3, an eqialene forme of or probit fad 2 ‘umber 8 such that Given Ero lin -slear it 0K |e-3}<8 + find $90 Such that aie a if0< [x= 3 < (0118 = 085m schmacy thes (fia) S| = (2e~ 1) ~$]=[2e~6)=24~31<2008)= 01 lence twig [d= S}< 01 0 Ie ~3}< 08 “Ts anv tthe emi ghey = OS at iin deo aston en eu wten sence om icc thug cme One pnt mana 00 en ty ig [Zhe 1c scene tnt oa ero Sty ewan 0 power? | Ge Sent yon 0/2 = 005 [see Iw-sicoo #0} Smit. [nays] <0 ie o<|y~ 3) < aoe ‘The vanber 1,00, and 0 ht ws hae some termine tht we pion For 3th rec it of teapot ay Be raat eileen betwecs fs and belon cach the tee nme a ete beingt blow en pline number And by sme esning we i! sr ee Chek kes ean} fran abit pose pmb hen we Bs. telnet BD la-sice it na<5=$Tisisapece way fying al) cleo when iene besa 996 tht wean male he values of) win an airy diane toms by eseog thevaberof sto be wit dans 2 hom Sct Precise Definition ofa Limit Let bea function defined on ye open interval tht contains a number 0, ‘excep possibly ata itself Then we sy thatthe limit of fie) ax approaches ais Land we wee Im sen= IW forevery number €> Othere isa number 5>0 such that led <6 then 72) Yc ct ce cet ‘Example [? + 4x-2~10]<0.00t whenever pofheof Sader rt0 b= 10 ond fos: ssa Poet inte 8)=7 wing £8 ton 1. Preliminary anal of he problem guessing vale for). Lev bea given ostve numer, We wan ida marber 8 ch ha, 0K |x-3) <8 thon e-—T shoo = 0 Here i [Ws 5)~2)=[4e= 12) = ale = 31 <4 ire Seinn 24 The Pre Dain oa *1) ae te ght dnb 3 sch at beled ten leo 4 Won g}<0g a €e0 G+ Mt] = 0.1 Ya= [1-09] 20.3 § & smatier of (8,5 82 5 ete gen ape /e)=2 find mamer Bch tif on tel tet defeafed ten fe im Rig eee \x2-yeral 1x-ayue-ay) L X92 KI Ix-21< example: FKL Given an ae EUK ESO : fare nie 19 <9, 001 Xa € 70, to find 0, to find a g>0 such that a=3 Tf) 02 |x-3]'2y then |FO-FI > 4lesl Ix3al toe (00-2 ¢ € ui a z ( O< eile <> | Be ce Oe [thy a | ate t\ce O¢ [ete [MA ce L oLfiicy & & ce ooiericg Se Pl ce Of ixileg [il < BE cnosse 5 £ 26 § depends on & (relation) Given E>0, ® Find §0 suon teat D6[X="1C5 ren \FO-1KE opiy Profesor rand 25:coninty continuous ‘emor>1 i Treo > 45) For what vale ofthe constant i the fantion continous on (==)? | Use the Iniermediate Value Theorem to show that there is aroa ofthe given equation inthe | specified imerval. [54 imay=x—Ve, (23) 7 fim f0)=5 ape x33 » Eis thor 2 . feayen / annacus HS | $ if Lim id=. 1 3 . fis alle! eonninuous 4 Ts. Fo) continuous at x25? Yes, because Bin fos xo gO SPT s ¢ Ts 0) continuous at x28? fe) NO, Bim FO) # FISD +2 «XS 4 SPELL. . 7 Removable discontuity Sample 2° Ore 2-x-2 a) F0)2 GDH») FO will bea Straight Wine. fixd= Gey However, there will be a hole oF (2,35 e £00 ‘ 1 if x#0 Trewern > i x0 —> €t0)2) Potynommiais , X20 (0,1) is a pont on the G ca “eheywnere ery Infinite discontinuity : , ar xo (oats = erly contmuvus In inet tawerse, domain 9 issertmerse fundttons wof xaZ 8PN contmuous t i€ x22 —5 F0)=1 ~ In there demain, 22,1) point 06 graph Theorem 4 example (Fg)0x) £ (0x) F024) G9) = Sin CHD fin Bygone (but for & lett conrmuovs) gin ti =€02) | aL y ‘ar 2. | F018 leet ae (eat rok rept conmbuaus), if $0, what is FH= exampies: FO)> x42 ferexe2 fort ait ea gk Faye FAL at oe 2 > tn —t > enn is conrmucus 6+ \ (0,03) (egyen = € (go) SMOEHD—> wme as, compesite of 2 Aineruns sin) gee tl There fre, SUH js cemnmuous eerywhere A Intermediate Value theorem | qneorem 10: fo) 1s night | called ‘cumrmuous ae 2, } : ——e Continuous everytee continuous everywhereExpiain 0x) = 9 2 cont FO) = Dae 7 TiC cal fo: Uc you are abie to oss XT out commen factor, there wa wnile there acis0 : X21 & x-coordinare of the hole Yeh Ytoordinate of hole subsrture | inte atter fo: sh. + Me verntie asymprore. why "tS disconphnuvus a given number a jim 18) FCI et wet ar x21 eressing out common Face faind by paugging in # that Hontontat wares "Wenomneior & asymprore : Yet f= xr Ci) v.n tuys 0 xe PT 36) fim sin(xtsinx) eT Lim sintrrsinyy f= sino or 2 a= tr cine = sh (re sm) (Fg) = F6GOD) = Feresinx) > Sin (1 +0) (fegyi) = sin x4 sin) “sin ae pamela a eg gi gin tet sin ey jon 6) is. discontinuous a 4s) ner ext eax 60 Wace ie 420 Lim = Lim £O0 woe xa fim cxre2x 2 Lim x3-cx mr xr Oy +203 @>= C02) Herd = 8-26 ce For what vaiue of the constant ¢ is The functor cantmuons “on (-o0, cn), FOO IS continuous at al Teal_numpers in parteilar ae x22 nung it is conrinuvus Plug ploy tel tind “co "vawueProfessor Anand C-2.6: Limits at Infinity; Horizontal Asym 5 ptotes Definition 1: Let fbe a function defined on some interval (a,<0). Then lim f(x) = aide Means that the values of fx) can be made _cl9S@.'4" "Yo L by taking x sufficiently es) Another notation for lim f(x) = nied 1) > Las x0 The symbol co does not represent a number. Nonetheless, the expression lim f(x) = “the limit of f(x), asx approaches infinity, is L” “the limit of f(x), asx becomes infinite, is Z” “the limit of f(x), as x increases without bound, is L” is often read as, yen) yet : af _ of * Doesrit cross Cross Hu mony Her: times, Definition 2: Let fbe a function defined on some interval (—0,a). Then li =L inf@ ene ‘Means that the values of f(x) can be made arbitrarily close to L by taking x suticiently large negative. ‘The symbol -0 does not represent a number, but the expression lim f(x) =Z is often read as “the limit of f(x), as x approaches negative infinity, is L” yee FIGURE 3 Examples illustrating( ‘Theorem: fr > Otis amber, Defiition 3: The ine Zi called a horizontal asymptote ofthe curve =f ifeither ¢ heorem: tr > 0 5 aber hen lim fede or lin Foot. ‘An example of curve with wo horizontal sya is y= an ! Soa hee nae Pmt ee EE (mt ranean" Lhe et eenanner) aa Date numerator s densmmator by ae hignest exliRenr 8¢ denomine yor BO GAD a Bee Bye = Sal (Seeder + oe RA ak Sane" Se io bee oe xe AS Sim eek gin Soe 3 tim - gn A ioe Sarvel” oo Eee? mA aml Fhe lei, tin ta nen Seen Example 4 ind te tricone eter an Sub oid Function Som Figues Vm i firm £098 00 1 firm £0. 95 ae Lime = ap ad Tig ond im ams <0 0 sample: Compe fim (fF9T~ ee re SooExample Eva “The gmpho te aturlexponetl uncon y= the ne y= Os hai eet _ te ample 7: Evaluate lip ample 8: valuta lig fede is wed indicate hath ales of fx) become ag asx besomes rg, Similar meanings ar atached tothe oloming smb i, f=: lg fede Sin fee) aample 9: Find fn? and in 2 Bin 3 = cans Lim 2 26 re — same Fs f=) | J ample I: FindSection 2.6 Limi at infinip: Horizontal Asiapotes 2)(a) Can he graph of y= f(x) intersect a vertical asymptote? Can Winterset a orion asymptote? Hust by sketching graphs. '§) How many horizontal asymptote can the raph of p= f(x) have? Sketch graphs tilt the sibilities 4) Forthe functions g_ whose graph is given, sate the olowing 9) img=2, ©) lim g)= =o {The equations of the asymptote. wf PE ET ‘Sketch the graph of an example of function fiat satis all of the given conditions Olinsade ‘im fod linsy=e, ——“f)=0 [Fine noah doen —— imi ig |Pr27 tn(Beex—3e) |) jm sivas) oF each curve When 2, Section 2.6 limit at memity > horitontes asymptote lotinite limits verre asymptote FO 2 Bx* eG VA 40 Precoicuius technique HA, OUD 20 When fim fx) > x00 or oe Kane Dim Foe) =o reat 7 et) = 20 hin f ye 3 evampre 3: evawuate gin 222 oo Sara Lim Bix-2 gym S-e= oo Serie > OO Sy x20 ro waAye? X307 vA numero Kae fH > @ cieee ieny denornirotor coer trent Cit they have equal exponents), B- Lim $< Limsee koa Se S+ Limd + pimp ow" X00 HAY aE ee A % Sow ae xr HA divide the numertr KX ~ none + denomina: tor Be pe aS” tit at at (ara HA oro or - co 2 ren’ vA 9) 5 nginihe hints ifn© cmapn guen T@ fim oe - i + Aaed 43 Lim Ae ++? 0 Ree @® fim (FR 3) no aenammaion x00 = (NIE TS ~2000)) = er -c0 = 0-00 Ihdetemmote in SIX Ratrenaive numerator fish Lin (NGRFZ = 3x) condugere 0 : 4 OF numerator DX _ TR 3 (ERT HS i Warr +39) @-by(ath)= abe = Wt Got ae at x eRe + 3x AMI 3x” Nar ax = him _* x highest exponent X90 SGateg TBxEK | SK be NxtZK ee ey ooo urs Ton, 3s RS02/26 2S C-2.7: Derivatives and Rates of Change Definition 1: The 4angent tine to th = i : the ine trovan ere ine to the curve y= f(x) at the point P(a, fla)) is detiniton |: Provided that this limit exists. Derivahve = Slope of tangent aka Instantaneous velocity. Example 1: Find an PA, 1). Professor Anand Fa] Slope of the tangent line, Same equation of the tangent line to the parabola y = x? at the point eh pan) Notice as x approaches a, h approaches 0 (because h= x~ a) and so the expression for the slope of the tangent line in Definition | becomes ize e h)-fla)| slope of Definition 2: m= lim tangent line hivery small af at PCa, FCA) Example 2: Find an equation of the tangent line to the hyperbola y = 3/x at the point (3, 15. MH po Fay yd Bei 7 > fim (3x) GY x33 x * eZ) (a, F(a) iat | (Bek), ee Yemi+b — OFfnd Slope x73 x * bs) Def. 1: m= slope of fangent Iihe e - Slope me stop P03,19 Lim _fit teh a Fe 9B XT 8 m= fir («)- £(3) The tangent Ime: y-y,=m(x-x,) x93 XB Y-1=-3 (x-3) & 2 fim B_\ 2 Bim 3-x 3 an F x93 x 3x4 “x=3 x=8 = =-dx42) <> equation.average veloiy = Scene Flaw A)= Fla) ime * Instetancous velocity (0) aime isthe Timi of thee average velocities: Example 3: Suppose that tll is dropped form the upper observation desk of CN Tower 450 m above the round, {@) What isthe velocity ofthe ball afer S seconde? () How fasts te ball waving when tits the ground? pr Fame ov Detnii The deeiat¥re gaeio, at denoted by f(a) is Eire detminion 2 E it his iit exis. Sloesx= ah, then weave hop harass eo fd cal I's aproches a Fig Le im nT xca | Aetmirron | Example 4 Find the derivative ofthe function) "2 B+ 9 atthe umber a ample: Find un equation ofthe tangent line othe parabola fs)=2° 8 +9 atthe point (3-6) 1 Rates of change Suppone ia quanity that depends on anther quant x, Ths ys fanction of x a wevritey = /(0)- xchange rom x tothe the change in (als called the fees ment of) is Arena andthe comesponding change in yi y= fon) fox) “Theditfeence quotient ay | fle) = fis) ae naa is calle the average rate of change of y with respect tox over the interval ft. Jand ‘an be interpreted 3 the slope a he secant ine PQ in Figure 8 rest “ ‘By analogy wit velo. we consider the average rte of change oer smaller and muller intervals by ling x; approach and therefore leting Sx approach O The bt ofthese average rs of change cll the (stantancaus) rate of change of 5 with respect tax = x1, which as inthe case of velocity is interpreted a the slop othe tangent tthe curve y= fC) at PL, fl im LD= FY instantancous ate of change = fn 2 Bae in ‘The eave (@ the atantneous rat of change y= A) wi ALTO WNTYirr, Rate of ches nge m= him #60- €ta) : 0 ea | ‘Section 2.7~ Derivatives and Rate of Change “) a) Find the lope ofthe tangent ine te curve y == ae point (0) | (using Detnion 1 "Gi using equation 2 PT@® Find tangens tine equatron Find an equaon of he ange! line inp) [lores aap) Gye mx eb ! aver be TT) Find te ogni se get ie he Ne HRS ae Ym ae! G12, v Pate (ny (= x -3x +1 @ fa>) #Grh)= Gens 3utn) +1 THOT Rg AT Tg m= slope of tangeny at (3) ge rent ety when = 1 To ookstrown upward on the plant Wa wa vay OTOH Uw mee] m= £'ca)=6@2him #(24'b)— Fay £34 12h + Ght-3carh 1 ter scons given by Ht hae “ote io Raley Taro Sem _— = 8 HPht Fh3- 63h (0) Find the vloty ofthe rok when =a. (6) When wil the ck hie sure? (Ge) Wh what ea wil he rok it the sie? > fim 84 Rant bh? th>_—aneia fares a hoo mr 120) Fin an equation ofthe angen line wth graph of [PT 22) Ihe wngent ine voy 73) at (4.3) pases rough he point (0.2). fad FA)and 7). —) (fom bee bneei2h-3h hCh* + bhe + h @ slope Each imi epresets the deivaive of some funtion a some number a, Sate sehen anda ia | cach eae, = Rrehea OFC) r4 'S1) The cost in dollars) of producing x units of a certain commodity is C(x) = 5000+ 10x+0.055° 1) Find the average rte of change C with respect o when the production levels hanged (fom =T00%8 = 108 (6) fom <=100 "= 101 Yrya =m (1-2) yo 85 Ux-2) yeas eit Ea) enaion mPT@ He wensee® d) Velwcity at t= 10 t seconds 1b b) Velecity of the ree HQ hegnt in meters when ta sec HI (a) = tim Hla +n) = Hay Aeemition 2 hoo hk substitute H'{a)z £irm (1olarn)—1, Se rath?) = oa-1.eved) tee 1oe-Neue® ) io a a | 1. Car hy® im 100 10h ~Lsblat2anvn 106% 400) Wee Feo | 1.8ba— bh? + L.sbat Ha: fim k Uo 3.320 - 1.4bh) fede H'@: Lim ype a Plug im hoo fi, 10- 3.32a-1.86h iy HMae 10-3,924 - 1.8600) 9) uiieelhy ot HINO = 10-3, 720 = 10- 3.322 =I a4 ome second G28 ms) ©) when indicates €* f When roe hie surface: hemgnt=o Hi)=0 10-3.92e %) velwcity He = 1-1, sbt® os €U10-1864) =) 1o- = 10 & ates ro 10-322 ES) me plug in EE 4D velouty equator.O2/ze Professor Anand RG «2.8: The Derivative as a Function . ane mz Slope Definition 1: The deriVatiVéofa function fata fixed number's, Yay “ob sanGenk ar Oly) im {a+ h)- S(a)| 4, Fle) ; h m= (1) provided that this limit exists, («, #00) Definition 2 : Replace a in Definition 1 by a variable x, we obtain the derivative of f (ay) same J) =Hig ZO*B LO) ts, 1) Example 1: The graph of a function fis given in Figure 1. Use it to sketch the graph of the derivative f. ya Ne 2: eae fx) = 2° —x, find a formula for f(x). (b) Illustrate by comparing the graphs of fand f'.\ Stare the domain of F and ¢! £60 imme: sample: a) =A fn eet of Se he doin ee Det |: a) = gim FOD= FCO pim ae ape plugin e wea roa fae ana = 0 FM: Lim (R= AR) (SE WAR) 4g, 198 Gee oma: ha & = fim (K=00 Fann a ore 41a) cS (wayaneany 7/2 Now you 228 enor) “yon Teeve Jas ry tt I on amiaa® Tie demotve of ete) a fo: cent aiaes Boman vt Kg ae © C0, 29) aample Find fit fo) == Dumas of €45 (0,00) tnd Keseaning 6 ner Ineluated tryout aio mena =A inte be _—__ite nde viable thon seme common atrative nation or 0 denvanive “The symbols Dad die ae called déft rent aloperatrs because they indicate te operon of ieentatin, which the proces of ealulting a desvtv. Definition 3A furtion fi dtterenranieat aif (0 exis, Kis differentiable om an open inverval (ee) for (ase) on (asa) ot oc) dilleeniable at every number the icra Dye)= DSO) (E-prey —inderemmmete paren Fue) “lege aecot Homes net tipi 8, De 5 = y= him £6)~ E60 ) 0-64 fm ricie\ x30 ~x=0 ie = fin Ix) x=0 L wo OF Leet vinnie POs fim xt tim FL)" = gam meee Xoo X* voor UV oo #0) = ONE mae x60 Gephet: mee ru) ‘Theorem 4: Is eilfeensable at thn fs continous at verneest tangent J ms undetined ppg Mammen EE U ies dire ein, te dinate EY my trea vnc otis ©) oun denied (= Tne tonal te aon derhavetftcmeh ee gS (x)? Sse ie gation ve war end dane ay AR yy 4(& 5 setond dernzree. HES SO SEE ron #9 2 find and inert 9). $x)he tid dvntve ithe devi of te sand derivate: "= 7-50 can be nepmesarhe ge ofecane st = 7b acne ansel ea ternative notations for the third derivative are Ae 42)-£ alae) ae Ingen te th dsvatve o/s dented by andi obtined by iri tins Iy=A0 yes | Seetion 28 The Derivative ar @ Function 3) — (a) wie graph of darivatve in FIV, Give easons [53) Match the graph of each fanction in (a Tor your hoes comers duscorsiraious (7016) 3 scabs paph of 7 ad low Wt sketch he raph of /"- Can you gues Formula | for #5) fom its enh? (resins) Tid the derivative of ie Taion sing the nono derivative: Sate the domain ofthe function nde domain of derivative. Oe er 21) f= aon “By The graph of Ts ven, Sate, with rato, he nuribes at whieh Ts no irene t “1) Te figure Hows the graphs of tre netions. One isthe postion ofa car one ste veloc theca and one i its acceleration. enti eachcuve, and explain your ehoiss. | ty 255) Show hah neon FD=]e- 4 ot drow Find Toa fr and hacks {wrap24 fi= SinX — sketch denveltve grph oF FD. xX | f&)=sinx | O, #4) sin (0)=0} (0,0) sin (2):| (%, » sin TO) (1, 0) sin (32)=-| cu -1) sin (1M)4 (270) SB oa Yh o 3 derivative: looks ike cosine FOO: sin% FEM |, Fad greph x 2. ) fOD= cose 0 \ (0) 1) m= Slope of the tangent at (a, fla) ° 4 GF) Ballo | GED = f'la) 4 qT Ly (7, -) rz instantaneous velocity ara 30 Y= MUX=x,) equation of Z. O (Fo tangent. mH I (20,1) [ (eeyyte xt #2xy 4? L (xty)3 = XF4 Bxty + Bxyt + y> te ex: derivanve x 5 El(2y= 32212 -r@ detmnivion 1: #'ay, Lim. £t0d= £0) Fo= EK Oe eee Fila)= tim Sa=x - SA oat eat Lim (Rak =sKza), (AE + AR). (lexY UO) aot CHOPRA LNaeee Gay (Nae tN tim pile Ne Teancenraa © te) Ma) = 4-20 raavcan 2am= porrain of A2x eS (00,4) ee Gb et (00,4) ur 4 Zim _4=x~(4-a) Bim * N= _ Xa ES XO Gea) AE FTAA) Domain ot #2 = neluded Instructor: hag Anand ech acy ater tt teste wine Otani ye sees tera a ree (hen 1S G29 Giip199 GH) 1999 (2S (WAI (NOE (viiy2.001 aul x-values (Ka) (ng Prat otc atone a 2a yore hie nea ceaand xp CUT ONT cae footer ova) ea vate essen aa = its gh in meters seconds ater 80 O ling aed eel FONE =I were — 222) Forte nation 7 whos graph Sow Sate he Yellow. Digs) Migs) Ems) A) lim fe) o) im sen = 1) The equions ofthe vet asymptote. a) fim 4D = —o2 #) 1-3 9 7 gente 3 share xa \ o tipito =a we a) Btw = OU[2.3.2) =~ The graphs of f and. explain why. '& are given. Use them to ener ai exists. If the limit does not exist, b) (L- DNE)= ONE =a) eC) (QETL a) lim[4@)+e)] = | im £2) WD i im we i) lige 07s DNE °) inl 70). Y OSCD elim gl) = S 2 PUSH? 3.6) Evaluate the limit and justify each step by indicating the appropriate Limit Law(s). in “ 4 n - a \YX-4 L 2X rece S23 Dex 1165 | Pa] ce DeWeINey S (s o YF) (HDKE2. in PAF | 28430 tha) rh —F seth rere fin, Gus , at scene sil Bronr bien” arb? = (2+ athe Zab™rb> Weort+eh KChtGh+) prach + cn a or Feo) +12 Linn lath _ WH-3 ARR +3 athe hae h h AAS “War + 3) ay a3 why f\Vy Z| = w\_ / = * Jaw aA? ae [ 2\E/AR LE AY sees h nt a flim (2x+ |x-3}) #00= 1x-3) £X)= 3X3 GID x= 3 >, 03 OD x3 fin LK X-3 im Xe Ue haat gee: dir x (x-3) hag” 2x-(%-3) 2x-x 43 4-2 x43 343=© Lim Xe W3)= (GLE RE wos © Lim + Lim4A) = Lim fo) yesr Xa Explain why the fetion discontinuous atte given numbera Skeih he gap of te Funston, ssn soe ta Paes | SA) Find tienes a whih 7s dscotinaous A wich ofthese umber Ts /eontnoous om the | Tight rom he lor ee? Sketch he gnphotf eee yee at, | fxd fred Pee forte gossst ae est [7153) Forte Teton faose pap given, sa {@) tims) lin 70). lig /C). lig). The eiton of th ayes Be Oe ret Xloun Find tenor show hat does note See (bees) [rnd canon ingen Re ive aS henXaa 2.7.6) y=—3x+1, 2,3) Fe Y= 9X =| 27.1 y=Ve.(l) yety+¥ (22.)yFa rock is thrown upward on the planet Mars with a velocity of 10 mis, its height (in meters) after ¢ ‘seconds is given by H = 101 - 1.867, (a) Find the velocity of the rock after one second, 9.2 ¥ IS (b) Find the velocity of the rock when ¢= a. |O- 3.320 m/s (©) When will the rock hit the surface? 5. Y's (4) With what velocity will the rock hit the surface? 0 m/S 3 A a (0,2), find f(4)and f°(4). 2.7.22) If the tangent line to y= /() at (4,3) passes through the p 2.8.27) Find the derivative of the function using the definition of derivative. State the domain of the a and the domain of its derivative, i 9) domain : (-a, 7 ge) =V9—x BO: WO POO domain: (- 2, 1)Prachte Test. : X20 if X40 4d) ' x if DEx ec) rk ie x1 22, discontinury At y=0 ond x= continuous from the right at x=0 left at x=l {him t= Fis) x3 ot + y LM F(x) = F0 se ONProfessor Anand a PX" (nis o positive @reger) C-3.1: Derivatives of Polynomial and Exponental Fanctions Derivative of a Constant Fi The Power Rule If isa positive integer, then d Example 1: e (a) If fx) =x, then) = (0X (& Ity=2"™ then’ = 1000x"" (©) Ity=4, then $. 4 @ Se- 7 , FAK) FC i ye ope 0 _ : FIGURE 1 ‘The graph of fix) = cs the line y = c, 30 f(x) = 0. FIGURE 2 ‘The graph of f(x)= +s the line y= x, 50 f(x) = 1. exponent -IMemorize A ar d &) yi BGs ae = OOS gt OTe. Ly adr yk * ox = 2K 2x 7s ‘The Power Rule (General Version) If ns any real number, then Cn [ecry=mr ‘The Constant Maltipe Rule af [Ltereni-e: ‘The Sum Rule 1ffandg are both diffeen 7 zi U7) +2091 G10 Eee] ‘The Difference Rule If fend ar both difeentible, ten @ Tot SU1-a~£ 9-0] Example 5: eae ote 4) = = KODE axt)s (4x) = BAe Spx -YCH) ex? Dervtv of Naar Exponent Fusctbe (Whe casa) ( raed = ie 4xte3)=0 Uso x22 320 x20 x23 x=NZ The pons ave (Mess 8-5)" He isa Constant and is differential inti, hen example +4 where the tenet line is . doh zm Hx): 3Z00)- aud: we 9 Lot-weet | (14) 3 leone | my (6B) NB wiS44 |S, -S) | 1g04 | ? co ‘Section 3.1 ~Derivwives of Pormomials and Exponential Functions moni | nar smn oi ungtino Se eae a. Tad HOPE 1@) v-w han 36)_y= dr Fe agen ec ad aI NEA HEN [Siwemsoretae one Da enaear rae" var, (LD) ferwawe) oy ind ie apd he cd devo oe Toc. Ginette (GidsTe equation of ation isin scans Gy edhe elit and acceleration nin of (ying the aooweraion after 1 {S.Gaph the postion. soe acceleration functions on he same seen.Wa 03/07/I% =D Constant Muttiple Rule Example: a a BK ZLUD= 3+ 4x3. (2) The Sum Rule Example: Zo uSHO= LOK) L(O= Sxtt 0 = Gx) Derivative of Natural Exponential Funcrbn example: 4 (w= 2* £n (2) & (ED= eX fntey 2 eX-1 = e% BEA) = a tn a) examples: A ™)=0 (ee 34 @ gpree 3c le 0B Th BAe gio= 2C#)t a zie) (shel 7 25] @®ro 3 Fun= or? (rewn'te) = ma | ey die B® Fins sear t= ers “1S: rePomel tine is L (perpendicular) 40 the tangent Tine. Ye 3 Bete dbs?" . Beers Ce) x 4 ya ye 3% 2 aX —~pis in yay me slope of tangent tine VD: 2(y%s 2 (siepey Ye 3e%4 Hx? (Pewritey @ y= Bees A (2x+ 4x + ODL 3 (reson yeahs ee slope of nomat tine 2-3 ——recfneat seg ye ye manny hoger Y= be 4443) 0) Y= -3 (04) = pie ed divide ail by IX (only if theres Vole ~S x45 term) tL + T= 2 ye SYoeauener Jogi cea 7 Qe Bx+ GRE YS BP YET BCE WCC Tre see D eth @ meters ff eveloany = frst dervarwe (@) Seconds f"Sacceleranen= ind denvorwe 2) velocity oF funetron 4 aeeeteratnon ot = aled# SUD a dernanve of VUE ye xe axl + ax Stee tt-24 4 we . sb Yia}e*~ G2) Oe veleny at te vee)= si(t) ay . @@O= 2B A wR Slope of tangent = y'(2) . y sites WP -2(aye* + 26-1 Yes & 2,2) x2 a ye x 2x7 yiele hall alee z (ate) + AP et te TL evs) ; / yet 2ci ( += Qnsure | BD auetranen aperts.te; oS yie pe ax ot angent cine 2Ciy? 120042 Wie loge ; 6 2 ez Ye mlx, 32 x= 1 iu Dye ex x+2) equation of tangent +teg 2 (x-2) eoProfessor Anand =— C-3.2: The Product and Quotient Rules The Product Rule If fand g are both differentiable, then 4 feaye(ay-]_ feng gO) £/) (wy W) d Example 1 £ (uv) = uv’ + vw If fx) =xe* find fe). ak fG)= x. et we Wek 2 ete 4 (uy)= wiv! = x Veet Vie ex ax ax j = ®e)+#e9) A we e* (x41) The Quotient Rule Iffand g are differentiable, then w E i Ff | F WFO) FQ)GX vw ww! uv! 2 . £900) atccin Example 2 renporeng Find the derivative of S™* é Fie sing w! d sousy dc sinyy_ ek cosx— sin er =9 Ve oF x dx (S ) = = & (cosx- shox) Vee ek. ex Tables{Ditezenaon Formas tmemrize a sis done ono Sam Se ae ee" Usa'=s'te' 1 ) 4 (sy. _4 io’ fe + 68 (4) A@-k deg. + & WO? Fe J >