Absorptive Protists

( fungus like)
-

zygote goes through mitosis

Plasmodlall
#
Slime Mold
-
Life Cycle wlocytokenises resulting
Mitosis
in
:p
( amoebozoa) multi nucleated supercell
tf *
.qT99&ygt
.
-
2 haploid cells to .
( advantage :
nutrients)
give
diploid nta Feeding
* Diploid dominant spends most
time in the diploid state
,
of its Plasmodium

mature
Tzgf% exhausted food
supply

pig
Q cmpraespmaondnwgmtorruitl
*
They play an important role in *

Flagellated cell
Mature

l¥#%@
terrestrial sporangium
nutrient cycling in ecosystems / young diploid IN
""
The sporangia of plasmodlal slime
* amoeboid uses , produces spores

molds house lprodose haploid spores

short and as
i
y
\
sta¥
long flagella
9f¥ ?÷Og÷•t
.
Germinating meiosis
so
Haploid IN
environment
splore
moist

Dlctyostehda-CeHularShmeM iamoebozoa,
,

Unicellular
solitary cell
hapalolmdoeb ← Meiosis
air . %: a
Threading stage) NY gftxnfffbas zygote can,
* Feeding stage consists of solitary cells

€0 otgkogfg.EE ④
'

Reproduction * When food low

is they follow chemical trails
4 aemmoe:B'T
,
'
→ to form an aggregate ( pseudo plasmodium)

)
aggregated \
SYNGAMY
spooreslnl Asexual
amoebas
* Cells in the aggregate maintain their membranes
Reproduction
00 Migrating r *
Haploid organisms
LL
>
o
Forfeiting county

ftp.$§gd/#WaterMolds-
-

slug Most don't have

*
flagellated stages

: important decomposes and parasites in

( oomycotes ) aquatic systems

Germ tube
hyphae ( hair -

like) oogonium

pathogens to fish
cyst
→

X
/
(surface area)

¥ Anitha:D'T Egg nucleus in)

aj§hoogonwm
* +
decomposers Melos
' ya A- sexual
¥yQ
,
sperm nuclei (n)
*
hyphae can reproduce asexually to reproduction CIHR
⑧ I
¥1
develop genetic diversity but also
zoospore en,
→ 0 too! Fertilization
oogonium diploid organism that
Release of
* =
\ oooo ,
y
Zoospores Zygotes §
houses and develops eggs
④ fee, actuation 92%0

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Zoosporangium 12h) ,
zygote

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owner .is#ii siteoii yteiiei i aiwsants a .

←
-
all are heterotrophic stramenoplles ( goldfish)
( straw hair )
" "

maybe unicellular or consist of multi nucleated hyphae

( convergent evolution) ↳
coenocyte
-

cell walls made of cellulose

Oomycetes responsible
-

most are diploid dominant ( unlike true fungi) for potato Blight 140's)
-
have biflagellated cells during their life cycle
 True Fungi
mostly unicellular closely related to animals
more
Generalcharactero.tt#
-
-

than plants

distinguished by Nutritional Mode

:
,
Structural Organization .
Growth ,
Reproduction
Nutritional Mode
-

heterotrophs -
aquire nutrients by absorption -
external digestion (exoenzymes)
-

important decomposers -

parasitic fungi digest and absorb tissues of host

structural Organization
-
most are multicellular filaments and single cells =
yeast a-
fewer ble need lots of nutrients

constructed of filamentous hyphae ( except yeast )

-
cell walls strengthened by chitin
-

hyphae form a interwoven mat ,

a mycelium -

chitin enhances Feedingbyabsrpton .

tubular cell walls surrounding plasma membrane -

mycelium maximizes its surface-to-air

reproductive bodies in a circle around the ratio , making feeding more efficient
food source
*
largest mycelium =
3.4 mi !

a-
spores cannot be made underground so thats
why they stick out ( offspring would compete for
Food source )
* most
hyphae are divided into cells by cross -
walls called
SEPTA ( have large pores)

a- reproduction Whn the

structures
* some
fungi are a septate -
no divisions hyphae
these are the COENOCYTE FUNGI

*Parasitic fungi have modified hyphae HAUSTORIA , ,

specialized to penetrate the tissues of the host

① Chitin also in insects Whk can be evidence

that fungi are more related to animals than plants

2 Forms of Hyphae
individual cells w/ allow to transfer
nutrients waste
discrete cell walls
+

←
- long ,
continuous cytoplasm =

rapid transport

septum
" "

a -

septic -
- lack

to
septate Hypha Coenocyte Hypha Fungal Hyphae
•

Plant cell wall

& ①
•
•
•
t

G o ⑥

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\
.

•
plasma membrane

haustorium
 hyphae used osmosis to swell up and squeeze
← the round worm tightly Killing it .

Fungal Growth
-

growth is extremely rapid ( can add 1km hyphae)

pl day of
possible b/c of efficient transfer of materials by cytoplasmic streaming to the tips
-

Fungatl
Fungi
l s persal a ndl p l e prodoctiono
by releasing
reproduce spores
* In some fungi flowers during the fall they
, open up
to take advantage of the rain

spores may be produced either sexually or

asexually ←
a raindrop can allow lots of
single
spores to be released into air and travel
°
a single fungus may produce trillions of spores
large distances

-
FungalhfeCyy
most fungi hyphae and spores are Haploid
-

some mycelia may form throws the fusion of two genetically distinct hyphae
mycell la
- B hetero Karyon =
2 different types of nuclei ( different from being diploid)

distinct nuclei may remain isolated ,

or
may mingle and even exchange chromosomes and genes
via a cross-
over like process
-

In sexual reproducing fungi ,

the union occurs in two stages :

Do PLASMOGAMY -

fusion of parents
'

cytoplasm *
may after I see , day year after Do
←
,

Bo KARYOGAMY -

fusion of haploid nuclei of the 2 parents

during the time lag ( minutes to centuries) the mycelium is a hetero Maryon

occasionally the haploid nuclei pair off two to a cell This mycelium is dlkaryotk
-

, .

tf ( unfused
b
nuclei from
different parents )

Heterokaryotc
spore producing
→ ,
-

structures stage ②

( Y
① t
karyogamy
-
.

PIASMOGAMY erosion of
ASEXUAL
I
(fusion of cytoplasm)
nuclei )
↳
f reproduction
Mycelium sexual
⑦

zygote
j q
*
spores eesdfanfge, reproduction talmud)

\ so I
Germination Germination MEIOSIS
D= haploid L
&
/
spores
q
- spore producing -

structures
 Evolution of fungi -
Chytrldl0Myc0t ( chytrid)

↳
°
mainly aquatic
°
may be sap robes , parasites

← form flagellated spores (zoospores)

(similar reminds
,
us of Protists )
( no septa)
°
most have coenocyte hyphae ,

some unicellular
°
molecular evidence shows these
are primitive fungi

-
Zyg0MyCOt# ( the zygote fungi)

°
mostly terrestrial in soil or on decaying material

•
distinguished by a resistant zygosporangium
te
o
hyphae are coenocyte w/ Septa only where
reproductive cells are formed a

Septa

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ethanol asgosboaingng.fm#fyV
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. . :
-
Plasmogamy -a
.

.
.

T Zylgosporangia
' hetero Kamo" " t

⑧Ti£
haploid nuclei
houses and produces
coenocyte
'heteroHarlot'd zygospore
I' ympaetmg
' Sexual
Reproduction /
q
Hmat ing
-

type
'
growingergrownd)
karyogamy
⑥
sporqngwm
F÷&p
+ and fuse

⑤:⑧n
-

⑧ unique-
⑥ ⇐
Mycelia ⑦
- diploid nuclei

1) Meiosis
.
:
Tao ;
:
←
dispersal and
.
a
oospores
germination
E÷n¥ Famous Zygomycota
boo
o ooo
°
"
:
-

.
.

identical
SPI 919 .
Rhizopus : black bread
00 Spores
o
,
-8 mold
←
y .

K
④
ooo
⑨ .

Asexual
Reproduction
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Mycelium

o
Pil obolus :
dung
fungus
 -
Glomeromycetes
-

o small but ecologically distinct group

o
form arbuscular mychorrizae

-
Ascomycota ( Sac Fungi )
ogo ooo + species ( marine freshwater and terrestrial)
, , ,

ounicellular yeasts to elaborate morels

many live w/ algae as lichens may also form,

or between cells in leaves

mycorrhiza w/ plants ,

1.

Life cycle
conidia t) mating

o.o.oo.io?ooo&o.oo-
-4 type
°
-
fertilization
to wit '
Dispersal u-dikaryoticcn.int
germination
M
THEY
'
Asexual ← 'T! L
:
.

o Reprodution Mycelium .

Plasmogamy
astound
,
oo

conidiophore
L
←
tmg on

dlkaryotlc
.
. ,

→( t ) and H
.
ldlkaryotic)

/
-

hyphae

Sexual b
• Ifs
Reproduction karyogamy
.

germination do • °o°
,
t

? !;%
dispersal
D diploid nucleus
o

(zygote)
.

.
chesnut tree -
o
:
asci
wlchestnut blight
If

' OS's
→ ascospores

÷÷ tounruchaplold
 --
Basidiomycota
C- Club Fungi a -

°
30,000 fungi including mushrooms ,
shelf fungi , puffballs
and rusts + musts

°
Important decomposers ( lignin ) ,
also form mycorrhiza
T
cell wall (wood)

(→ mating type e- dlkaryotic

Plasmogamy -6
-
i
-
septate mycelium Basldlocarp

¥÷f÷ts÷÷÷
IF
-

fusion ② if ③ Cdlkaryotk)
↳

¥z÷÷z÷÷÷
haploid
mycellla
Gills lined w/
basidia
§
/
Dispersal and
germination g-
04$ basidiospores Sexual
⑧
% Reproduction Dlkanotk

o
.!
mycelium
§
*

00080g
B9ara¥9g÷oj÷
-

basidiospore -
annampioantaininis
..

Poftbsalpogesemithng Mews
-
4 appendages
's
← karyogamy
diploid
I ⑤
nuclei

* important to nutrient cycling

← Brown Wood Rot :

fungi eats
cellulose and leaves behind brown lignin
stinky odor fungi
attracts flies ,

← White Wood Rot :

fungi
eats brown spores stick to

lignin and leaves behind white cellulose fly legs and

transport

* fungi are divided into phyla

based on reproductive strategy Ecological Adaptations in Fungi
a-
% Molds -

rapidly growing asexually reproducing

,
-

mobile spores w/ flagella

grow as sa probes or parasites on a
-

of substrates
variety
unique zygospore
-

ex . Penicillium can ascomycete)

* molds that have no known sexual stage are

asci called imperfect fungi ldeuteromycetes)
-

-
basidia ←
reproducing asexually
 Bo Yeasts -

unicellular fungi in most of liquid habitats , rapidly grow

reproducing asexually by simple division or budding
-

includes members of the Ascomycota Basidiomycota

,
and imperfect fungi

Bo Lichens -

symbiotic association of millions of algae or cyanobacteria Whn a mesh of

fungal hyphae ( most commonly ascomycetes)
absorb minerals from
dust or rain sensitive
,

to pollutants

←
extremely slow growth

% Mycorrhizae
-

mutualistic associations of plant roots and fungi

-
o
-

increase absorptive surface of the plant roots

-

provides minerals for organic nutrients synthesized by the plant

-

found in almost all vascular plants

* can be endo or ectomycorrhizal

o
Endomycorrhizae -

penetrate cordial cells ( but not cell membrane) ; usually a zygomycete

(arbuscular mycorrhizal )
Ectomycorrhizal
o -
forms a sheath around the root i usually a basidiomycete

the fungi peptidases ( exo enzymes)

release
that break down proteins releasing N containing
,
-

compounds helps WIN stress

-

Endomycorrhiza

helps supply phosphorus