Thyroid Gland

Weighing 15 in adults
-20g
•

secretes (Triiodothynonine ) Tq ( Thyroxine ) & Calcitonin

Mainly Tz
•

• stimulated
by Tsu
( by
pituitary )
• Thyroid secretes 93% og Tg & 7 %
g Tz but all the thyroxine
( Ta)
converted
eventually in tissues
in to Tz .

•
73 in 4 times more
potent than Tq , but Tz is present in
blood in much smaller
quantities .

Anatomy •

Large no .

g
closed
follicles
"

÷
( 100 in diameter)
-300µm

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C cells
filled with
secretory
-

ooooj
Follicle
[ . substance called colloid
Epithelial
.

cells

mai.com#e.t .
Colloid in
large
.

§%¥→§ colloid
glycoprotein thyno globulin
which contains thyroid
hormones .

•
C- cells secretes calcitonin that

regulates Co2 -1 Level in

plasma .

Body needs 1-
my g
Iodides
every week
.

[ common salt wi 1-
part NAI to
every
100,000 parts Mall ]
Iodides
Most excreted
by kidney but ystb
selectively
•
are are

removed
by cells
g Thyroid gland and used for synthesis 9

thyroid hormones .

Hormones
Biosynthesis g Thyroid :

• The thyroid cells typical protein secreting glandular cells

are -

Thymeglobulin large glycoprotein molecule in synthesised by

,
a
 bodies secreted into the
ER &
Golgi &
follicles .

Each
thyme globulin contains about acids
• to
tyrosine amino ,

and
they
combine with Iodine to
form Thyroid hormones .

steps :

Iodine ( by Sym porter )

(a '
trapping Nat
-

-
I

b, Oxidation Iodide gon ( I

-

to Iz
-

I
(
g
.

×, or
gamification thymeglobulin ( binding
g g
Iodine to
thymg.loub.nu,
(d)
Coupling y iodo
tyrosine residues
Ces
Release g 73 &
Tq into blood .

Regulation g ThyroidSecretion
-
Hormone
: -

• TSH increases
thyroid Secretion .

• TSH in also known as

Thy no
trop in ,
in an anterior
hormone
pituitary .

gt increases secretion
g Tg
• &

Tz
by
the
thyroid gland .
 •
Tsn has some
specific effects on
thyroid gland :

gmc reared
( ai
proteolysis g thyme globulin
(b) Increased
activity g
Iodide
Pump .

as Increased iodine lion tyrosine

g
(d) Increased size
secretory activity
& y thyroid cells
med
(e) 9 more no -

g thyroid cells .

* TSH in
regulated by Thy trop in
no -

Releasing Hormone
from the

hypothalamus .
( TRH )

Best stimuli and

*
for
the animal
increasing
to
TRH
thereby TSH in
by
exposing cotd .

Dis
eyes g Thyroid
( as
Hyperthyroidism : ( Toxic Goiter Thyrotoxicosis Grave
,
's
Disease
,

1 )
The thyroid gland in increased to two or three times
its Normal size ,
with tremendous hyperplasia and
in into the
folding g follicular cell
lining follicles .

Symptoms :
Diagnostic tests :

BMR in to
Rate l"

Excitability
-160
High
+30
I ' '
g
Comet T TSH wi measured
Intolerance to Heat (21
.

121
Radio
(3) 9 more arsed
sweating by immunoassay
141 Mid
/ Extreme kit loss 137 Comet TSI in measured
g
.

diarrhea
css
Varying degree g by Radio immunoassay .

(a , Muscle
weakness
(7) Nervousness Treatment :

Most direct treatment for

Extreme
fatigue
o

( si

(91 Tremors ( Hand , hyperthyroidism in

surgical
removal g
most y
the thyroid gland
r
lat ith modern procedures ,

Rate but
Mortality in t in tooo
,

before it was I in 25 .
 (b) Hypothyroidism :( Thyroiditis Endemic Colloid
.
goiter ,

idiopathic colloid
goiter ,
destruction ] thyroid
gland 1
Symptoms :

(1)
Fatigue and extreme somnolence with
sleeping upto 12-14 hrs .

Extreme muscular
(2) sluggishness
(3) Slowed heart rate ,
Dee Cardiac Output , Dec .
Blood Volume

(4) Somewhat gone .

Body wt .

(5) Constipation
(G) Mental
sluggishness
skin
171 Depressed growth g hair ,
scaliness g ,
frog like
-

husky voice .

(8) Myxedema in severe cases .

Di
agonistic Tests :

•
Opposite to Hyperthyroidism .

• Free thyroxine in blood is

Low
very
.

• BMR -

30 to -
50 .