LABORATORY. *¢ SN APPARATUS a Time can be measured using a stopwatch or stopclock which are usually accurate to one or two decimal places. The units of time normally used are seconds or minutes although other units may be used for extremely slow reactions (e.g. rusting). Before using the stopwatch make it to zero, then start the stopwatch. STOPWATCH THERMOMETER Temperature is measured with a thermometer or digital 9 probe. Laboratory thermometers usually have a precision of ae a half or one degree. The units of temperature are degrees Celsius (°C). One limitations of laboratory thermometer is that it ranges from -10°C to 110°C, hence temperature more - than 110°C and below -10°C can't be measured. MEASURING(GR ADUATED) CYLINDER For measuring volume of liquids. These are graduated (have a scale so can be used to measure) and are available typically in a range of sizes from 10 cm3 to 1 litre (1. dm3). For approximate volumes where high accuracy is not an important factor, measuring cylinders are used Burettes are the most accurate way of measuring a variable volume of liquid between 0 cm3 and 50 cm3 (e.g. in a titration). They measure volume of liquid to an accuracy rate of 0.05 cm3. The tricky thing with burettes is to remember to read the scale from top to bottom as 0.00 cm3 is at the top of the column. A limitation because Cf of burette complex structure is possible existence of an air lock in v the burette's stopcock, which can interrupt the flow of the added solution, causing inaccurate results. BURETTE ROUND BOTTOM ©) For heating liquids and solutions and to contain a FLASK chemical reaction. Round bottom provides even heating. The big disadvantage of round bottom flasks is that they can't stand up on a table on their own. They require a lab system to support them or use of a flask stand. BY - KASHVI KANUGA