BS 4994 : 1987 oe 621 942.9:678 6.067. Roprinted, incorporating Amendment No. 1 British Standard Specification for Design and construction of vessels and tanks in reinforced plastics SE Conception et construction des récipients et réservoirs en plastiques renforoés — Spécifications Bemessung und Konstruktion von Behéltern und Tanks aus verstarktem KunststoftContents Page 3 sm pera eae Specificerion Section one, General 1 Scope : 2 Definitions 7 3 Nomenciature : 4 Information and fequirements to be aproed and to be documented : Categories of vessels and tanks a Section two, Materials ond design loadings 10 aerials 8 Flammability i: 9 Allowable and design unit loadings A Section three. Desion 10 Generet ‘s 11 Design basi, " Jesign detals 44. Cylindrical and spherical shelis 19 15 Shells subjectod to wind loading 8 16 Rectangular tanks 2 17 Flat panels : 18 Enos = 49 Circumferential scams 20 Openings, branches and compensation as 21 Bolted fianged circular connections & 22 Supports : 23 Structures a tins 8 24 Local load analysis 28 Section four, Constnction and workmanship coproval of design end construction datas 76 2 Consens 9 x 27 Manufoct 7 28 Constructo : 29 Curing 8 30 Tolerances 8 Section five, Inspection and tosts 31 Inspection and test roquirements a1 32 Cotifioate of inspection and testing 7 38 Principal stages of inspection 7 3a Welding procedure and welder approval tests for thermoplastics linings - 35 Production weld tests for thermoplastics linings 82 36 Laminating procedures and approval of operators 82 laminates 2 18 Prototype testing 40 Marking 85 BS 4994 : 1987 Page Section six, Erection 41 Preparation for shipment 86 42 Handling 86 43 Transportation 86 44 Temporary storage 86 48 Installation 86 48 Support of associated pipework 86 Appendices A General information on the materials used for reinforced plastics construction B Methods of tost © Effects of materials on water quality D Worked examples of the design calculations specitied in sections two and three E Selaction procedure for factor # F Design calculation for tank end vessel anchorage G Stresses from local loads, ete, : recommended mothods of catoulation Ht Recommended supports for vertical vessels and tanks J. Design of metalic lifting lugs and trunnions K Bibliography Tables 1 Nomenctature, symbole and units 2 Minimum categories of vessel or tank 3 Design documentation and drawing requirements 4 Quality control: tests and records 5 Minimum properties of reinforced lami layers 6 Factor relating to method of manufacture 7 Fectors to be applied to the design unit loading ‘of continuous rovings for different winding angles 8 Deflection and bending moment co Ata 9 Deflection and bending moment constants for Central foca loads on rectangular flat plates 10 @and 8 constants for sector end triangular plates 11 Shape factor for domed ends 12 Shape factors for conical ends as shown in figure 12(a) 13 Shape factors for conical ends as shown in figure 12(0) 14 Flange and bolt details 18 Recommended dosign stress values for flange bolting materials 16 Permissible limits for laminate defects 17 Tolerance for shells 18 Values of K, and Ky te Figures 1 Factor relating to temperature, k 2 Factor relating to cyclic loading, ka 3 Unit modulus/winding angle a7 97 9 13, 8 18 152 152 154 36 43 44 4a 86 79 124 2 13 15BS 4994 : 1987 4 Four typicel exemples of laminate construction (without thermoplastics lining) 6 Relationship between thickness and glass content 6 Single tapor blending at changos of thickness (suitable for vessels with or without thermo: plastics linings) 7 Double taper blending at changes of thickness [suitable for vessels without thermoplastics linings} 8 Effective length between stiffeners under external pressure 9 Type 1 edge fixings 10 Type 2 edge fixings 11. Domed ends 12 Conical ends and reducing seotions 43 Blind flangos = gonocel 14 Blind flanges : not suitable for vacuum vessels 18 Shape factor for semi-ellipsoidal ends convex to pressure 16 Lined and unlined tanks, knuckle radius 30 mm 120 160 mm (preferred construction) 17 Lined tanks, fabric-backed liner without = formed knuckle 18 Typical main seam joints for vessels without thermoplastics linings 19 Typicat main seam joint for vossols with thermos plastics linings 20 Diagrams of typical branches 21 Arrangement of branch overlay for long branches 22 Gussets for branches 23 Pads for vessels 24 Flange construction 25 Details of flanges for thermoplasties-ined GRP vessels 26 Full faced flange with soft gasket 27 Typical anchorage arrangements for flat-bottomed tanks (brackets 28 Supports for drop through vessels and tank: 29 Support arrangements for base supported vertical vessels and tanks 30 Supports far horizontal vessels and tank: 31 7 ply laminated beam 82 Tolerances for cylindrical shells 33 Chart of apparent extonsion, Z, versus force, F 84 Test soecimen for the determination of lap shear strength of laminate 35 Test specimen for the determination of shear strength of bond between thermoplastics lining and faminate 36 Test for determination of peel strength of bond 37. Test specimen for shear strength of sandwich panel 38 Assembly of test specimen and grips 30 Biaxial design envelopes 40. Approximate values of Kez 41 Graphical datermination of k, : example D 42 Graphical determination of ka : example E Page 18 20 2 23 24 29 a 39 4 ra “6 “7 4 51 63 59 4 64 5 68 n 73 6 80 90 a 92 96 107 12 m4 4 43 44 45 46 ar 4a 49 60 81 55 86 87 58 60 61 n nr 3 ” Restriction on vessel/attachment geometry Vessel with central radial load Vessel with radial load out of centre Graph for finding equivalent length Ly Chart for finding 647i (Cyir}® Cylindrical shells with redial load circumferential moment per millimetre width Cylindrical shells with radial load: longitudinal ‘moment per millimetre width Gylindrical shells with radial load! circumferential membrane force per millimetre width Cylindrical shells with radial load: longitudinal membrane foree per millimetre width Circumferential bending moment due to @ radial line load variation round circumference Longitudinal moment fromm radial line load variation round circumference Circumferential membrane stress from radial line load variation round eircumference Longitudinal membrane forces from radial line load variation round circurnference Circumferential bending moment due to # radial {ine load variation along cylinder Longitudinal moment due to a radial line toad variation along oylinder Circumferential membrana forces due to a radial line load varietion along cylinder Longitudinal membrane forces due to a radial {ine load varistion along cylinder Maximum radial deflection of a cylindrical shell subjected to a radial load, W, uniformly distributed over a square 20 x 2C Maximum radial deflection of a cylindrical shell subjected to @ radial load, W, uniformly distributed over a square 20 x 2C Graphs for finding the square 2Cy x 2G: ding ares equivalent to a rectangular 20. x 2C, ci Longitudinat moment Chart for finding s and w Spherical shell subjected to e radial load Deflections of a spherical shel! subjected to 2 radial load, W Moments and membrane forces in « spherical sholt subjocted to a radial load, W Spherical shell subjected to an external moment Defloctions of a spharicat shell subjected to an external moment, M ‘Moments and membrane forces in a spherical sholl subjected to an external moment, Maximum stress in a sphere for internal pressure (flush nozzles Maximum stress in a sphere for internal pressure (protruding nozzles) Maximum stress (or thrust loading (flush nozzles) Page "7 7 18 a9 n9 120 121 m2 123 125 126 127 8 130 1m 132 133 134 135 140 141 141 142 143 143 144 148 148 149Poge 78 Maximum stress in sphere for thrust loading (prowuding nezzles) 149 76 Maximum stress in @ sphere for moment Inading (flush nozzles) 150 ‘77 Maximum stres in @ sphere for moment loading [protruding nozzles) 160 78 Maximum stress in sphere for shear loeding (flush noz 181 Foreword This British Standard has been prepared under the direction of the Pressure Vessel Standards Committee and is revision of BS 4994 : 1973, which is now withdrawn together with its explanatory supplement PD 6480, {ts purpose isto establish a general standard for the design, fabrication and use of vestels and tanks in reinforced plastics for industrial service, ‘This revision has been made to take account of experience with reinforced plastics vessels end tanks and opportunity has been taken to extend the scope to include filament Winding and rectangular tanks and to categorize vessels in relation to duty, In the 1973 edition of this standerd the minimum vatue {or the overall design factor was 6, In this edition that value has been increased to 8. The change is made because experience has shown that the overall strain limitation does ot norm lower values than 8 anuifacture of vessels and tanks in reinforced plas is a wide filo, involving a large number of matariats bott plasties and reinforcing systems, and widely different ‘methods of manufacture, Its not practicable to cover all aspects in a single standard and this stanclard covers part of the field, namely, the uso of polyester, epoxy and furane resins in wet lay-up systems, Information on the engineoring properties of reinforced Plastics is somowhat limited and this applies particularly to ‘the changes in such properties over long periods, In the absence of comprehensive long-term properties, therefore, ‘the material properties used for design are based on short. term tosts, Material property data should be presented in the form recommended in 8S 4618. Motatlic vessels, being made from materials which are otmally isotropic, are conveniently designed by calculating Pormissibie stresses, based on measured tensile and ductility Properties. In contrast, laminar constructions are usually BS 4994 : 1987 Poge 79 Maximum stress in sphere for shear loading (protruding nozzles} 161 80 Trunnions 153 81 Parallel lugs 183 82 Lugs in e plane on a diameter 153 83. Equispaced radial luge 153 84 Lugs in a plane on a horizontal vessel 163 anisotropic and the design method in this standard, being based on unit loedings, is particularly suited to the dosign of composites of reinforced plastics. ‘The calculation of an appropriate laminate construction is based on the allowable unit loading and unit modulus for the type of composite proposed. In addition, the allowable Strain in the laminate is limited to ensure that breakdown, Of the rosin-reinforcement bond doss not occur in eny part of the structure, NOTE 1. Debonaing occurs a strain of spproximetely 0.3 % fo the resin-glse fibre composites at presen in ganorl use {0 reteroneas (1) to (a) Design factors are included to cover such variables as: {) deterioration of the composite properties over & ong period {b) the effect of temperature on 1 the composite (©) repeated or alternstiny foading As 9 result of adopting what was effectivaly a minimum design factor of 8 and taking into account the other design factors, environmental stress cracking of the laminetos in ‘aqueous environments has nat been a cause of failure in vessels and tanks produced in accordance with this standard, ‘This mode of failure has been a common source of trouble in other laminates. Furthermore, test work has shown thet the allowable strains are below the level at which environ. ‘mental stress cracking i likely 40 occur thas been assumed in the drafting of this British Standard ‘that the exocution of its provisions is entrusted to appro. Priately qualified and experienced people, NOTE 2. The numbers In square bracket used throughout the text of this standac relate to dhe bibllogrephic references in pana K Compliance with a British Standard dose not of itself ‘confer immunity trom lagal obligations.BS 4994 : 1987 Specification, Section one Section one. General 1 Scope This British Standard specifies requirements for the design, ‘materials, construction, inspection, testing and erection of vessels and tanks in reinforced plastics, consisting of a polyester, epoxy or furane resin system reinforced with ‘lass fibres, manufactured by the wet lay-up process. Constructions both with and without a lining of thermo- plastics are included, It is implicit that vessels and ranks covered by this standard are made only by manufacturers who are competent and suitably equipped to comply with all the requirements of this standard, Compliance with these requirements mey be Proven by documentation of past experience, or prototype ‘esting, to the satisfaction of the purchaser of Inspecting Authority, a8 appropriate (see clause 38). In addition to the definitive requirements, this standard also. ‘requires the items detailed in clause 4 to be documented For compliance with this stendard, both the definitive requirements and the documented itams have to be satisfied ‘This standard covers vessels and tanks subject to tempera tures between -30 °C and 110°C. NOTE 1. There ic exporience with veal ae tanks ot temperatures bows 110"C ut those regulre special consideration NOTE 2. The following vessls and tanks alo require special cconseration: (ah jackotod veses ane tanks |b) vets and tanks forthe wansport of iquids and gases: {e) buried tan. NOTE 9. The titles ofthe publications referiad 0 inthis standard tre listed on she mice neck cover. 2 Definitions For the purposus of this British Standard the definitions of Plastics, resin, thermoset, thormoplastics and reinforced plastics given in BS 1758 : Pert + apply. together with the ions and those listed in tobe Fspresentives of the purchaser, mavwacturer ste inspecting 2.1 euro, The chemical reaction resulting in the final polymerized product NOTE. It may be effected et ambient tomparature or by the use of host In certain resin systems the cure har 20. effoctod inte stages; the frst staga may, and the second sabe does, Involve he Dppiiation of hast. This second stage Is Known os th ‘posture 2.2 gol coat. A thin layer of resin on the surtece of @ laminate, that may or may nat be reinforced with a fabric, tissue or scrim, 2.3 lami form of glass A resin sheet or moulding reinforced with bre or other suitable material 2.4 aying-up. A process of applying or producing laminates in position on a former prior to cure, 2.5 manufacturer. Tho organization that designs and fabricate the vessel or tank in accordance with the purchaser's requirements. NOTE, The design and fabrication functions may be cartes out by seperate orgaizations, 2.6 purchaser. The organization or individual that buys the finished vessel or tank for its own use or es an agent for tho owner, 2.7 Inspecting Authority. The body or association that checks thet the design, materials and construction comply with this standard, 28 vessel. A closed container subject to applied pressure fF vacuum, with or without hydrostatic heed. NOTE, The term vessel Inclses branches up tothe fits flanand 2.9 tenk. A container for the storage of fluids subject only twits own hydrostatic hoad and froely vented to atmosphere NOTE. The term tank includes brarchas up to th frst flanged 3 Nomenclature Several terms relating to the strength and load-cerr capacity of individual layers of the composite laminate aro Used in this standard. Some have similar but quite distinct ‘meenings and because of both their similarity and their application, particular care Is required in their use, ‘The terms concarned are listed in table 1, with their definitions, symbols and units, 4 Information and requirements to be agreed and to be documented 4.1 Information to be supplied by the purchaser he follewing information shall be supped by the purchaser and shail be fully documented. Both the defn live requirements specified throughous the standard and ocumented items shall be satiafied before a claim of ‘comatiance with this stendard ean be made and verified, (a) Process conditions, (1) Materials to be handled (names, concentrations ‘and relative densities) including likely Impurities or contaminants (2) Design pressure (or vacuum) including test requirements and design temperature (9) Opereting pressure (or vacuurn) and temperature. (4) Mode of operation, e.g. process eycting conditions. (5) Any abrasion or erosion problems which may be encountered.Table 1. Nomenclature, symbols and units BS 4994 : 1987 Section one Term Datinition Unit Ursiace tensile unit steongth {UTUS) ‘The strength of & reinforcement ‘yo, exDrested ae Fores per unit swiath, per une mare of Obisined from the frecture oad | ‘Nira por Kain? glass feintorcement, aking onty strain Inna sesounn laminate lover reinforcement Leasstimieed “The load permitted to be applied | Determined by avidin the mL [Nim oor kan glass allowable unit {08 reinforeement type por unit | ultimate tensile unc stenath Fosaing siden, per unit mas oF ‘by the design factor, ‘reinforcement, not taking strain ‘Stes simited ‘The oad permitted tobe apptied | Determined by multiowing he | ug Nim por kgfn? gaat slioweote unit toa reinforcement tyne par unit | unit modulus, by the lon Facing width, per unit mase of thle strain forthe particular Design unit ling Alayor design unit loading) ‘The load permitted tobe appli {0 reinforcement tyne par unit ‘wloth par unit mass of reinforeemens, or the vest, (oF tank unaer consieration Whichaver ihe fru at the des male ofus | up stale Nome per kgim? glare ‘Nim par kalm? pase Unit medulus “The ratio of the loa por wi ‘Obtsined from the measured toad | x width tothe earresponiing eirect_| snd etsin ino ten west, strain, In lose tensile gst Specimen per unit mass of @ single glass rinforcement type vera unit ‘The caculnid ratio of tho ioad| Obtained from e summation ot | Xam | Nim modulus ‘er unit ict tthe cores the products f unit modulus end | (may be nding cect stain in Full laminate of single or multiple ‘hss reintorcemnant type ontito Devin strength laminate design | Te load earrying eapscity of per uni eat | te force per uni wit covried by a laminate reiting from pressure or other fade apples {0 the vse! or ene by further sabseript) Obtainet by suming ha oat | OLA carrying capecitee of atime | US Woy lenin Obezinad from the appropriate Sosignesievation fer tw partion of vets fonedration (et @ fr tan unde section thre} Nimes wath mm withBS 4994 : 1987 Section one (0) Site conditions. (1) Nature of ambient atmosphere Including any extremes of temperature. (2) Superimposed loads, eg, wind, snow and associated pipework, (3) Loads imposed by personnel during erection and operation, (4) In the ease of buried vessels and tanks, soil condi tions and expected loading, e.g, traffic. (6) Seismic toading. {c} Special conditions. (1) Boiling out. (2) Vibration due to adjacent plant, (3) Agitation details (4) Danger of mechanical impact and demage, (5) Loads imposed during transport (6) Finish, e.g, if tre-rosisting (see clause 8) {e) Details of any special or additional tests or inspection required end where these are to be carriod out (see clause 33 and 39.1), (f) Exemption to apply 2 pigmented coating to the vessel before final inspection (see clause 33) {g) Facilities for testing (se table 4 and 39.1) (h) Name of inspecting Authority, if applicable. (i) Requirements for packaging, despatch and Instalistion. 4.2 Requirements to be agreed and documented ‘The following items to be agrood between the purchaser, ‘oF the Inspecting Authority, where appropriate, and the yanufacturer shall be fully documented. Both the defini tive requirements specified throughout the standard and ‘the documented items shall be satistied before a claim of compliance with this standard can be made and verified. (a} Resin system to 6 6.443) (b} Use of reinforcing materials other than these complyingwith BS 2396, BS3496, BS 3897 or BS-9749, 28 appropriate [see 6.2) {c} Mechanica! properties of matersis (see 6.4.1! (€) Type of chemical harrier to be used {see 7.1 and 27.3), (e) Where a thermoset lining is used on tanks end vessels Which are constructed in accordance with categories 1 and II, whethor itis permissible to reduce the backing layer (see 7.3). (f) Design details (see clause 11) (1) Essontial dimensions, including tolerances (see also 30.2.7), preferably on a drawing. (2) Design calculations with references {3) Nominal thickness, including tolerance, of corrosion-resistant lining (thermoplastics or gob coat) which does not contribute to sirenath {4) Form(s) of reinforcement including type, number and arrangement of individual layers {5) Form(s) of local stiffening, where used {6} Details of welds in thermoplastics linings. (7) Bolting and flange materials and details (see also figure 24), (8) Gasket materials and details, (9) Details of external finish, including steelwork (see also 28.6). (10) Requirements for access and inspection ops {500 also 20.5), (g) Where the design incorporates reinforcemant with ditectional properties, the orientation of the fibres (s2e clause 11) {h) Lining and laminate system to be employed (see 13.4), () Supports (see 22.1) {i} Any modification to the approved design (see clause 25). (ke) Where site fabrication is employed, the speciel procedures to be adopted (see clause 26). (i) Repair of laminate dofects and method of repair (soe 27.2), (m) Whether hot plate welding is to be used (see 27.3). (0) For cylindrical shells, the tolerance on the circum: {orence where this is not 6 mm for shells up to and including 600 mm outside diameter or 0.25 % of the calculated circumference for larger shells (eee 30.2.2) (0) Arrangements for access to manufacturer's promises (see 31.4) (p) The provision of special test laminates and the extent of mechanical testing to be carried out either on ‘cut-outs or prepared laminates (see 37.1) (a) If the prototype tests are not to be witnessed by the purchaser, and the Inspecting Authority, where applic: (see 38.1). {1} The nature of prototype tests, the hydraulic test sre and the 198 f higher than the dosign p jevermine fexigue strength we it limits of eyet (see 38.3) 5 Categories of vessels and tanks 5.1 General ‘The design, documentation and inspaction and text cequire ‘ments for vessels and tanks shall be related to one of three ‘categories that shall be determined from all the factors given in table 2 when considered in combination. 5.2 Design documentation ‘The design documentation shall be as given in table 3, 5.3 Quality control (tests and rocords) ‘The quality control shall be at given in table 4,Foie Higiy sorroab, Ccorrotve Flammable Others 1 mba ] *Doteription of eontont fasitiestion “The contents couk! presenta significant ik to health of parsons exposed “The contents could soverely burn, blind, defiguie or maim an tedldu The contents couki cous damage to th skin or eye, ‘The contents have flashpoint equal to or lets than 65 "C, ‘The contents are not considered to burn, bil or injure individuls ‘Heat distortion temperature of ein Ine 6.4.2} 100 Nien? » 100 Ps BS 4994 : 1987 Section one Tobi 2. Minimum categories of vessel or tank = z ~~] eatwaow | category | category Contents” Toxle x Highly corrosive x Corrosive x Flammable x Others x ‘Chemical compatibility of liner with process fluid Known long-term compatibility based on service experience x Compatibility based on rleted performance data x Only specimen data (dip coupons) avallabie x Design temperature, T T<60°Cand T<(HDT* ~40°C) x 7360 °Cand T<(HOT 40°C) x T> (HOT - 40 °C) and T< (HOT ~20°C) x Design pressure and/or vocuum Static head only x <5 mbart {above static head) x 5 mbar (abowe static heed) x Size of vessel or tank (capacity) <10m x 50m? 50 mt x Geometry and supports Flat bottom full support x Any other, 69. legs, skirts, saddles, rings and frames x Other criteria Hee ae 1 tem is eritical to aatouy ' |BS 4994 : 1987 Section one Catagory Ht Ccetogory Im Design calculations (a) independent approval required {) Calculations to cover (1) Hydrostatic loadings (2) Apoied pressure (3) Applied vecuum (4) Wind toads (51 Lifting arrangements {6) Supporting (7) Seismic loading (if applicable} x XK XK XK Drawing requirements Vessol/tank general arrangement Full fabrication drawings showing method of menufacture Installation procedure x xx[Porreeeeenmtnenermrenrmemneene SL tenant Table 4, Quality control: tests and rca BS 4994 : 1987 Section one Catemory I Category | Category 1 Material rocords Record of resin type and quantity Record of glass type and quantity Record of personnel on the fabrication Record of layers and type of glass Record of cure system Rocord of post cure {when used) pas >< >< >< >< > Kx KX x uelity control tests Spark test on thermoplastics liners Adequete documented information or te macanizl properties of the particular resin/sless laminate ta pn, thet not available for categories I or Il prutten a amples to be tested as required for category I [A production test coupon to be laminated wh the vese or ‘obtained from nozzle cut-outs The cous be teste, 8 follows: Ulimate tensile unit strongth Unit modulus Lap sheer strength Visual exemination of nozzle extcuts Ash test on nozzle cut-outs Thickness measurement” ‘Acetone test (polyester resin} Barcol hardness measurement Rosiduat styrene (polyester resint Alto, inthe case of tharmoplasts ind jas entree plastics (GRP) ‘tanks and vessels, the following cb denenated, Wild strength Bone strength x x x xxXXXKXXXXX x x xxx x xx xx Quality control records |] Hardness test (Barco!) ‘Thickness measurement Sameplate details, Documentation requirements Pressure/vac./hyslrostatic head | Ultimate tensite unit strength Unit modulus Lap shear strength Wald strength Bond strength Ash test on cut-out xx KKK Independent inspection “To verity minimum desian eek Pri: syuntion ato be paid 1 PO 1500372. 23 Of alggntinlty, ©@.nozzes and end etachments. : HK KKKBS 4994 : 1987 Section two Section two. Materials and design 6 Materials 6.1 Thermosetting resin systems The resin system(s} to be used shall be agreed betweon the Purchaser and the manufacturer (see 4.2(a)) ‘The resin selected shall be of a suitable commerciet ‘grade which complies with the technical requirements of the application and for polyester resins the minimum requirements of BS 3832, NOTE 1. The specified classes of resins use forthe preperation of lorinates ave polyester resis, eooxy tsing snl furan resin. Thre ‘are many resin systems in ouch cts and the progertis of tose systoms vary, pecially with respact to chemical resatonce al heat dstorion temperature. See els0 appancix A. The recommendetions of the resin suppliers for the use of hardeners, cetalysts and accalerators shall be followed. NOTE 2. The smaunt of these material used iseitcl a it can fect bow the rte OF the reaction andl extant of the eure Pigments shall not be used except in the external finish (see clause 334)), NOTE 3. Limited use of thixotropie agents can be made provides ‘het they do not interfere with Visual inspection and chemical sistance of th laminate Data, procedures and figures in this standard refer to laminates containing no filler materials. Where special Purpose additives are used, spacial consideration shall be Given to design and manufacture as there may be an effect fon the laminate properties 6.2 Reinforcing materials The reinforcing materia shall be a suitable grade of glass fibre having @ gles finish compatible with the resin used ‘and shall either comply with BS 3396, 8S 3496, BS 3691 (or BS 3749, as appropriate, oF be the subject of agreement ‘botwoen the purchaser and the manufacturer (see 4.2(b}}. 6.3 Thermoplastics lining material ‘A number of thermoplastics, for example, polyviny) chloride {PVC}, polypropytane (PP), polyvinylidene Muotie (VDF), ethylene chloratriflucroethyiene (ECTFE), Chlorinated PVC {PVC} and flugringted sthylene propylene copalymer {FEP) are available as tining materials ane the thermoplastics selected shall comply with 7.1 Table 5. Minimum properties of reinforced laminate layers Type of reinforcement loadings ‘The thickness of PVC shall not be less than 2.5 mm. In the. ‘case of other thermoplastics, the minimum thickness shall, ‘be 2.00 mm except in the case of pipes and branches of 100 mm diameter or less, when the minimum thickness shall be 1.5 mm. NOTE, Experience hes shown thatthe Use of PVC liners in excess ‘of 45 ram thickness can lead to otoblems in service when the ‘operating temprature ie above 40°C 6.4 Mechanical properties 6.4.1. The mechanical properties of the laminate layers Shall be agreed between the purchaser and the manufacturer {see 4.2(c)) and shall be not less than the values given in table 5, when tested in accordance with appendix 8. The values given in table 6 apply to laminates incorporating only E glass reinforcement complying with BS 3396, BS 3496, BS 3691 or BS 3749 and having a glass content bby mass within the range 28 % to 45 % for chopped strand mat (CSM), 45 % to 85 % for woven roving (WR) cloth and 65 % to 75 % for filament windings and values for laminates including other types of reinforcement of other glass ‘contents shall be on the basis of test results, Where WR cloth with a directional bias is used, the figure for ultimate tensile unit strength shall be 500 P, where P is the proporrion of glass fibres running in the direction concerned, The unit modulus in the warp and weft direction Will be different to that given in table & and shall be astablished by test. Where the bias is greater than § to 1, the strength in the weft direction shall be ignored. 6.4.2 The heat distortion temperature of the fully cured resin system used for the reinforced laminate shall be fot less than 20 °C higher than the design temperature ‘of the vessel when determinad as described in BS 2782 ‘Method 121A (soe also B.A) ‘As th chemieal resistance of lining materials varies with the source ond type of polymer, tha sultability of the mataria! cluding adequate corrosion and erosion resistance, Shall he established by tests; sultable referarios d is 8S 4618 : Suction 4.1. It /s important in eny such tests that the test liquors are fully representative of the process, CSM (resins other than furaned CSM (furane) WR cloth piain weave (warp and weft directions) (resins other than furane) | WR cloth plain weave (warp and woft directions) | furans) Unidirectional filament (fibre direction) Néoom wight, | Némm wipe Nimen® wo vse foo | vem [a se mmo [ossta, stn neha particularly with respect to the presence of trace organics, and, where possible, the test specimens shall be subjected to 4 level of strain not less then the design strain, 6.6 Water quality, When selacting materials, account shall be taken of the effects of materials. an water quality (see appendix C}. 7 Construction of chemical barrier 7.4. The type of chemical barrier to be used shall be agreed between the purchaser and the manufacturer (see 4.2(d)) 7.2, Where @ thermoplastics lining is used, the minimum ‘bond strongth of the reinforcement to the lining shall be ‘7 N/mm? in direct shear and 6 N/mm width in peel when ‘tested in accordance with B.10 and B11. NOTE. This.bond strength may be echleved by the inclusion of & ‘minimum of 0.45 kg/* chopped alas stand or CSM immediately Dehn the thermopiastislning 7.8 Where a thermoset lining is used, In order to achieve the optimum properties the construction of the laminate In contact with the corrodent shall consist of the following {a} Surface layer. A resin ich surface layer reinforced with C glass surfacing mat, synthetic fibres or other suitable material, with @ thickness between 0.25 mm and 0.50 mm, (6) Backing layer. A backing layer normally containing a minimum of 1.2 kg/m? chopped glass strand or CSI with a soluble binder with between 25 % and 33 % glass content, by mass, For tanks and vassols which are constructed in accordance with categories If and £11 it is permissible to teduce the backing fayer to 0.6 kg/m? chopped glass strand or CSM if agreed between the purchaser and the menufacturer (s00 4.2(0)) 8 Flammability Whore @ vessel or tank Is intended to contain flammeb! ids the external surface layers shall be modified so as to have a surface spread of flame characteristic which at least ‘complies with the class ¥ requirements of BS 476 : Part 7. In other cases the Finish shall be as specified by the purchaser (see 4.1(c}(6)). 9 Allowable and design unit loadings 9.1. Symbols For the purposes of clause 9 the following symbols apply. Fg. circumferential factor F, longitudinal factor ky factor relating to method of manufacture ky factor relating to long-term behaviour ks factor relating to temperature BS 4994 : 1987 Section two kg factor relating to cycle losding kg_factor relating to curing procedure K overall design factor determined from equation (1), 44, dasign unit loading (in N/mm per kg/m? glass) for layer of typez u,. load-imited allowable unit losding, 12, ultimate tensile unit strength (in N/mm per kg/m? glass) divided by K strain-limited allowable unit leading, Le. unit modulus (in N/mm per kg/m? glass) multiplied by allowable strain X¢_ unit modulus in circumferential direetion (in N/mm por kg/m? glass) 2%. unit modulus in longitudinal direction (in N/mm per kg/m? glass) %__ unit modulus of layer of type z (in N/mm per kg/m? lass) ‘@,stvain under unit loading wy € maximum allowable strain q_ least strain, determined from allowable loadings and resin properties extension to failure (fracture strein) of unreinforced resin determined in accordance with appendix B 4 angle to the longitudinal axis of filament winding 9.2 Design calculations 9.2.1. When designing in reinforced plastics, it is desirable to work in terms of unit load, ie. force per unit width, rather than stresses, je. foros per unit area, and therefore ‘the following calculations shall be adopted. The maximum allowable unit load for each type of layer shall be determined from the material properties given in ‘able 5 as follows (see appendix D for worked examples and, abbreviated method) Where the design calculations (see section three} require the use of allowable compressive unit loadings, these shall bbe determined in accordance with 9.2.2 to 9.2.6, substitut- ing the ultimate compressive unit strength for the ultimate tensile nie strength in equation (2) Untienate compressive unit load sail he determined sonearned, when required, for each la In accordance with B. 9.2.2 The design factor K shall he determined from aquation (1) KeS uk, Xka Xky he Ky a where the factor 3 represents a constant which allows for ‘the reduction of material strength caused by long-term loading (required even for loading in air), and k, to ks represent factors determined by the method of manufacture ‘and operating conditions. No vessel or tank shall have @ design factor K of less than 8. NOTE. For a rarely eccurring, short-term emergency condition (lee than 10 times in the iff the veel, eaoh duration less than 130 min) design Factor less thon the eoleuiste design fector, bbur not Ine than 8, may be used, ‘The chemical liner, 22 clause 7, shall be ignored in strength calculations "BS 4994 : 1987 Section two Values for factors & shall be determined as follows, {0} Factor relating to methad of manufacture, ky This factor shall be the value taken from table 6 appropriate to the method of manufacture to be adopted, When rovings are chopped for spray application, the length of individual strands shall be not less than, 32 mm, Table 6. Factor relating to method of manufacture ‘Mothed of manufacture Factory feeeeeer east aay | Handwork 18 Machine-controtlad filament winding 15 Machine-controlted spray application 15 Hand-held spray application 30 (0) Factor for chemical environment fand associated strength loss), ks. This tactor shall be 1.2 for vessels having a thermoplastics lining unless lack of experince OF suiteble test data suggests that 2 higher value is Fequired. Tho factor for vessels without a thermoplastics lining shall be selected within the range 1.2 to 2.0, NOTE. A guide to establishing the value of ky ie given ia epperdix i Design temperature (°C) NOTE. Exparionce inthe range above 100°C i limit and its vheretore recommended there fs full slcussion been the manutacturer andthe purcheser ie ves Is oulved to operate tre coese, Figure 1. Factor relating to temperature, ks (6) Factor relating to temperature, ks. This factor shell be within the range 1 t0 1.25, dependent upan the heat distortion temperature and be determined from figure 1 {@) Factor relating to cyclic loading, kg. This factor shall ‘be determined from figure 2, having regard ta the ‘expected operating conditions of the vesel (e} Factor relating to the curing procedure, ks. Where th vestol is subjected to a complete curing procedure, including a full post-cure at elevated temperature appropriate to the resin system, at the manufacturer's works the factor k shall be taken af 1.1. Copies of the ‘temperature chart shall be supplied to the Inspecting Authority (information to be obtained from the retin supplier). Vessels not subjected to full post-cure shall have the factor ks taken as 1.3 when they are designed {for opereting temperatures up to and including 45 °C and 1.5 when they are designed for operating temperatures over 45°C, NOTE. The post-curng temperature should be choten to ensure that che laminate will comply withthe mecharvea, temperature and chemical performance required by the detign, Highs performance resin aystems generally require» portcure temparature of st least 80°C te develop their optimum, Properties and, wherever posible, the tank oF wel should be ot the design temperature 6 12BS 4994 : 1987 Section two 2.0 16 Factor ky 14 10 Figure 2. Factor relating to evel 10° Number of cycles 10° loading, ks 138S 4994 ; 1987 Section two 9.2.3 The load-limited allowable unit joading, uy , shall be determined from equation (2) a 2) K here u is UTUS from table 6. 9.2, ‘The maximum allowable strain, c, shall be determined, (a) The maximurn allowable strain shall not exceed 0.1 po 0.2 %, whichever isthe smaller. (0) For chemically resistant resin surface layers, the extension to feilure of the unreinforced resin shat bbe determined in accordance with B.S. The maximum, allowable strain for the whole of the laminate shall be ‘that value determined from the smallest extension to failure of the resins to be incorporated. NOTE. For thermoplastics linings # maxinour allowable strain ef| 0.2% will be satsfsetory, 20 thr these fntnas will no introduce 3 ‘more sovaa stein limieation into the 9.2.5 The straindimited allowable unit loading, ug, shall be determined from equetion (3) Us =X€ 9.2.6 The design unit loading, u, for each type of layer shall be determined. (a) If ug is smaller than uy, for all layers, the appropriate value of ug shall be taken as the design unit loading, uz, for each layer, NOTE. A ornineto design is sttsirlimited when ug is smaller tran uy forall the layer (0) If, forsome or all of the layers, uy, is smaller than us, the strain for each layer concerned shall be determined from equation (4) 13) at % Considering al the layers making up the laminate, the allowable strain for that laminate, ey, shall be the smallest of the values of ¢, so determined, The design un & a fading for each layer, Uz, shall then b ined The design unit foadings for aach type of layer, up lotwrmined from (@} or (bj, a8 appropriate, shall then be substituted as required in the design aquations in section three. 9.2.7 The procedute in 9.2.6 does not apply when continuous rovings are filament swound at an angle of 8 (in ‘dagrees) to the vessel or tank axis and in this case values of circurnferential and longitudinal unit medulus Xg and X ‘or individual layers shall be obtained by reference to figure 3. Values of circumferential and longitudinal {design unit toed shall be determined from equations 6 a) oF (band by application of the factors given in table 7, {85 appropriate. {in circumferential direction Uc 2X$ 66 Fe (Sie) In longitudinal direction: Up Xe 6 Fx (tb) Where @ laminate construction using filament winding is subjected to a simultaneous application of loading in the circumferential and longitudinal directions then, depending upon the combination of direction and type, i.e. tensile o ‘compressive, of loading, the maximum allowable loads are ‘not necessarily as great as the indiviiual unit loads derived from the calculations of this section and, therefor ‘the acceptability of the combined loadings shal be determined by means of a biaxial design envelope, deteils of which are given in the worked examples of D4, Table 7. Factors to be applied to the design unit, loading of continuous rovings for different ‘winding angles Filament winding angie to ae 6 ores o O NOTE 1, t may happen that th value of more thar one Undoterminas The choc shauld then be by 4 isl sr error @ 16method and more than one accaptable solution may be found in thot eicumstoneee, Alternatively, all ut one jor two interdependent] values of az may be fined and the remaining value determined I the sum of the terms is loss than Q, ane or more of the values of n shall be increased or 8 different taminate construction proposed and the calculations repeated until the required condition is satisfied, If the sum of the terms exceeds Q by a large margin, the laminate is overdesigned ‘or the region concerned. NOTE 2. Worked examplos of this deslgn method ace given In ‘appendix D and examples of construction are show in figure 6 NOTE 3, Aditional consideration is naseusry if tho vasa! or tank Js filament noun and subjected to biaxial loading Ie importers {not thatthe response of e fllamentavound wot ar tank to ‘combinations of lad apalied simultaneously i ifferont trom the ‘sponse of those loads applied Indepondently, To assess the behaviour of a filament-wound vessel or tank to combined loads either: {2} a complete anisotropic stress/strain analysis shall bbe carried out, the rosponss of the material to those combined loads examined, and the shear or normal strain present within each ‘ayer shall be less than that calculated in 9.2.6; oF (©) @ biaxial failure envelope shall be constructed as shown in the worked example given in appondix D (see reference {161}. NOTE 4. Where WR are to be used inthe construction of vrels ‘ve in yecuim service they should Mave 91 401 warp to welt BS 4994 : 1987 Section three 18.3 Thickness Where values of thickness are required in the equations in this section, the thickness of the laminate in the region Under consideration shall be taken as the sum of the thick- ‘nesses of the individual layers making up that laminate. ‘The thickness of each layer, for design purpaces, shel be determined from the glass content for that layer by using the graph (soe figure 5). Glass content shall be specified fon the vessel drawings (see B.2 for test method} In no case shall the laminate thickness (excluding any Sining} be less than 3 mm for tanks subject only to hydro- static head of liquid contents, and mm for vessels subject 10 internal pressure or vacuum, ‘Abrupt changes in laminate thickness shall bo avotded, ‘Tho blending tapar between rogions of differing thickness shall not be steeper than 1 in 6 {see figures 6 and 7). 13,4 Choice of construction The lining end laminate system to be employed shall be specified in full on the drawing and agreed between the Purchaser and the manufacturer before manufacture ‘commences (see 4.2(h)) NOTE. The outermost layers of the vestl or tank should normaly ‘be CSM (900 aim? minimum), and tise with 2 vosintich surface. 7BS 4994 : 1987 Section three (a} Effective thicknose 24 mm (b| Effective thickness 24 mm a dstelsfals[atsf els fe lsfe sal {e} Effective thickness 16.7 mm (d) Effective thickness 15.8 mmm Key 1 Chemical harrier (se clause 7 and 8.2.2) 2 Chopped stand mat 0.3 kam? 3. Choppod rand mat D8 Kalen? 4 Chopped strand mat 0.45 kaj? 5 Woven raving cloth O8 p/m? 1. Rosn-ichsurtaee layer with binding asus NOTE. Gonstruetions (a, (a) ant (a) a have a similar ond carrying capsety (ee apenas Figure 4. Four typical examples of laminate construction (without thermoplastics ining)—4 I i 14 Cylindrical and spherical shells NOTE. The squations in this clause are derived from thin shell theory and do not apply te vessels having 2 total laminate thickrsss ‘greater thon 10% ofthe shall internal diametee 14.1 Symbols For the purposes of clause 14 the following symbols apply. d—ralative density of rosin D, inside diameter of sholl in mm) D, outside diameter of shell (in mm) D, diameter of neutral axis of stiffening ring (in mm} Exam Young's modulus {in N/mm?)* of laminate undi consideration F factor of safety against collapse by buckling (see equations (13), 115}, (16) and {19)) Internal height of end (in sam) Tq s9€0nd moment of ares of stiffening ring (in man) Laffective shell tength (in mm) (see figure 8) Lg length of shell which may be regarded as contribut- ing to the second moment of area of a stiffening ring (in men) | M-——bending moment (in N-rvm) due to weight of vessel fo tank and contents at point under consideration and wind or other applied loadings ‘mq percentage glass content by mast 1 Nymm® = 1 MN = 7 HP 19 BS 4994 : 1987 Section three mass of reinforcement per tit area (in kg/m? glass) In one layer of type z umber of fayers of type z In construction under consideration total effective pressure {in N/mm}, ie. design pressure (negative if vacuum) plus hydrostatic head at point under consideration maximum longitudinal unit load (in N/mm at point under consideration ‘maximum circumferential unit load (in Nimm) at point under consideration maximum petmissible compressive unit load {in N/enm) {s0e equation (13) outside radius of spherical shell (in mm) laminate thickness of shell (in mm) calculated from laminate details laminate thickness of shell (in mm) derived from buckling criteria (seo oquations (15), (16) and (19)) ‘taper length {in mm) ‘weight of contents and/or vessel depending on support detail (in N) overall unit modulus {in N/mm) of laminate under consideration (sve equation (12) unit modulus (in N/mm per kg/m? glass) of layer of type?| ues 3865 pe ssounNDIyS UBBMIEG AIYsUON.EFOL “g aunBi, [sspu 4g} 0103. sspy8 uisay (sou 4q)%) juajuo> sso) op BulA0H wsson 10) 2832 fusion (ss0j6 Jo u/6y 404 ww) seauyryy 20 bh = pun used 20) use usnv0e sei BS 4994 : 1987 Section three peBS 4994 : 1987 Section three (papnj2u00) g exnt4 lee] [inj oft nd oo ort | eet cove | ove | tet puke mason ant | oo oer fore [ser | we | ise | ave | waspebybmoonn | ow | = | o | | o = simon | 21BS 4994 : 1987 Section three (a) Cylindrieat shel (a) Stiffeners {incorporating steel angle or tee ring) NOTE. The tapers shown at T arm nat ta be steeper than 1 in 6 land are to extend awor e etanee ot ss than Bit Figure 6. Single tapor blonding at changes of thickness (suitable for vessels with or without thermoplastics linings) 22= a, | (2) Cylinericatsheit t t eect le et (b} Reducers and conical sections 0, NOTE. The tapos shown at Tera not tobe steeper than tin 6 ‘and are t0 extend over asta nat less than DF Figure 7. Double taper blending at changes of thickness (suitable for vessels without thermoplastics linings) 14.2 Cylindrical and spherical sholls subject to internal pressure ‘The maximum circumferential unit load, Qy, shall be determined from equations (7) or (8). For cylindrical shols: ed a, = 2 For spherical shel pd, = @ 14.3. Cylindrical shells subject to combined loads 14.3.1 Vertical vessols end tanks. The maximum fongitu: inal unit load, O,., resulting from the combined effects of (a) total effective pressure; (b) bending moment due to wind loads (calculated in ‘accordance with CPS : Chapter V : Part 2) or other ‘causes; (c) total weight of vessel or tank, fittings, attachments and contents; BS 4994 : 1987 Section three shall be determined from equations (9) and (10). NOTE 1. Negetive valus of Oy denote compressive loads NOTE 2. Prssurep, excludes tale hoa. Nenetivevelues of 2 lenaee external prasbar For points above the olane of support Ww 4" nDF 9d, ‘eight of those pat ofthe ves or tank and s, attachments ond fad content supported above the point sonsieerd For pont below pan o suppor aw (10) nD? nD; where Wis the weight of those parts of the vessel or tank and fittings, attachments and fluid content supported below the point considered. NOTE 2. in equation (10), narmally inckudos the total flats content by woh 23BS 4994 : 1987 Section three Tangent Gor stittener point 1X tangent | point {c} Conical sections Figure 8, Effective length between stiffeners under external pressure14.3.2 Horizontal vessels and tanks. The maximam longitudinal unit load resulting from the combined effects of: (a) total effective pressure; (b) bending moment dus to the weight of vossel or tank and contents, as determined by the support configuration; shall be determined from equation (11). pd, 4M 4° ROP “The maximum tensile and compressive values of longitu- inal unit loads for the full range of possible loading conditions shall be determined, 14.3.3 Permissible compressive food. Where there is @ ‘compressive axial load, check calculation shall be made to ‘ensure that the region of the shell subject to the greatest eoxnpressive load is adequate to resist collapse by buckling. ‘To make this check the overall unit modulus, X1 aay for the laminate construction decided upon shall be determined fram equation (12) Xcane & Keim my +Xy my my + os Kemer (12) ‘The permissible maximum compressive unit load shall then be determined from equation (13): O8EX cam FD. F shall be taken as 4. ay (134 The maximum compressive unit load shal in no case exceed the value of Q, so obtained. NOTE. The laminate construction may read tobe moxie, ry eolovlations ropented Until he eon Is Special consideration shall be given to the laminates where circumferential and longitudinal moduli are different, ‘8. fllament-wound tanks or vestes, In such circumstances ‘rigorous anisotropic analysis shal be carried out to assess the permissible maximum compressive unit load, In th uch an analysis the lower af the wo madull shall be used in equation (13), Sep alse 9.2.7 and D.4 for eases of simultanaous application bf circumferential and longitudinal loads to laminates incorporating filament winding, whore a check shail be made using @ biaxial desion envelope. 144 Cylindrical and spherical shells subject to external pressure 144.1. Cylindrical shells, The circumferential unit load, 0, thall be determined from equation (7). The maximum direct longitudinal unit loed, Qx, shall be determined from ‘equations (9), (10) and (11), a8 appropriate, The greater of ‘these values shall be substituted in equation (6). Using as 0 basis a laminate construction which complies with this requirement, the total thickness of the laminate, ¢, shall be determined in accordance with 13.3. The composite BS 4994 ; 1987 Section three ‘modulus of the laminate shall also be determined from equation (14): Xuan r ‘The minimum permissible laminate thickness, tm, to prevent buckling shall be determined from equations [18] or (16), as appropriate. (ray Foam : eee whe 1 ( us ) . OF then Bes tn Be ( e (8) ELAM 7 eae avait & «15 (Ha) lo pF Then 0.4pF Ae eno (one: (era) 8 F shall be taken as 4 It shall be ensured thet £ is not less than th. NOTE. f/Do Increases as L/Dp increases up toa limiting vslue Beyond thie vali, fm/Dp is Indaponcont of L/D, If the propoted design does not comply with this require ‘mont, the design shall be changed either by redesigning the laminate or by providing additional stiffening rings ‘The calculations shalt then be repeated until an acceptable ‘construction is indicated, 14.4.2 Cylindrical shells with stiffening rings. Where the calculations in 14.4.1 indicate an unecceptable larninate ‘thickness it may be preferable to redesign to include stiffening rings and the first step shall be to obtain 3 new ‘offective shell length, L, trom {a) direct subdivision of the effective lenath of the unstiffened shell () requirements for the suppart of interna #etngs, {c} considerations of the design of the supports, in the case of horizontal yoscls or tanks. For 8 proposed stiffening ring profile and composition it is than necessary to datermine the diameter, Dy, oF 3 poutral axis It shall then be encured that the second moment of sre Ty, of the stiffening ring seotion Is greater than or equal to: a7) 0.180, 10,7 Eva ‘The appropriate E\ am shall be determined from oquation (14), Where a stoe! stiffening ring fully bondod to the shell (soo figure 6{a)) is used, the modulus for steel shall replace Eau bo this case the steel section only shall be considered as the stiffener. 25BS 4994 ; 1987 Section three The permissibie le |, which may be regarded 25 effectively contributing to the second moment of atea Of the stiffening ring section shall be: £,=0.75-V10, (18) but in no case shall L, be taken greater than L Suiffening rings shall extend completely round the circum: ference of the shell and any joints shall be so designed as ‘0 develop the full stiffness of the ring, There shall be no. spaces batwoon shell and ring, ‘The design shall be checked for stresses in the GRP caused by restraint to thermal expansion/contraction by stifening tings where the design temperature is above 60 °C or below 0 °c, 14.4.3 Spherical shells, The unit circumferential load, Qp, shall be calculated from equation (8) and this value then substituted in equation (6), Using asa basis a laminate ‘construction which complies with this requirement, the total thickness of the laminate, r, shall be determined in accordance with 13.3 The appropriate E ayq shall be determined from. equation (14), ‘The minimum permissible aminate thickness, ty, to prevent buckling shall be determined from equetion (19): BF tm = LTR (19) Flaw F shall be taken as 4, It shail be ensured that ¢ is nat lass than fy If the proposed design does not comply with this require: ‘ment, the laminate shall be redesigned and the calculations Tepested until an acceptable laminate construction is indicated, 15 Shells subjected to wind loading 15.1 Symbols For the pu tuse 15 the following symbats apply Dy outside diameter of shall tin mm! F factor of safoty against collapse by buckling al height of course or part of course under consideration (in mm) he equivalent height (in mm) at thickness fin Of the shell course or part of course of thickness tn and height / under consideration hy actuel height {in mm) from stiffener to top of course which itis positioned equivalent height {in mm) at thicknets train from stiffener to top of equivalent height course in which it is positioned H (Hy, Ha. etc.) equivalent helght(s) (in eam) from roposed position(s} of stffener(s) to top equivalent height tank Hg, actual height (in mm) from proposed position(s) of stiffener(s) to top of tank Hy total equivalent height (in mm} at thickness fnin Of al shell courses of thicknessles) ty tha thy and heights) Mh, fig, Dy Hy maximum equivalent haight (in mm) at thickness tynin Over Which secondary stiffeners are not rea L—offective shel iength {in mm} at thickness tin between stiffeners or other points of support P total external pressure (in N/mm? ), ie. wind pressure plus any internal vacuum th thickness of course under considerstion (in mm) fin thickness of top course (in mm} Law h Overall unit modulus (in N/mm) of course under ‘consideration Xcast min Overall unit modulus {in N/mm) of top course 18.2. Design calculations ‘As many vessols and tanks designed and constructed in accordance with this standard are situated in the open, consideration shall be given to wind loading which subjects ‘the vessels and tanks not only to an overturning moment (requirements for which are specified in appendix F) but to the local collapsing effect of the wind pressure to which, ‘because of the relatively low olastic modulus of GRP, they are particularly susceptible ‘The laminate thickness(es) of such vessels and tanks shell be checked for suitability for this pressure in accordance with the requirements for extornal pressure contained in this section and where thore is alco an internal vacuum Condition, the pressure, p, used in the caleulations shell be the sum of the wind pressure and the vacuum, ‘The wind pressure shall be determined in accordance with CP 3: Chapter V : Part 2, Tanks designed for static head of liquié content only are requently designed with shell courses of varying Yarninat construction snd thickness and in such eases an equivalent neight of courses shalt he established ta dstermine the to be used in equatiane £5), {16} and (17) in Xinge and thieknass values fort weakest, course a¢ follows, L conjunction wi Zhe between adjacent stffenars (20) ‘or supports where for each course or part thereot of height A and thickness th {Xvam min’ EEE Ge“) (2) en Xam th “The vate positioning of secondary rings shal be caleuatd by ist determining the hah os compte tank shal of equlont sab, athe ome dota, tnd ofthe wretches the tp cure of tae ‘An analyst of ti quae tank all in exoeotion th tho roguled wind ore vocuuydesigneitea sal b aod to dria the number of conde reg rene 26In many cases these rings will be located an the top course, for on course of similar thickness, but ifthe location is not fon such a course the actual positioning shall be determined by converting back the equivalent shell course heights to thir actual valves. A secondary ring shall not be located within 160 mm of a ‘main circumferential tank seam or change of section, {nine with 8S 2654, the equivalont height ofthe tank shall be the summation ofall individual courses, ie. fig” Wha between tank base and equivalent (22) tank top Values of hy are determined from equation (21), Secondary wind stiffoners shall be necessary when the ratio of He/Mp > 1. were Xcane min tmnt AFD, F shall be taken as 4 o obtain the number of secondary stiffeners, the integer of the ratio Hy/Hp shall be used, i. if He/Hy = 2.6 then two wind stiffeners are required spaced, for example, at, = Hgf3 and Hy = 2H ftom the top. To find the actual position ofthe stifonors the felowing method of calculation shall be used, {@) A table of relevant deteils including tank course hoight(s) 4 and the corresponding equivalent heights} ‘ig shall be constructed (see D.7) {b) The course(s) in wich the stiffeners) willbe positioned shall be located by inspection of the table, (c) The position(s of stiffener(s) with the course(s) shall be determined as follows: tg = H~ Bhg between top of stiffened course under consideration and equivalent tank top Hp The true distance of the stiffener from the stiffened course top, hy, shall he derived From equation (21) hen CE \" MX ca0n mn amas {th \ tose J ‘The tro distancn, Hof the stiffener from the actual tank cop shall be determined from equation (23) Hg =b)4 3h between tap of stiffened course (23) tunder consideration and actual tank top NOTE, A worked exampie is provided In eopendi ©. In the case of open-top or fixed-roof tanks, adeauete primary stiffening at the unper edge of the top cours either by external stiffener or inherent stffnas in the shell/root junction shall be provided. The second moment of area of such stiffening, and of secondery stiffeners shall comply with 14.4, BS 4996 ; 1987 Section three 16 Rectangular tanks 16.1. Small unstiffened rectangular tanks Small unstiffened rectangular tanks, without supporting ribs or frames shall be considered as a number of indivi- dual panels joined! at the corners, Each such pane! shall bo designed in accordance with clause 17 using type 2 edge coding constants appropriate to its proportions, edge candi- tions and tye of loading. 16.2 Stiffened rectangular tanks It is permissible for the arrangoient of stiffening ribs to be bidirectional but for economy the ribs are usually atranged in the vertical or horizontal axes; however arranged, the stiffening ribs may be fabrieatad into a framework, Such constructions shall be considered as a number of individual rectangular panols, and designed in accordance with clause 17. For calculation purposes the load to ue cearriec by each rib shall be the load carried by the half of ech adjacent panel, due account being taken of any snow oF wind loads. 16.3 Design of stiffening ribs 16.3.1 General. Stiffoning ribs shall be of steel or rain: forced plastics construction, In either case the proportions Of these integral ribs shall be calculated using conventional ‘bending theory. “The design shall be chockod for stressos in the GRP causod by restraint to thermal expansion/contraction by stifeni ribs where the design temperature is above 60 °C or below 0 °C. 16.3.2 Stee! stiffening ribs, All assemblies of ribs shall be designed to ensure adoquate strength at all welded junc: tions, and at butt welded connections the edges to be welded shal! be so prepared to ensure full penetration welds developing the ful strength of the sections, ‘The calouleted stress in the steel seetion shall not ex 0.25 x tensile steengih, The calculated stress in fillet ws shall ot exceed 0.1 x strength of the stool section, The load-carrying area of 2 fillet weld shall he the peoduc (of [ts lenath and! throat thickness, where the throat shal be taken as not more then 0.7 » wele leg length ‘The calculated stress in butt welds shail nat exceed 0,16 x tensile strength, 16.3.3 GAP stiffening ribs. The ris shall be fabricated using only CSM as the reinforcing matariah. The averlay laminate shail be extended either side of the «ib for a sufficient distance to carry all shear loads and shall not bbe less then 75 mm, 27BS 4994 : 1987 Section three It is permissible to regard the panel to which the rib is overlayed as contributing to the strength of the rib for 8 istenee not exceeding 16 x panel thickness on either side of the rib provided there is such a clear distance avilable. [No part of the panel shall be regarded as contributing to more than one rib, The material over which the rib Is formed shall not be regerded as contributing to the strength of the rib 17 Flat panels 17.1 General Fiat panels designed in accordance with this standard shall ‘be manufactured using only chopped strand or CSM as the reinforcing material ‘The equations in this clause are based on a consideration of both the maximum allowable unit skin loading, tensile or compressive, and an over-riding limiting datlaction of t, ‘where fis the thickness of the panel and ¢ shall always be equal to oF greater thatt fyi, Where fovin is the required minimum thickness of the panel, NOTE 1. Its consider that sha memirane component of leading rising when te maximum deletion equa the panel shieknese ty of ho bending analyse Team nich the equations were derived NOTE 2. Whilst it is recognized that eae conditions can be of ‘art significance when cslculting inthis manner, iis considered {thot in many caves the effect of change in such conditions is only ‘marginal and forthe purposes of khis clause the edge conditions have been directed into type t and type 2, These ate luswatee ‘and 10, ‘The edge conditions for @ particular panel shall be either type 1 or type 2 oF a combination of both depending on conditions 17.2 Symbols For the purposor of clause 17 the following symbols apply. 2 panel dimension, longest span flenath) fi it} {ee figures 9 and 10) climension, short [see Figures 9 and 10} span (bewadtth) Gn eam © depth of core {in mm) depth of sandivich (in mm} between neutral axes of faces panei dimension, circular panels (diameter| (in mm) {see figures 9 and 10) Young's madulus (i consideration N/mm?) of laminate under F factor of safety ‘Megue total mass of CSM reinforcement (in ka/m?) ‘Mg design moment = total moment induced in the panel by the worst combination of distributed loads plus ‘moment due to any Jocal load (in N-mm) 4, moment due to local load {in N-mrn} ‘Mz moment due to distributed load (in Nemm} pressure (particular definitions are given throughout the tox (in Nimm*) Q, maximum unit toad (in N/mm) in skin of laminate F) radius of loest load (in mm) panel radius (in mm) or in the case of an isosceles angular plate, the length of one of the equal sides S—maxlmum shear force per unit width (in N/mm) ‘eting on paneh + solid panel thiekness (in mm) ty laminate thicknoss (in mm per kg/m? glass) ‘stermined from figure 8 min raquired minimum thickness of panel (in mm) tq skin thickness (in mm) {total thickness (in mm) of sandwich to outside of the structural layers {cena design unit loading for CSM layers (In N/mm por leaf? glass) 1%, applied loca load (in N) © constant appropriate to combination of edge conditions end typa of loading constant appropriate to combination of edge conditions and type of loading Te maximum shear stress (in N/mm?) in core and in skin 10 core interface 17.3 Panel shapes and loads ‘The design of fiat panels shall be undertaken in accordence with 17.4 to 17.10, which cover panels of circular, rectangular triangular and segmented shape subjected to Uniformly distributed loads and uniformly varying loads, 2s in the case of a static head of liquid, and circular and rectangular panols for concentrated loads applied to the ‘centre of the penels, NOTE 1. This provides for panals subject so sect oocings os toa For loads remote panel centro, designs shalt be sed upan reference [11] for rectangular panels and references [11] and [12] for cireler panels NOTE 2. The effec of externat moment an fet panels cannot be sessed and such loadings should he melded nenwver posse, 117.4 Design method for all panel shapes ‘The design moment, Mg, shall be the total moment induced in the panel by the worst combination of distributed loads ‘that could occur, e.g, pressure, vacuum, static head, wind and snow loads, plus the moment due to any local foad, for example: Ma= Murcuum * Manav + Mina + Moca! tose ‘Accheck calculation shall be made to ensure thet the thickness of the resulting laminate is such that the defiec- ‘ion of the panel devs not exceed the panel thickness, 28BS 4994 : 1987 Section three ——Panet dimension — of (a) Blanked full-face flange (0) Blanked ful-face flange with backing rings ——Panet dimension — fc) Stee stiffener May be hollow iF required Premoulded GRP of ~ non-structural former ——Panet dimension (a) GRE stiffener Figure 9. Type 1 edge fi 29BS 4994 : 1987 Section three ——Panel dimension {e) Typical panel/penel connection Figure 9 (concluded) 30BS 4994 : 1987 Section three Panel dimension Panet dimension {b} Loose cover Figure 10, Type 2 edge fixings Vertical panel dimension 31BS 4994 : 1987 Section three 17.5 Rectangular panels 17.5.1 General, One of the following four arrangements of edge conditions shall be adopted. The considered and appropriate constants shall be as given in table 8, Case A, Type 1 edge conditions on all four sides. For example, a bolted cover with a joint extending beyond the bolt holes or one of an assembly of panels with balanced fixing at stiffeners or corners. Case 8. Type 1 edge conditions on both short edges and ‘one long edge with type 2 edge conditions an the other long edge, For examplo, one of an assembly of panels forming the side of an open topped tank with one long ledge carried by the tank top flange or support frame, Case C. As an alternative to ease 8, panels with type 1 ‘edge conditions on two long edges and one short edge and type 2 on the other short edge, (Case D. Type 2 edge conditions on all four sides, €., a loose cover plate. 17.5.2 Rectangular panels under distributed (oad. The moment, My, due to 8 uniformly distributed load on a rectangular panel shell be determined fram equation (24) My = Bi pb? (2a) where i obtained from table & is the uniform internal or external aresure, 2 uniform load such as snow or wind or such a combination ofthese as wil give rise tothe greatest differential pressure across the panel with due regard being taken to the sign or direction of applicstion of each form of load The moment, Mp, due toe static head of liquid decreasing from maximum pressute at the base of the panel to zero st the top shalt be determined from equation (25) M, = 087 fp b* (25) where Bc ig obtained from table 8 ‘maximum pressure on the panel The moment, My, due to a static head of liquid decreasing from 2 maximum pressure at the base of the panel but ‘which Is not zero at the top shall be determined from ‘equation (24) using the maximurn value of pressure for ‘the panel concerned, 17.5.3 Rectangular panels under central local loads. Cases A and D only shall be considered when panels are subjected to local loads, NOTE. Panels of case B may be considered ns case D and panels fof case Cimay be considered ae ese A fr love tot only ‘The moment, Mf, due to local load on 2 rectangular pane! shall be determined from the greater value given by equ tions (26) and (27) for case & and equation (26) only for | case D: ™, 2b = (rain = +8, wn (190 Sow) v6 Mi= Ba My, (27) where om, (28) Hosta % ty (29) Exam Evan wh fy and Bs ate obtained from table 9 IAEA Mass of reinforcement, The total mass of CSM reinforcement, mcsay {in kg/m*), shall be dotermined from equation (28): where ‘Mais the total moment as defined in 17.4. A chock of the laminate thickness shall be made to ensure that the deflection of the panel does not exceed tho panel thickness. The required minimum thickness ofthe pane} shall be determined from equation (28): (x2 a Wb ) as tin = — 1 is obtained from table 8; «a is obtained trom table 9 P's the design unit prossure {worst combination of pressure, vacuum, snow, wind loading et.) 176 Circular panels 17.6.1 Circular panels under uniformly distributed load. ‘The moment, Mf, due to uniformly distributed load shal bo determined fam equation (20) My = By is @ constant equal to 0.03 125 for type 1 edge conditions 0.0816 for type 2 edge conditions: Pi the design unit pressure (worst combination of pressure, vacuum, snow, wind loading, et.) 32BS 4994 : 1987 Section three 9] vezoo fracoo| vecoe | vez00 | wave} ezoo| w200| s200 29) sav0 | eav0) evo] eov0| coo, coro) varo| sno a ss0°0 gg00 | sso'0 | sg0°0 S900 | 600 700 Le00 28200 L100 a) a +210 vZLO vero bZL'O izvo} Pllo Lovo v60°0 0900 ie | v| vezoo (vazoro | vazoo | zezoo| tezo0 azo} szoa} v0.0) ozoo| vio) t eae | . v| cove | cavo] cov] c200| co00) sev) cavo| suo] sooo) sav0 beers a] zvvo | zero! ono| revo} szro| sro] eco] vevo -— | g a} ceva | sevo| seve] suo} suo] zoro| seo] tev pst gy 1uewout Bulpueq pue uonseyog “e e1ae) 33BS 4994 ; 1987 Section three ¥| o891'0 |osov'0) aeev0| eo! ezovo} woo} aoav'o| zeor-o| orare v} eee | e900) ca00) e900} coo] cove] sooo! aeno| eave ¥| tee 16200 16200] rec00! osoo! eazo'0! seco} seco! ozcoo | +--+ a} oot 4050) 9860} 960} sso) ste0) seso| ero} sero [eeeeerene| a} ssavo forara| avero| seavo| seavo| smvo| cozro {| sro] os<| os} ov] oe] sz] oz) gen orpuoa Asepuneg Serio Yel) seyn6ueio94 uo speojfe20) jenunD 40} U¥3sic9 1uoLIOU Bulpuag puE HORS9}49q “g O1GEL eee peer pc ees nese 3417.6.2 Circuler panels uncer central local load. The moment Mf due to lacs! load shatl be determined from the greater of equations (31) end (32) for type 1 edge condition end equation (33) only for type 2 edge condition. Type 1 Lr m=0205 My 2 en 7 Gn ™ “ (32) an Type w, 2s ne 2 (1am 2 os =) ar U3" Gn 17.6.3 Mass of reinforcement, The requited macs of CSM reinforcement, mossy {in kg/m”), shall be determined from equation (34) m= em, \ 34) Hosta % Fo ‘A check of the laminate thickness shall be made to ensure that the deflection of the panel does not exosed its thickness, ‘The minimum laminate thickness shall be determined from ‘equation (35) aupdp* a Vf, Dy* + (95) a ) ons where ‘ay is constant equal to: 0.01066 for type 1 edge condition; (0.04347 for type 2 edge condition; «a, is 8 constant equal to 0.08431 for type 1 edge condition; 0.13787 for type 2 edge condition, pis the design unit pressure (worst combination of ELam ELaw wind loading, atc), Table 10, « and fi constants for seetor and | wianguter plates [anae | 2 [ee 7 ae oa ty z ixing on stor eds fa c.038 [00144 | 0.0062 | 0.0031 8 0.0786 | 0018 | 0.03 | 0.028 “Type 2, Fixing onal sides, a | 008 |oo2ae | oo. | 0.0054 | 6 c.oss | 0.0381 | 0.0258 | 0.0188 8S 4994 ; 1987 Section three 17.7 Plates in the form of asootor of a circle and triangular plates Plates in the form of a sector ofa cite and triangular plates shall be designed using the valuos of aand B obtained ‘rom table 10. ‘The moment on the pane, My, shall be determined from equation (36): M, = Bp rp” where 8 is obtained from table 10; is the design uniform pressure (worst combination of pressure, vacuum, snow, wind loading, et.) The required mass of CSM reinforcement, mesa, is then determines from equation (37): oe panel thickness: ( ap_ where 4 is obtained from table 10, (36) (37) 33} EE Evan 17.8 Sandwich construction panels 17.8.1. Genaral. A sendwich construction panel shalt consist of two reinforced plastics skins separated by and ‘bonded to @ core af law \oad-carrying capability in order to improve the strength and stiffness of the flat panel with economy of reinforcement materiel, In these calculations the core material is not considered to contribute any strength to the pancl, However, is ultimate shear strength in any direction shall not be fess then 0.2 Nimmm? es determined in accordance with B.13. 17.8.2 Design conditions. Whore fat sandwich panels are id panels, the f ‘ah than the thickness specified in 13. ho thickness of each skin {b) The ultimate shear strength of the core shall not be less than 0.2 N/men® {c) The dosign temperature shall not exceed 60 °C. (d} The flexural rigidity of the core shall be ignored and the skins shall be composed of CSM unless more detailed analysis of the pane! is undertaken. NOTE. Consideration shouldbe given to Ue ability of the core Iroteral ta vitatand locel comprestve loge et the intersections (of panels ane stiffening ibs 17.8.3. Design calculations. In order to obtain an initial construction, the thickness required for a solid panel shall be determined (necessary to limit the deflection to the panel thickness) in accordance with 17.4, The overall ‘thickness, fy, of the sandwich panel shall then be obtained by assuming 8 core thickness and using equation (39) Rete + 3/08 39) 35BS 4994 : 1987 Section three ‘The skin thickness, ¢,, shall then be detarmined from ‘equation (40): te 2 In no case shall , be less then that specified in 17.8.2 ‘The skin unit loading shall be checked to ensure that the ‘design unit loading is not exceaded using equetion (41) Mg te a? ‘This value of unit load shall be substituted in equation (6). In addition the core sh equation (42) 8 an stress shall bp dotermined from ten 42) a where the maximum shear force $ is determined for the loading present. r, shall not exceed: Ultimate shear strength of the core F shall be taken as not less than 4, NOTE. See worked example in appendix D. 17.9 Panels at design temperature above ambient For panels with design temperature above ambient, the following dosign cases shall be considered: {a} ambient temperature, design loading (b) design temporature, design loading: (c} design tempersture, no loading NOTE, Further information oo ealevlating thermally induced ‘maments and deflections is lven in rafrenee (721 18 Ends 18.1. Symbols For the purposes of clause 18 the folloming symbols septy. ssctual total cross-sectional area (in mm} af bolts at foot of thread or section of least diameter under stress Am total required cross-sectional area of bolts (in mm? akon as greater of Ary and Arm; Ais total cross-sectional area of bolts {in mm?) at root of thread or section of least diameter under stress, required for operating conditions, = Mp4 /S Ama total eross-sectional area of bolts (in mm?) st root of thread or section of least diameter undler stress, required for gasket seating, = Wns/Sm b—offective gasket width, = 2.52.V/N/2 (in mm) 8 inside diameter of flange {in ram) (soe figure 14(a)} Dm gasket mean diameter {in mm) (see figure 13{a)) (40) ay hy msm N outside diameter of gasket contact face (in mm} pitch circle diameter of cover bolts (in mm) (see figures 13(b} and 14(b)) inside diameter of shell {in mm) inside diameter at large base of cone (in mm) ‘outside diameter of shell (in mm) ‘allowable design stress for material used for see! backing plate: whichever is lower (in N/mm?) diameter at location of gasket load reaction, D~ 2b {in mm) radial distance from gasket load reaction to the vor ele = 282 inne inside head height (in'mm), i.e. distance from tangent let beeen Knuckle and pra sie tre figure 11, For a torisphercal heads a. cS nom 1 (n- 2 ( 2h 2 ‘total hydrostatic end force, = 0.785 8p (in N) eer ic cecrnurnenatgscennenir tir = 2b x 3,14Gmp (in N) shave facia for use with core/ylinder imrsetons ‘ith ruck radio, obtained from abe 2 te determine longitudinal unit loading (see equation waa) shape actor or us with cone/ylinder intersections vithouta knuckle, where permite in aceodanca with 18.4.1, obtained from table 13 to dater 15 (980 eaation (48}) tongitudinal unit lo shope factor, for use with semi-ellipsoidal ends under external pressure, taken from figure 15 shape factor for use with domed ends, abtained from table 11 effective shell length {in mm) distance (in mm) from cone/eylinder intersection for which both cone and cylinder are to be increased Dit. to thicknoss ¢,, (= y/7H=- cos @ gasket factor = 1 for soft rubber without fabrie or asbestos reinforcement total mass of glass per unit area {in kg/m?) in complete laminate required for ring supported flet covers width of asket in contact with flange face (in mn)total effective pressure fin N/mm}, i.e, design b pressure including hydrostatic head at point under consideration @ maximum unit toad (in N/mm), i.e. maximum force por unit width, ta be carried by the laminate Qc, longitudinal unit load (in N/mm) for cone/cylinder Intersections with knuckle (see equation (48)) Qc, longitudinal unit load fin N/mm) for cone/cylinder intersections without knuckle, where parmitted in accordance with 18.4.1 (see equation (49) 7 inside knuckle radius of dished end or of trensition between conical end and cylinder {in mm} Radius of corner (in mn} (see figure 16) inside radius of spherics! portion of dished end (inmm) R, outside radius of spherical shell (In mm) S, bolt nominal design stress at atmospheric temperature (see table 15) Se bolt nominal design stress at design temperature (seo table 15) tlarninate thickness of end (in mm) calculated from laminate details te dasign thickness of cone/cytinder intersection (in mm), Ht extends along the cone and cylinder for a distance not iess than L, (see 18.4.3) ty thickness per unit mass of glass determined from figure 6 after glass content has been fixed {in min per kg/m? glass) tp thickness of steel backing plate (in mm) LUcons design unit loading {in N/mm per ka/m® glass} for CSM layers (from 9.2) W flange design bolt load (in N}, based on actual size bolts used to provide the greater of Wigs and Mya (Am +40) Se and equals Am 40) Wry, minimum required bott load for operating Conditions fin N), «H+ Hy Wing rinimiimn required bott load Yor gasket seating fin NI, =3.14 x bGy y isthe gasket of joint contact surface unit seating stress = 2.82 N/mm? for soft rubber without fabric ‘of asbestos reinforcement 4 angle of slope of conical saction to vessel axis (see figure 12) 18.2 Limitations of shape Ends shall be one of the following shapes: (e) hemispherical {see figure 11 (ath; (0) somi-ellipsoidal: the ratio of inside head height, hy, to inside diameter, D,, shall bo not less than 0.2 (s2e figure 1110); (c) torispherleal: the inside radius of dishing, Ry, shall be not greater than tho inside diameter, Dj, and the inside knuckle radius, , shall be not less than one-tenth of the Inside diameter, Dy (see figure THe): BS 4994 : 1987 Section three (a) conical (see figures 1 2(a) and i) (e) tat: fully supported oF ribbed, (f) bolted flat covers (see figures 13 and 14). NOTE. The type of end in whieh the conax surface of ee and Forme parol the inner surfece of the vite) or yank not covered by ths stendare. 18.3 Domed ends 18.3.1 General, Domad ends shall include shapes listed as 18.2(a), 1b), and to) 18.3.2 Domed ends subject to intemal pressure, Tho unit Joad to be substituted in equation (6) shall be determined from equation (43) O.5p DK, (a3) Since the value of K, to be used is depandent on the thick: rags of the domed end, and this thickness cannot be ‘accurately determined until the laminate has been dosigned, 2 value for the t/D; ratio shall be assumed in order to select fan appropriate value Ky, ‘The value of K, 50 determined shall be substituted in equation (43) to determine the notional unit load, Q, ‘and this value of @ used in equation (6) for the determina tion of a suitable laminate. “The thickness of the larninate 50 calculated shall then be determined, in accordance with 13.3, and the value of £10, given by this thickness shall be compared with the ratio assumed, Ifthe difference is significant, the calcula tions shali be repeated using a new value of K, appropriate to the likely thickness of the final laminate, NOTE. As an alternative to repsating the caleulation it may be ound pratersle to redesign the end With larger Nea Hela, tne krvckle rads, thus reducing the yluo of Ky to be used In the cesionealeulations 18.3.3 Hemisphericel and torisphorical ends subject to oxternal pressure, The unit load to be substituted in equation (6) shall be determined from oquation (44) 0.6600) K. (aay ‘Additionally, the minimum permissible laminate thick hess, fm, to prevent buckling shall be determined trora equation (19) Ie shal! be ensured that ¢ is not less than ty Uf, in the proposed design, this condition is not fulftled the laminste shall be redesigned and the caleulations ‘repeated until an accoprable laminate construction is indicated 18.3.4 Somi-ellipsoidal ends subject ro external pressure. “The unit load to be substituted in equation (6) shall be determined from equation (45) 0=0.66pD,K, (45) ‘Additionally, the minimum permissible laminate thicks ‘ness, fm, to prevent buckling shail be determined from equation (19), “Tho value of A to be used in equation (19) shall be determined from equation (46) Fy = 0.5Do Ke (as) It shall be ensured that isnot less than fy 37BS 4994 : 1987 Section three a (6) Semi-olipsoidal {c} Torispheriesl Figure 11. Domed ends 38BS 4994 : 1987 Section three lees than 0,080) rN / (2) Conical section with knuckle (b) Conical section without knuckle NOTE. Kruckie rack should pretersbiy bbe not ass thar 0.104 but in na eee erred design only with fabric backed thermoplastics lining (soe 18.4.1), Figure 12. Conical ends and reducing sections 39 (small end) NOTE. Knuckie redif dhould preferably ‘be not les than 0.1 Dj but in no case loss then 0.08 D, whore D; i the sjacent inside shal eiameter, (c} Conical section with knuckles nh : \ 4 a Common \ cenow\ Te tine > — NOTE. Knuckle rit should preferably bbe not less than 0.1 Dy but in no case legs than 6,08 0, where Di the fdlecont inside shel demeter. (a) Reversed curve section tor large openings in endsBS 4994 : 1987 Section three Steel backing ring —— Laminate cover Gasket Steel backing flange — Bolts or stud bolts Steet spreader ring— Full face gasket — | | Laminate cover — Steet backing flange — Bolts or stud bolts | (th) Fullface gasker Figure 13. Blind flanges: general 40 ZL d q8S 4994 ; 1987 Section three Steel backing plate Thin laminate cover Gasket — Steal backing flange Bolts or stud bolts—‘Ee TJ aw (2) Fullysupported Steel backing plate Thin laminate cover Full face gasket ~ Steel backing flange — Bolts or stud bolts — = ib} Futly-supported Figure 14, Blind flanges: not suitable for vacuum vessels ayBS 4994 : 1987 Section three Factor Ky Ay “0, Figure 15, Shepe factor for semi-elipsaidal ands convex to pressure a28S 4994 : 1987 Section three ‘Table 11. Shape factor for domed ends* m0 14 Shape ta “Tonepherial ore rios015 | nid) >0a5 0.20 0.005, 2.98 Not permitted | 2.00 0.01 286 since A> Dy | 2.10 0.02 265 2.20 0.04 2.35 2.25 0.05 225 2.38 0.25 0.005 2.35 1.30 1.20 0.0% 2.25 1.80 1.35 9.02 2.10 175 1.45, 0.04 1.85 4.70 1.45, 0.08 175 1.70 145, 932 0.15

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