Table of Contents

Simon Commission to Poorna Swaraj .............................................................................................. 2

The Grim Situation of 1927 ........................................................................................................................................ 2

Boycott of Simon Commission ................................................................................................................... 2

Simon Commission .................................................................................................................................................... 2

Nehru Report ........................................................................................................................................... 5

Background ............................................................................................................................................................... 5
All Parties Conferences .............................................................................................................................................. 7
Nehru Report ............................................................................................................................................................. 8
Aftermath of the Nehru Report ................................................................................................................................ 10
Stand of Muslim League in 1929 .............................................................................................................................. 11

Poorna Swaraj........................................................................................................................................ 12
Calcutta Session (1928) ............................................................................................................................................ 12
Lahore Session of Congress (1929) ........................................................................................................................... 13

Author: Vishwajeet Kawar

Protégé of PMF IAS

Suggestions / Feedback: vishwjeethistory@gmail.com | t.me/vishwjeetkawar | t.me/pmfiashistory

 Simon Commission to Poorna Swaraj

The Grim Situation of 1927

• By 1927, the situation in the country appeared to be dark indeed. There was general political apathy:
❖ Gandhi was living in retirement.
❖ The Swarajists were split.
❖ Communalism was flourishing.
❖ Revolutionary activities were increasing.
• Gandhi wrote in May 1927: “My only hope lies in prayer and answer to prayer."
• Yet, behind the scenes, the forces of national resurgence had been gaining strength. In November 1927,
when the Simon Commission was announced, India stepped out of the darkness and entered a new
era of political struggle.

Boycott of Simon Commission

Simon Commission
• The Act of 1919 provided for the appointment of a Commission to assess the functioning of the
government at the end of ten years.
• Lord Birkenhead, Secretary of State for India, announced on 8 November 1927 the appointment of
an Indian Statutory Commission (Simon Commission) under the chairmanship of Sir John Simon to
review and propose constitutional reforms for India.
• The Commission aimed:
❖ To inquire into the working of provincial governments
❖ To examine how far the representative institutions were functioning satisfactorily.
❖ To draft the outline for the future progress in establishing responsible government (constitutional
reforms)

Early appointment of the Commission

• Although constitutional reforms were due only in 1929, the Conservative government of Britain
appointed a Simon Commission in 1927. This was because of the following factors:
1. The political situation in Britain: In the general election due in 1929, the Labour Party was
expected to win. The conservative government in Britain did not want to leave the question of
India in the hands of the Labour government.
 2. The British government wanted to send the delegation at a time when the communal situation
had deteriorated so that the Commission could form a low opinion about the capacity of
Indians to govern themselves.
3. Nationalist Opinion: Indian nationalists demanded a complete revision of the constitutional
system.
4. The activities of the Swaraj party and the youth activities led by Nehru and Bose.
• The Simon Commission had seven members, who were representatives of the three major parties in
Britain – Conservative, Liberal, and Labour. However, there was no Indian representative. According to
the British government, Indians were excluded because:
1. The committee was required to report its proceedings to the British Parliament.
2. There was no unanimity of Indian opinion on the problem of constitutional development.
• In reality, the Indians were excluded because Birkenhead was afraid that in a mixed commission, there
could be an alliance between the Indian and British Labour representatives (who were sympathetic
to Indians).

Boycott of Commission
• The exclusion from the commission angered Indians. British action was seen as a violation of the
principle of self-determination and a deliberate insult to the self-respect of the Indians.
• At its Madras Congress session in 1927, presided over by Dr. Ansari, the INC decided to boycott the
Commission at every stage and in every form. A section of the Muslim League led by Jinnah, Hindu
Mahasabha, the Liberals Federation, etc., supported the call for the boycott.
• Indian revolutionaries like Bhagat Singh and others opposed the Simon Commission on the grounds
that only Indians should have a say in framing the constitution of India.
• The Muslim League led by Muhammed Shafi, the Justice Party in Madras, the Central Sikh Sangh,
Unionists in Punjab, Bahishkrit Hitakarni Sabha under Ambedkar and the All India Achut
Federation did not oppose the Commission.
Supporters of the Simon Commission Opponents of the Simon Commission
Conservatives in the UK Indian National Congress (INC)
Muslim League led by Muhammed Shafi Muslim League led by M. A. Jinnah
Justice Party in Madras Hindu Mahasabha
Unionists in Punjab Indian revolutionaries like Bhagat Singh and others
Bahishkrit Hitakarni Sabha
• The Simon Commission provided the catalyst for a new phase of movement. It united, at least
temporarily, different groups and parties in the country. As a gesture of solidarity with the nationalists,
the Muslim League even accepted the principle of joint electorates, provided seats were reserved for
the Muslims.
• On 3 February 1928, the day the Commission reached Bombay, an all-India hartal was organised.
Wherever the Commission went, it was greeted with hartals and black-flag demonstrations under the
slogan Simon Go Back. The boycott turned into a protest movement, and the scenes of Non-
cooperation days were revived. Crowds could not be held back even by bullets and lathis.
• Youth played an important role in the boycott of the Simon Commission. Indian youth became active.
All over the country, youth leagues were formed, and student conferences were held under the
leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Bose.
 The Commission visited India twice (February-March 1928, October 1928-April 1929). On both
occasions, it faced a boycott. Despite this, the Commission published its report in May 1930.

Government’s Response
• The government used brutal suppression and police attacks to break the popular opposition. Even
the senior leaders were not spared.
❖ Jawaharlal Nehru and G.B. Pant were beaten up in Lucknow.
❖ In Lahore, a march led by Lala Lajpat Rai was lathi-charged, and Lalaji succumbed to his injuries.
 A revolutionary group led by Bhagat Singh avenged Lala Lajpat Rai's death by killing Assistant Police
Superintendent, Saunders.

[UPSC CSE 2013] The people of India agitated against the arrival of the Simon Commission
because
a) Indians never wanted the review of the working of the Act of 1919
b) Simon Commission recommended the abolition of Dyarchy (Diarchy) in the provinces
c) there was no Indian member in the Simon Commission
d) the Simon Commission suggested the partition of the country
Answer: Option c

Simon Commission Report

• In May 1930, the Simon Commission Report was published. By that time, it had lost its relevance as
several events had surpassed the importance of its recommendations.
• Almost all Indian parties rejected the report, and the Indian masses enthusiastically participated in
the Civil Disobedience Movement.
• The report became the basis for enacting the Government of India Act of 1935. It recommended:
❖ The abolition of Dyarchy (Diarchy) and the establishment of responsible unitary government in
the provinces.
❖ The retention of separate electorates.
❖ The reservation of seats for depressed classes.
 ❖ The federal structure of the Government. It stated that in order to cope with the diversity of the
country, the ultimate character of the Indian government had to be federal.
❖ Separation of Burma from India and Sindh from Bombay.
• The Report did not recommend the establishment of either a responsible government or a dyarchy
at the centre. It declared that the responsible government at the centre would be established in future,
i.e. wait indefinitely.
• Simon Commission's observations regarding Dominion status were not very clear. It recommended
that a Greater India consisting of British India and the Princely States as a federal association be
established in the future, but the clause of British Paramountcy (with the Viceroy as the agent of
paramount power) was to remain.

Yusuf Meherally (1903–1950)

• Yusuf Meherally was an Indian freedom fighter and socialist leader.

• He founded the Bombay Youth League in 1928.
• He coined the slogans “Simon Go Back” and “Quit India.”
• He was elected Mayor of Bombay in 1942 while imprisoned in Yerawada Central Prison.

[UPSC CSE 2010] With reference to Simon Commission's recommendations, which one of
the following statements is correct?
a) It recommends the replacement of Dyarchy with responsible government in the provinces.
b) It proposed the setting up of inter provincial council under the Home Department.
c) It suggested the abolition of bicameral Legislature at the centre.
d) It recommended the creation of Indian Police Service with the provision for increased pay and
allowances for British recruits as compared to Indian recruits.
Answer: Option A

Nehru Report

Background
Lord Birkenhead's Challenge (1925)
• In 1925, Lord Birkenhead, Secretary of State for India, challenged the Indians to frame a
Constitution agreed upon by all Indians.

Guwahati Session (1926)

• During the Guwahati session of the INC, presided over by Srinivasa Iyengar in December 1926, when
tensions were high between Hindus and Muslims, the Congress passed a resolution.
• The resolution urged the Congress Working Committee (CWC) to work with Hindu and Muslim leaders
to develop measures for resolving the differences between the two communities and submit their
report to the All India Congress Committee (AICC) before 31st March 1927.

Delhi Proposals (1927)

• On March 20, 1927, some prominent Muslim leaders met in Delhi and put forward certain proposals
on the Hindu-Muslim problem. These proposals laid down that Muslims were prepared to agree to joint
electorates in all provinces and the central legislature, provided that the following conditions were
met:
1. The Muslims were to be given a minimum of one-third representation in the central legislature.
2. In the Punjab and Bengal (Muslim-majority provinces), representation was to be given in
proportion to the population.
3. Three Muslim-majority provinces should be formed - Sindh, North-West Frontier Province
(NWFP), and Baluchistan.
❖ Sindh was to be made into a separate Muslim-majority province.
❖ The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) and Baluchistan should be raised to the status of self-
governing provinces.
• Jinnah played an important role in preparing this list of demands.
• These proposals were communicated to Congress, and the Congress Working Committee passed a
resolution the next day appreciating the decision of the Muslim Conference to accept joint electorates.

Split in the Muslim League

• In 1928, a split took place in the Muslim League. A separate annual session of the League was
held at Lahore under the presidentship of Sir Muhammed Shafi.
• The split was compatible with the British policy of preventing rapprochement between
Congress and the League.

Hindu Mahasabha Demands

• The Hindu Mahasabha opposed the Delhi proposals for:
❖ Creating new Muslim-majority provinces
❖ Reservation of seats for Muslims in Muslim-majority states of Punjab and Bengal

All India Congress Committee (AICC) meeting

• The All India Congress Committee (AICC) met in Bombay in May 1927. It passed a resolution:
❖ Accepting Delhi proposals with minor changes suggested by the Hindu leaders that Sindh should
not be separated on communal grounds but on general grounds applicable to all provinces.
 ❖ Calling upon "the Working Committee to frame a Swaraj Constitution for India in consultation
with the elected members of the central and provincial."

Madras Session (1927)

• At the 1927 Madras Congress Session, presided over by Dr M. A. Ansari, the Working Committee
was authorised to prepare a Swaraj Constitution for India in consultation with other organisations.

Madras Session of Congress (1927)

• In 1927, the INC held its 42nd Annual Session in Madras. It was presided over by Dr Mukhtar Ahmed
Ansari, the President of the Muslim League.
• The session passed a resolution:
1. Calling for the boycott of the Simon Commission at every stage and in every form
2. Authorising the Working Committee to prepare a Swaraj Constitution for India
3. Objecting to deploying Indian troops in China, Mesopotamia, and Persia.
4. Independence Resolution introduced by Jawaharlal Nehru, which called for Poorna
Swaraj (complete freedom). It stated for the first time clearly that ‘the Congress declares the
Indian people's desire for complete national independence.’

All Parties Conferences

All Parties Conference, Delhi (February 1928)
• In compliance with the directions in the Madras Congress resolution, the Congress Working
Committee issued invitations to many organisations.
• Representatives of many organisations, such as the Congress, the Muslim League, Hindu Mahasabha,
the National Liberal Federation, etc., met at an All Party Conference in February 1928, which was
presided over by Dr M.A. Ansari.
• The Conference proposed that the constitution should aim to establish a dominion form of
government in India. While some members of the Congress opposed this and called for complete
independence, not all parties in the Conference were willing to go that far.
• As a result, the Conference passed a resolution to draft the Constitution, incorporating the provision
for establishing a full responsible government.
 Although the 1927 Madras Congress Session had adopted the goal of complete national
independence, at the All Parties Conference, full Dominion Self-government was declared the
desired aim.

All Parties Conference, Bombay (May 1928)

• All Parties Conference in Bombay on May 19, 1928, appointed a committee (Nehru Committee) to
determine the principles of the Constitution for India.
• The Committee consisted of Pandit Motilal Nehru as Chairman, Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru, Sir Ali Imam,
G. R. Pradhan, Shuaib Qureshi, Subhas Chandra Bose, Madhaorao Aney, M.R. Jayakar, N. M. Joshi and
Sardar Mangal Singh.
• Jawaharlal Nehru, then the General Secretary of the AICC, also served as the General Secretary of the
Nehru Committee.
 The Nehru Committee was appointed as response to:
❖ The appointment of the Simon Commission.
❖ The challenge given by Lord Birkenhead to Indians, asking them to frame a Constitution
agreed upon by all Indians.

All Parties Conference, Lucknow (August 1928)

• The Nehru Committee prepared a report (Nehru report) and submitted it to the All Parties Conference,
Lucknow, in August 1928.

Nehru Report
The Recommendations of the Nehru Report
✓ Dominion Status: Attainment of Dominion Status should be considered the next immediate step.
✓ Joint electorates and Universal adult franchise: Elections should be held by joint electorates on the
basis of adult suffrage, and there should be no separate electorate for any community.
✓ Reservation for Muslims: Seats would be reserved for Muslims at the Centre and in provinces in
which they were in the minority but not in those provinces where Muslims were in the majority, such
as Punjab and Bengal.
✓ Reservation for religious minorities: Seats in the legislature should be reserved for religious
minorities for ten years.
✓ Federal structure with a strong Centre: There should be a federal government with residuary
powers vested in the centre (strong centre).
✓ Parliament: India should have a parliamentary form of government.
✓ Bi-cameral Legislature: There should be a bi-cameral legislature.
✓ Responsible government: The executive should be fully responsible to the legislature.
✓ Linguistic provinces: India should be a federation built on the basis of linguistic provinces and
provincial autonomy.
✓ Fundamental Rights: The report also recommended the nineteen fundamental rights, including equal
rights for women, freedom to form unions and dissociation of the state from religion in any form.
 The Nehru report omitted the preamble and the definitions excepting the definition of
"citizen".

Constitutional status of India under the Nehru Report

• India shall have the same constitutional status similar to the Dominion of Canada, the Commonwealth
of Australia, the Dominion of New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, and the Irish Free State within
the British Empire.
• India will have a Parliament empowered to enact laws for peace, order, and good governance, with an
executive accountable to that Parliament.
• India will be officially designated as the Commonwealth of India.

No distinction between dominion status and responsible government

• The Nehru report made no distinction between "responsible government" and "dominion form of
government" and had throughout presumed that they meant the same thing. It criticised Malcolm
Hailey for distinguishing between dominion status and responsible government.
• The report stated that a common feature among all dominions was a responsible form of
government. It also mentioned that they were unaware of the phrase 'responsible government'
receiving any other interpretation elsewhere.

Status of the Princely States and Nehru Report

• In 1927, the people of Princely states formed the State Peoples Conference to advocate for self-
governing institutions. This initiative threatened the interests of the princes, leading them to seek
British assistance. Consequently, a committee chaired by Sir Harcourt Butler was appointed. It
emphasised the preservation of princely states under British Paramountcy.
• The Nehru Report criticised the appointment of the Butler Committee. It stated that the rights and
obligations of British Paramountcy over the princely states should be transferred to the
government of the Commonwealth of India, and conflicts between the Commonwealth of India and
Indian states were to be referred to the Supreme Court.

Butler Committee (1927)

• In 1927, Sir Harcourt Butler headed a three-member committee appointed to investigate and
clarify the relationship between the paramount power of the British Raj in India and the rulers
of Princely States.
• In the committee's report of 1929, the "paramountcy" doctrine was reaffirmed. It also
recommends that the state should not be transferred without their consent to a relationship
with a new government in British India that is responsible for an Indian legislature.

Significance of the Nehru Report

✓ The Nehru report was the first constitutional document prepared by the Indians for themselves.
✓ It demolished the British imperialist claim that Indians were incapable of constructive constitutional
politics.
✓ It served as a precursor to the Indian Constitution.
 [UPSC CSE 2011] With reference to the period of India freedom struggle, which of the
following was/were recommended by the Nehru Report?
1. Complete Independence for India.
2. Joint electorates for reservation of seats for minorities.
3. Provision of fundamental rights for the people of India in the Constitution.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
a) 1 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: Option B

Aftermath of the Nehru Report

Opposition to Nehru Report
• The Nehru report could not achieve any consensus among the Indian parties and was not accepted
by the Muslim League and Hindu Mahasabha.
• Within the Congress, the younger section led by J. Nehru and S.C. Bose criticised the Nehru report
because it accepted Dominion Status. They demanded complete independence.
• The Nehru report remained a mere paper document and not a constitutional alternative that it was
expected to be.

Independence for India League (1928)

• The younger section of the Congress was unhappy with the dominion status and advocated for the
complete severance of the British connection with India.
• In 1928, Jawaharlal Nehru, Srinivasa Iyengar, and Subhas Chandra Bose formed the Independence
for India League to present their demand for Purna Swaraj. This league declared purna swaraj, or
complete independence from British rule, as its ultimate goal, not dominion status.
• Srinivasa Iyengar was elected President of the league, with Nehru and Bose as its secretaries.
• The Independence for India League was formed as a pressure group within the Congress. It aimed:
❖ To counter the concept of Dominion Status.
❖ To plead for complete independence of India from the British
❖ To work for the establishment of an Indian republic on Socialist lines

All Party Convention (December 1928)

• The All Party Convention, held at Calcutta in December 1928, failed to pass the Nehru report.
Objections were raised by some of the communal-minded leaders belonging to the Muslim League,
the Hindu Mahasabha and the Sikh League. Jinnah demanded:
1. One-third representation of the Muslims in the Central Legislature.
2. Reservation of seats for the Muslims in Bengal and Punjab in proportion to the population.
3. Residual powers should be given to provinces.
• All three demands were ignored, which led Jinnah back to the Shafi faction. This meant that Jinnah
changed his ideal from Gandhi to Shafi and gave his famous fourteen points in March 1929, which
became the basis of the Muslim League's advocacy.

Calcutta Session (1928)

• Calcutta Congress Session (1928) accepted the Nehru report.
• During the Calcutta session, Gandhiji moved a resolution accepting the Motilal Nehru report's
recommendation of Dominion Status within two years.
• However, Jawaharlal Nehru moved an amendment reiterating the Congress's commitment to
independence. To arrive at a middle ground, the Congress warned the British that a civil disobedience
movement would start if India was not granted Dominion Status by December 31, 1929.
 Since Lord Irwin showed no signs of taking concrete steps to establish a full Dominion Self-
Government, the Congress declared on 31 December 1929 that the Nehru Report had ceased to
be valid.

Stand of Muslim League in 1929

All India Muslim Conference
• An All India Muslim Conference was held in Delhi on 1 January 1929, and it passed a resolution
emphasising two principles:
1. Since India was a vast country with a lot of diversity, it required a federal system of government in
which the states would have complete autonomy and residuary powers.
2. The system of separate electorates should continue as long as the rights and interests of Muslims
are not safeguarded in the constitution.

Fourteen Points by Jinnah

• In March 1929, Jinnah put forward before the Muslim League a detailed account of Muslim demands
known as fourteen points. The demands included:
1. Separate electorates
2. Federal Constitution with residuary powers vested in the provinces.
3. Provincial autonomy
 4. One-third of the seats in the central legislature for the Muslim
5. One-third of Muslim Ministers in central and provincial cabinet
6. Sindh should be separated from the Bombay Presidency.
7. Reforms should be introduced in the North-West Frontier Province and Baluchistan on the same
footing as in other provinces.
8. Adequate Muslim representation in all legislatures and elected bodies in every province without
reducing the majority of Muslims in any province to a minority or even equality.
9. Any territorial redistribution should not affect the Muslim majority in the Punjab, Bengal and North-
West Province.
10. The Central Legislature should not change the constitution without the concurrence of the
States
11. Full religious liberty should be guaranteed to all communities.
12. No bill should be passed in any legislature or any other elected body if three-fourths of the members
of any community in that particular body oppose such a bill
13. Adequate Muslim representation in Services and in self-governing bodies
14. Adequate safeguards for the protection of Muslim religion, culture, education, language and
personal law in the constitution

Poorna Swaraj

Calcutta Session (1928)

• The 1928 Session of the INC was held in Calcutta. It was presided over by Motilal Nehru.
• The following notable events took place during the Calcutta Congress session in December 1928:
❖ Gandhi returned to active politics and attended the session.
❖ The Nehru Report was approved.
❖ The All India Youth Congress was formed. It emphasised the importance of engaging young leaders
in the freedom movement.
• The younger section of Congress led by J. Nehru and S.C. Bose criticised the Nehru Report for its
acceptance of Dominion Status. They pressed for the acceptance of ‘Purna Swaraj’ or complete
independence as the goal of the Congress.
• Gandhiji, Motilal Nehru, and other older leaders felt that the government should be given two years
to accept the dominion status. However, due to the opposition of the younger section, this was reduced
to one year.
• Finally, the Calcutta Congress Resolution (1928) declared that if the Government did not accept a
constitution based on Dominion Status on or before 31 December 1929, Congress would adopt
complete independence as its goal and launch a civil disobedience movement to attain that goal.
Irwin’s Declaration (October 31, 1929)
• Before the Simon Commission submitted its Report, the Labour Party came to power in England,
and Ramsay MacDonald became the Prime Minister. Lord Irwin, the Viceroy, was called to London
for consultations.
• On 31st October 1929, Lord Irwin declared that the intention behind the 1917 declaration was the
attainment of Dominion Status. He also promised a Round Table Conference after the Simon
Commission submitted its report. This conference would bring together both Indians and the British
to consider the final proposals of the Simon Commission before they were submitted to the Parliament
in England.

Delhi Manifesto
• On November 2, 1929, a conference of major national leaders met and issued the Delhi Manifesto.
In this document, they insisted that the Round Table Conference should focus not on debating when
Dominion Status would be granted but on developing a plan for its implementation.
• They also demanded that:
❖ The Congress should have majority representation at the conference.
❖ General amnesty for political prisoners and a conciliatory policy by the government
• In December 1929, Viceroy Irwin rejected the demands outlined in the Delhi Manifesto, setting the
stage for confrontation.

Lahore Session of Congress (1929)

• The 44th Session of the INC convened in Lahore from December 29th, 1929, to January 1st, 1930. It was
presided over by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.
 Jawaharlal Nehru became the President despite only three out of eighteen Provincial Congress
Committees supporting him. He became a President mainly due to Gandhi’s support.
 With this development, the son succeeded his father (Motilal Nehru was the President of the
Congress in 1928) as the official leader of the national movement. This marked a unique family
triumph in the history of modern times.
• The Lahore session of the Congress gave voice to the new, militant spirit. It took the following important
decisions:
❖ It passed a resolution declaring Poorna Swaraj (Complete Independence) to be the Congress's
objective.
❖ It declared that the entire Nehru Committee's Report scheme had become invalid. This was
declared because the government had not acted towards establishing a Dominion Self-Government.
❖ It decided to boycott the Round Table Conference.
 ❖ It authorised the Working Committee to launch a Civil Disobedience program, including non-
payment of taxes, whenever deemed appropriate.
❖ It asked all members of the legislature to resign their seats.
❖ January 26, 1930, was designated as the first Independence Day to be celebrated annually
thereafter.
• At midnight on December 31st, 1929, Jawaharlal Nehru unfurled the newly adopted tri-colour flag
on the banks of the river Ravi. Various areas followed suit.
 Srinivasa Iyengar and Subhas Bose, along with their supporters, walked out of the Lahore session
and, in 1930, formed the Congress Democratic Party to promote the militant programme.
• On 26th January 1930, Independence Day was celebrated with the hoisting of the national flag and
singing of patriotic songs in various venues.
• Participants took an independence pledge affirming that it was "the inalienable right of the Indian
people, as of any other people, to have freedom and to enjoy the fruits of their toil" and that "if any
government deprives a people of these rights and oppresses them, the people have a further right to
alter it or abolish it".
• Gandhiji himself issued precise instructions as to how the day should be observed. He asked the people
to spend the day doing some constructive work, whether it was spinning, service of 'untouchables',
reunion of Hindus and Muslims, or prohibition work, etc.

Chakra Flag or Poorna Swaraj Flag

• Poorna Swaraj Flag had three horizontal bands in equal proportions: saffron, white, and green. The
flag was rectangular with a ratio of 2:3.
• In the centre of the flag, there was a spinning wheel called the "Chakra," representing the progress
and self-reliance of the common man.

Independence Pledge

• The Working Committee issued the independence pledge drafted by Jawaharlal Nehru. The pledge
was to be adopted at public meetings h
• eld throughout India on Purna Swaraj Day. The resolution was translated and distributed in various
provinces.

[UPSC CSE 2014] The 1929 Session of the Indian National Congress is of significance in the
history of the Freedom Movement because the
a) attainment of Self-Government was declared as the objective of the Congress.
b) attainment of Poorna Swaraj was adopted as the goal of the Congress.
c) Non-Cooperation Movement was launched.
d) the decision to participate in the Round Table Conference in London was taken.
Answer: Option B

[UPSC CSE 2012] The Lahore Session of the Indian National Congress (1929) is very
important in history, because
1. The Congress passed a resolution demanding complete independence.
2. The rift between the extremists and moderates was resolved in that Session.
3. A resolution was passed rejecting the two-nation theory in that Session.
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?
a) 1 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) None of the above
Answer: Option A