HAWASSA UNIVERSITY

WONDO GENET COLLEGE OF FORESTRY AND NATURAL RESOURCE

DEPARTMENT OF: GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM

RESEARCH PROPOSAL ON:

land suitability analysis for Enset production in Shashemene Zuria

SUBMITTED BY: KHALID KASSAW

ID No: GIScR/1496/13
NOVEMBER 2, 2024
WONDO GENET, ETHIOPIA.
Abbreviations
 DEM Digital Elevation Model
 FAO Food and Agricultural Organization
 GIS Geographic Information Systems
 GPS Global Positioning System
 LULC Land Use Land Cover
 RS Remote
 SRTM Shuttle Radar Topographic Mapper

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Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................
1.1. Background of Study...............................................................................................
1.2. Statement of the Problem........................................................................................
1.3. Objectives of the Study............................................................................................
1.3.1. GENERAL OBJECTIVE................................................................................
1.3.2. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES...............................................................................
1.4. The Research Questions..........................................................................................
1.5. Scope and Limitation of the Study.........................................................................
1.6. Significance of the Study.........................................................................................
1.7. Organization of the Study.....................................................................................
2. RELATED LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................
3. DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA, METHODS AND MATERIALS..........................
3.1 Description of Study Area........................................................................................
3.1.1 BIO-PHYSICAL CONDITION.......................................................................
3.1.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC CONDITION....................
3.2 Methods and Materials...........................................................................................
3.2.1 RESEARCH DESIGN.....................................................................................
3.2.2 DATA TYPES AND SOURCES.....................................................................
3.2.3 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES AND SAMPLE SIZE.....................................
3.2.3 DATA COLLECTION TOOLS.....................................................................
3.3. Methods of Data Analyses.....................................................................................
3.3. Expected output......................................................................................................
4. BUDGET AND TIME TABLE.......................................................................................
5. REFERENCES................................................................................................................

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 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of Study

Enset (ensete ventricousoum) is one of the native food root and tuber crop .The major
products obtained from enset are ‘amicho ‘’kocho’, and ‘ bulla’. ‘Kocho’is the main
product of enset crop consumed after being baked in a form of a pancake, and ‘bulla’
is a solidified residual by-product obtained in the process of producing ‘Kocho’, and it
is the most expensive of all the products of Enset and traditional food item served on
holidays and different cultural events . In Ethiopia more than 3 million hectares of
land is covered by Enset and about 0.69 million tons of Enset yield is produced
yearly . The crop is being produced in many regions, but the peoples of the central
and southwestern parts of Ethiopia are the only people who usually used its yield as a
staple and co-staple food . Thus, south and southwestern parts of Ethiopia have a long
history of producing and using of root and tuber crops(Ashenafi et al., 2020)

Suitability analysis Developed as a technique for planners to connect spatially

unbiased elements in the environment and, consequently to offer a greater unitary
view in their interactions. Suitability analysis is one of the most useful applications of
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for planners and land managers. The goal of
this type of analysis is to identify the most suitable land use pattern based on specific
criteria or preferences. Land-use suitability assessment is a map overlay technique or
the process of combining geographically attributes relating to the capacity of land to
support a specified purpose or intensity of use Land suitability analysis involves the
application of criteria to the landscape to assess where land is most and least suitable
for development of structures and infrastructure. For this purpose GIS and Remote
sensing techniques enable planners to create and modify a land suitability analysis
that makes the best use of available data(Mcharg, 1920).

The GIS-based land-use suitability analysis has been applied in a wide variety of
situations including different approaches for defining land suitability for plant species
and suitability of land for agricultural activities (Malczewski, 2006).

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The ever increasing demands for increasing food grain production could be met
through systematic survey of the soils, evaluating their potentials for wide range of
land use options and formulating land use plans which were economically viable,
socially acceptable and environmentally sound(Malczewski, 2006). The evaluation of
the suitability of a territory to a given crop is a complex multidisciplinary procedure.
Many of suitability evaluation procedures in use are adaptations to the local
conditions of the Framework for Land Evaluation, and The distinction between the
classes is based on the rise of the costs for the reduction or elimination of these
limitations, and focus on the severity of land limitations related to crops and land use
(Verheye et al., 2014).

GIS functions help to manage spatial data and to visualize evaluation

results(Mohammed, 2013). Thus, generated data is integrated in GIS to obtain
different thematic information for using in land evaluation techniques. In general,
remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are providing new tools
for advanced environmental management. The collection of remotely sensed data
facilitates the synoptic analyses of earth-system function, patterning, and change at
local, regional, and global scales over time. Other factors such as rainfall intensity
(erosivity), soil erodibility and slope gradient and length can also be identified and
analyzed by GIS techniques. So, it is important to give great emphasis on land
suitability analysis for the production of wheat in Shashemene catchment by using
those data which are explained above by including some methodologies. Therefore,
the integration of GIS and remote sensing provides exciting capability to analyze the
dynamics of land suitability analysis

1.2. Statement of the Problem

There is impact of climate change on land suitability for Enset cultivation. Changes in
temperature, rainfall patterns, and extreme weather occasions can considerably affect
the productivity and distribution of Enset plants. Without an information about the
way in which climate change is altering the suitability of various areas for Enset
production, it is challenging to develop effective adaptation and mitigation strategies.

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Enset crop is an important for food utilization, because it includes a number of
components such as Kocho. But in the study area the way how the farmers are
producing this crop and the potential to produce this crop is not sufficient as its role in
household food security. Simply they are producing near their homes.

There is a lack of complete data on land suitability for Enset production in

Shashemene Zuria. Existing land use and soil maps are previous and do not offer
specified statistics on soil fertility, topography, and different elements crucial for
Enset cultivation. Without accurate and up-to-date data, farmers and policymakers are
not able to make informed decisions concerning land use and management practices.

1.3. Objectives of the Study

1.3.1. General Objective

 The main objective of the study is to identify the most suitable land areas
within Shashemene Zuria for Enset production,using GIS and Remote
Sensing.

1.3.2. Specific Objectives

 To identify the suitable areas for Enset production based on GIS and Remote
Sensing technologies,
 To generate suitability map for Enset crop.

1.4. The Research Questions

1. What are the key soil characteristics and topographical features that impact the
suitability of land for Enset cultivation inside the in the Shashemene Zuria
area?
2. How do local climate patterns and rainfall distribution impact the capacity for
a success Enset production in Shashemene Zuria?
3. What are the present land use practices and their outcomes at the suitability of
land for Enset farming at the region?

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1.5. Scope and Limitation of the Study
Scope:

The scope of the land suitability analysis for Enset production in Shashemene Zuria
incorporates a comprehensive evaluation of the environmental, soil, and topographical
factors that affect the suitability of the land for cultivating Enset. This will contain
undertaking field surveys, collecting soil samples, and utilizing geographic
information systems (GIS) to analyze the data. The scope additionally consists of
evaluating the climatic situations, water availability, and land use styles within the
area to decide the potential for sustainable Enset cultivation.

The scope also involves identifying suitable land areas for Enset production,
considering factors such as slope, soil fertility, drainage, and nearness to water
sources. The analysis may also determine the existing agricultural practices and
infrastructure in the place to understand the capacity for integrating Enset cultivation
into the local farming structures.

Limitations:

The availability of historic records and the accuracy of present maps and information
create limitations on the precision of the analysis. Moreover, the scope may be limited
via time and resource obstacles, that could impact the extent of field surveys and
statistics series.
The evaluation can be constrained by means of the accessibility of certain areas inside
Shashemene Zuria, that could have an effect on the thoroughness of the assessment.
The accuracy of the findings can also be influenced by the availability of local
expertise and the cooperation of the community in providing facts about land use
practices and traditional understanding related to Enset cultivation.

1.6. Significance of the Study

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Land suitability analysis for Enset production in Shashemene Zuria holds significance
for the following reasons:

1. Food Security: Enset is a critical food security crop in Ethiopia, supplying a

strong supply of carbohydrates and critical vitamins for humans. By
conducting a land suitability analysis, we can identify regions with the best
capacity for Enset cultivation, thereby contributing to progressed food security
inside the place.

2. Economic development: Enset has both subsistence and business value. A

comprehensive knowledge of land suitability can help farmers and agricultural
investors make knowledgeable selections about where to spend money on
Enset manufacturing.

3. Environmental Sustainability: Enset is thought for its resilience to pests,

sicknesses, and adverse climate conditions, making it an environmentally
sustainable crop. By identifying out suitable lands for Enset cultivation, we are
able to environmentally friendly agriculture.

4. Cultural Preservation: Enset holds huge cultural and traditional value in

Ethiopia, mainly some of the Gurage and Sidama people. Preserving and
promoting Enset cultivation through a land suitability analysis can assist
traditional agricultural practices and cultural heritage in Shashemene Zuria.

1.7. Organization of the Study

This proposal has five parts. Part one incorporates an introduction part
which consists of the general background of the study, statement of the
problem, objectives of the study, significance of the study, limitations and
the scope of the study. Part two presents the review of related literature. Part
three describes the study area and the research methodology. Part four
include budget and time table .The last part contains references.

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2. RELATED LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Overview of Enset

Enset (ensete ventricousoum) is one of the native food root and tuber crop .The major
products obtained from ‘enset’ are ‘amicho ‘’kocho’, and ‘bulla’. ‘Kocho’is the main
product of ‘enset’ crop consumed after being baked in a form of a pancake, and
‘bulla’ is a solidified residual by-product obtained in the process of producing
‘Kocho’, and it is the most expensive of all the products of ‘Enset’, and traditional
food item served on holidays and different cultural events . Enset grows at a wide
range of altitudes, but, it grows luxuriously at an elevation between 2000 and 3000
m.a.s.l under rain fed conditions. In Ethiopia more than 3 million hectares of land is
covered by enset and about 0.69 million tons of Enset yield is produced yearly . The
crop is being produced in many regions, but the peoples of the central and
southwestern parts of Ethiopia are the only people who usually used its yield as a
staple and co-staple food. Thus, south and southwestern parts of Ethiopia have a long
history of producing and using of root and tuber crops(Ashenafi et al., 2020).

2.2. Suitable Land and Crop production

The population of the planet is growing dramatically and in order to meet the
increasing demand for food, the farming community has to produce more and more.
However, under present situation where land is scarce, it is impossible to bring more
area under cultivation to satisfy the growing demand (Teka & Haftu, 2012). In order
to increase food production and provide food security, crops need to be grown in
areas where they are best suited. In order to achieve this, the first and foremost
requirement is carrying out land suitability analysis(Kihoro et al., 2013). Land
suitability analysis is a method of land evaluation, which measures the degree of
appropriateness of land for a certain use. The analysis allows identification of the
main limiting factors of crop production and enables decision makers to develop crop
management system (Halder, 2013).

2.3. Land suitability assessment

The term “Land suitability assessment” refers to the investigation of a certain part of
land’s appropriateness to a specific type of land use. This assessment involves many

8
factors that directly or indirectly control the ability of this part of land to host the land
use under investigation. Performing land suitability evaluation and generating maps of
land suitability for different land use types will facilitate to reach sustainable
agriculture (El Baroudy, 2016). An ecosystem needs an estimation of quantity and
quality of its resources and the suitability of these resources for a certain range of land
uses in order to assure its future productivity and biodiversity’s sustainability(Kiliç et
al., 2005). In general, land suitability analysis can answer the questions “which” and
“where”; which land use is to apply under certain conditions and where is the best site
to apply this land use. Enormous number of studies has been done to assess the land
suitability for different land uses such as different agriculture crops (Rabia, 2012).

2.4. Land Suitability Analysis and Land use Planning

Determining suitable land for a particular use is a complex process involving

multiple decisions that may relate to biophysical, socio-economic and
institutional/organisational aspects. A structured and consistent approach to Land
Suitability Analysis is therefore essential. Abiotic, biotic, and socio-economic factors
decide the success of a crop. Judgments regarding crop value should include the
abiotic, biotic and socio-economic factors that determine the profitability. Land is
unique at every place and the land uses are affected by this uniqueness and the land
evaluation can be useful for agricultural support services (Rossiter, 1996).

2.5. Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM)

Agricultural crop suitability involves integration information from various streams of

science. There are many criteria upon which land suitability depends. The suitability
analysis evaluates many alternative land use types under the light of various
criteria from various streams. Alternatives here are competing with one another;
criteria are both qualitative and quantitative. Decisions have to be taken at
various levels starting from selecting the land use types till the allocation of the
land use types for area that suit best. So the suitability analysis is a multiple criteria
decision-making process. Earlier, the multi-criteria land suitability was assessed more
non-spatially, assuming the spatial homogeneity over the area under consideration.

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This, however, is unrealistic in cases like land suitability studies, where decisions are
made using criteria which vary across in space (Malczewski, 2006). Non spatial
conventional MCDM techniques average or total the impacts that are judged
appropriate for the whole area under consideration (Tkach & Simonovic, 1997). To
address the spatial decision making, MCE and GIS can be integrated (Jankowski,
1995). MCE seems to be applicable in GIS-based land suitability analysis) for different
crops(Pereira, Jose M.C., Duckstein, 1993).

2.6. Weighted overlay

To meet a specific objective, it is frequently the case that several criteria will need to
be evaluated. Such a procedure is called Multi-Criteria Evaluation(Carver, 1991). A
"Weighted Suitability Model" is developed using GIS techniques for proposing
locations suitable for applying groundwater recharge depending on a number of
thematic layers and based on the principle of Multi-Criteria Evaluation.

Such models are used for applying a common measurement scale of values to diverse
and dissimilar inputs in order to create an integrated analysis. Additionally, the factors
of the analysis may not be equally important. Each individual raster cell is reclassified
into units of suitability and multiplied by a weight to assign relative importance to
each and finally add them together for the final weight to obtain a suitability value for
every location on the map; this can be interpreted by(Jumawan, 2022).

n
S=∑ (Wixi ¿)¿
i=1

Where,

WI= the weight of its factor map

Xi= Criteria score of class of factor i

S = Suitability index for each pixel in the map

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3. DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA, METHODS AND MATERIALS
3.1 Description of Study Area

3.1.1 Bio-physical condition

Location and administration

Shashemene is found in Oromia Regional State, West Arsi Zone, and located 250 km
south of the capital Addis Ababa, and 25 km north of Awassa, the regional capital of
SNNPRS. The area lies within the Rift Valley, with altitudes ranging from 1700 to
2600 metres above sea level. It extends between 7º5ʹ8ʺ-7º22ʹ1ʺ N latitude and 38 º
24ʹ33ʺ-38 º 49ʹ03ʺ E longitudes(Jegora et al., 2019).

Figure 1: Location map

Topography
In general the topography is mostly flat to undulating with depressions and some
more hill parts. Hills of Abaro, BachilGigissa, Gariramo, Kentere and Cheko, and the
depression surrounded by these hills comprise the area. The altitude range of the area
is between 2,580m.s.l. at its highest point, that is Abaro Mountain and
1,682m.s.l.Around the marshy area(Fenta, 2014).

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Climate

The agro climatic zone of the study area ranges from weina dega to dega which
characterize most of the Ethiopian high lands. The rainfall distribution is bimodal
having two rainy seasons per year which means maximum rainfall from first June to
the end of August and minimum rainfall from the beginning of March to the end of
May. The mean annual rainfall recorded by GTZ for 3 years (1999-2001) was
1299.5mm and for the mean annual temperature were 16.75º c It receives an annual
rainfall of 700–950 mm, and has an annual temperature range of 12 – 27ºC
(AHMEDİN & ELİASB, 2020)

Soil

The soils are volcanic origin, mainly consisting of alkali basalt and tuffs. The soil
types are vertisoils, mutosoils, terre soils and lepto soils(AHMEDİN & ELİASB,
2020).

3.1.2 Socio-economic and Demographic Condition

Population

The national (2007) national census reported a total population for this town of
100,454 of whom 50,654 of were men and 49,800 were women.

Livelihood Profile

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The livelihood of the people in the area depends mainly on mixed agriculture (crop-
livestock production). The major crops cultivated in the area are cash crops such as
chat, Enset, coffee, sugarcane, banana, avocado and papaya. These crops used as
source of income and food(Alemu & Tolossa, 2022).

3.2 Methods and Materials

3.2.1 Research Design

This study was based on partially mixed dominant status quantitative approach. It
relied more on quantitative or technical logical procedures while concurrently
recognizing qualitative procedures (Powell et al., 2011). Both quantitative and
qualitative phases occur one after the other, with the quantitative phase being
given higher precedence and mixing occurring at data interpretation stage. The
technical phase of this research was associated with the identification of
appropriate site for landfill related with different criteria. This was completed
using software’s like ArcGIS 10.3 (to screen out unsuitable areas based on
standards), and ERDAS imagine 2010 (for image preprocessing and
classification).

3.2.2 Data Types and Sources

The following are materials that were used during the research work. These materials
include software’s and other supportive instruments. These are the following.

Table1: List of materials

Materials/software Function/purposes
Satellite Image To prepare land use/land cover map.
Arc GIS 10.3.10 Data management and analysis
Erdas Imagine 2010 Image processing and preparation of land
use/land cover map.
Microsoft Excel Edit x,y data(latitude and longitude)
Stationary Material Write note of field work
Flashdisk, To store, process and analyze the data

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 Computer That can have full power to run GIS software

3.2.3 Sampling Techniques and Sample Size

For a land suitability analysis for Enset production in Shashemene Zuria, I will use a
systematic sampling approach. This approach .this involves selecting sample points at
regular intervals the study area, ensuring that the complete region is sufficiently
represented inside the sampling process. This technique can provide a comprehensive
and representative evaluation of the land's suitability for Enset production..

3.2.4 Data Collection Tools

The materials and software’s that were used in this research include Garmin 72 GPS,
to collect ground truth control points and digital camera. The software’s that used for
preparing and analysis of data include, ArcGIS 10.3 to perform spatial analysis and
suitability modeling, ERDAS imagine 2010 for image preprocessing and
classification.

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3.3. Methods of Data Analyses
The following methods can be utilized:
 Geographic Information System (GIS) Analysis and remote sensing: GIS
technology and remote sensing can be used to integrate various spatial data,
such as soil types, elevation, slope, and rainfall patterns, to create suitability
maps for Enset production.
 Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA): MCDA is a method that enables
the consideration of various factors together to make good decisions. In the
case of land suitability analysis for Enset production, MCDA can be used to
weigh and rank different criteria, such as soil fertility, preciptation, and
temperature, to identify the most suitable areas for cultivation.
3.3. Expected output

Land Suitability Maps: it will generate detailed land suitability maps that
categorize the area based on its suitability for Enset production. These maps
will provide a visual representation of the different land suitability classes,
allowing farmers and investors to identify prime locations for Enset
cultivation.

4. BUDGET AND TIME TABLE

BUDGET
Item Cost (birr)
Personnel 5,000
Transportation 3,000
Equipment 4,000
Fieldwork
expenses 2,500
Office supplies 1,000
Total 17,000

TIME TABLE

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 Timefram
Activity e
Research proposal
preparation 6 weeks
Data collection and
analysis 3 weeks
Report writing and
submission 9 weeks

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