NACA TN “ HOSIERY NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE — FOR AERONAUTICS TECHNICAL NOTE 3921 APPROXIMATE SOLUTION FOR STREAMLINES ABOUT A LIFTING ROTOR HAVING UNIFORM LOADING AND OPERATING IN HOVERING OR LOW-SPEED VERTICAL-ASCENT FLIGHT CONDITIONS By Walter Castles, Jr. Georgia Institute of Technology Washington LIBRARY COPY February 1957 For REFERENCE FEB 18 1967 UNGLEY MepMUTCNL LazoRATORE LawoneyreARt NeRGINLA |* TECHNICAL L NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS ‘WECHNICAL NOTE 3921 APPROXIMATE SOTTION FOR STREAMLINES ABOUT A LIFTING ROTOR HAVING UNIFORM LOADING AND OPERATING TI HOVERING OR LOW-SPEED VERTICAL-ASCENT FLIGHD CONDITIONS By Walter Castles, Jr. sexe eo a C2 ae) ‘SMOIARY iy It is shown thet the usuel.assumption of a uniform vortex cylinder for the wake vortex structure of a uniformly loaded, lifting rotor operating in the hovering or low-speed vertical-ascent flight conditions does not yield useful results for the induced velocities in the region about the periphery of the rotor. It is then shown that a more realistic approximation for the lov- speed flow patterns cen be obtained by adding the stream function for ‘the displacenent velocity of a disk end the stream function for a ring source coincident with the rim of the rotor to the stream functions for ‘the uniform vortex cylinder and the free-strem velocity. Equations ere derived for the relative strengths of the strean functions that ere necessary to satisfy certain selected physical conditions. Tebles of the values of the composite stream function are given for hovering and three rates of vertical escent which cover the heli- copter flight renge. A method is outlined for using the tabulated values of the streen functions to compute the induced velocity components at any selected locations. In eAdition, the computed values of the normal component of induced velocity in the plane of a hovering rotor are given for the region extending from 1-1 to 2.0 rotor radii. The present analysis indicates thet there 1s an spprectsble induced wpflov in the region sround the periphery of e rotor operating in the hovering or low-speed vertical-escent flight conditions. For e point located at 120 percent radius and in the plane of rotation of e@ hovering rotor the megaitude of the induced upflov velocity is of the order of 22 percent of the mean induced velocity over the rotor disk.’ The induced upward velocity component decreases repidly with increasing distence from the edge of the rotor end, et a point in the vicinity of the center of the second rotor of @ twin-rotor helicopter in hovering flight, the uprash has decreased to a value of about 2b percent of the mean induced velocity over the rotor disk.AL LIBRARY, 2 NACA IN 3921, DVIRODUCTION Although vortex theory based upon the assumption that the wake vortex systen consists of a uniform cylinder as used in references 1 end 2 is useful for computing the approximate values of the normal com- ponent of induced velocity over the plane of e lifting rotor for all flight conditions and for computing the whole induced flow field about a lifting rotor for the higher speed flight conditions, this procedure does not afford a reasonable solution for the induced flow field about ‘the periphery of=a rotor operating in hovering or very low speed flight. It was therefore decided to investigate the alternate procedure of approximating the flow for hovering and vertical escent ty using a dis- tribution of singularities over the rotor disk. The present report gives one method of constructing axially symmetric flow patterns sim{lar to those observed about lifting rotors operating in hovering or low-speed vertical ascent. The synthetic flo patterns satisfy certain selected physical requirements so that the results should be sufficiently eccurate for estimating the magnitude of the interference induced velocities on mltirctor helicopters and the downwash at-fuse~ lages and teil plenes. ‘The present investigation was conducted at the Georgia Institute of Technology under the sponsorship end with the financial assistence-of the National Advisory Cammttee for Aeronautics. SYMBOLS R rotor redtus r radius of point P(r,z) from rotor axis (fig. 2) ro radius of woke vortex sheet-et rotor disk wake radius Te radius of wake vortex sheet © large distance dometresm of rotor (or at point of minimn wake redius) 8 Aistance elong wake-vortex-sheet streanLine T rotor thrust v free-stream velocityCHNICAL LIBRARY NACA TN 3921 3 y, redial component of velocity at point P(z,2) Ye resultent Z component of velocity at © point P(x,2) v meen normal. component of induced velocity over rotor disk, d7 Yo nommal component of velocity over rotor disk erising fron strean function ¥, for ectuator-disk displacement velocity Vet «radial component of induced velocity et a point of redius ro on upper surface of rotor inside wake vortex sheet Vro * radial component of induced velocity at e point of redius ro on lower surface of rotor and outside wake vortex sheet Ys normal component of velocity at rotor disk arising fram etrean function ¥, for uniform distribution of sinks over disk (4.e., induced by a uniform wake vortex cylinder) 2 normal distance of a point P from rotor disk 7 vake-vortex-sheet strength a large Gistence domstrean of the rotor (or at point of minimum wake redius) @y/at rate of transport of vorticity along wake bountery ° angle between streamline at z= 0 end r= ro and normal to rotor disk (see fig. 6) ue eLiptie coordinates ° mass density ¥ stream function for rotor flow pattern es computed from resulte of present report ’, strean function for displacement velocity of actuator disk ‘assumed to be generating the wake vortex rings Yor nondimensionel value of Yo Ye stream function for a ring source (Ye), Strength of ring source located at rotor rimTECHNICAL LIBRARY 4 NACA TN 3921 Ye" nondimensonel value of y, ~ Ys streom fimetion for a uniform distribution of sinks over rotor @isk (i.e., a uniform vortex cylinder) (Ye), Value of ¥, for whole sphere Vee nondimensional value of ¥, ¥, value of y on weke boundary = v streem function for rotor flow pattern as computed using @ uniform vortex cylinder for wake vortex system ANALYSIS E Demonstration of Approximation Involved in Assumption ‘That Wake Vortex Distribution Consists of @ Uniform Vortex Cylinder It is shown in reference 5 thet the flow induced by a uniform vortex cylinder is identicel with the flow induced ty a uiiform distribution of sinks of proper strength over the end of the cylinder apart from the addition, for the region inside the cylinder, ofan axtal velocity com ponent equel to the strength of the bounding vortex sheet. A table of the velues of the stream function ¥, for @ uniform distribution of sinks over @ disk (i.e., @ uniform right-circuler vortex cylinder) is given in teble 17 of the appendix of reference 3. Consequently, it is easier to campute-the streamlines for the axially symmetric case where— the values of the stream function for the free-stream flow end the flow induced ty the vortex cylinder are additive by using the tebulated values of Y, then by the method used in reference 2. ‘The value of the stream function y' for the free-stream flow plus ‘the vortex cylinder is thus Wo = (Ve 7) - ay for the region inside the wake, = V+ (2)TECHNICAL LIBRARY NACA IN 3921. 5 for the region outside the wake, and (We) 7 2a = aR?y (3) for the full sphere where Ye value of stream function et r,z for uniform distribution of sinks over rotor disk (1-e., vortex cylinder) R rotor radius r redius of point from exis of symmetry 2 axial Gistence of point from rotor plene v free-stream velocity y veke-vortex-cheet strength, 2v v norual! component of induced velocity at rotor disk Figure L(e), plotted from the computed values of y' given in tavie ifs), ahows the ctvesulinea for the vorter cylinder 12 6 free stream flow for the case where the free-stresm velocity Y ia four ‘times the normel component of the induced velocity v at the rotor dik. Tt ts seen that for this large a retio of free-stresm velocity to induced Velocity the assumption of © uniform vortex cylinder for the wake vortex structure gives a ressonable flow pattern except for the slight inflow along the wake boundary. However, for the case where the free-strean velocity V ie of the order of magnitude of the induced velocity there is @ large inflow along the wake boundary beloy the rotor as shown in figure 1(b) for the computed values of y' given in table 1(b). For the case of V= itv end the case of hovering flight where V = 0, the streamlines induced ty the uniform vortex cylinder give the inaccurate representation shown plotted in figures ie) end 1(d) for the computed values of ¥' given in tebles 1(c) and 1(4) Tt is obvious from figure 1 thet the assumption of a uniform vortex cylinder for the weke vortex structure will not furnish a useful basis for computing the velocity field in the vicinity of the periphery of a lifting rotor unless the free-stream velocity V is severel times as large as the mean normal component of the induced velocity v at the rotor disk.TECHNI LIBRA 6 NACA TH 3922. Determination of Useful Approximation for Stream . Function for Vertical Ascent If consideration is limited to flow patterns generated by the eappli- cation of successive uniform distributions of impulsive pressure-to an actuator disk momenterily coinciding with the rotor, it appears to the author that, on a time-average basis, the actuator disk mist have a cer~ tain displacenent velocity relative to that of the surrounding fluid. The above reasoning suggests that it may be necessary to add the singularity distribution for the displacenent velocity of a disk (1.e., 2 “bound” vortex sheet composed of circular coaxial vortex filenents) to the sink distribution over the rotor disk which representa the effecta of the free wake vortices. In order to simplify the analysis, the only sink @istribution thet will be used in the present report is @ unifora distribution extending over the whole rotor eres. ‘This spproximation makes it necessary to add © ring source coincident-with the rotor rim in order to cancel out - the fictitious sink strength within the closed streamline about the periphery of-the rotor. 5 Velues of the strean fimction y, for the displacenent velocity of the actustor disk are given in table 2. These values vere computed from the Limiting case of the solution for the lov about~an oblate spheroid given in reference 4. A table of the values of the stream function for 7 | ring source Yq, 1 given in table 6 of the oppendix of reference 3. Iet the rotor thrust T be uniformly distributed over the rotor disk of-radius R. Let the radius of the wake-boundary streamline at ‘the rotor disk be ro and the ultimate-wake radius be r. Let the ultimate vake-vortex-sheet strength be 7 and the free-stream velocity be V as shown in figure 2. Vortex theory denonstrates that; for a Lifting gurfece with uniform losding, the force is equel to the product-o? the fluid mass density, the area over which the force acts, and the rate of generation of vortic- ity. In the steady-state system under consideration the rate of-gener- ation of vorticity is constant and equal to the rate of transport of vorticity elong the wake which is, in turn, equal to the product-of the wake-vortex-sheet strength times the vake-rortex-sheet velocity. Thus, using values et @ section across the ultimate wake where the sheet strength is the known value 7 and the sheet velocity is V+ 7, 3 = pm®(v +b 7) : 4) ETECHNICAL LIBRARY ACA TH 3921 7 or 7 (6) The thrust 4s also equel to the rate of transport of excess monentin across & section of the ultimate wake of radius r, oF T= oxr,?y(V + 7) 6) Tt follows from equetione (4) end (6) thet @ Let Vo be the uniform normal component of velocity over the rotor Gisk thet 1s attributable to the stream function y, for the displace- ment velocity"of the ectuetor disk. Let vg denote the similar velocity component for the stream function ¥, of the uniform sink distribution (1.e., the vortex cylinder). Then equating the values of on opposite faces of the weke vortex sheet # large distence downstream of the rotor where the sheet strength is the known value 7, the wake redius 1s the Jmown value rg, the Velocity outside the weke is the free-stream value V, and the value of ¥j 4s zero gives mraP(V + 7) = 720 + 2nB?vy = (Vn), (8) However, for continuity of flow within the closed streamline enclosing the rotor rim the strength (¥,), of the ring source located at the rotor rim is (Ye)4 = 28° - 20" ve 9) Solving equations (8) end (9) for vg, (20)L LIBR 8 NACA TN 3921 Equating the value of yon the vake boundary at-radius ro at the rotor disk to the value of ¥ et redius rq in the ultimate wake, ar®(V + Vo + vp) = ar2(V +7) qu) Substituting the value of ve from equation (10) end solving forvo ives Yo eye +Ey-¥ (2) For the larger rates of vertical ascent, say V2 7/2, where the stagnation point on the entering y, streamline is above the plane-of ‘the rotor disk, the value of the initial weke refiua ro is fixed by the requirement that the 4, streamline be single valued over the portion of the rotor-disk plane outside the rotor-disk redius. The E following procedure mey thus be used to compute the values of the stream function cutside-the wake: (1) For the given values of the-disk loading T/sR®, free-strean velocity V, end sir density p, compute the ultimate wake-vorsex-sheet Strength 7” from equation (5)- 2 (2) Compute the value of the square of the ultimate wake-redius ratio (r,/R)® from equation (7). (3) Choose three or more initial wake-radiue ratios ro/R covering, the range tron 22~fE2 to 22-1 ont caloulate the values of vo and vz for-each ratio from equations (10) end (12). (4) For each initial wake-radius ratio r/R compute the values of ¥/¥, along @ radial line in the plane of the rotor disk for the interval 1$2$ 1.20. 18 is to be noted thet Vs + Ve = argv, = Constant for points in the rotor plane outside the rim of the rotor so that for these plots = 5 va ay + ¥, + ary2v, (3)TECHNICAL LIBRARY NACA TW 3921 9 where (teking ¥,* from table 2(b)) Yo = Brio (er) We = 1267(V + Vo + 5) (a5) (qt will ve noted that if the triel velue of r/R 1s too small there will be no intercept of the curve of ¥/¥y, against x/R vith the ¥/}, = 1 line as in the top curve of figure 3, whereas if the trial value of ro/R 4s too lerge there will be a double intercept es in the bottom curve. The correct value of ro/R may thus be determined by plotting the ordinates of the minimm points of the ¥/¥, curves ageinst ¥o/R and reading the values of ro/R for the point at which ¥/¥, = 1+) (5) Compute the values of vo, Vg, and (¥,), for the given values of Vy 75 Ta/Ry end ro/R- (6) ‘then for the region outside the wake yam ta, tg ote (26) where = Rev Vp = Revg¥g" for upper quadrants ta 7 erg = Vg") for lover quadrente end the nonéimensional values of y* are those given in the aforementioned tebles. For hovering and the smaller rates of vertical ascent where the stegnation point on the entering 4 stresmline is below the rotor-diskTECHNICAL LIBR 10 WACA IN 3922 plane, the value of the initiel wake radius ro can be found by equating the rate of transport of vorticity (1.e., the product of vake-vortex- sheet strength and vake-vortex-sheet-velocity) across the rotor plane at radius 1, to the value across a section of the ultimate wake. Tt is shown in the eppendix thet this procedure gives the solution (ye + ten®) = an where 6 is the angle between the streauline at 2 = 0 end the normel to the-rotor disk (see fig. 6) and (18) The computed value of initial wake refius for hoveling (1 = 0.83) 1s im good agreenent with the experimental value from the smoke-flow study of reference 5. Tt 4s found from sumerical computations that it 1s necessary, for all cases except hovering, to reduce the value of—r, slightly (1.e., a few percent) velow that given by equation (7) inorder to obtein a real solution for ro from equations (17) and (16). Tor tering sol very aanll sates of vertiesl ascent (i.e, VS 24) it is necessary to reduce the value of—vo given by equation (12) by ebout 5 percent in order to make the minimm weke redius equal to r. for hovering and in order to eliminate a bulge in the wake-boudary streamlines just belov the rotor for the case where V= dy. The streamlines computed by the above procedure for the cases of Velv=27, Veve=d7, Veiv=#7, ond V=0 ore shown in fig- gure k. ‘The corresponding tabular values of- ¥/¥, are given in table 3. For the present solution, where the wake-vortex-sheet strength and configuration are unspecified except et the rotor disk and in the ulti« mate wake, there does not Bppear to be any simple way to obtain an equa- tion for the values of the stream function within the wake. However, it— appears to be a good approximation to assume that the axial velocityTECHNICAL LIBRARY NACA TN 3921 a component ts uniform over each wake cross section since this, component is uniform over the sections in the plane of the rotor disk and in the ultimate wake. The tabulated values of ¥ for the region inside the wake have therefore been computed using the aforementioned approxtmation for which rye + (Ey as) Where ry is the radius of the wake-boudary stresmline as determined from the solution for the external flov. The axial end radiel velocity comoneiits Vz, ent V; at any point P(r,2) in the flow field may be readily computed from the values of the stream function by means of the relations v= (2) (2) - (2) (a1) Bar \aa, Application of Results Although the whole flow field out to the limits of the tables at x= tz = 2R might be mapped for any given flight condition by Tollowing the methods given in the previous section, such a procedure is unneces- serily eleborate for most engineering computations. For example, if it 1s desired to find the axial end rediel velocity components st a certala point, say one on @ horizontal tell surface, with meen coordinates 2! and t' from the rotor lub, the procedure could be es follows: (1) Calcuiate the ratio of V/7 for the given helicopter and flight condition using equation (5) to determine the value of 7. (2) Graphically interpolate between tebles 3(a), 3(b), 3(c), and 3(a) for the values of Y/¥_ to find the ratios of W/¥y at V/y for a set of ebout nine points (1.e., three values of 2/R end three values of 2/R) enclosing the values of 2'/R ana x'/R. (3) Multiply the values of ¥/i, bY Vy = e(v +h 7” to obtain the values of ¥ for the nine pointe.TECHNICAL L qe NACA TN 3921. (4) Interpolate in the set of values of y for the three values at ‘and r=r,, rp, andr, and for the three values ‘at =r! and 2 =m, 2p) and 25. (5) Plot y sgeinst r at z= 2' and measure the slope 2y/ar at r=r'. Then the axial velocity component at z',r’ is ee, (ada et * ae (6) Plot-y ageinst 2 at—r=r' and measure the slope ay/dz at z=z'. Then the radial velocity component is tS For points in the plane of-a hovering rotor and outside the closed streamline the exiel component of velocity erises solely from the strean function y, and can thus be expressed in explicit form as eo a) (We)etjet == or do, vo cot fr? = ) (22) Values of V,/v calculated fron equation (22) for points in the Plane of a hovering rotor are given in figure 5 and in teble k for the vegion extending from 1.1 to 2.0 rotor radii. ‘The present analysis indicates that there-de an appreciable induced upflow in the region eround the periphery of a rotor operating in the hovering or low-speed vertical-ascent flight conditions. For a point located et 120 percent rediue end in the plane of rotation of a hovering rotor the magnitude of the induced upflow velocity is of the order of _ 22 percent of the mean induced velocity over the rotor disk. The induced upward velocity component decreases repidly with increasing distance from the edge of the rotor and, at a point-in the vicinity ofthe center of the second rotor of a twin-rotor helicopter in hovering flight, the upvesh hes decreased to a value of ebout ak percentrof the meen induced velocity over the rotor disk.TECHNICAL LIBRARY NACA TN 3921 a CONCLUDING REMARKS As in most attempts to obtein en approximate solution of engineering accuracy for a complicated three-dimensional flow pattern, the choice end distribution of the singulerities used in the present report are in a sense arbitrery. However, the flow patterns obtained by the method given in the present report satisfy the principal physicel requirements end their general form is very similer to thet observed in smoke-flow studies of actual rotors. It 1s therefore thought thet the results of ‘the present investigation may be sufficiently accurate for estimating ‘the effects of the interference-induced velocities on multirotor heli- copters and for estimating the downvash et helicopter fuselages end teil planes. - The computed value of inttiel wake radius for hovering (ry = 0.83) ie im good egreenent with the experimental value from the aucke-flov study of NACA TN 247k. Georgie Institute of Technology, ‘Atlante, Ga., August 18, 1955. —TECHNICAL LIBRARY ub 2 NACA TH 3921 APPENDIX A SOLJRION FOR INITIAL WAKE RADIUS rg FOR HOVERING AND VERY LOW RATES OF VERTICAL ASCENT Let the angle between the normal to the rotor and the tangent to the wake-boundery streamline at 2=0 end r=ro be denoted by & as shown in figure 6. Let the redial velocity component at a point on the upper surface of the rotor and Just inside the wake boundary be Veg and the redial velocity component on the lower. surface just outside the wake boundary be yo. ‘hen the difference in Fadiel velocity com~ ponent Av, scross the wake vortex sheet et ro is ay, fe = Yri ~ Yeo (a1) The discontinuity in radial velocity Av, at rg arises solely from the strean function y, since the radiel velocity components erising from ¥, end ¥, are continuous at this point: Thus the value of. Avy 48 equal to twice the radial velocity component at ro that arises from ¥,- Tus, uae . (a2) However, from reference the value of ¥, in elliptic coordinates te Yo = Bo (0 = veN(e2 + » ce. oot) (a3) eel where: ECHNICAL LIBRA NACA TN 3921, J ‘It follows from equations (Al) to (A5) that (a6) For the singularity distributions used in the present report the difference in the normal velocity component across the wake vortex sheet at ro is uerely 2v,. Thus, equating the ratios of corresponding sides of the similer triangles formed ty the velocity vectors on opposite sides of the wake vortex sheet at ro, solving for V+v, in terms of vyy, Yyos end vg, and substituting the result back in the expression for tan @ give 2 tno = SE. Fo. an @ = BE = Te a Vg The vake-vortex-sheet strength 7 at z=0 and r ference in velocities on opposite sides of the sheet or Caco = [[v + ¥9 + 6) - (V+ V0 ~ ve) Joes 8 rer = 2¥y sec 8 (8) and the vortex-sheet velocity ds/at is half the sum of the velocities on opposite sides of the sheet or as. 1 (Beg = Bl evo + %) + (WM ~ vej]zec 8 2p = (V+ v,)sec 8 (as) The rate of transport of vorticity (dy/at) across the plene of the rotor at ro is equal to the product of the sheet strength end sheet velocity or from equations (A8). and (A9) @)., = 2vg(V + vo) (1 + tare) (a0)ECH AL LIBRA 16 NACA TN 3921 Equating the rate of transport of vorticity across the rotor plane to ‘the imomn value 7(v +7) across @ section of the ultimate weke and using equations (10) and (12) to eliminate vg end vo give ee + ten®) =1 : (a) Equations (AT) and (A211) can be solved for the value of ro for any given flight condition by use of equations (5), (7), (10), and (12). Figure 7 gives the resulting computed values of ro for the smaller rates of vertical ascent.ECH AL LIBRA NACA TN 3921 1 ay 2. 3 Ae 3B REFERENCES: Knight, Montgomery, and Hefuer, Relph A.: Static Thrust Anslysie of the Lifting Mlrserew. NACA TN 626, 1937. Castles, Walter, Jr., and De Leeuw, Jacob Henri: The Normal Component of the Induced Velicity in the Vicinity of = Lifting Rotor and Same Exemples of Its Application. NACA Rep. 118%, 1954. Kichenam, Dietrich, and Weber, Johanna: Aerodynamics of Propulsion. Section 3-6. First ed., MeGrav-Eill Book Co., Inc., 1953, pp. 55-57. Ianb, Horace: Hydrodynamics. Sixth ed., Dover Pub., 1945, pp. 12-145. Castles, Walter, Jr., and Gray, Robin B.: Empirical Reletion Between Induced Velocity, Thrust, and Rate of Descent of a Helicopter Rotor as Determined ty Wind-Tunnel Tests on Four Model Rotors. NACA TH 27k, 1951.TECHNICAL LIBRARY 18 NACA TN 3921 TABLE 1.~ VALUES OF STREAM FUNCTION FOR WAKE CONSISTING OF A UNIFORM VORTEX CYLINDER (a) V= by = 2 V/¥, for values of 2/R of - jo[o.2 [ou [os [0.8 [zo] ue us [26 mie Above plene of rotor lo lo. 360]0.640|1.000]1.352| lo 33] 605] .952]2.307| lo +330] .581) .897|2.272| lo 1520] -56u) a7 ]a-245 lo 1513] 553] +858]1.206 lo +508) 545} .8b7]1-213, jo +304] .539} -839]1.203 jo +501] 155%) 833|1-196 jo +299] .530) -827/1.189 }o +297) .527| .823)1.183 lo +296| .525| .819|1.178| Below plane of rotor o fp.c80 0.160 |o. 3600.60 26 JO] .ok2] .166] .377| .67% 277 | Jo] “o45] ‘a7e] 1390) ‘609 305 |2. lo} Loui} Sarr] coo] S76 326 |2:861|3.462 JO} -o45] 180] .407] .727 347 [2.880 ]3.480 JO} -O45] .185] .412] .735 363 12.896 |3.496 Jo| 2048] 1265] “s26) ‘72 574 [2-909 [5.509 JO} .Ou7] 186} 419] .746 384 12.919 |3.520 jo} .o47] .187] -bel] .7k9 392|2.928/3.529 fo] ovr] 287] thes] ‘753 -is00|2.936 3.537 o| Zour] ‘189 ] tak) S755 h07 [2 obk [5.585WACA TN 3921. a9 TABIE 1.- VALUES OF STREAM FUNCTION FOR WAKE CONSISTING OF A UNIFORM VORTEX CYLINDER - Continued () Vevedy > Why for values of x/R of % fof o-2 fou [0.6 [0.8 fro [1.2] i {a6 | 1.8] 2.0 —— 0 fofo.curfo.s59 780] 2.120] 2.500 -2]o] .036] .1h3 708] 2.057| 2.445 sk Jo} 055) 129) 45] 1.999] 2.395 *6Jo} 050] :118| 58H) 1.946] 2.544 28]o| :028] -108) 533|1.898| 2.299 uo] +026} “102 5,93|1.859] 2.259 1.2}0] .025} 097) 464 )1.827] 2.226 2k Jo} 2025] L054 459]1-801]2.199 2:60] +023} 1093, 428]1.779] 2.277 2:80] 025] 091) 399} 1.758] 2.156 2.0]0] .022] .088 382)1.759|2.157 JO 0.039 Jo. 160 Jo} -OWe | 176 Jo} “o¥r| ‘292 lo] 050] ‘202 JO} 052] .211| jo] .053) .218 JO} .055} .222 lo} 2057] ‘206 lo} ‘o57] -2er jo} .057| -229 oECHNICAL LIBRARY 20 NACA TN 5921 TABLE 1,- VALUES OF STREAM FUNCTION FOR WAKE CONSISTING OF A UNIFORM VORTEX CYLINDER - Continued (ce) v V/y, for values of x/R of - R 0.2 | Ob 0-6 | 0.8 1.0 | 1.2] 214] 1.6 [1.8 | 2.0 Roove © _Jo|o.o42 [o.159]0.359}0.610 .2}o] .o34] :234] :255] -502 «4O} .029) .111} .ako] .4035 +6J0] .023] .093] .199} .337) ~8/O] -o21] .078] .171] .291) 1-0]O} .018] .068] .151] .262) 1.2/0] .016] .060} .135] .238) 2k Jo} 0x3] +055] :125] -217| 2.6]0} 013] 052] 115] -202| 1.8]0| .013] .050] .107] .189) 2.00] -011] -045] 1202} .179 Below 0 |o}.039 fo.162 10.360 [o.640]1.000]2.088 1.322}1.448]1.600 ~-2}o] .046] 186) der] 7r7|2-272]1.266 Like7 1-547 ]3.687 =r fo| ‘052] +209} -480] -876/1-412}1-ho9 2ig5h/1-642]2.772 +6 Jo] +056] +207] +521} ‘945}1-50K 1-516 1.625] 1.726]1.850 -B10| .059] .2ke} .5k9] .988]1.568/1.592 1.707|1.602|1.921 .0]0]} .062] .252] .569]1.019]1.611]1.643 iT 1.865}1.985 -2|0] -06| -260| -58%|1-o4a]1-642]1-681. 1:616|1-916 |2.058 “uJo| 2067] 1265] “597|1:061}1-667]1-712 1:657|1-957]2-081 16]0] .057] +268} :605]1-078] 1.69% 7 1.890]1.993]2.117 8]0| .667| 270] -612]1.090]1- 3 11920 |2:026|2:150 -0}o} -069] .275] -617]1.100)2. 3 1:948]2.056]2-182HN LIBRAR WACA TH 3921 TABLE 1.- VALUES OF STREAM FUNCTION FOR WAKE CONSISTING OF A UNIFORM VORTEX CYLINDER - Concluded (4) v=o VM, for velues of r/R of - % Jol o.2 | ow [o 0.8} io} re}ie | 16 | 1.8 4 Aoove plane of rotor o jo 0.159 ]0. 360] 0.640} 1.000] 1.000]1.000]1.000}1.000 }1.000 .2lo s127| -277| 468] -659| -Tr7| -851] 856] -875. to +099] .210} -3uk| 145%) 1598] 675] -726} -757 ‘60 1076] :159] ‘261} 7369] “46.) “sub 1608} L652 Blo +057) -124] .204) .290) +397 ufo solts| 099] -165| 235] Shr7 1.2]0 +035] .079] -157) «197, hk ko 1029] :064| :111] 1165) 2363, 1.60 1025] .054| .o92] .137 318 1.80 sObk| 2076]. 1h 2277 2.0|o 1038] .064] ‘095 1239 plane o fo 2.000) 1-000]1..000 |1..000 2]0 1. 31} Le: 1.125 }1. 109 fo 2-156 Liem |i-ake flak 610 1.631] 1.535 ]1.456]1.392]1. 547 ]1.312 Blo 2. TLO} 1.631 ]1.558/1.49b }2 us /1.402 -Lofo 2.76u 1-654 |1-652]1-573 [1-523 [L-BBL =1elo 1.803] 1. 7h2]1..685]1.651 ]1 566 |1- 548 =iklo 1.834] 1.760|1.729]1.682 11.637 |1-602 =1.6 fo 1.863] 1-812 ]1.768]1.725|1.682 f1..647 =118 fo 2-685] 1-84 |1-605]1.-761 ]1-725 [1-688 =2:0f0 1908] 1-869 }1-834]x.796]1.-761 [1-726ECHNICAL LIBRA 22 NACA TN 5921 ‘TABLE 2.- VAWES OF STREAM FUNCTION y,* FOR DISPLACEMENT VELOCITY OF A DISK (a) r/R = 0 to 2.05 2/R = 0 to 2.0 Yo* for values of x/R of - lo} 0.2 | o.% | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.0 | a2 [aa | 2.6 | 2.8 | 20 Jofo.063 Jo.251 fo.565]1.005]2.5720.755 [o.5790.478 [0.410 |o.362 .2fo| cob7] :384 | “395] -6521 -mo] 1652) “540] “59 1355 'gfo] 053] $128} 266) “uo7| ‘use| '495] “a57] “410 3352 Se Jo] 1023] 1088] :382) ‘era! ‘she} ‘372) °369] ‘3k9 1305, $8Jo} 016] :o61} Stak} ‘igi “avk] ‘279| ‘2oh| ach 27 soo] ‘o12} ‘ove | +085] 1137} 1180} 1213) +252} ‘ako 1237 ‘2]o| 1008] 1030] 1065} :100} !135} :164| $285} :198 "20h Jo] .006) ‘o22| 047] co75} 105] :128] 1148] ‘164 25 6]0] 00%) 017] 03%] 057] 1080] [102] 220] ‘231, 152 8]o| 2003] 1013] ‘o27} Lob} 1063] L082] ‘og7] ‘a2 130 of} ‘oo2] ‘o10| ‘o21] +035] +050} :065] 080} 092, ‘iTECHNICAL LIBRARY NACA ‘TN 3921. 23 TABLE 2. VALUES OF SIREAM FUNCTION y,¥ FOR DISPLACEMENT VELOCTIY OF A DISK ~ Concluded (bo) x/R = 1.01 to 1.105 2/R = BBBQRBLRE r g PRP Ppp eeECHNICAL LIBRA ale WACA TH 3921 TABLE 3.- VAIUES OF HE STREAM FUNCTION DETERMINED BY APPROXIMATION GIVEN IN PRESENT PAPER (a) v= hy = ey V/¥- for values of r/R of - 2 7- # [foe [ou [oe ]os]io| re 1.8 | 2.0 Koove plane of rotor 0 _o]o.0h0 Jo. 160 J0.360]o.640]1.000 1.335 }L.'747 |2.225]2.767|3.37% -2fo} .038] :153] -34e] :603| +925 |1-295 |1-718 f2-200]2.-746 [3.356 slo] .037) .th7] .329] 578] -891]1.262 J1 690 |2.177]2. 726 |5.358 *8Jo| 035] :139] 311] -590] +853 ]1-219 f1-648 [2.138 ]2-690 5.305 z.2]o} -054] .13k| 302} -557) .856|1-198 f..60h J2- 104 |2.665]5.260 1.60] -055| 1132] 298] °528| -82k |2-285 [1.609 J2-097|2-648 3.262 2.0]0] 032] 1131] 1295) “5e3) °817]1-175 1-597 |2.084]2-654 [3.248 Below plane of rotor Jo}o.0ko Jo. 160 ]0.360 Jo.640]1.000]2.355 Ju.77 |2.205]2.767|3.37H lo} soe] -269) -381] -677]2-059}1.370 [1-774 [2.248 |2. 785 [5.592 Jo} -o83] <274} -392] 694 }1-065 }2.396 f1.-796 [2.269 ]2-807 [5.09 lo] 2045] <281] “oz i450 [12854 [2303 [2838131439 Jo} :ou6) °285} <6 2.6 [1-855 |2. 50h Jo 861 |5.462 lo] our] °287] “20 2-456 [2-865 Jo. 5582875 |5.4'78 lo} Sour] 2188] “ues 1-465 f1.-675 [2-39 [2 686 [5.4904s HN LIBRAR NACA TN 3921. 25 ‘TABLE 3.- VALUES OF STREAM FUNCTION DETERMINED BY APPROXIMATION GIVEN IN PRESENT PAPER - Continued (e) vev Vy for values of 2/R of = ie o ° > ou [0.6 [0.8 | 1.0 Le 14 [a6] u8 [2.0 | 0 Jojo.cue -2|o} .036 sklo] .052 280} -027 r.z|o] ‘ok 1-60} :o22 Jo} -oanHNI LIBRARY 26 NACA TH 5961. ‘TABLE 3.~ VALUES OF STREAM FUNCTION DETERMINED BY APPROXIMATION GIVEN IN PRESENT PAPER - Continued (e) v= V/¥_ for values of r/R of ~ £ fofo.e fou]oe foe] 10 [22 fru 1.8 | 2.0 ‘Above plane of rotor : © o}o.052Jo.20% Jo.uso ous (23 Jo.986 Ju.058|1.129|1.246]2.387 -2lo] .ok| 262] .352| .585° 772) -868] .957 2.062 ]2.287]1.536 Talo] 032] fier] '269] 1838) 2601] °738] 1862} 989 |1-128]1- 265 26 :025] +100] +213] -348] tusk] c65u| C77| ‘9x7 |1-067]1-250 :8fo] :o22) +081] :275] :292} ‘uze| -558] -7o2] -852{1-009]1-179 rojo} 018] 068] 149] 256] 1376] 507] 648] 798) ‘959 |1-152 ri2}o} .016] +059] +132] -2a9} <3i2] -heg] +609] +758] -918]1-091 1:6]o] ‘ox2} 050} 110} 195] 295] ‘u26] 548] 695} 856|1:029 2.0Jo] :o10] ‘oik} ‘098] :172] 1266] :376] ‘S04] ‘6h7] ‘805] -979 Below plane of rotor — 0 Jofo.o52 fo.20% fo.460 10.818 fag 1.229 ]1.246| 1.387 2lo| .os2| .207| .465] .826] 1.012 2.285 |2.296|2.432 ufo} ‘054 | 1216} 467] 1865] 1.006 120k [1.359 ]24 7h 6 Jo} -058] :252| +523] :929] 1.038 r.-259 [1.572 ]2.507 8 Jo) -062) -2k7) 1555] -988} 1:0h9 1-268 |2 05 J1.536 Fofo {377 |u.o01| L057 H.°309 f1-ts05 1.562 alo}: 1592|1.004| 1.060 2-522 fa 3 |1.585 16]o] o7.} 28h} {€o}1:013! 2/073 545 ft 683-612 ofo] -075] 300] -675)2-023} 2-088 1-367 f1 ugh [1-636ECH LIBR. NACA TN 3921 _ TABLE 3.- VALUES OF STREAM FUNCTION DETERMINED BY APPROXIMATION GIVEN IN PRESENT PAPER - Concluded (a) v=o V/¥_ for velues of r/R of - z 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.6 2.8 | 2.0 0 |ofo.058]0.225 Jo.507 o.65% fo.675 -2fo] .o43 168] 362 -628| .618 shJo} .o51] :121] -252 2559] 1555 +6]o| .022| .o87] -178 shbt] +895 ‘8fo} L018] 1062] ‘128 tuag | 1452. 1-0]0] :o12| -o4k | ook -357| +376 L2}o| 009] 2033] :073 +308) 326 r-kJo} +006} -026} +056 +269] .286 1.6]0| -006] ‘o22} -o%6 +255| .255 1:8]0] 2005] 1019} 036 +200] +221 2.0]0] -o0i] :ors | -050 2170] +192 0 |o}o.057}o.206 fo.510 -69h. 0.675 --2/0] .069} .277] -623 + 7e8) 723 =o} 075] :300] :676 279% oe -.6/0] .076] 304} .685 +828] .503 =:8]0} 075] :300] .676 7859] +854 -1.0]0] .o7h | .296] .666 881) .861 -i:2}e] :073} :292| .657 +899] .882 visi fo} 2062] fait | i548 1912| -896 -1-6]0] -o5k] +216 | «87 1923 .910 j-1-8]0| .o87] .187] -4eo]} - . .! «! .! +935) .922 j-2.0]0| 040} :160] 360} +000} 1988] +976} +962} +349] 955,NI LIBRARY 28 NACA TN-3922. TABLE }.- NORMAL COMPONENT OF THE INDUCED UPFLOW ‘VELOCITY IN PLANE OF ROTATION OF A UNIFORMLY IOADED, HOVERING ROTOR K La 0.14052 Le -.22110 ce ~-09519 1.6 OBES LB -.03551 2.0 = 02434LIBR. 2g WACA TN 3921 °° m a 3 ° Be 3 5 33——________ 2 gS q i= 8 4 OQ as O_o — 2 ee a ae Se >> --ol Ve hy = 27, (a) Figure 1.- Streamlines for wake consisting of uniform vortex cylinder.RARY NACA TN 3922 30 a t © o wi ix] a —s a _——aQ ——— 2 —— ——_0 5 ed :.-——___ 3 5 —__a 32-——__ —_o 7 53—___ —_- | | —Ass L (oe) Veveazy Figure 1.- Continued,RARY LL I, 31 NACA TN 3921. 3 14a 15 16 17 18 9 Figure 1.- Continued.TECH WACA IN 3922. 32 ‘Assumed vortex cylinder (a) V=0 (hovering). Pigure 1.- Conciudea.NACA TN 3921 33 + Wake Vortex Sheet Figure 2,- Schematic section of wake vortex system,= 8 TOO SMALL fo = T R CORREG Ld FR 100 LARGE 100 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.10 Figure 3.- Illustration of solution for initial wake radius ry. 4 Te6E NG YOVN35 NACA TN 3921 vel = 27. (a) Figure h.- Streamlines computed by epproximation given in present peper.TECH NACA TN 3921 oF oBy (e) vev Figure 4,- Continued.aT NACA TN 3921 () vepvegy Figure 4+. Continued.NACA BN 3921 38 Figure 4.~ Concluded.NACA TN 3921, 39 _— r + -4 -3 aca v -2 =A ou : ! oe 1.0 _ 1.4 1.6 18 2.0 et R Figure 5.- Normal component of induced velocity in plane of a uniformly loaded, hovering rotor.40 NACA TN 3921 Figure 6.- Velocity diagram et initial veke radius ro.és NACA IN 3921 800 $$ qo ooo TTT VALUES FOR > 2 0.4 wa fo R 20 ‘VALUES FROM APPENDIX a Vv. FOR > 20.4 80 ° 5 1.0 1.5 xv Zz Figure 7.- Values of inittel weke redius ro. NACA -tartey Fi, 2.0