It’s a 4G era …

MODERN COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS.

BEYOND 3G ........WHAT’S NEXT???

BY

O.NAGA MANJARI P.KANAKA DURGA

III Yr B.Tech III Yr B.Tech
E mail: manjari_pvpece@yahoo.co.in E mail: durga_pvpece@yahoo.co.in

PRASAD.V.POTLURI.SIDDARTHA INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY, KANURU
 It’s a 4G era …

ABSTRACT

“If u can dream it, you can do it “; according to this we can leap 3G to 4G along its
features and trends in mobile technology. In wireless communication, mobile technology is
advanced and in this system 4G is the latest present.
This paper presents an over all vision of the 4G features, frame work and
integration of mobile communications. With rapid development of wireless communication
networks it is excepted that 4G generation mobile systems will be launched. 4G mobile
systems focus on integrating existing wireless technologies like GSM, wireless LAN, Blue-
tooth. 4Gsystems will support comphrensive and personalized services, providing stable
system performance and quality service. There are number of applications for future mobile
networks including paging where flexibility is key requirement for future mobile services.
Progressing from the previous three generations, 4G mobile systems have been
significantly improving in terms of interactive multimedia services.
4G mobile communication systems are projected to solve still remaining problems
of 3G systems and to provide a wide variety of new services. It will also support fixed
wireless networks. In this article these challenges are discussed and the proposed solution
to research problems in each aspect will also be examined. 4G also aims to provide an
effective solution for the next generation mobile services.
 It’s a 4G era …

EVOLUTION OF THE MOBILE TECHNOLOGY

The first analog cellular systems were based on IMTS (Improved Mobile Telephone
Service) and developed in 1970. The systems were “cellular” because coverage areas were
split into smaller areas or cells, each of which is served by a low power transmitter and
receiver.
FIRST GENERATION (1G)-
1G analog system for mobile communications saw two key improvements during
1970’s: the invention of the microprocessor and the digitization of the control link between
the mobile phone and the cell site. An AMPS (Advance Mobile Phone System) was first
launched by US which is 1G mobile system. It is best on FDMA technology which allows
users to make voice calls within one country.

Access technology used-

FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) is the most common analog system.
It is a technique whereby spectrum is divided up into frequencies and then assigned to
users. With FDMA, only one subscriber at any given time is assigned to a channel. The
channel therefore is closed to other conversations until the initial call is finished, or until it
is handed-off to a different channel. A “full duplex “FDMA transmission requires two
channels one for transmitting and the other for receiving. FDMA has been used for first
generation analog systems.

SECOND GENERATION (2G)-

2G digital cellular systems were first developed at the end of 1980’s.These systems
digitized not only the control link but also the voice signal. The new system provided better
quality and higher capacity at lower cost to consumers. GSM (Global System for Mobile
communication) was first commercially operated digital cellular system which is based on
TDMA.
 It’s a 4G era …

Access technology used-

TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) improves spectrum capacity by splitting
each frequency into time slots. TDMA allows each user to access the entire radio frequency
channel for the short period of call. Other users share this same frequency channel at
different time slots. The base station continually switches from user to user on the channel.
TDMA is the dominant technology for the second generation mobile cellular networks.

THIRD GENERATION (3G)-

3G systems provide faster communication services, including voice, fax and

internet, anytime and anywhere with seamless global roaming. 3G had opened the way to
enabling innovative applications and services (e.g. multimedia entertainment, infotainment
and location-based services, among others). The first 3G network was deployed in Japan in
2001.
Access technology used-

CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access is based on “spread” spectrum technology. Since it
is suitable for encrypted transmissions, it has long been used for military purposes. CDMA
increases spectrum capacity by allowing all users to occupy all channels at the same time.
Transmissions are spread over the whole radio band, and each voice or data call are
assigned a unique code to differentiate from the other calls carried over the same spectrum.
CDMA allows for a “soft hand-off”, which means that terminals can communicate with
several base stations at the same time.

FOURTH GENERATION (4G)-

At present the download speed for mode data is limited to 9.6kbit/sec which is
about 6 times slower than an ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) fixed line
connection. However, in actual use the data rates are usually slower, especially in crowed
 It’s a 4G era …

areas, or when the network is “congested”. For third generation mobile (3G, FDMA) data
rates are 384kbps (download) maximum, typically around 200kbps, and 64kbps upload.

Fourth generation (4G) mobile communications will have higher data transmission rates
than 3G. 4G mobile data transmission rates are planned to be up to
20 megabits per second.

BEYOND 3G-
In field of mobile communication services, the 4Gmobile services are the advanced
versions of the 3G mobile communication services. The 4Gsrevices are expected to provide
broadband, large capacity, high speed data transmission, providing users with high quality
color video images, 3D graphic animation games, and audio services. The terminal protocol
technology for high capacity, high speed packet services, public software platform
technology that enables downloading application programs, multimode radio access
platform technology and high quality media coding technology over mobile networks.

REASONS TO HAVE 4G –
1. Support interactive multimedia services: teleconferencing, wireless internet, etc.
2. Wider bandwidths, higher rates.
3. Global mobility and service portability.
4. Low cost.
5. Scalability of mobile networks.
6. Personalization.
7. Application adaptability and highly dynamic.
 It’s a 4G era …

SHORT HISTORY OF MOBILE TELEPHONE TECHNOLOGIES

Technology 1G 2G 3G 4G

1970 1980 1990 2000

Design began

Analog voice, Digital voice, Higher capacity, Higher capacity,

Service
Synchronous short messages broad band data completely IP
data to 9.6 upto 2 Mbps. oriented,
Kbps. multimedia,
data to hundreds
of megabits

1.0 Kbps. 14.4 Kbps. 2 Mbps. 200 Mbps.

Data bandwidth

FDMA TDMA CDMA CDMA

Multiplexing

MIGRATION TO 4G
 It’s a 4G era …

First, 4G networks are all IP based heterogeneous networks that allow users to use
any system at any time and anywhere. Users carrying an integrated terminal can use a wide
range of applications provided by multiple wireless networks. Second, 4G systems provide
not only telecommunication services, but also data and multimedia services. To support
multimedia services, high-data-rate services with good system reliability will be provided.
At the same time, a low per-bit transmission cost will be maintained. Third, personalized
service will be provided by this new-generation network. It is expected that when 4G
services are launched, users in widely different locations, occupations, and economic
classes will use the services. In order to meet the demands of these diverse users, service
providers should design personal and customized services for them. Finally, 4G systems
also provide facilities for integrated services. Users can use multiple services from any
service provider at the same time. Just imagine a 4G mobile user, Mary, who is looking for
information on movies shown in nearby cinemas. Her mobile may simultaneously connect
to different wireless systems. These wireless systems may include a Global Positioning
System (GPS) (for tracking her current location), a wireless LAN (for receiving previews
of the movies in nearby cinemas), and a Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) (for
making a telephone call to one of the cinemas). In this example, Mary is actually using
multiple wireless services that differ in quality of service (QOS) levels, security policies,
device settings, charging methods, and applications. It will be a significant revolution if
such highly integrated services are made possible in 4G mobile applications.
To migrate current systems to 4G with the features mentioned above, we have to
face a number of challenges. In this article these challenges are highlighted and grouped
into various research areas. This new generation of wireless is intended to complement and
replace the 3G systems.
The fourth generation will encompass all systems from various networks, public to
private; operator-driven broadband networks to personal areas. The 4G systems will
interoperate with 2G and 3G systems, as well as with digital (broadband) broadcasting
systems. In addition, 4G systems will be fully IP-based wireless internet.
This all-encompassing integrated perspective shows the broad range of systems
that the fourth generation intends to integrate, from satellite broadband to high altitude
 It’s a 4G era …

platform to cellular 3G and 3G systems to WLL (Wireless Local Loop) and FWA (Fixed
Wireless Access) WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) and PAN (Personal Area
Network), all with IP as the
integrating mechanism.

4 G VISIONS
 It’s a 4G era …

4G PROGRAMMABLE MOBILE NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

NETWORK ELEMENT ARCHITECTURE

Abstraction layers included are-

→ Middleware platform, typically with a virtual execution environment for
platform independent distributed processing.
→ The computing platform serves as a general purpose platform for processing
stateful protocols, e.g., routing, QoS signaling or connection management.
→ The forwarding engine is in the data path of a network node and it connects the
interface modules, e.g., by a switch matrix. This engine can be implemented as
dedicated hardware of common operating systems. The forwarding engine is
programmable for performance-critical tasks which are performed on a
per-packet basis.
→ The interface modules are medium specific for different wireless or wired
standards. They can be configured or programmed to adapt to new physical
layer protocols or for triggering events in higher layers.
 It’s a 4G era …

PROGRAMMABLE NETWORK ELEMENT MODEL

MOBILE TERMINAL ARCHITECTURE

The main components of terminal architecture are-

→ Middleware platform, typically with a limited virtual environment.

→ Smart Card, e.g., USIM for UMTS, which includes subscriber identities and
also a small, but highly secure execution environment. This can be used
ideally for personal services like electronic wallet.
→ Programmable hardware, which is designed for one or more radio standards.
→ Native operating system which provides real time support, needed for stacks
and certain critical applications, e.g., multimedia codec’s.
 It’s a 4G era …

MOBILE TERMINAL ARCHITECTURE

REALTIME APPLICATIONS

KEY

ELEMENTS OF 4G VISION
 It’s a 4G era …

PALM POWER-SONY BRINGS MYLO

Sony will soon allow you to chat online while you are on the move, as it will be
launching its first WiFi broadband communication and entertainment device, ‘mylo’ The
little device also allows you to browse the Internet, listen to music, send e-mails and view
photos concurrently.
The device is embedded with popular instant messaging services including the
Google Talk, Skype and Yahoo Messenger. These services are free and the product does
not require initial computer set-up or a monthly service contract. The embedded HTML
browser lets you quickly connect to full webpages on the Internet. You can also send the
receive test e-mails with web mail services like Yahoo Mail and Gmail.
Small enough for a pocket or purse, the mylo features a 6cm colour LCD with a
side out QERTY Keyboard for comfortable and quick thumb typing. It has 1 GB of the
flash memory and supports playback of MP3, ATRAC or WMA files. That’s not all, you
can also play MPEG 4 personal videos by transferring files via USB cable or with Memory
Stick Duo Media.

CONCLUSION

As the history of mobile communications shows, attempts have been made to

reduce a number of technologies to a single global standard. Projected 4G systems offer
this promise of a standard that can be embraced worldwide through its key concept of
integration.

Future wireless networks will need to support diverse IP multimedia applications to

allow sharing of resources among multiple users. There must be a low complexity of
implementation and an efficient means of negotiation between the end users and the
wireless infrastructure. The fourth generation promises to fulfill the goal of PCC (Personal
Computing and Communication) –a vision that affordably provides high data rates
everywhere over a wireless network.
 It’s a 4G era …

BIBILIOGRAPHY
www.4gsystems.biz
www.bechteltelecoms.com
www.docomoeurolabs.de/pdf
www.buzzle.com

REFERENCES
1. B.G.Evans and K.Baughan, ‘Visions of 4G’, Electronics and Communication
Engineer Journal, Dec. 2002
2. Jamalipour and S.Tekinay (eds) Special issue on Fourth Generation Wireless
Networks and Interconnecting Standars October 2001. IEEE Personal
Communication Magazine.